WEBVTT - The First New Chronicle 0:00:00.840 --> 0:00:05.200 Welcome to Noble Blood, a production of iHeartRadio and Grim 0:00:05.240 --> 0:00:10.960 and Mild from Aaron Mankey listener discretion advised. One quick 0:00:11.000 --> 0:00:14.440 note before we begin. Noble Blood is on Patreon. If 0:00:14.480 --> 0:00:16.360 you want to support the show, you can go to 0:00:16.680 --> 0:00:20.520 patreon dot com slash Noble Blood Tales. It's where I 0:00:20.600 --> 0:00:24.639 upload scripts and bonus episodes like I watch period pieces 0:00:24.640 --> 0:00:27.280 with my friends once a month and talk about everything 0:00:27.280 --> 0:00:31.000 they get right and wrong. And also a brand new feature, 0:00:31.040 --> 0:00:34.839 which is if you subscribe at a medium level, you 0:00:34.840 --> 0:00:39.239 get to join our quarterly Sticker Club. Every season we 0:00:39.360 --> 0:00:43.920 drop a new exclusive sticker just for Patreon subscribers, available 0:00:44.320 --> 0:00:47.199 nowhere else, and you just get a brand new sticker 0:00:47.560 --> 0:00:51.440 every season that like an amazing artist designs. They're very cool. 0:00:51.720 --> 0:00:54.960 I love stickers, which is why I did it. But yeah, 0:00:55.000 --> 0:00:58.920 support the Patreon for bonus episodes, scripts, stickers and more. 0:00:59.440 --> 0:01:02.320 But of course, course, as always, the best possible support 0:01:02.480 --> 0:01:04.840 is just that you're listening to the show, So thank 0:01:04.880 --> 0:01:18.440 you so much. In nineteen oh eight, a researcher was 0:01:18.520 --> 0:01:22.520 going through the archives in the Royal Library in Copenhagen. 0:01:23.240 --> 0:01:27.400 He was an anthropologist named Richard Peachman. But we don't 0:01:27.440 --> 0:01:30.560 actually know specifically what he was looking for in the 0:01:30.600 --> 0:01:33.680 library that day, but I think we can probably assume 0:01:33.840 --> 0:01:36.880 that he had spent a long time in the dusty 0:01:37.000 --> 0:01:42.840 aisles of the archives, hours, days, even weeks. His eyes 0:01:42.920 --> 0:01:47.720 were probably going bleary from ours, staring at narrow cursive script. 0:01:48.000 --> 0:01:51.560 I imagine his hands slivered with paper cuts and his 0:01:51.760 --> 0:01:57.040 mind wrecked with exhaustion, and then, perhaps snuck on the 0:01:57.080 --> 0:02:01.920 bottom of a shelf or hidden within a largefolio, Richard 0:02:02.040 --> 0:02:07.640 saw something strange, something that looked unfamiliar and out of place. 0:02:08.639 --> 0:02:12.560 The German anthropologist pulled the artifact from where it had 0:02:12.639 --> 0:02:16.880 sat for decades, and he brushed the dust away. It 0:02:17.120 --> 0:02:22.960 was twelve hundred pages, a document written halfway around the world, 0:02:23.280 --> 0:02:26.520 meant for the King of Spain. And the document had 0:02:26.560 --> 0:02:30.720 made a long and circuitous journey. It had been stuck 0:02:31.160 --> 0:02:37.000 unseen within library collections, been bought and sold and inherited, 0:02:37.400 --> 0:02:41.840 passed through the hands of historians and collectors without anyone 0:02:42.000 --> 0:02:45.960 truly understanding what they were looking at until it came here, 0:02:46.520 --> 0:02:50.320 the Royal Library in Copenhagen, of all places, where a 0:02:50.400 --> 0:02:56.240 German anthropologist stumbled upon it nearly five centuries after it 0:02:56.280 --> 0:03:01.080 had been written. The document, at nearly twelve hundred pages long, 0:03:01.480 --> 0:03:04.800 is really more of a ton than a document at all, 0:03:05.200 --> 0:03:08.519 and though it ended up in Denmark, it actually had 0:03:08.600 --> 0:03:12.200 nothing to do with Denmark at all. It's called El 0:03:12.320 --> 0:03:17.440 premier Nueva Coronica ibuen Gobierno, or the First New Chronicle 0:03:17.600 --> 0:03:21.160 of Good Government, and it's one of the most important 0:03:21.600 --> 0:03:25.200 historical tools we have for understanding the culture of the 0:03:25.240 --> 0:03:29.560 Inca people in Peru and their lives both before and 0:03:29.840 --> 0:03:35.040 during the occupation of the Spanish conquistadores. Written by a 0:03:35.080 --> 0:03:39.120 man named Guaman Poma, the text is at once funny 0:03:39.280 --> 0:03:43.040 and deadly serious. He wrote it as a plead to 0:03:43.080 --> 0:03:46.600 the Spanish king so that he might understand the harm 0:03:46.720 --> 0:03:49.680 that the colonists had been doing and the abuses of 0:03:49.760 --> 0:03:52.640 power that the Catholic missionaries had been doing in the 0:03:52.720 --> 0:03:56.960 name of their god. Poma's missive likely never even reached 0:03:57.000 --> 0:04:01.640 his intended target, but now years later we can read 0:04:01.720 --> 0:04:05.720 his message through time and understand what he was saying 0:04:05.960 --> 0:04:08.880 in a way that King Philip never would have understood. 0:04:10.760 --> 0:04:23.640 I'm danishwartz and this is noble blood. Francisco Pizarro was 0:04:23.720 --> 0:04:27.479 on the expedition that crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 0:04:27.520 --> 0:04:32.000 the sixteenth century, making him one of the first Europeans 0:04:32.120 --> 0:04:35.680 to ever see the Pacific Ocean. He tried twice to 0:04:35.760 --> 0:04:39.520 invade and conquer Peru, and he succeeded on his third 0:04:39.600 --> 0:04:43.719 attempt in the name of his native Spain. There were 0:04:43.760 --> 0:04:48.880 two especially important factors working in Pizarro's favor, a war 0:04:48.960 --> 0:04:52.120 of succession happening at the time within the Inca Empire, 0:04:52.480 --> 0:04:56.920 and smallpox that the Europeans brought with them. In fifteen 0:04:57.000 --> 0:05:01.120 thirty five, Pizarro built the now Spanish capital of Peru 0:05:01.320 --> 0:05:05.320 at Lima, the center of his and Spain's imperial power 0:05:05.640 --> 0:05:10.479 in what was now a viceroyalty. Possibly that very same year, 0:05:11.080 --> 0:05:16.240 Guaman Poma was born. On both sides of his family tree, 0:05:16.320 --> 0:05:20.320 Pomo was noble. His mother was descended from Inca royalty, 0:05:20.560 --> 0:05:23.039 and his father was royal through a link to the 0:05:23.120 --> 0:05:28.280 dynasty that preceded the Incas. We don't know exactly when 0:05:28.480 --> 0:05:31.320 Pomo was born, but we know that he grew up 0:05:31.520 --> 0:05:36.520 in parallel with the Spanish invasion. His nation was literally 0:05:36.600 --> 0:05:42.280 being reformed from under him politically and spiritually. His older 0:05:42.320 --> 0:05:46.480 half brother became a priest and converted the family to Christianity. 0:05:47.080 --> 0:05:50.679 It's through that connection that Poma, who was a native 0:05:50.720 --> 0:05:55.559 speaker of the language Guetua, learned Spanish and also learned 0:05:55.560 --> 0:05:59.520 how to read and write. Poma became something between a 0:05:59.600 --> 0:06:03.400 friend and an assistant to the Friar Martin de Murua, 0:06:03.800 --> 0:06:07.600 a Spaniard who would end up writing the first illustrated 0:06:07.720 --> 0:06:11.719 history of Peru. It's likely from his time spent with 0:06:11.880 --> 0:06:15.480 Martin de Murua that Poma honed his own skills as 0:06:15.480 --> 0:06:20.320 an artist, although he was never formerly trained. But Poma's 0:06:20.360 --> 0:06:24.960 ability to speak multiple languages served him in adulthood when 0:06:24.960 --> 0:06:28.640 he began working as an administrator within the government of 0:06:28.680 --> 0:06:34.160 the Vice Royalty, at least until he got in political trouble. 0:06:35.160 --> 0:06:38.640 The details of the legal case are a little difficult 0:06:38.720 --> 0:06:43.360 to parse out, but in fifteen ninety four, Poma represented 0:06:43.400 --> 0:06:46.680 his family in a land dispute about a claim on 0:06:46.760 --> 0:06:50.839 a parcel of land outside the town of Huamanga, which 0:06:51.200 --> 0:06:54.279 would have been entitled to them given their noble lineage. 0:06:54.800 --> 0:06:59.560 The case became a legal quagmire, lasting for six years, 0:07:00.120 --> 0:07:04.440 coming back again and again with a verdict against Poma 0:07:04.520 --> 0:07:10.360 and his family. Eventually, Poma was accused of either misrepresenting 0:07:10.680 --> 0:07:14.560 or outright lying about his family's lineage in order to 0:07:14.640 --> 0:07:19.360 take the land illegally. As punishment, he was sentenced to 0:07:19.520 --> 0:07:23.480 two hundred lashes and two years of exile from the 0:07:23.480 --> 0:07:28.280 town of Huamanga. The experience, both the ordeal of the 0:07:28.360 --> 0:07:33.960 trial and the humiliating punishment affected Poma greatly. He felt 0:07:34.000 --> 0:07:37.920 that he had suffered a tremendous injustice, and he began 0:07:38.120 --> 0:07:42.360 working in his own way toward creating a more just world. 0:07:43.120 --> 0:07:47.960 He started by helping represent other indigenous people in lawsuits, 0:07:48.240 --> 0:07:52.120 and by traveling as a missionary with his friar friend 0:07:52.240 --> 0:07:55.760 Martine de Moras and helping to convert the native people 0:07:55.800 --> 0:08:00.640 of the Andes. Around this time, Poma also began writing 0:08:00.680 --> 0:08:03.840 his letter to the King of Spain, telling him the 0:08:03.920 --> 0:08:08.160 story of his people and explaining what the Spanish invaders 0:08:08.160 --> 0:08:12.880 had gotten right and what they had gotten very, very wrong. 0:08:15.640 --> 0:08:19.200 During his travels with Martin de Merua, Poma was helping 0:08:19.280 --> 0:08:24.040 him with his chronicles by providing some illustrations. But we 0:08:24.120 --> 0:08:27.480 know from Poma's own writings that even though he valued 0:08:27.560 --> 0:08:31.640 having access to the Friar's library, he had a miserable 0:08:31.680 --> 0:08:35.199 time doing that work. I imagine it's much the same 0:08:35.320 --> 0:08:38.920 for any creative person trying to work on an independent 0:08:39.000 --> 0:08:42.240 project when their boss is demanding that they spend their 0:08:42.240 --> 0:08:45.680 creative energy on something that they the boss will get 0:08:45.720 --> 0:08:50.160 all the credit for El premier Nueva Coronica ibuen Gobierno 0:08:50.480 --> 0:08:53.720 took nearly a decade and a half. For Guaman Poma, 0:08:54.200 --> 0:08:58.480 it was started in sixteen hundred and likely wasn't fully 0:08:58.520 --> 0:09:03.600 completed until sixteen teen fifteen, and boy, oh boy, is 0:09:03.640 --> 0:09:08.480 it a real tone. The open letter contains one thousand, 0:09:08.800 --> 0:09:13.080 one hundred and eighty nine pages and three hundred and 0:09:13.200 --> 0:09:16.200 ninety eight drawings that were done in black and white 0:09:16.440 --> 0:09:19.160 in a simple style that would lend itself well to 0:09:19.360 --> 0:09:24.000 mass printing. The text, too, is formatted with the conventions 0:09:24.040 --> 0:09:28.480 of type setting. Poma had imagined that after King Philip 0:09:28.520 --> 0:09:31.600 the Third of Spain reddit he would want the Nueba 0:09:31.679 --> 0:09:38.320 Karonica widely distributed. Now, let's take a brief detour to 0:09:38.559 --> 0:09:43.600 talk about King Philip the Third of Spain. The historian J. H. 0:09:43.720 --> 0:09:48.800 Elliott gives us a particularly colorful quote, describing the monarch 0:09:48.920 --> 0:09:54.360 as quote a pallid, anonymous creature whose only virtue appeared 0:09:54.480 --> 0:09:58.559 to reside in a total absence of vice. I will 0:09:58.559 --> 0:10:02.480 say King Philip Up's looks weren't his fault. He was 0:10:02.480 --> 0:10:06.160 a Habsburg and he fulfills all of the stereotypes of 0:10:06.280 --> 0:10:09.839 inbreeding that go along with it. His father had been 0:10:09.840 --> 0:10:13.400 the son of two first cousins, and he married his 0:10:13.559 --> 0:10:19.440 own niece, who also had cousin parents. And surprise, surprise, 0:10:19.679 --> 0:10:22.920 our Philip the third would also marry a first cousin, 0:10:23.160 --> 0:10:26.840 though once removed, at this point the family tree was 0:10:27.040 --> 0:10:31.680 resembling more of a tumbleweed. Ultimately, Philip the Third's grandson 0:10:31.880 --> 0:10:35.480 would be the end of the Spanish Habsburg line. That 0:10:35.520 --> 0:10:40.240 grandson would be deeply unwell in basically every regard and 0:10:40.480 --> 0:10:45.480 unable to procreate. His autopsy would memorably observe that, upon 0:10:45.640 --> 0:10:49.920 death quote, his heart was the size of a peppercorn, 0:10:50.200 --> 0:10:55.360 his lungs corroded, his intestines rotten and gangrenous, he had 0:10:55.480 --> 0:10:59.040 a single testicle black as coal, and his head was 0:10:59.080 --> 0:11:03.240 full of water. But that nightmare child was still years 0:11:03.280 --> 0:11:07.400 away during Philip the Third's reign, during which the biological 0:11:07.480 --> 0:11:11.480 potency of the Habsburgs and the power of Spain were 0:11:12.000 --> 0:11:16.960 both in decline. Though Philip did rule over the imperialistic 0:11:17.040 --> 0:11:20.440 boom of the Spanish Empire, and he did lead a 0:11:20.480 --> 0:11:25.080 few successful early campaigns. In the Thirty Years War, economic 0:11:25.200 --> 0:11:29.319 trouble would prove to be impossible to shake, and Spain's 0:11:29.360 --> 0:11:33.120 time as a global superpower would soon be drawing to 0:11:33.200 --> 0:11:37.400 a close. But for the time being, Spain was ruling 0:11:37.480 --> 0:11:41.520 over Peru and guaman Poma wanted to create a document 0:11:41.720 --> 0:11:44.760 that would serve both as a history of the Andean 0:11:44.840 --> 0:11:48.720 civilization that had been swallowed by the Spanish conquistadors, and 0:11:48.920 --> 0:11:52.760 also to explain the damage that Europeans were doing in 0:11:52.840 --> 0:11:55.800 the king's name and in the name of the Church. 0:11:56.480 --> 0:11:59.600 Guaman Poma was Christian, which meant that he was all 0:11:59.679 --> 0:12:03.920 too aware of the rampant abuses of power among missionaries 0:12:03.960 --> 0:12:08.160 and those in positions of power. The first two thirds 0:12:08.240 --> 0:12:11.760 of the thousand plus page home are an attempt to 0:12:11.920 --> 0:12:17.760 teach King Philip the Third that the Andean civilizations were complex, sophisticated, 0:12:17.880 --> 0:12:21.880 and elegant in their structures. The last third of the document, 0:12:22.120 --> 0:12:25.520 titled Buen Gobierno, would then explain how all of that 0:12:25.760 --> 0:12:31.520 was destroyed by the Spanish. The Nuebo Chronica is structurally 0:12:31.720 --> 0:12:37.160 an incredibly ambitious and complex document that blends a number 0:12:37.240 --> 0:12:41.440 of literary genres and styles of art, to say nothing 0:12:41.520 --> 0:12:45.080 of the way that it jumps between Spanish, Latin, and 0:12:45.160 --> 0:12:49.640 two languages of native Andean people, Quechua and Amara. The 0:12:49.800 --> 0:12:54.679 drawings are composed using European rules of representation and space, 0:12:55.000 --> 0:12:57.480 but with the sort of lines that evoke the way 0:12:57.600 --> 0:13:02.880 Inca decoration is done with abstract geometric shapes. The purpose 0:13:03.040 --> 0:13:07.600 of those juxtaposed styles wasn't to be slapdash. It was 0:13:07.640 --> 0:13:11.679 to make a clear evocative point about the merging and 0:13:12.320 --> 0:13:16.600 crashing of these two cultures, like tectonic plates meeting and 0:13:16.760 --> 0:13:20.840 creating fissures in the earth. Take, for instance, one of 0:13:20.880 --> 0:13:24.200 the illustrations of a map done in the style of 0:13:24.240 --> 0:13:27.160 the ones that were done in Europe in the sixteenth century. 0:13:27.440 --> 0:13:29.760 You can sort of picture it right, with Europe at 0:13:29.760 --> 0:13:32.880 the center of the map, the seas vast, and with 0:13:33.040 --> 0:13:38.439 fantastical monsters like dragons and unicorns along the edges. Poma's 0:13:38.520 --> 0:13:41.360 map has all of that too, but he has Peru 0:13:41.600 --> 0:13:44.000 at the center of the world, and the map is 0:13:44.040 --> 0:13:48.720 centered not on Lima, the capital of colonial Peru, but 0:13:48.840 --> 0:13:53.000 on Cuzco. The capital of the Inca Empire. The top 0:13:53.160 --> 0:13:55.600 of the map has the coats of arms of the 0:13:55.679 --> 0:14:00.079 Pope and the Spanish Kingdom. But above that, even high, 0:14:00.480 --> 0:14:04.040 are the deities of the Inca, the moon goddess and 0:14:04.120 --> 0:14:08.640 the sun god Inti. It's fascinating, but there is sort 0:14:08.640 --> 0:14:11.040 of a challenge when the message is meant to be 0:14:11.120 --> 0:14:16.600 filtered through both Inca and Spanish understanding of symbols. Almost 0:14:16.840 --> 0:14:19.680 no one in the sixteen hundreds would have been able 0:14:19.720 --> 0:14:23.480 to understand the full meaning of what Guamanpoma was trying 0:14:23.520 --> 0:14:27.280 to communicate, and almost no one would know all of 0:14:27.320 --> 0:14:30.640 the languages that would be required to read the whole book. 0:14:31.320 --> 0:14:36.360 But by speaking the Spaniards's language, both literally and in 0:14:36.440 --> 0:14:39.560 terms of the layout of the drawings and structures of 0:14:39.600 --> 0:14:44.320 the essays, Guamanpomo was using a tool that's fairly common 0:14:44.440 --> 0:14:48.240 in debate, meeting someone at their level in order to 0:14:48.320 --> 0:14:52.600 persuade them of something. He was acknowledging the basic premises 0:14:52.640 --> 0:14:56.760 of the Spanish worldview in order to point out their hypocrisies. 0:14:57.600 --> 0:15:04.040 It's a persuasive strategy, and Poma also uses another strategy humor. 0:15:04.680 --> 0:15:09.200 His book Wants You Understand the symbols is very funny. 0:15:09.680 --> 0:15:14.240 One of the drawings is basically a political cartoon in it, 0:15:14.400 --> 0:15:19.720 and Inca asks what the Spanish eat? The response gold. 0:15:20.440 --> 0:15:24.760 But the book is also a tremendously serious work of scholarship, 0:15:24.960 --> 0:15:28.480 and it's important to our academic understanding of what pre 0:15:28.600 --> 0:15:32.320 colonial inc In life was like. Even though Guaman Poma 0:15:32.520 --> 0:15:36.800 was writing a generation after Spanish arrival, and even though 0:15:36.880 --> 0:15:40.200 he had never really known life before they came to Peru, 0:15:40.680 --> 0:15:44.600 he is an invaluable source. The Inca had had an 0:15:44.640 --> 0:15:49.360 advanced recording system. It was written using notts on cords, 0:15:49.920 --> 0:15:55.880 but researchers still struggle to fully translate it. Guaman Poma's writing, 0:15:56.200 --> 0:15:59.880 even if it isn't exactly firsthand, is still an essential 0:16:00.120 --> 0:16:04.600 guide to pre colonial Inca culture. Some of that cultural 0:16:04.640 --> 0:16:10.240 information is incredibly basic. One of Poma's illustrations shows that 0:16:10.320 --> 0:16:14.280 both men and women were planting potatoes. We learned from 0:16:14.280 --> 0:16:17.320 that about their division of labor and that the planting 0:16:17.400 --> 0:16:22.240 season was in December, and he's also giving us important history. 0:16:22.960 --> 0:16:27.200 One illustration depicts the beheading of the Inca leader Sapa 0:16:27.240 --> 0:16:30.760 Inca Atualpa, who defeated his brother in civil war to 0:16:30.880 --> 0:16:33.760 claim the throne to the Inca Empire after the death 0:16:33.800 --> 0:16:37.440 of their father, but who was later than captured by Pizarro. 0:16:38.000 --> 0:16:42.640 Though Attahualpa converted to Christianity and a ransom was raised 0:16:42.680 --> 0:16:47.800 for his release, the Spaniards still executed him. Poma's drawing 0:16:48.040 --> 0:16:53.000 shows Attahualpa tied to a flat table, held down by 0:16:53.120 --> 0:16:57.720 multiple European men. A Spanish soldier holds a knife at 0:16:57.720 --> 0:17:00.480 the leader's neck, with a mallet in his other hand, 0:17:00.880 --> 0:17:05.639 ready to strike a fatal blow. Attahualpa clutches across in 0:17:05.720 --> 0:17:10.720 his hands. Below are the words Andian nobles lament the 0:17:10.800 --> 0:17:15.879 killing of their innocent lord. It was a clear indictment 0:17:16.040 --> 0:17:21.679 of the cruelty of the Spanish conquistadors, but unfortunately Poma's 0:17:21.720 --> 0:17:26.440 message likely never reached King Philip of Spain. The book 0:17:26.640 --> 0:17:30.760 would have circulated among the court in Lima before traveling 0:17:30.840 --> 0:17:34.520 to Spain, but it ended up forgotten somewhere in a 0:17:34.560 --> 0:17:39.480 collection of rare documents that was eventually traded or gifted 0:17:39.520 --> 0:17:44.880 to the library in Copenhagen. But still Guaman Poma's message 0:17:45.320 --> 0:17:50.639 reached us. We now know the stories and structures of 0:17:50.680 --> 0:17:54.520 the Inca before the Spanish arrived we can see the 0:17:54.560 --> 0:17:59.800 depictions of what the Spanish did. Guaman Poma did tell 0:18:00.080 --> 0:18:03.360 his story to the Western world. We just received it 0:18:03.440 --> 0:18:13.720 a few hundred years late. That's the story of Guaman 0:18:13.800 --> 0:18:17.080 Poma and the Nuebo Kronica. But keep listening after a 0:18:17.119 --> 0:18:20.120 brief sponsor break to hear a little bit more about 0:18:20.160 --> 0:18:31.760 the symbolism. In one of his drawings. There's a notion 0:18:31.960 --> 0:18:36.120 in Inca culture that towns are divided both physically and 0:18:36.240 --> 0:18:40.520 socially into two halves. There's the lower half and the 0:18:40.600 --> 0:18:44.800 upper half, known as Hurin and Hanan. Those halves are 0:18:44.840 --> 0:18:50.160 symbolically associated with left and right. In one of Guamenpoma's drawings, 0:18:50.480 --> 0:18:53.199 the Pope is standing on the left hand side of 0:18:53.200 --> 0:18:56.720 the page, with the King of Spain kneeling on the right. 0:18:57.680 --> 0:19:01.359 That was fairly confusing to me. The left side is 0:19:01.440 --> 0:19:05.800 considered the lower side, and Guaman Poma would have always 0:19:05.880 --> 0:19:09.240 believed that the church is higher than the king. The 0:19:09.320 --> 0:19:11.800 king would have believed that too, and in the drawing 0:19:11.800 --> 0:19:14.800 the king is kneeling, So why would the pope be 0:19:15.000 --> 0:19:19.160 on the left, Well, he is on the left the 0:19:19.240 --> 0:19:23.120 reader's left. But if you were in the picture looking 0:19:23.200 --> 0:19:26.439 out the Pope is standing on the right with the 0:19:26.560 --> 0:19:31.239 King kneeling to his left. It's another little element that 0:19:31.400 --> 0:19:35.280 needs to be decoded, and it's also a little inadvertent 0:19:35.359 --> 0:19:39.840 reminder that sometimes we need to change our perspectives around. 0:19:40.480 --> 0:19:44.280 There's another little easter egg in the drawing. Guaman Poma 0:19:44.440 --> 0:19:48.480 put himself in the drawing small as a figure smaller 0:19:48.520 --> 0:19:52.120 than the king and kneeling down below him. But if 0:19:52.160 --> 0:19:56.400 you're looking at it from the drawings perspective, Guaman Poma 0:19:56.680 --> 0:20:02.240 drew himself in the king's superior position to the king's right. 0:20:14.400 --> 0:20:17.640 Noble Blood is a production of iHeart Radio and Grim 0:20:17.720 --> 0:20:21.160 and Mild from Aaron Manky. Noble Blood is hosted by 0:20:21.200 --> 0:20:25.800 me Dana Schwartz. Additional writing and researching done by Hannah Johnston, 0:20:26.119 --> 0:20:30.639 hannah's Wick, Mira Hayward, Courtney Sender, and Lori Goodman. The 0:20:30.720 --> 0:20:34.840 show is produced by rima Il Kayali, with supervising producer 0:20:35.080 --> 0:20:39.600 Josh Thain and executive producers Aaron Manke, Alex Williams, and 0:20:39.720 --> 0:20:45.000 Matt Frederick. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, 0:20:45.280 --> 0:20:54.400 Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.