1 00:00:00,840 --> 00:00:05,200 Speaker 1: Welcome to Noble Blood, a production of iHeartRadio and Grim 2 00:00:05,240 --> 00:00:10,960 Speaker 1: and Mild from Aaron Mankey listener discretion advised. One quick 3 00:00:11,000 --> 00:00:14,440 Speaker 1: note before we begin. Noble Blood is on Patreon. If 4 00:00:14,480 --> 00:00:16,360 Speaker 1: you want to support the show, you can go to 5 00:00:16,680 --> 00:00:20,520 Speaker 1: patreon dot com slash Noble Blood Tales. It's where I 6 00:00:20,600 --> 00:00:24,639 Speaker 1: upload scripts and bonus episodes like I watch period pieces 7 00:00:24,640 --> 00:00:27,280 Speaker 1: with my friends once a month and talk about everything 8 00:00:27,280 --> 00:00:31,000 Speaker 1: they get right and wrong. And also a brand new feature, 9 00:00:31,040 --> 00:00:34,839 Speaker 1: which is if you subscribe at a medium level, you 10 00:00:34,840 --> 00:00:39,239 Speaker 1: get to join our quarterly Sticker Club. 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In nineteen oh eight, a researcher was 19 00:01:18,520 --> 00:01:22,520 Speaker 1: going through the archives in the Royal Library in Copenhagen. 20 00:01:23,240 --> 00:01:27,400 Speaker 1: He was an anthropologist named Richard Peachman. But we don't 21 00:01:27,440 --> 00:01:30,560 Speaker 1: actually know specifically what he was looking for in the 22 00:01:30,600 --> 00:01:33,680 Speaker 1: library that day, but I think we can probably assume 23 00:01:33,840 --> 00:01:36,880 Speaker 1: that he had spent a long time in the dusty 24 00:01:37,000 --> 00:01:42,840 Speaker 1: aisles of the archives, hours, days, even weeks. His eyes 25 00:01:42,920 --> 00:01:47,720 Speaker 1: were probably going bleary from ours, staring at narrow cursive script. 26 00:01:48,000 --> 00:01:51,560 Speaker 1: I imagine his hands slivered with paper cuts and his 27 00:01:51,760 --> 00:01:57,040 Speaker 1: mind wrecked with exhaustion, and then, perhaps snuck on the 28 00:01:57,080 --> 00:02:01,920 Speaker 1: bottom of a shelf or hidden within a largefolio, Richard 29 00:02:02,040 --> 00:02:07,640 Speaker 1: saw something strange, something that looked unfamiliar and out of place. 30 00:02:08,639 --> 00:02:12,560 Speaker 1: The German anthropologist pulled the artifact from where it had 31 00:02:12,639 --> 00:02:16,880 Speaker 1: sat for decades, and he brushed the dust away. It 32 00:02:17,120 --> 00:02:22,960 Speaker 1: was twelve hundred pages, a document written halfway around the world, 33 00:02:23,280 --> 00:02:26,520 Speaker 1: meant for the King of Spain. And the document had 34 00:02:26,560 --> 00:02:30,720 Speaker 1: made a long and circuitous journey. It had been stuck 35 00:02:31,160 --> 00:02:37,000 Speaker 1: unseen within library collections, been bought and sold and inherited, 36 00:02:37,400 --> 00:02:41,840 Speaker 1: passed through the hands of historians and collectors without anyone 37 00:02:42,000 --> 00:02:45,960 Speaker 1: truly understanding what they were looking at until it came here, 38 00:02:46,520 --> 00:02:50,320 Speaker 1: the Royal Library in Copenhagen, of all places, where a 39 00:02:50,400 --> 00:02:56,240 Speaker 1: German anthropologist stumbled upon it nearly five centuries after it 40 00:02:56,280 --> 00:03:01,080 Speaker 1: had been written. The document, at nearly twelve hundred pages long, 41 00:03:01,480 --> 00:03:04,800 Speaker 1: is really more of a ton than a document at all, 42 00:03:05,200 --> 00:03:08,519 Speaker 1: and though it ended up in Denmark, it actually had 43 00:03:08,600 --> 00:03:12,200 Speaker 1: nothing to do with Denmark at all. It's called El 44 00:03:12,320 --> 00:03:17,440 Speaker 1: premier Nueva Coronica ibuen Gobierno, or the First New Chronicle 45 00:03:17,600 --> 00:03:21,160 Speaker 1: of Good Government, and it's one of the most important 46 00:03:21,600 --> 00:03:25,200 Speaker 1: historical tools we have for understanding the culture of the 47 00:03:25,240 --> 00:03:29,560 Speaker 1: Inca people in Peru and their lives both before and 48 00:03:29,840 --> 00:03:35,040 Speaker 1: during the occupation of the Spanish conquistadores. Written by a 49 00:03:35,080 --> 00:03:39,120 Speaker 1: man named Guaman Poma, the text is at once funny 50 00:03:39,280 --> 00:03:43,040 Speaker 1: and deadly serious. He wrote it as a plead to 51 00:03:43,080 --> 00:03:46,600 Speaker 1: the Spanish king so that he might understand the harm 52 00:03:46,720 --> 00:03:49,680 Speaker 1: that the colonists had been doing and the abuses of 53 00:03:49,760 --> 00:03:52,640 Speaker 1: power that the Catholic missionaries had been doing in the 54 00:03:52,720 --> 00:03:56,960 Speaker 1: name of their god. Poma's missive likely never even reached 55 00:03:57,000 --> 00:04:01,640 Speaker 1: his intended target, but now years later we can read 56 00:04:01,720 --> 00:04:05,720 Speaker 1: his message through time and understand what he was saying 57 00:04:05,960 --> 00:04:08,880 Speaker 1: in a way that King Philip never would have understood. 58 00:04:10,760 --> 00:04:23,640 Speaker 1: I'm danishwartz and this is noble blood. Francisco Pizarro was 59 00:04:23,720 --> 00:04:27,479 Speaker 1: on the expedition that crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 60 00:04:27,520 --> 00:04:32,000 Speaker 1: the sixteenth century, making him one of the first Europeans 61 00:04:32,120 --> 00:04:35,680 Speaker 1: to ever see the Pacific Ocean. He tried twice to 62 00:04:35,760 --> 00:04:39,520 Speaker 1: invade and conquer Peru, and he succeeded on his third 63 00:04:39,600 --> 00:04:43,719 Speaker 1: attempt in the name of his native Spain. There were 64 00:04:43,760 --> 00:04:48,880 Speaker 1: two especially important factors working in Pizarro's favor, a war 65 00:04:48,960 --> 00:04:52,120 Speaker 1: of succession happening at the time within the Inca Empire, 66 00:04:52,480 --> 00:04:56,920 Speaker 1: and smallpox that the Europeans brought with them. In fifteen 67 00:04:57,000 --> 00:05:01,120 Speaker 1: thirty five, Pizarro built the now Spanish capital of Peru 68 00:05:01,320 --> 00:05:05,320 Speaker 1: at Lima, the center of his and Spain's imperial power 69 00:05:05,640 --> 00:05:10,479 Speaker 1: in what was now a viceroyalty. Possibly that very same year, 70 00:05:11,080 --> 00:05:16,240 Speaker 1: Guaman Poma was born. On both sides of his family tree, 71 00:05:16,320 --> 00:05:20,320 Speaker 1: Pomo was noble. His mother was descended from Inca royalty, 72 00:05:20,560 --> 00:05:23,039 Speaker 1: and his father was royal through a link to the 73 00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:28,280 Speaker 1: dynasty that preceded the Incas. We don't know exactly when 74 00:05:28,480 --> 00:05:31,320 Speaker 1: Pomo was born, but we know that he grew up 75 00:05:31,520 --> 00:05:36,520 Speaker 1: in parallel with the Spanish invasion. His nation was literally 76 00:05:36,600 --> 00:05:42,280 Speaker 1: being reformed from under him politically and spiritually. His older 77 00:05:42,320 --> 00:05:46,480 Speaker 1: half brother became a priest and converted the family to Christianity. 78 00:05:47,080 --> 00:05:50,679 Speaker 1: It's through that connection that Poma, who was a native 79 00:05:50,720 --> 00:05:55,559 Speaker 1: speaker of the language Guetua, learned Spanish and also learned 80 00:05:55,560 --> 00:05:59,520 Speaker 1: how to read and write. Poma became something between a 81 00:05:59,600 --> 00:06:03,400 Speaker 1: friend and an assistant to the Friar Martin de Murua, 82 00:06:03,800 --> 00:06:07,600 Speaker 1: a Spaniard who would end up writing the first illustrated 83 00:06:07,720 --> 00:06:11,719 Speaker 1: history of Peru. It's likely from his time spent with 84 00:06:11,880 --> 00:06:15,480 Speaker 1: Martin de Murua that Poma honed his own skills as 85 00:06:15,480 --> 00:06:20,320 Speaker 1: an artist, although he was never formerly trained. But Poma's 86 00:06:20,360 --> 00:06:24,960 Speaker 1: ability to speak multiple languages served him in adulthood when 87 00:06:24,960 --> 00:06:28,640 Speaker 1: he began working as an administrator within the government of 88 00:06:28,680 --> 00:06:34,160 Speaker 1: the Vice Royalty, at least until he got in political trouble. 89 00:06:35,160 --> 00:06:38,640 Speaker 1: The details of the legal case are a little difficult 90 00:06:38,720 --> 00:06:43,360 Speaker 1: to parse out, but in fifteen ninety four, Poma represented 91 00:06:43,400 --> 00:06:46,680 Speaker 1: his family in a land dispute about a claim on 92 00:06:46,760 --> 00:06:50,839 Speaker 1: a parcel of land outside the town of Huamanga, which 93 00:06:51,200 --> 00:06:54,279 Speaker 1: would have been entitled to them given their noble lineage. 94 00:06:54,800 --> 00:06:59,560 Speaker 1: The case became a legal quagmire, lasting for six years, 95 00:07:00,120 --> 00:07:04,440 Speaker 1: coming back again and again with a verdict against Poma 96 00:07:04,520 --> 00:07:10,360 Speaker 1: and his family. Eventually, Poma was accused of either misrepresenting 97 00:07:10,680 --> 00:07:14,560 Speaker 1: or outright lying about his family's lineage in order to 98 00:07:14,640 --> 00:07:19,360 Speaker 1: take the land illegally. As punishment, he was sentenced to 99 00:07:19,520 --> 00:07:23,480 Speaker 1: two hundred lashes and two years of exile from the 100 00:07:23,480 --> 00:07:28,280 Speaker 1: town of Huamanga. The experience, both the ordeal of the 101 00:07:28,360 --> 00:07:33,960 Speaker 1: trial and the humiliating punishment affected Poma greatly. He felt 102 00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:37,920 Speaker 1: that he had suffered a tremendous injustice, and he began 103 00:07:38,120 --> 00:07:42,360 Speaker 1: working in his own way toward creating a more just world. 104 00:07:43,120 --> 00:07:47,960 Speaker 1: He started by helping represent other indigenous people in lawsuits, 105 00:07:48,240 --> 00:07:52,120 Speaker 1: and by traveling as a missionary with his friar friend 106 00:07:52,240 --> 00:07:55,760 Speaker 1: Martine de Moras and helping to convert the native people 107 00:07:55,800 --> 00:08:00,640 Speaker 1: of the Andes. Around this time, Poma also began writing 108 00:08:00,680 --> 00:08:03,840 Speaker 1: his letter to the King of Spain, telling him the 109 00:08:03,920 --> 00:08:08,160 Speaker 1: story of his people and explaining what the Spanish invaders 110 00:08:08,160 --> 00:08:12,880 Speaker 1: had gotten right and what they had gotten very, very wrong. 111 00:08:15,640 --> 00:08:19,200 Speaker 1: During his travels with Martin de Merua, Poma was helping 112 00:08:19,280 --> 00:08:24,040 Speaker 1: him with his chronicles by providing some illustrations. But we 113 00:08:24,120 --> 00:08:27,480 Speaker 1: know from Poma's own writings that even though he valued 114 00:08:27,560 --> 00:08:31,640 Speaker 1: having access to the Friar's library, he had a miserable 115 00:08:31,680 --> 00:08:35,199 Speaker 1: time doing that work. I imagine it's much the same 116 00:08:35,320 --> 00:08:38,920 Speaker 1: for any creative person trying to work on an independent 117 00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:42,240 Speaker 1: project when their boss is demanding that they spend their 118 00:08:42,240 --> 00:08:45,680 Speaker 1: creative energy on something that they the boss will get 119 00:08:45,720 --> 00:08:50,160 Speaker 1: all the credit for El premier Nueva Coronica ibuen Gobierno 120 00:08:50,480 --> 00:08:53,720 Speaker 1: took nearly a decade and a half. For Guaman Poma, 121 00:08:54,200 --> 00:08:58,480 Speaker 1: it was started in sixteen hundred and likely wasn't fully 122 00:08:58,520 --> 00:09:03,600 Speaker 1: completed until sixteen teen fifteen, and boy, oh boy, is 123 00:09:03,640 --> 00:09:08,480 Speaker 1: it a real tone. The open letter contains one thousand, 124 00:09:08,800 --> 00:09:13,080 Speaker 1: one hundred and eighty nine pages and three hundred and 125 00:09:13,200 --> 00:09:16,200 Speaker 1: ninety eight drawings that were done in black and white 126 00:09:16,440 --> 00:09:19,160 Speaker 1: in a simple style that would lend itself well to 127 00:09:19,360 --> 00:09:24,000 Speaker 1: mass printing. The text, too, is formatted with the conventions 128 00:09:24,040 --> 00:09:28,480 Speaker 1: of type setting. Poma had imagined that after King Philip 129 00:09:28,520 --> 00:09:31,600 Speaker 1: the Third of Spain reddit he would want the Nueba 130 00:09:31,679 --> 00:09:38,320 Speaker 1: Karonica widely distributed. Now, let's take a brief detour to 131 00:09:38,559 --> 00:09:43,600 Speaker 1: talk about King Philip the Third of Spain. The historian J. H. 132 00:09:43,720 --> 00:09:48,800 Speaker 1: Elliott gives us a particularly colorful quote, describing the monarch 133 00:09:48,920 --> 00:09:54,360 Speaker 1: as quote a pallid, anonymous creature whose only virtue appeared 134 00:09:54,480 --> 00:09:58,559 Speaker 1: to reside in a total absence of vice. I will 135 00:09:58,559 --> 00:10:02,480 Speaker 1: say King Philip Up's looks weren't his fault. He was 136 00:10:02,480 --> 00:10:06,160 Speaker 1: a Habsburg and he fulfills all of the stereotypes of 137 00:10:06,280 --> 00:10:09,839 Speaker 1: inbreeding that go along with it. His father had been 138 00:10:09,840 --> 00:10:13,400 Speaker 1: the son of two first cousins, and he married his 139 00:10:13,559 --> 00:10:19,440 Speaker 1: own niece, who also had cousin parents. And surprise, surprise, 140 00:10:19,679 --> 00:10:22,920 Speaker 1: our Philip the third would also marry a first cousin, 141 00:10:23,160 --> 00:10:26,840 Speaker 1: though once removed, at this point the family tree was 142 00:10:27,040 --> 00:10:31,680 Speaker 1: resembling more of a tumbleweed. Ultimately, Philip the Third's grandson 143 00:10:31,880 --> 00:10:35,480 Speaker 1: would be the end of the Spanish Habsburg line. That 144 00:10:35,520 --> 00:10:40,240 Speaker 1: grandson would be deeply unwell in basically every regard and 145 00:10:40,480 --> 00:10:45,480 Speaker 1: unable to procreate. His autopsy would memorably observe that, upon 146 00:10:45,640 --> 00:10:49,920 Speaker 1: death quote, his heart was the size of a peppercorn, 147 00:10:50,200 --> 00:10:55,360 Speaker 1: his lungs corroded, his intestines rotten and gangrenous, he had 148 00:10:55,480 --> 00:10:59,040 Speaker 1: a single testicle black as coal, and his head was 149 00:10:59,080 --> 00:11:03,240 Speaker 1: full of water. But that nightmare child was still years 150 00:11:03,280 --> 00:11:07,400 Speaker 1: away during Philip the Third's reign, during which the biological 151 00:11:07,480 --> 00:11:11,480 Speaker 1: potency of the Habsburgs and the power of Spain were 152 00:11:12,000 --> 00:11:16,960 Speaker 1: both in decline. Though Philip did rule over the imperialistic 153 00:11:17,040 --> 00:11:20,440 Speaker 1: boom of the Spanish Empire, and he did lead a 154 00:11:20,480 --> 00:11:25,080 Speaker 1: few successful early campaigns. In the Thirty Years War, economic 155 00:11:25,200 --> 00:11:29,319 Speaker 1: trouble would prove to be impossible to shake, and Spain's 156 00:11:29,360 --> 00:11:33,120 Speaker 1: time as a global superpower would soon be drawing to 157 00:11:33,200 --> 00:11:37,400 Speaker 1: a close. But for the time being, Spain was ruling 158 00:11:37,480 --> 00:11:41,520 Speaker 1: over Peru and guaman Poma wanted to create a document 159 00:11:41,720 --> 00:11:44,760 Speaker 1: that would serve both as a history of the Andean 160 00:11:44,840 --> 00:11:48,720 Speaker 1: civilization that had been swallowed by the Spanish conquistadors, and 161 00:11:48,920 --> 00:11:52,760 Speaker 1: also to explain the damage that Europeans were doing in 162 00:11:52,840 --> 00:11:55,800 Speaker 1: the king's name and in the name of the Church. 163 00:11:56,480 --> 00:11:59,600 Speaker 1: Guaman Poma was Christian, which meant that he was all 164 00:11:59,679 --> 00:12:03,920 Speaker 1: too aware of the rampant abuses of power among missionaries 165 00:12:03,960 --> 00:12:08,160 Speaker 1: and those in positions of power. The first two thirds 166 00:12:08,240 --> 00:12:11,760 Speaker 1: of the thousand plus page home are an attempt to 167 00:12:11,920 --> 00:12:17,760 Speaker 1: teach King Philip the Third that the Andean civilizations were complex, sophisticated, 168 00:12:17,880 --> 00:12:21,880 Speaker 1: and elegant in their structures. The last third of the document, 169 00:12:22,120 --> 00:12:25,520 Speaker 1: titled Buen Gobierno, would then explain how all of that 170 00:12:25,760 --> 00:12:31,520 Speaker 1: was destroyed by the Spanish. The Nuebo Chronica is structurally 171 00:12:31,720 --> 00:12:37,160 Speaker 1: an incredibly ambitious and complex document that blends a number 172 00:12:37,240 --> 00:12:41,440 Speaker 1: of literary genres and styles of art, to say nothing 173 00:12:41,520 --> 00:12:45,080 Speaker 1: of the way that it jumps between Spanish, Latin, and 174 00:12:45,160 --> 00:12:49,640 Speaker 1: two languages of native Andean people, Quechua and Amara. The 175 00:12:49,800 --> 00:12:54,679 Speaker 1: drawings are composed using European rules of representation and space, 176 00:12:55,000 --> 00:12:57,480 Speaker 1: but with the sort of lines that evoke the way 177 00:12:57,600 --> 00:13:02,880 Speaker 1: Inca decoration is done with abstract geometric shapes. The purpose 178 00:13:03,040 --> 00:13:07,600 Speaker 1: of those juxtaposed styles wasn't to be slapdash. It was 179 00:13:07,640 --> 00:13:11,679 Speaker 1: to make a clear evocative point about the merging and 180 00:13:12,320 --> 00:13:16,600 Speaker 1: crashing of these two cultures, like tectonic plates meeting and 181 00:13:16,760 --> 00:13:20,840 Speaker 1: creating fissures in the earth. Take, for instance, one of 182 00:13:20,880 --> 00:13:24,200 Speaker 1: the illustrations of a map done in the style of 183 00:13:24,240 --> 00:13:27,160 Speaker 1: the ones that were done in Europe in the sixteenth century. 184 00:13:27,440 --> 00:13:29,760 Speaker 1: You can sort of picture it right, with Europe at 185 00:13:29,760 --> 00:13:32,880 Speaker 1: the center of the map, the seas vast, and with 186 00:13:33,040 --> 00:13:38,439 Speaker 1: fantastical monsters like dragons and unicorns along the edges. Poma's 187 00:13:38,520 --> 00:13:41,360 Speaker 1: map has all of that too, but he has Peru 188 00:13:41,600 --> 00:13:44,000 Speaker 1: at the center of the world, and the map is 189 00:13:44,040 --> 00:13:48,720 Speaker 1: centered not on Lima, the capital of colonial Peru, but 190 00:13:48,840 --> 00:13:53,000 Speaker 1: on Cuzco. The capital of the Inca Empire. The top 191 00:13:53,160 --> 00:13:55,600 Speaker 1: of the map has the coats of arms of the 192 00:13:55,679 --> 00:14:00,079 Speaker 1: Pope and the Spanish Kingdom. But above that, even high, 193 00:14:00,480 --> 00:14:04,040 Speaker 1: are the deities of the Inca, the moon goddess and 194 00:14:04,120 --> 00:14:08,640 Speaker 1: the sun god Inti. It's fascinating, but there is sort 195 00:14:08,640 --> 00:14:11,040 Speaker 1: of a challenge when the message is meant to be 196 00:14:11,120 --> 00:14:16,600 Speaker 1: filtered through both Inca and Spanish understanding of symbols. Almost 197 00:14:16,840 --> 00:14:19,680 Speaker 1: no one in the sixteen hundreds would have been able 198 00:14:19,720 --> 00:14:23,480 Speaker 1: to understand the full meaning of what Guamanpoma was trying 199 00:14:23,520 --> 00:14:27,280 Speaker 1: to communicate, and almost no one would know all of 200 00:14:27,320 --> 00:14:30,640 Speaker 1: the languages that would be required to read the whole book. 201 00:14:31,320 --> 00:14:36,360 Speaker 1: But by speaking the Spaniards's language, both literally and in 202 00:14:36,440 --> 00:14:39,560 Speaker 1: terms of the layout of the drawings and structures of 203 00:14:39,600 --> 00:14:44,320 Speaker 1: the essays, Guamanpomo was using a tool that's fairly common 204 00:14:44,440 --> 00:14:48,240 Speaker 1: in debate, meeting someone at their level in order to 205 00:14:48,320 --> 00:14:52,600 Speaker 1: persuade them of something. He was acknowledging the basic premises 206 00:14:52,640 --> 00:14:56,760 Speaker 1: of the Spanish worldview in order to point out their hypocrisies. 207 00:14:57,600 --> 00:15:04,040 Speaker 1: It's a persuasive strategy, and Poma also uses another strategy humor. 208 00:15:04,680 --> 00:15:09,200 Speaker 1: His book Wants You Understand the symbols is very funny. 209 00:15:09,680 --> 00:15:14,240 Speaker 1: One of the drawings is basically a political cartoon in it, 210 00:15:14,400 --> 00:15:19,720 Speaker 1: and Inca asks what the Spanish eat? The response gold. 211 00:15:20,440 --> 00:15:24,760 Speaker 1: But the book is also a tremendously serious work of scholarship, 212 00:15:24,960 --> 00:15:28,480 Speaker 1: and it's important to our academic understanding of what pre 213 00:15:28,600 --> 00:15:32,320 Speaker 1: colonial inc In life was like. Even though Guaman Poma 214 00:15:32,520 --> 00:15:36,800 Speaker 1: was writing a generation after Spanish arrival, and even though 215 00:15:36,880 --> 00:15:40,200 Speaker 1: he had never really known life before they came to Peru, 216 00:15:40,680 --> 00:15:44,600 Speaker 1: he is an invaluable source. The Inca had had an 217 00:15:44,640 --> 00:15:49,360 Speaker 1: advanced recording system. It was written using notts on cords, 218 00:15:49,920 --> 00:15:55,880 Speaker 1: but researchers still struggle to fully translate it. Guaman Poma's writing, 219 00:15:56,200 --> 00:15:59,880 Speaker 1: even if it isn't exactly firsthand, is still an essential 220 00:16:00,120 --> 00:16:04,600 Speaker 1: guide to pre colonial Inca culture. Some of that cultural 221 00:16:04,640 --> 00:16:10,240 Speaker 1: information is incredibly basic. One of Poma's illustrations shows that 222 00:16:10,320 --> 00:16:14,280 Speaker 1: both men and women were planting potatoes. We learned from 223 00:16:14,280 --> 00:16:17,320 Speaker 1: that about their division of labor and that the planting 224 00:16:17,400 --> 00:16:22,240 Speaker 1: season was in December, and he's also giving us important history. 225 00:16:22,960 --> 00:16:27,200 Speaker 1: One illustration depicts the beheading of the Inca leader Sapa 226 00:16:27,240 --> 00:16:30,760 Speaker 1: Inca Atualpa, who defeated his brother in civil war to 227 00:16:30,880 --> 00:16:33,760 Speaker 1: claim the throne to the Inca Empire after the death 228 00:16:33,800 --> 00:16:37,440 Speaker 1: of their father, but who was later than captured by Pizarro. 229 00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:42,640 Speaker 1: Though Attahualpa converted to Christianity and a ransom was raised 230 00:16:42,680 --> 00:16:47,800 Speaker 1: for his release, the Spaniards still executed him. Poma's drawing 231 00:16:48,040 --> 00:16:53,000 Speaker 1: shows Attahualpa tied to a flat table, held down by 232 00:16:53,120 --> 00:16:57,720 Speaker 1: multiple European men. A Spanish soldier holds a knife at 233 00:16:57,720 --> 00:17:00,480 Speaker 1: the leader's neck, with a mallet in his other hand, 234 00:17:00,880 --> 00:17:05,639 Speaker 1: ready to strike a fatal blow. Attahualpa clutches across in 235 00:17:05,720 --> 00:17:10,720 Speaker 1: his hands. Below are the words Andian nobles lament the 236 00:17:10,800 --> 00:17:15,879 Speaker 1: killing of their innocent lord. It was a clear indictment 237 00:17:16,040 --> 00:17:21,679 Speaker 1: of the cruelty of the Spanish conquistadors, but unfortunately Poma's 238 00:17:21,720 --> 00:17:26,440 Speaker 1: message likely never reached King Philip of Spain. The book 239 00:17:26,640 --> 00:17:30,760 Speaker 1: would have circulated among the court in Lima before traveling 240 00:17:30,840 --> 00:17:34,520 Speaker 1: to Spain, but it ended up forgotten somewhere in a 241 00:17:34,560 --> 00:17:39,480 Speaker 1: collection of rare documents that was eventually traded or gifted 242 00:17:39,520 --> 00:17:44,880 Speaker 1: to the library in Copenhagen. But still Guaman Poma's message 243 00:17:45,320 --> 00:17:50,639 Speaker 1: reached us. We now know the stories and structures of 244 00:17:50,680 --> 00:17:54,520 Speaker 1: the Inca before the Spanish arrived we can see the 245 00:17:54,560 --> 00:17:59,800 Speaker 1: depictions of what the Spanish did. Guaman Poma did tell 246 00:18:00,080 --> 00:18:03,360 Speaker 1: his story to the Western world. We just received it 247 00:18:03,440 --> 00:18:13,720 Speaker 1: a few hundred years late. That's the story of Guaman 248 00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:17,080 Speaker 1: Poma and the Nuebo Kronica. But keep listening after a 249 00:18:17,119 --> 00:18:20,120 Speaker 1: brief sponsor break to hear a little bit more about 250 00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:31,760 Speaker 1: the symbolism. In one of his drawings. There's a notion 251 00:18:31,960 --> 00:18:36,120 Speaker 1: in Inca culture that towns are divided both physically and 252 00:18:36,240 --> 00:18:40,520 Speaker 1: socially into two halves. There's the lower half and the 253 00:18:40,600 --> 00:18:44,800 Speaker 1: upper half, known as Hurin and Hanan. Those halves are 254 00:18:44,840 --> 00:18:50,160 Speaker 1: symbolically associated with left and right. In one of Guamenpoma's drawings, 255 00:18:50,480 --> 00:18:53,199 Speaker 1: the Pope is standing on the left hand side of 256 00:18:53,200 --> 00:18:56,720 Speaker 1: the page, with the King of Spain kneeling on the right. 257 00:18:57,680 --> 00:19:01,359 Speaker 1: That was fairly confusing to me. The left side is 258 00:19:01,440 --> 00:19:05,800 Speaker 1: considered the lower side, and Guaman Poma would have always 259 00:19:05,880 --> 00:19:09,240 Speaker 1: believed that the church is higher than the king. The 260 00:19:09,320 --> 00:19:11,800 Speaker 1: king would have believed that too, and in the drawing 261 00:19:11,800 --> 00:19:14,800 Speaker 1: the king is kneeling, So why would the pope be 262 00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:19,160 Speaker 1: on the left, Well, he is on the left the 263 00:19:19,240 --> 00:19:23,120 Speaker 1: reader's left. But if you were in the picture looking 264 00:19:23,200 --> 00:19:26,439 Speaker 1: out the Pope is standing on the right with the 265 00:19:26,560 --> 00:19:31,239 Speaker 1: King kneeling to his left. It's another little element that 266 00:19:31,400 --> 00:19:35,280 Speaker 1: needs to be decoded, and it's also a little inadvertent 267 00:19:35,359 --> 00:19:39,840 Speaker 1: reminder that sometimes we need to change our perspectives around. 268 00:19:40,480 --> 00:19:44,280 Speaker 1: There's another little easter egg in the drawing. Guaman Poma 269 00:19:44,440 --> 00:19:48,480 Speaker 1: put himself in the drawing small as a figure smaller 270 00:19:48,520 --> 00:19:52,120 Speaker 1: than the king and kneeling down below him. But if 271 00:19:52,160 --> 00:19:56,400 Speaker 1: you're looking at it from the drawings perspective, Guaman Poma 272 00:19:56,680 --> 00:20:02,240 Speaker 1: drew himself in the king's superior position to the king's right. 273 00:20:14,400 --> 00:20:17,640 Speaker 1: Noble Blood is a production of iHeart Radio and Grim 274 00:20:17,720 --> 00:20:21,160 Speaker 1: and Mild from Aaron Manky. Noble Blood is hosted by 275 00:20:21,200 --> 00:20:25,800 Speaker 1: me Dana Schwartz. Additional writing and researching done by Hannah Johnston, 276 00:20:26,119 --> 00:20:30,639 Speaker 1: hannah's Wick, Mira Hayward, Courtney Sender, and Lori Goodman. The 277 00:20:30,720 --> 00:20:34,840 Speaker 1: show is produced by rima Il Kayali, with supervising producer 278 00:20:35,080 --> 00:20:39,600 Speaker 1: Josh Thain and executive producers Aaron Manke, Alex Williams, and 279 00:20:39,720 --> 00:20:45,000 Speaker 1: Matt Frederick. For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, 280 00:20:45,280 --> 00:20:54,400 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.