1 00:00:00,120 --> 00:00:01,960 Speaker 1: This Day in History Class is a production of I 2 00:00:02,040 --> 00:00:05,320 Speaker 1: Heart Radio. Hey guys, the show's currently on break until 3 00:00:05,360 --> 00:00:08,119 Speaker 1: the new year, but we've got plenty of classic episodes 4 00:00:08,200 --> 00:00:11,160 Speaker 1: to tide you over. Enjoy this trip through the show's 5 00:00:11,200 --> 00:00:14,080 Speaker 1: own history, and I'll see you back here on January 6 00:00:14,200 --> 00:00:17,640 Speaker 1: second with a batch of brand new episodes. See you then. 7 00:00:19,160 --> 00:00:21,600 Speaker 1: Welcome to This Day in History Class from how Stuff 8 00:00:21,600 --> 00:00:23,800 Speaker 1: Works dot com and from the desk of Stuff You 9 00:00:23,840 --> 00:00:26,279 Speaker 1: Missed in History Class. It's the show where we explore 10 00:00:26,320 --> 00:00:28,440 Speaker 1: the past one day at a time with a quick 11 00:00:28,480 --> 00:00:35,680 Speaker 1: look at what happened today in history. Hello and welcome 12 00:00:35,720 --> 00:00:38,800 Speaker 1: to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and it's December 13 00:00:38,880 --> 00:00:43,240 Speaker 1: twenty one. A bomb exploded aboard pan Am flight one 14 00:00:43,280 --> 00:00:47,720 Speaker 1: oh three on this day in over the town of Lockerbee, Scotland. 15 00:00:48,600 --> 00:00:50,880 Speaker 1: This was a Boeing seven forty seven that had taken 16 00:00:50,880 --> 00:00:53,559 Speaker 1: off from London thirty eight minutes before, and it was 17 00:00:53,600 --> 00:00:57,480 Speaker 1: bound for New York. All two nine people aboard the 18 00:00:57,480 --> 00:01:00,760 Speaker 1: aircraft were killed, as we're eleven people on the ground 19 00:01:00,920 --> 00:01:03,720 Speaker 1: as the wreckage from the plane crashed into houses and 20 00:01:03,840 --> 00:01:08,360 Speaker 1: streets in Lockerbie. The victims aboard the aircraft included thirty 21 00:01:08,400 --> 00:01:12,880 Speaker 1: five students who were studying abroad through Syracuse University, as 22 00:01:12,920 --> 00:01:17,520 Speaker 1: well as people from numerous other nations. The following day, 23 00:01:17,800 --> 00:01:21,200 Speaker 1: authorities announced that it appeared that the explosion may have 24 00:01:21,240 --> 00:01:24,120 Speaker 1: been an act of sabotage, not some kind of an accident. 25 00:01:24,920 --> 00:01:27,720 Speaker 1: Authorities also released a warning that day known as the 26 00:01:27,760 --> 00:01:31,240 Speaker 1: Helsinki Warning. This was an anonymous phone call to the 27 00:01:31,280 --> 00:01:34,480 Speaker 1: US embassy in Helsinki, Finland, and the phone call had 28 00:01:34,520 --> 00:01:39,440 Speaker 1: said that a terrorist organization maybe using an unsuspecting passenger 29 00:01:39,520 --> 00:01:42,800 Speaker 1: to smuggle a bomb onto a pan Am flight. Although 30 00:01:42,840 --> 00:01:46,680 Speaker 1: there were uncanny similarities between this warning and the bombing 31 00:01:46,680 --> 00:01:49,240 Speaker 1: of flight one oh three, it was determined that they 32 00:01:49,240 --> 00:01:53,240 Speaker 1: were unrelated. Although people were outraged when they learned that 33 00:01:53,320 --> 00:01:56,600 Speaker 1: this warning had existed and they had known nothing about it, 34 00:01:57,600 --> 00:01:59,760 Speaker 1: Soon it was announced that there had been a bomb 35 00:02:00,040 --> 00:02:03,240 Speaker 1: in the airplane's forward luggage compartment. The bomb was hidden 36 00:02:03,320 --> 00:02:06,520 Speaker 1: in a tape recorder and placed in an uncompanied bag 37 00:02:06,560 --> 00:02:09,440 Speaker 1: in Malta that had been transferred to a pan In 38 00:02:09,520 --> 00:02:12,040 Speaker 1: flight to London after landing in Germany, and then from 39 00:02:12,080 --> 00:02:16,640 Speaker 1: there onto a flight bound for New York. Two suspects 40 00:02:16,800 --> 00:02:22,640 Speaker 1: emerged Abdelbaset, Ali, Mohammed al mcgrahi and al Amine Khalifa Fema, 41 00:02:22,760 --> 00:02:26,359 Speaker 1: both of them of Libya. They were indicted on November thirteenth. 42 00:02:28,280 --> 00:02:31,400 Speaker 1: They worked for Libyan Arab Airlines and they were also 43 00:02:31,400 --> 00:02:36,120 Speaker 1: accused of being Libyan intelligence agents. At first, though, Libya 44 00:02:36,200 --> 00:02:39,320 Speaker 1: refused to extradite them to Scotland to stand trial, and 45 00:02:39,440 --> 00:02:43,120 Speaker 1: this led the United Nations to impose sanctions on Libya. 46 00:02:43,360 --> 00:02:46,600 Speaker 1: Libyan leader MoMA Ga Daffi also wanted the trial to 47 00:02:46,600 --> 00:02:49,560 Speaker 1: take place in a neutral country, so part of an 48 00:02:49,560 --> 00:02:53,320 Speaker 1: air base outside of Amsterdam was declared Scottish territory so 49 00:02:53,400 --> 00:02:56,720 Speaker 1: that the trial could be held under Scottish law. It 50 00:02:56,800 --> 00:02:59,600 Speaker 1: was only after this was agreed to that Libya finally 51 00:02:59,639 --> 00:03:04,160 Speaker 1: agree on December sixteenth nine to turn the suspects over. 52 00:03:04,240 --> 00:03:07,800 Speaker 1: This was more than seven years after the indictment, and 53 00:03:07,800 --> 00:03:10,040 Speaker 1: then it was April of the following year by the 54 00:03:10,080 --> 00:03:13,680 Speaker 1: time the suspects were actually handed over to UN authorities 55 00:03:13,680 --> 00:03:17,359 Speaker 1: to stand trial. The trial began on May three, two 56 00:03:17,400 --> 00:03:20,160 Speaker 1: thousand and there were three judges, with the fourth as 57 00:03:20,160 --> 00:03:24,200 Speaker 1: a reserve. After hearing eight months of testimony from two 58 00:03:24,440 --> 00:03:28,120 Speaker 1: d thirty two witnesses, they issued their verdict on January 59 00:03:28,200 --> 00:03:31,440 Speaker 1: thirty feet of two thousand one. Al McGraw he was 60 00:03:31,520 --> 00:03:37,280 Speaker 1: found guilty and Fema was found not guilty. Al McGraw 61 00:03:37,320 --> 00:03:40,360 Speaker 1: he appealed, but that appeal failed, and eight years later 62 00:03:40,440 --> 00:03:43,320 Speaker 1: he received a compassionate release when he was diagnosed with 63 00:03:43,440 --> 00:03:47,520 Speaker 1: terminal prostate cancer. He died in twenty twelve, a little 64 00:03:47,560 --> 00:03:52,280 Speaker 1: less than three years after that release. In two thousand three, 65 00:03:52,480 --> 00:03:56,800 Speaker 1: Libya took formal responsibility for this bombing after years of 66 00:03:56,840 --> 00:04:00,640 Speaker 1: insisting that Libya as a nation was not involved. Although 67 00:04:00,680 --> 00:04:05,320 Speaker 1: Gaddafi himself did not take personal responsibility for it, Getafee 68 00:04:05,400 --> 00:04:08,560 Speaker 1: did agree to a two point seven billion dollar settlement 69 00:04:08,640 --> 00:04:11,040 Speaker 1: to be paid to the families of those who were killed. 70 00:04:12,040 --> 00:04:16,320 Speaker 1: Other suspects were announced to exist in and there continue 71 00:04:16,360 --> 00:04:19,880 Speaker 1: to be a lot of hypotheses about this bombing, about 72 00:04:19,920 --> 00:04:24,240 Speaker 1: who was involved, whether it was some kind of multinational conspiracy, 73 00:04:24,279 --> 00:04:27,120 Speaker 1: but no one else has ever been convicted. It is 74 00:04:27,279 --> 00:04:31,560 Speaker 1: certain that there were other people involved. In response to 75 00:04:31,560 --> 00:04:35,440 Speaker 1: the bombing, there was increased airport security all over the world. 76 00:04:35,520 --> 00:04:38,280 Speaker 1: The f a A also find pan Am due to 77 00:04:38,279 --> 00:04:40,560 Speaker 1: security breaches that had happened on the day of the bombing. 78 00:04:41,480 --> 00:04:44,120 Speaker 1: Thanks to Eve's Jeff Cope for her research work on 79 00:04:44,160 --> 00:04:46,920 Speaker 1: today's show, Into Casey Pegram and Chandler Maize for their 80 00:04:46,920 --> 00:04:49,440 Speaker 1: audio work on this show. You can subscribe to This 81 00:04:49,520 --> 00:04:52,760 Speaker 1: Day in History Class on Apple Podcasts, Google podcast, the 82 00:04:52,760 --> 00:04:55,720 Speaker 1: I Heart Radio app, and wherever else you get your podcasts. 83 00:04:56,360 --> 00:05:00,000 Speaker 1: You can tune in tomorrow for an infamous and wrongful conviction. 84 00:05:08,200 --> 00:05:11,479 Speaker 1: Hey everyone, I'm Eves and welcome back to This Day 85 00:05:11,480 --> 00:05:14,760 Speaker 1: in History Class, a podcast where we unwrap a piece 86 00:05:14,760 --> 00:05:27,840 Speaker 1: of history candy every day. The day was December one, 87 00:05:28,160 --> 00:05:33,760 Speaker 1: eighteen six. After declaring independence from Mexico, brothers Hayden and 88 00:05:33,800 --> 00:05:37,359 Speaker 1: Benjamin Edwards and their rebel followers proclaimed the Republic of 89 00:05:37,400 --> 00:05:42,120 Speaker 1: Fredonia and signed a declaration of independence. The revolt was 90 00:05:42,160 --> 00:05:45,400 Speaker 1: short lived. A month after it began, the rebels fled 91 00:05:45,480 --> 00:05:48,960 Speaker 1: to the United States as the Mexican military forces advanced. 92 00:05:49,960 --> 00:05:53,719 Speaker 1: Mexico gained independence from Spain in eighteen one, creating the 93 00:05:53,760 --> 00:05:58,680 Speaker 1: first Mexican Empire. Two years later, the emperor abdicated the throne, 94 00:05:58,760 --> 00:06:02,960 Speaker 1: and in eighteen twenty four, Mexico adopted a republican constitution. 95 00:06:04,200 --> 00:06:07,320 Speaker 1: One issue Mexico faced was figuring out how to increase 96 00:06:07,360 --> 00:06:10,760 Speaker 1: population in the northern Department of Texas and secure the 97 00:06:10,800 --> 00:06:15,520 Speaker 1: area from Native Americans and other Americans seeking land. In 98 00:06:15,560 --> 00:06:18,800 Speaker 1: August of eighteen twenty four, the Mexican government passed a 99 00:06:18,920 --> 00:06:23,080 Speaker 1: national Colonization Law that set some guidelines for people immigrating 100 00:06:23,080 --> 00:06:26,760 Speaker 1: into Mexico. Each Mexican state was directed to create its 101 00:06:26,760 --> 00:06:30,760 Speaker 1: own statutes around the general colonization law. One of the 102 00:06:30,800 --> 00:06:34,800 Speaker 1: states of the new Federal Republic was Kuawela Etajas, which 103 00:06:34,880 --> 00:06:38,400 Speaker 1: set up a system where, among other regulations regarding immigration, 104 00:06:38,760 --> 00:06:41,839 Speaker 1: impresarios could petition the government to bring one hundred or 105 00:06:41,880 --> 00:06:45,600 Speaker 1: more families to the state at their expense. An impressario 106 00:06:45,760 --> 00:06:48,000 Speaker 1: was a person who entered into a contract with the 107 00:06:48,040 --> 00:06:51,159 Speaker 1: Mexican government to bring a certain number of families to 108 00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:56,680 Speaker 1: Texas in exchange for land grants. In eight land speculator 109 00:06:56,760 --> 00:06:59,680 Speaker 1: Hayden Edwards got a grant from the Mexican government to 110 00:06:59,760 --> 00:07:02,119 Speaker 1: bring up to eight hundred new families to the area 111 00:07:02,160 --> 00:07:06,160 Speaker 1: around Nakodoches in eastern Texas. His contract required him to 112 00:07:06,240 --> 00:07:08,560 Speaker 1: uphold all land grants in the area that had been 113 00:07:08,600 --> 00:07:13,600 Speaker 1: certified by the Spanish and Mexican governments. It also required 114 00:07:13,600 --> 00:07:16,080 Speaker 1: that he set up a militia to protect the colonists, 115 00:07:16,160 --> 00:07:18,920 Speaker 1: and that he allowed a land commissioner appointed by the 116 00:07:18,960 --> 00:07:23,480 Speaker 1: government to certify awarded deeds. But when he got to Nakodoches, 117 00:07:23,720 --> 00:07:27,000 Speaker 1: he demanded that previous landowners would have to present evidence 118 00:07:27,040 --> 00:07:30,880 Speaker 1: of their land claims or forfeit the land. Of course, 119 00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:33,880 Speaker 1: this was a controversial move. Many of the people in 120 00:07:33,920 --> 00:07:37,000 Speaker 1: the area had families who lived there for decades, so 121 00:07:37,080 --> 00:07:40,720 Speaker 1: they're legal titles were lost. Some people who lived there 122 00:07:40,760 --> 00:07:43,960 Speaker 1: were former residents of the Neutral Ground, an area to 123 00:07:44,000 --> 00:07:47,920 Speaker 1: the east inhabited by many fugitives. Some were Native Americans 124 00:07:47,920 --> 00:07:51,680 Speaker 1: who had history there before Spanish colonization, or those who 125 00:07:51,720 --> 00:07:55,440 Speaker 1: had been forced out of the US. There were squatters there, 126 00:07:55,720 --> 00:07:58,360 Speaker 1: and there were many Anglo Americans in the area, some 127 00:07:58,440 --> 00:08:02,280 Speaker 1: who had come as filibusters. All that to say, residents 128 00:08:02,360 --> 00:08:06,640 Speaker 1: were not happy with edwards demands. He began recruiting families 129 00:08:06,640 --> 00:08:10,080 Speaker 1: in the US for immigration into Nakodoches. The all Calliday, 130 00:08:10,240 --> 00:08:14,400 Speaker 1: or chief administrative and Judicial officer of Nakodoches, as well 131 00:08:14,480 --> 00:08:17,800 Speaker 1: as the town clerk, worked to validate old land titles 132 00:08:17,840 --> 00:08:21,920 Speaker 1: once they found out Edwards got his grant. Edwards accused 133 00:08:21,960 --> 00:08:24,800 Speaker 1: them of forging land titles to his detriment, and soon 134 00:08:25,000 --> 00:08:28,200 Speaker 1: Edwards was calling for elections for a new all call Day, 135 00:08:28,240 --> 00:08:32,319 Speaker 1: even though he wasn't officially allowed to do so either way. 136 00:08:32,440 --> 00:08:36,240 Speaker 1: Edwards son in law, Chichester Chaplin, took the office after 137 00:08:36,240 --> 00:08:40,800 Speaker 1: a disputed election, but supporters of Chaplain's opponent, Samuel Norris, 138 00:08:40,840 --> 00:08:46,040 Speaker 1: contested the decision, and in March of eight Joste Antonio Salzedo, 139 00:08:46,400 --> 00:08:49,840 Speaker 1: the political chief of Texas and Vexar, reversed the results 140 00:08:49,840 --> 00:08:52,600 Speaker 1: of the election on the claim that illegal votes had 141 00:08:52,640 --> 00:08:57,560 Speaker 1: been cast for Chaplain. Norris became all call Day. This 142 00:08:57,760 --> 00:09:01,120 Speaker 1: did not sit well with Edwards and his quarters, and 143 00:09:01,320 --> 00:09:07,840 Speaker 1: related and unrelated conflicts continued in Nacodoches throughout eight Hayden's 144 00:09:07,840 --> 00:09:10,760 Speaker 1: brother Benjamin was left in charge of the town while 145 00:09:10,800 --> 00:09:14,120 Speaker 1: Hayden went to the US to recruit more families, and 146 00:09:14,200 --> 00:09:18,479 Speaker 1: during this time tensions between old and new residents escalated. 147 00:09:19,480 --> 00:09:23,480 Speaker 1: By the end of September, Hayden's grant was revoked. This 148 00:09:23,520 --> 00:09:27,200 Speaker 1: annulment was on the basis of him declaring himself military commander, 149 00:09:27,600 --> 00:09:30,319 Speaker 1: forcing people to show their land titles or be evicted, 150 00:09:30,679 --> 00:09:35,720 Speaker 1: and other wrongdoings. Hayden and Benjamin were ordered to leave Mexico, 151 00:09:36,440 --> 00:09:40,280 Speaker 1: but they resisted the order. In November, a group of 152 00:09:40,280 --> 00:09:43,599 Speaker 1: around forty man from the i sh Bayou entered Nacodoches 153 00:09:43,760 --> 00:09:49,080 Speaker 1: and arrested Samuel Norris Hayden, Edwards and others. Hayden was released, 154 00:09:49,200 --> 00:09:52,319 Speaker 1: possibly because he was arrested to hide his own involvement 155 00:09:52,360 --> 00:09:55,719 Speaker 1: in the affair, but the others were tried and convicted. 156 00:09:56,880 --> 00:10:00,600 Speaker 1: Mexican authorities soon sent dragoons and infant treatment into the area. 157 00:10:01,800 --> 00:10:05,079 Speaker 1: The Utwards prepared to fight. They determined that they would 158 00:10:05,080 --> 00:10:07,840 Speaker 1: have to break from Mexico to protect their land investment. 159 00:10:08,760 --> 00:10:12,200 Speaker 1: On December sixteenth, Benjamin rode into Nakodoches with a group 160 00:10:12,240 --> 00:10:15,800 Speaker 1: of armed men and seized the Old Stone Fort. The 161 00:10:15,840 --> 00:10:19,480 Speaker 1: rebels raised a red and white flag that said independence, Liberty, 162 00:10:19,559 --> 00:10:23,280 Speaker 1: and justice. The red represented the Cherokee and the white 163 00:10:23,400 --> 00:10:27,520 Speaker 1: the White Rebels. Hayden declared himself commander in chief of 164 00:10:27,559 --> 00:10:31,280 Speaker 1: the Republic of Fredonia, and Martin Palmer became commander of 165 00:10:31,280 --> 00:10:36,120 Speaker 1: the military. Many others joined the rebellion. Parmer negotiated a 166 00:10:36,160 --> 00:10:39,000 Speaker 1: treaty with the Cherokee for mutual support, and the rebels 167 00:10:39,040 --> 00:10:43,120 Speaker 1: signed a declaration of independence on December one, but the 168 00:10:43,160 --> 00:10:46,760 Speaker 1: rebellion didn't go anywhere. The rebels didn't get much help 169 00:10:46,800 --> 00:10:49,920 Speaker 1: from the Cherokee, and the Texian militia and Mexican troops 170 00:10:50,240 --> 00:10:52,680 Speaker 1: forced the rebels to flee towards the Sabine River and 171 00:10:52,760 --> 00:10:57,360 Speaker 1: into Louisiana. The rebellion was over by the end of January, 172 00:10:57,400 --> 00:11:00,679 Speaker 1: but it increased the Mexican government's wariness of immigration from 173 00:11:00,720 --> 00:11:04,359 Speaker 1: the US, and it caused more tension between white colonists 174 00:11:04,360 --> 00:11:08,280 Speaker 1: and indigenous tribes. I'm Eves Jeff Coote and hopefully you 175 00:11:08,320 --> 00:11:11,160 Speaker 1: know a little more about history today than you did yesterday. 176 00:11:12,040 --> 00:11:15,400 Speaker 1: Feel free to share your thoughts or your innermost feelings 177 00:11:15,440 --> 00:11:19,280 Speaker 1: with us and with other listeners on social media at 178 00:11:19,520 --> 00:11:24,280 Speaker 1: t d I h C Podcast, and you can send 179 00:11:24,320 --> 00:11:27,679 Speaker 1: your thoughts are comments to us at this Day at 180 00:11:27,720 --> 00:11:32,040 Speaker 1: I heart media dot com. Thanks for listening to today's episode. 181 00:11:32,120 --> 00:11:50,040 Speaker 1: We'll see you again tomorrow. Hello, and welcome to This 182 00:11:50,120 --> 00:11:53,439 Speaker 1: Day in History Class, a show for those who can 183 00:11:53,559 --> 00:11:58,640 Speaker 1: never know enough about history. I'm Gabe Lucier and in 184 00:11:58,679 --> 00:12:04,240 Speaker 1: this episode, we're looking at an unusual wartime experiments in animation, 185 00:12:04,960 --> 00:12:09,280 Speaker 1: one that explored the unique traditions and cultures of Latin America. 186 00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:20,360 Speaker 1: Through the eyes of Donald Duck. The day was December 187 00:12:20,440 --> 00:12:26,840 Speaker 1: twenty one, nineteen forty four. Walt Disney's seventh animated feature, 188 00:12:27,280 --> 00:12:32,079 Speaker 1: The Three Kaba Arrows, had its world premiere in Mexico City. 189 00:12:32,880 --> 00:12:37,040 Speaker 1: The seventy one minute film was directed by Norm Ferguson 190 00:12:37,320 --> 00:12:40,480 Speaker 1: and was released to theaters in the United States on 191 00:12:40,600 --> 00:12:46,280 Speaker 1: February third. It has the distinction of being one of 192 00:12:46,320 --> 00:12:51,640 Speaker 1: the earliest feature length films to combine animation with live actors, 193 00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:55,640 Speaker 1: as well as being one of the strangest, most experimental 194 00:12:55,720 --> 00:13:00,720 Speaker 1: movies that Disney ever made. For the uninitiated, did The 195 00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:04,480 Speaker 1: characters who make up the title trio are Donald Duck, 196 00:13:04,880 --> 00:13:11,360 Speaker 1: Jose Karioca, and Panchito Pistoles. You're likely familiar with Donald, 197 00:13:11,520 --> 00:13:14,400 Speaker 1: who was celebrating his tenth birthday the year of the 198 00:13:14,440 --> 00:13:19,760 Speaker 1: film's release. As for Jose Karioca, he's a green Brazilian 199 00:13:19,840 --> 00:13:23,160 Speaker 1: parrot and an old pal of Donald. He made his 200 00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:28,800 Speaker 1: screen debut two years earlier in Salutos Amigos, another Disney 201 00:13:28,840 --> 00:13:33,800 Speaker 1: movie centered on South America. Jose is basically the opposite 202 00:13:33,840 --> 00:13:38,720 Speaker 1: of his clumsy, quick tempered friend. He's clever, stylish, and 203 00:13:38,840 --> 00:13:43,080 Speaker 1: loves to dance. The samba. The last and probably least 204 00:13:43,120 --> 00:13:49,400 Speaker 1: known caballero is Panchito Pistoles, an energetic rooster from Mexico. 205 00:13:49,800 --> 00:13:53,920 Speaker 1: His role largely consisted of playing guitar and firing his 206 00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:58,880 Speaker 1: twin pistols into the air with reckless abandon. Panchito's trigger 207 00:13:58,920 --> 00:14:03,800 Speaker 1: happy depiction played into stereotypes about Mexican bandits, but the 208 00:14:03,880 --> 00:14:07,839 Speaker 1: character only fired his guns in celebration and was just 209 00:14:07,880 --> 00:14:12,440 Speaker 1: as friendly and fun loving as his unarmed companions. When 210 00:14:12,440 --> 00:14:16,199 Speaker 1: the three friends finally get together more than halfway through 211 00:14:16,240 --> 00:14:21,000 Speaker 1: the movie, they declare themselves the Three Caballeros and even 212 00:14:21,040 --> 00:14:23,760 Speaker 1: sing a song to help get the point across. We're 213 00:14:23,840 --> 00:14:27,960 Speaker 1: three happy chappies with snappas saptes you find must beneath. 214 00:14:33,040 --> 00:14:36,640 Speaker 1: We're brave and well stay so. We're bright Basi Christians, 215 00:14:37,040 --> 00:14:43,200 Speaker 1: we say so. The Caballero. The Three Caballeros was the 216 00:14:43,280 --> 00:14:47,640 Speaker 1: second of six package films released by the Disney Studio 217 00:14:47,800 --> 00:14:52,480 Speaker 1: in the nineteen forties. Unlike a single narrative film like 218 00:14:52,640 --> 00:14:56,680 Speaker 1: Pinocchio or Bambi, a package film is made up of 219 00:14:56,800 --> 00:15:00,840 Speaker 1: multiple short segments that were only connected by a common 220 00:15:00,920 --> 00:15:04,680 Speaker 1: theme or frame story. In the case of the Three 221 00:15:04,720 --> 00:15:10,200 Speaker 1: caballeros the framing devices Donald Duck's birthday as he opens 222 00:15:10,280 --> 00:15:12,880 Speaker 1: the various presents sent to him by his friends in 223 00:15:12,960 --> 00:15:16,920 Speaker 1: Latin America. The segments flow from one to the next. 224 00:15:17,640 --> 00:15:21,800 Speaker 1: For example, the first gift Donald receives is a film projector, 225 00:15:22,280 --> 00:15:25,400 Speaker 1: and he uses it, along with the audience, to watch 226 00:15:25,520 --> 00:15:31,280 Speaker 1: two standalone cartoons. The shorts, titled The Cold Blooded Penguin 227 00:15:31,560 --> 00:15:36,760 Speaker 1: and The Flying Gauchito, both fit the film's South American themes, 228 00:15:36,800 --> 00:15:39,800 Speaker 1: but otherwise have nothing to do with each other or 229 00:15:39,880 --> 00:15:43,600 Speaker 1: with the rest of the movie. Once the film real ends, 230 00:15:43,920 --> 00:15:47,880 Speaker 1: Donald sets the projector aside, moves on to his next gift, 231 00:15:48,200 --> 00:15:52,640 Speaker 1: and a new segment begins from there. Interspersed throughout the 232 00:15:52,720 --> 00:15:57,960 Speaker 1: animation is live action footage of Latin American countries, singers 233 00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:03,040 Speaker 1: and dancers. For instance, when Panchito arrives to give his gift, 234 00:16:03,320 --> 00:16:07,360 Speaker 1: he takes Donald and Jose on a flying serape tour 235 00:16:07,560 --> 00:16:13,080 Speaker 1: of real life locations in Mexico, including Patsquero, Vera Cruz, 236 00:16:13,280 --> 00:16:17,280 Speaker 1: and Acapulco. There's also a sequence where Donald and Jose 237 00:16:17,800 --> 00:16:22,840 Speaker 1: dance with Aurora Miranda, the sister of Hollywood star Carmen Miranda, 238 00:16:23,480 --> 00:16:27,680 Speaker 1: in a running gag. Donald develops a hopeless and somewhat 239 00:16:27,720 --> 00:16:31,600 Speaker 1: disturbing crush on Aurora, not to mention every other woman 240 00:16:31,680 --> 00:16:35,320 Speaker 1: he crosses paths with in the movie. Aside from the 241 00:16:35,360 --> 00:16:39,600 Speaker 1: title song, the film also features English language versions of 242 00:16:39,640 --> 00:16:43,640 Speaker 1: the popular bolero song You Belong to My Heart, as 243 00:16:43,680 --> 00:16:53,800 Speaker 1: well as the famous Brazilian song Bayya Bya. It was 244 00:16:53,880 --> 00:16:58,160 Speaker 1: nominated for two Academy Awards that year, for Best Sound 245 00:16:58,360 --> 00:17:02,080 Speaker 1: and Best Score, but it didn't win either. As you've 246 00:17:02,120 --> 00:17:06,080 Speaker 1: probably guessed, the movie was a little outside the wheelhouse 247 00:17:06,160 --> 00:17:09,160 Speaker 1: of the early Disney studio, which at the time had 248 00:17:09,240 --> 00:17:13,240 Speaker 1: mostly looked to European fairy tales and American children's books 249 00:17:13,280 --> 00:17:18,960 Speaker 1: for inspiration. That's because The Three Caballeros was produced, along 250 00:17:18,960 --> 00:17:22,200 Speaker 1: with Salutos Amigos before it, as part of a so 251 00:17:22,280 --> 00:17:26,560 Speaker 1: called goodwill tour of Latin America that had been commissioned 252 00:17:26,600 --> 00:17:29,679 Speaker 1: by the U s Department of State in the early 253 00:17:29,760 --> 00:17:33,679 Speaker 1: nineteen forties. After the country officially joined the fight in 254 00:17:33,880 --> 00:17:38,199 Speaker 1: World War Two, the US military actually took control of 255 00:17:38,240 --> 00:17:41,920 Speaker 1: Disney Studios for a time. The animators spent the next 256 00:17:41,960 --> 00:17:45,879 Speaker 1: few years making training films and propaganda cartoons for the 257 00:17:45,880 --> 00:17:49,960 Speaker 1: war effort. Many of which ranged from hilarious to haunting. 258 00:17:50,840 --> 00:17:53,720 Speaker 1: Around the same time, Walt and a few of his 259 00:17:53,840 --> 00:17:57,080 Speaker 1: most trust and animators were asked to embark on a 260 00:17:57,160 --> 00:18:01,960 Speaker 1: government sponsored goodwill tour to trees such as Chile, Brazil, 261 00:18:02,200 --> 00:18:06,879 Speaker 1: and Mexico. The goal was to use Walt Disney's celebrity 262 00:18:06,960 --> 00:18:10,960 Speaker 1: to help discourage people in Central and South American countries 263 00:18:11,320 --> 00:18:15,960 Speaker 1: from siding with the Axis Powers. It's a somewhat insulting 264 00:18:16,040 --> 00:18:19,560 Speaker 1: idea that the public needed to be plied with cartoons 265 00:18:19,800 --> 00:18:22,959 Speaker 1: in order to not side with Nazi Germany, but the 266 00:18:23,000 --> 00:18:26,080 Speaker 1: effort did at least bring some much needed diversity to 267 00:18:26,160 --> 00:18:31,080 Speaker 1: children's cartoons. Given the time period and the people involved 268 00:18:31,080 --> 00:18:34,160 Speaker 1: in the project, there are a few moments that portray 269 00:18:34,240 --> 00:18:38,640 Speaker 1: minorities in a disrespectful light by today's standards, but it's 270 00:18:38,680 --> 00:18:42,320 Speaker 1: clear throughout that the filmmakers wanted to portray Central and 271 00:18:42,440 --> 00:18:46,920 Speaker 1: South America as fun, vibrant, modern communities, and on that 272 00:18:46,960 --> 00:18:52,000 Speaker 1: front they succeed with flying colors. Another positive outcome of 273 00:18:52,040 --> 00:18:56,200 Speaker 1: the experiment is that Jose and Panchito were big hits 274 00:18:56,240 --> 00:18:59,800 Speaker 1: in their home countries. In Brazil, Jose went on to 275 00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:03,080 Speaker 1: star in his own long running comics series, where he's 276 00:19:03,119 --> 00:19:07,280 Speaker 1: known more commonly as z, a more familiar form of 277 00:19:07,320 --> 00:19:13,720 Speaker 1: the Portuguese name Jose Panchito boasted similar popularity in Mexico, 278 00:19:13,840 --> 00:19:16,919 Speaker 1: and the character was actually used as the mascot of 279 00:19:16,960 --> 00:19:21,200 Speaker 1: the Mexican Esquadron two oh one fighter squadron during World 280 00:19:21,280 --> 00:19:24,600 Speaker 1: War Two. He was commonly painted on the nose of 281 00:19:24,640 --> 00:19:29,280 Speaker 1: their fighter planes. The movie itself was a modest success 282 00:19:29,359 --> 00:19:32,560 Speaker 1: for the Disney Studio upon its release, but it gained 283 00:19:32,560 --> 00:19:36,600 Speaker 1: a cult following over the years, particularly for a few 284 00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:41,119 Speaker 1: sequences that are borderline psychedelic. The last of the movie 285 00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:45,919 Speaker 1: segments is actually titled Donald's Surreal Reverie, and believe me, 286 00:19:46,160 --> 00:19:49,919 Speaker 1: it lives up to the title. The Three Caballeros was 287 00:19:50,040 --> 00:19:54,640 Speaker 1: re released to theaters in seven to capitalize on its 288 00:19:54,680 --> 00:19:58,560 Speaker 1: newfound notoriety, and its characters have gone on to appear 289 00:19:58,560 --> 00:20:02,479 Speaker 1: in a number of high profile projects since then. The 290 00:20:02,520 --> 00:20:06,040 Speaker 1: band reunited in Disney's House of Mouse show in the 291 00:20:06,080 --> 00:20:11,040 Speaker 1: early two thousands and then again in the Duck Tails reboot. 292 00:20:11,640 --> 00:20:14,760 Speaker 1: The trio also star in their own boat ride at 293 00:20:14,760 --> 00:20:18,520 Speaker 1: the Mexico Pavilion of the Epcot Theme Park in Florida, 294 00:20:19,160 --> 00:20:23,040 Speaker 1: and in they headlined a one season show of their 295 00:20:23,080 --> 00:20:28,600 Speaker 1: own called Legend of the Three Caballeros. The original movie 296 00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:32,879 Speaker 1: may not be the most consistent or coherent film in 297 00:20:32,880 --> 00:20:36,240 Speaker 1: the Disney cannon, but it makes up for those shortcomings 298 00:20:36,400 --> 00:20:40,520 Speaker 1: with its striking visuals, catchy music, and bold mix of 299 00:20:40,600 --> 00:20:44,960 Speaker 1: live action and animation. Thanks to streaming, the movie is 300 00:20:45,040 --> 00:20:48,159 Speaker 1: easier to watch than ever before. If you're in the 301 00:20:48,200 --> 00:20:52,760 Speaker 1: mood for something fun, festive, and holy original, The Three 302 00:20:52,840 --> 00:20:59,800 Speaker 1: Caballeros definitely fits the bill. I'm Gabe Lousier and hopefully 303 00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:02,959 Speaker 1: you now know a little more about film history today 304 00:21:03,400 --> 00:21:06,879 Speaker 1: than you did yesterday. You can learn even more about 305 00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:11,240 Speaker 1: history by following us on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram at 306 00:21:11,280 --> 00:21:15,080 Speaker 1: t d i HC Show, and if you have any 307 00:21:15,160 --> 00:21:18,359 Speaker 1: comments or suggestions, you can always send them my way 308 00:21:18,600 --> 00:21:22,720 Speaker 1: at this Day at I heart media dot com. Thanks 309 00:21:22,720 --> 00:21:25,560 Speaker 1: to Chandler Mays for producing the show, and thank you 310 00:21:25,640 --> 00:21:29,199 Speaker 1: for listening. I'll see you back here again tomorrow for 311 00:21:29,280 --> 00:21:39,520 Speaker 1: another day in History class. For more podcasts from my 312 00:21:39,560 --> 00:21:42,240 Speaker 1: Heart Radio, visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 313 00:21:42,280 --> 00:21:44,000 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.