WEBVTT - SYSK Selects: How Amnesia Works 0:00:00.240 --> 0:00:03.720 Hi friends, it's me Josh, and for this week's s 0:00:03.840 --> 0:00:06.960 Y s K Select, I've chosen our episode on amnesia. 0:00:07.120 --> 0:00:09.680 I'm not gonna make any sort of joke here. You 0:00:09.720 --> 0:00:13.039 can just insert your own instead. I will describe this 0:00:13.080 --> 0:00:16.960 as a great, thick episode that um is about an 0:00:17.000 --> 0:00:20.720 astoundingly interesting topic. And it's one of those topics where 0:00:21.320 --> 0:00:25.479 the movies actually get their depictions of this stuff right, 0:00:25.640 --> 0:00:29.400 because amnesia is just that bizarre. So sit in, buckle 0:00:29.520 --> 0:00:32.680 up and listen to this, possibly again, possibly for the 0:00:32.720 --> 0:00:38.280 first time. Who can remember these things? Sorry? Welcome to 0:00:38.280 --> 0:00:40.920 Stuff You Should Know, a production of My Heart Radios 0:00:40.960 --> 0:00:49.159 How Stuff Works. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm 0:00:49.240 --> 0:00:52.360 Josh Clark and there's Charles w Chuck Bryant and Jerry 0:00:52.400 --> 0:00:58.120 and uh, it's Stuff you Should Know the Rodeo. Yeah. Ironically, 0:00:58.160 --> 0:01:01.480 I asked if we've done a podcast on memory, and 0:01:01.520 --> 0:01:04.800 neither one of us could remember. And I'm looking it 0:01:04.880 --> 0:01:07.720 up on our site and I don't see it anywhere. 0:01:08.080 --> 0:01:10.520 I gotta feel like it doesn't necessarily mean it doesn't anything. 0:01:11.000 --> 0:01:14.840 It's tough now with six and thirty forty plus, Yeah, 0:01:14.880 --> 0:01:17.520 I mean, we'll like delve into a subject, but it's 0:01:17.520 --> 0:01:20.960 not necessarily what the whole podcast is about. And every 0:01:20.959 --> 0:01:22.880 once while we come up with one of those stupid 0:01:23.000 --> 0:01:27.120 non how X works titles, so that just throws it 0:01:27.160 --> 0:01:30.560 off even further. Right, Like we may have like named 0:01:30.560 --> 0:01:36.080 it like a a podcast to remember boom boom mnemonic 0:01:36.200 --> 0:01:40.360 device bitching. Yeah, we totally did one on memory. Wow, 0:01:40.440 --> 0:01:44.240 good job, thank you. That was real time. I just 0:01:44.280 --> 0:01:47.560 worked it out all right. Well, we're definitely gonna go 0:01:47.600 --> 0:01:50.000 over memory some because you can't talk about amnesia without 0:01:50.040 --> 0:01:53.720 talking about memory, so we'll just you know, reinforce that knowledge. 0:01:54.120 --> 0:01:56.360 I'm excited about this one. I thought it was pretty good. 0:01:57.400 --> 0:02:03.400 Amnesia's uh sometimes it's like TV and movies, but not usually, 0:02:04.560 --> 0:02:07.840 Uh it can be. Yeah, but yeah, that's a very 0:02:07.920 --> 0:02:12.720 rare case. So rare that, um, whoever has that kind 0:02:12.760 --> 0:02:16.440 of amnesia gets to be the intro for our podcasts. 0:02:17.320 --> 0:02:22.440 Who a guy named Clive Wearing? Yeah? Man, this dude, Yeah, 0:02:22.639 --> 0:02:24.679 I feel sorry for him. Did you see the cover 0:02:24.760 --> 0:02:27.239 of the book. He has this look at his face 0:02:27.320 --> 0:02:30.840 like what are you doing? That's because he wakes up 0:02:30.840 --> 0:02:34.320 again every twenty seconds and goes what just happened? Yeah, 0:02:34.360 --> 0:02:37.160 there's a poor man named Clive wearing. He's a musician 0:02:37.160 --> 0:02:41.800 and a musicologist, and he is the He is the 0:02:41.840 --> 0:02:46.519 man with the world's poorest memory, which means Oliver Sacks 0:02:46.680 --> 0:02:50.639 sleeps on his couch. Yeah you know, um, and he 0:02:50.919 --> 0:02:56.280 has a memory that refreshes itself every few seconds. He 0:02:56.320 --> 0:03:00.000 comes out and goes, who's that guy on my couch? Yeah, 0:03:00.000 --> 0:03:02.840 and he goes, I'm Oliver Sacks. And he goes, oh, hey, Oliver, 0:03:03.080 --> 0:03:05.480 tattooed on your forearm. And then he goes, Oliver, what 0:03:05.520 --> 0:03:08.600 are you doing here? That's how it is. But it 0:03:08.639 --> 0:03:11.760 refreshes like that. So um, this guy, Uh, there was 0:03:11.800 --> 0:03:14.560 a New Yorker profile in him. That conger who wrote 0:03:14.560 --> 0:03:18.720 this article um cites saying that eating an apple is 0:03:18.800 --> 0:03:20.840 kind of like a magic trick to this guy. Like 0:03:21.040 --> 0:03:23.519 one second, like he's got the apple in his hand 0:03:23.520 --> 0:03:26.440 and it's intact, and then he'll look down again and 0:03:26.480 --> 0:03:29.120 it's just the core. A few seconds later, he has 0:03:29.520 --> 0:03:33.560 no memory whatsoever of eating the apple. Um, he may 0:03:33.800 --> 0:03:38.880 not even he probably he doesn't remember getting the apple, right, 0:03:38.920 --> 0:03:40.960 He just knows there's an apple core in his hand now, 0:03:41.960 --> 0:03:45.560 so he must have eaten it. Yeah, his uh. And 0:03:45.600 --> 0:03:47.920 we'll go over this later he has a journaling system 0:03:47.920 --> 0:03:50.400 because you kind of have to. Um, like in the 0:03:50.440 --> 0:03:54.600 movie Memento, uh, and it had some excerpts and it 0:03:54.640 --> 0:03:57.640 was literally like nine o five woke up, feeling refreshed, 0:03:58.080 --> 0:04:02.200 nine oh eight, completely awake, now feeling really good nine 0:04:02.240 --> 0:04:05.240 tin I am fully awake at this point. And he 0:04:05.320 --> 0:04:09.000 scratches through previous entries just to to keep track right 0:04:09.080 --> 0:04:10.720 on where he is in the day. And then it 0:04:10.800 --> 0:04:12.880 takes like a really jarring turn. Once in a while, 0:04:12.880 --> 0:04:15.960 I'll be like n twelve, I no longer trust my wife. Yeah, 0:04:16.040 --> 0:04:19.000 there's some weird guy on my couch here. She's out 0:04:19.040 --> 0:04:23.720 to get me. She could really mess with this guy. Yeah, 0:04:23.760 --> 0:04:26.680 you know, she could be like Joey Pants and Memento. Yeah. 0:04:26.720 --> 0:04:28.440 I mean, how many times in an argument do I 0:04:28.440 --> 0:04:30.960 s I don't know what you're talking about. That would 0:04:30.960 --> 0:04:32.479 be so great if that was actually affecting. I mean, 0:04:32.520 --> 0:04:35.479 an argument would just stop after a few seconds, would 0:04:35.520 --> 0:04:38.760 be like, but that would be one of the horrible 0:04:39.120 --> 0:04:42.480 side effects sure of having m nisa, like Clive wearing 0:04:42.520 --> 0:04:46.440 has UM. Imagine coming to and you're a genneral and 0:04:46.520 --> 0:04:49.359 still pumping, and you feel the sensation of anger. You 0:04:49.400 --> 0:04:53.040 have no idea. Why. Yeah, that that is what happens 0:04:53.080 --> 0:04:56.240 to this guy. Yeah, so we should say that. Um, 0:04:56.279 --> 0:04:59.800 he's not just like a a walking noodle like he 0:05:00.040 --> 0:05:03.640 does have some memories. He has Uh. He has the 0:05:03.680 --> 0:05:07.400 ability to still play the piano, which is amazing. He 0:05:07.560 --> 0:05:11.200 was an accomplished piano player. Um, but he can he 0:05:11.200 --> 0:05:13.320 can play the piano if you ask him to, and 0:05:13.320 --> 0:05:16.240 he'll play it well. But then when he finishes, you 0:05:16.279 --> 0:05:18.160 can say, oh, what was that piece? And he will 0:05:18.200 --> 0:05:23.000 say what peace? And that's that. Yeah. He he has 0:05:23.040 --> 0:05:26.719 both retrograde and in tarro grade amnesia, which is pretty 0:05:26.800 --> 0:05:29.919 rare to have both of those at once. Um, and 0:05:29.960 --> 0:05:34.239 what we'll get to what all that means. But uh, 0:05:34.320 --> 0:05:36.920 and we'll get to why as well that he can 0:05:36.960 --> 0:05:38.640 go make a cup of coffee. We're going to get 0:05:38.680 --> 0:05:44.080 to it. You know, we already have. Oh that's a 0:05:44.200 --> 0:05:47.320 nice tease. Apparently one of the symptoms that he first 0:05:47.360 --> 0:05:50.400 exhibited was he couldn't remember his daughter's name, though really 0:05:51.080 --> 0:05:53.680 one of his earliest symptoms was the headache. And then 0:05:54.120 --> 0:05:56.719 all of a sudden, he's like, what's your name kid? Right? 0:05:56.839 --> 0:06:00.480 And then he thought maybe something's not right here. Well, 0:06:00.480 --> 0:06:02.279 and this is one of the things about amnesia that 0:06:02.279 --> 0:06:06.159 it's different for everyone, and it's all dependent on uh, 0:06:06.160 --> 0:06:09.400 what happened to you and the extent of whatever damage 0:06:09.400 --> 0:06:11.920 you may have suffered. Right, And even two people who 0:06:11.960 --> 0:06:15.680 have identical types of amnesia, it's going to be different 0:06:15.680 --> 0:06:19.400 for them. And here's why memory is different for everybody. Exactly, 0:06:19.520 --> 0:06:24.800 we all four memories following similar um constructs. But for 0:06:24.839 --> 0:06:30.400 each individual person, what we remember, what makes us remember something, um, 0:06:30.480 --> 0:06:34.760 all of that is highly individualized, highly personalized, so much 0:06:34.800 --> 0:06:38.640 so that, Chuck, have you ever wondered if we all 0:06:38.680 --> 0:06:44.320 see the color green the same? No, you've never wondered. Now, 0:06:44.360 --> 0:06:46.880 I never wondered that, but now I am, And it's fascinating. 0:06:47.680 --> 0:06:51.440 You haven't never wondered that? Really? Oh yeah, like if 0:06:51.600 --> 0:06:54.360 like our visual cues are subjective, well, I mean, like 0:06:54.560 --> 0:06:57.479 I see green and you see green and it's similar. 0:06:57.520 --> 0:07:01.080 But haven't you ever wondered if like the shade is 0:07:01.080 --> 0:07:04.000 slightly different or I never wondered that just because of 0:07:04.000 --> 0:07:06.560 our the information coming to our optic terms, our eyes 0:07:06.560 --> 0:07:09.720 are slightly different, Like all of those little nuances, like 0:07:09.760 --> 0:07:13.160 what's green to me? It's not necessarily green to you, 0:07:13.320 --> 0:07:17.000 even though it really is because we both say lights green. Yeah, 0:07:17.000 --> 0:07:18.440 but there if you think about there will be no 0:07:18.440 --> 0:07:21.600 way to really describe that because if it's all subjective, 0:07:22.320 --> 0:07:23.960 what do you say? Green is like a combination of 0:07:24.000 --> 0:07:26.080 these two colors? Like, but what are those two colors? Yeah, 0:07:26.120 --> 0:07:28.000 it's easier to just point and be like that's green. 0:07:28.480 --> 0:07:30.560 You go, now that's not green. Yeah, we should do 0:07:30.560 --> 0:07:32.280 one on color blindness. I have it on the list, 0:07:32.320 --> 0:07:36.920 but it's, um pretty tough, believe it or not. I did. Uh, 0:07:37.000 --> 0:07:40.680 don't be dumb on color blindness. Dogs being color blind? Right, 0:07:41.240 --> 0:07:46.360 they're not. They're not. No, No, they see how to 0:07:46.400 --> 0:07:49.960 prove that they see a spectrum? I can't remember. You'll 0:07:50.000 --> 0:07:53.000 have to watch. They don't be dumb on it. Um. Okay, 0:07:53.000 --> 0:07:57.200 So let's talk about the memory process that humans typically follow, 0:07:57.480 --> 0:08:00.680 even though it is highly individualized. Yeah, there's a couple 0:08:00.720 --> 0:08:03.200 of types of memory we all know and love as 0:08:03.320 --> 0:08:09.440 short term and long term. Um. If you long short 0:08:09.560 --> 0:08:11.640 term is good because you remember what you want and 0:08:11.640 --> 0:08:13.200 you get rid of what you don't if you if 0:08:13.200 --> 0:08:17.160 you didn't, you would be like Mary lou Henterer from Taxi. 0:08:17.600 --> 0:08:20.280 Oh did she have like an amazing memory? She has 0:08:20.320 --> 0:08:22.720 a condition that only another dozen people have in the 0:08:22.760 --> 0:08:28.880 US called h Sam highly superior autobiographical memory. And they 0:08:28.960 --> 0:08:31.120 just discovered it in two thousand six period, not just 0:08:31.200 --> 0:08:34.520 in her. And it's only autobiographical, though, but for these people, 0:08:35.520 --> 0:08:42.440 you say June one, six and Merrily Lou Henner can go, oh, well, 0:08:42.440 --> 0:08:44.679 that was an off day for taxi. We weren't shooting, 0:08:45.040 --> 0:08:47.360 and I went shopping at Sacks and bought the scarf 0:08:47.640 --> 0:08:51.280 and had a cop salad. And uh, like I said, 0:08:51.320 --> 0:08:54.680 though it's only autobiographical, they can't necessarily remember like everything, 0:08:55.280 --> 0:08:58.920 just about details of their life. But it's just nuts, 0:08:58.960 --> 0:09:01.880 Like she literally members everything that's ever happened to her. 0:09:02.320 --> 0:09:06.680 So that's cool that she remembers that cops salad because 0:09:06.720 --> 0:09:09.160 it was probably pretty good, pretty tough to screw up 0:09:09.160 --> 0:09:14.440 the cops salad. Uh, Sacks trip. That's fun. So that's good. 0:09:14.800 --> 0:09:18.640 But if she were if she had um a low 0:09:18.800 --> 0:09:23.360 lighting inhibition where all of the things like the click 0:09:23.440 --> 0:09:29.680 of of UM, a lightbulb turning on, the buzzing from 0:09:29.720 --> 0:09:33.160 somebody's electric razor next door, the sound of water rushing, 0:09:33.200 --> 0:09:35.960 the look of everything, the feel of everything, all of 0:09:36.000 --> 0:09:38.560 that information was coming in and flooding her memory and 0:09:38.640 --> 0:09:42.200 asking for her attention to crazy. Yeah. So one of 0:09:42.240 --> 0:09:46.040 the roles of short term memory, specifically the hippocampus, is 0:09:46.080 --> 0:09:49.120 to say keep that, keep that, throw that away, throw 0:09:49.160 --> 0:09:52.120 that away, throw that away. This one seems kind of important. Oh, 0:09:52.200 --> 0:09:54.920 this one has an emotion attached. We definitely need to 0:09:55.000 --> 0:09:57.319 keep that. That's what's going on with short term memory. 0:09:57.320 --> 0:10:00.880 Apparently we keep about seven pieces of informa ation up 0:10:00.920 --> 0:10:05.160 to thirty seconds, which sounds to me like a statement 0:10:05.360 --> 0:10:08.640 that is going to be utterly debunked as ridiculous in 0:10:08.679 --> 0:10:11.960 ten years. You understand memory more for the time being. 0:10:11.960 --> 0:10:14.160 That's our concept of short term memory. It does seem 0:10:14.160 --> 0:10:17.040 sort of like a stab. Yeah, a stab at something. 0:10:17.160 --> 0:10:21.880 It's overly concise. Yeah, you know, agreed. So that's short 0:10:21.960 --> 0:10:25.760 term memory and short term memories basically just holding immediate 0:10:25.800 --> 0:10:31.000 information in the front of your mind, um figure totively 0:10:31.040 --> 0:10:36.880 in literally yeah. Uh. And if it's sorted, it's sorted 0:10:36.880 --> 0:10:41.600 into long term memory. That's right. How we store memories, 0:10:41.600 --> 0:10:44.320 how we make memories. The first thing that happens is 0:10:44.360 --> 0:10:49.480 we have something called sensory memories. So you see a uh, 0:10:49.800 --> 0:10:54.120 you hear josh past gas, and you hear a sound. 0:10:54.280 --> 0:10:57.640 You might smell something you would not hear that. That's true, 0:10:57.840 --> 0:11:00.720 you're an sp D guy. Uh. Or Let's say you 0:11:00.720 --> 0:11:02.960 see a strawberry and you taste the strawberry and you 0:11:03.000 --> 0:11:04.480 see what it looks like, that it's red, and you 0:11:04.520 --> 0:11:09.080 taste it and you know it's tart. Those are sensory memories, 0:11:09.120 --> 0:11:12.600 and our nerve cells detect that. They send that as 0:11:12.640 --> 0:11:15.880 an electrical electrical impulse along to the end of a 0:11:16.000 --> 0:11:20.600 nerve um. It turns on the little neurotransmitter, which sends 0:11:20.600 --> 0:11:23.720 a chemical message that hops. We've talked about synapses, those 0:11:23.760 --> 0:11:28.800 gaps between nerve cells. The neurotransmitter sends it across that 0:11:28.840 --> 0:11:32.439 little great divide to the neuron, which is your brain cell, 0:11:33.000 --> 0:11:38.040 and immediately your brain registers that as a short term memory. Uh. 0:11:38.080 --> 0:11:40.000 And whether or not it becomes a long term memory 0:11:40.640 --> 0:11:43.240 is whether or not you need to remember that and 0:11:43.400 --> 0:11:46.920 encode it. And that encoding process is what moves it 0:11:46.960 --> 0:11:49.120 to the deep freeze. You know what I'm curious about. 0:11:49.160 --> 0:11:51.800 I wish I thought to look this up. How does 0:11:51.880 --> 0:11:56.320 science quantify the present? Like? Can you as the present? 0:11:56.679 --> 0:12:01.720 You know point eight nanoseconds? Is it the thirty seconds 0:12:01.800 --> 0:12:04.920 that you're you're working memories, chewing on something. I mean, 0:12:04.960 --> 0:12:10.440 how quickly does a sensation or an experience become the past? 0:12:11.440 --> 0:12:14.439 That's nanosecond after it happens, I guess. But why a 0:12:14.520 --> 0:12:16.880 nano second? Why not a micro second? Why not five seconds? 0:12:16.960 --> 0:12:20.680 Whatever the smallest amount of time is. Yeah, technically probably, 0:12:20.800 --> 0:12:25.240 I guess. So that's pretty deep thought though after that, green, 0:12:25.920 --> 0:12:31.280 it's like I took acid earlier. Sweet? Uh so um. 0:12:31.400 --> 0:12:34.720 Encoding for long term memories where we were right, All 0:12:34.760 --> 0:12:38.160 of this stuff is coming to the hippocampus, and the 0:12:38.240 --> 0:12:41.640 hippocampus works in concert with some other parts of the brain, 0:12:41.720 --> 0:12:45.400 the amygdala, the thalamus. The amygdala is big on emotion, 0:12:45.960 --> 0:12:50.240 the thalamus is big on um routing sensory stuff and 0:12:50.440 --> 0:12:54.720 pairing it with emotion. Emotions play a big role in memory, yes, 0:12:54.920 --> 0:12:58.839 because if you pair an experience with an emotion, it's 0:12:58.880 --> 0:13:02.040 going to have that much more of a an impact 0:13:02.800 --> 0:13:05.319 on our neural pathways that are formed. Yeah, that's what 0:13:05.440 --> 0:13:08.320 encoding is. Like the things you remember most, you're you're 0:13:08.760 --> 0:13:12.000 you're basically leaving a trail of bread crumbs along this pathway. 0:13:12.400 --> 0:13:15.160 If you want to retrieve a memory, and the stronger 0:13:15.200 --> 0:13:16.679 like you said, if it's tied to emotion, it might 0:13:16.720 --> 0:13:19.080 be stronger and more reinforced. Or if it's something you 0:13:19.120 --> 0:13:22.240 have to remember a lot, that bread crumb trail is 0:13:22.280 --> 0:13:25.880 going to be with larger pieces of bread. Yeah. The 0:13:25.920 --> 0:13:29.480 more spot, the more times it's traversed, the the more 0:13:29.559 --> 0:13:33.840 well worn the path grows, the stronger that memory is UM. 0:13:33.920 --> 0:13:37.320 And that's that's a UM A mechanism called long term 0:13:37.320 --> 0:13:43.199 potential action where an initial sensory experience becomes a hard 0:13:43.360 --> 0:13:46.760 encoded memory in our long term memory. And you could 0:13:46.760 --> 0:13:50.480 crack open like one of our brains and say, see 0:13:50.520 --> 0:13:53.760 this this neural circuit right here, that's my memory of 0:13:53.800 --> 0:13:58.240 my last birthday. Yeah. See that doughnut that's just there. 0:13:58.440 --> 0:14:01.000 It just started growing a few years ago. I'm waiting 0:14:01.040 --> 0:14:03.440 for it to fully mature before I harvest it. That 0:14:03.520 --> 0:14:06.120 was always a one of the early Simpsons had that. 0:14:06.160 --> 0:14:09.280 I think it showed people's like thought bubbles at one point, 0:14:09.360 --> 0:14:11.840 and Homer's is just a donut. Yeah, that was pretty good. 0:14:11.920 --> 0:14:15.120 I can see that. Uh So, like you said, this 0:14:15.240 --> 0:14:17.000 this is all part of the limbic system. I don't 0:14:17.000 --> 0:14:20.320 think we said that. No, we didn't, which which is uh, 0:14:20.400 --> 0:14:24.600 you know your reward system, you experience emotions through it. Yeah, 0:14:24.680 --> 0:14:27.640 learning memory all that is tied to the limbic system 0:14:27.680 --> 0:14:32.680 and um, are our thoughts are being stored in the 0:14:32.720 --> 0:14:38.840 cerebral cortex? Are I should say, are episode or is 0:14:38.840 --> 0:14:42.240 it our episodic well short term that's in this in 0:14:42.280 --> 0:14:46.320 the cerebral cortex. Yeah, okay, um so if a yeah, 0:14:46.360 --> 0:14:50.200 that's right. Because if you take a specific type of memory, 0:14:51.040 --> 0:14:53.680 which we'll get to in a second, it usually gets 0:14:53.680 --> 0:14:56.840 stored in the region that's responsible for processing it as 0:14:56.880 --> 0:14:59.920 it happens in the first place. So like Broker's area 0:15:00.040 --> 0:15:04.920 responsible for processing language, there's also your your language related 0:15:05.000 --> 0:15:08.000 memories are stored there. Yeah. Yeah, you know the time 0:15:08.080 --> 0:15:10.600 that guy shouted at you in Spanish you didn't know 0:15:10.600 --> 0:15:13.560 what he was saying. You can crack open the Broker's 0:15:13.600 --> 0:15:16.120 area and there it is. Yeah. So the cortex is 0:15:16.160 --> 0:15:19.160 where you temporarily put it. It works with the hippocampus 0:15:19.200 --> 0:15:21.960 to send it to like you said, whatever part of 0:15:21.960 --> 0:15:24.600 the brain. I didn't know that. That's interesting though. It 0:15:24.640 --> 0:15:27.920 lives where it was originated. Mixed total sense. Yeah again, 0:15:28.360 --> 0:15:32.359 I really just I have a feeling that are understanding 0:15:32.360 --> 0:15:35.280 of memory is tenuous enough that like a lot of 0:15:35.280 --> 0:15:38.000 this stuff is going to change in ten years, five years, 0:15:38.000 --> 0:15:42.240 fifteen years, but for the time being, this is our understanding. Well, 0:15:42.280 --> 0:15:44.320 like with anything of the brain, it's just like there's 0:15:44.320 --> 0:15:47.040 still so much mystery, you know, it's shrouded in it 0:15:47.200 --> 0:15:50.680 the gray area. Uh. All right, So there's many types 0:15:50.720 --> 0:15:54.120 of long term memory. Uh. They are as follows, and 0:15:54.160 --> 0:15:57.240 these will come up throughout the show. Your explicit or 0:15:57.280 --> 0:16:01.720 episodic memory is what we do we study for a podcast. Basically, 0:16:01.800 --> 0:16:06.640 it's like facts and information specific stuff. Right, we read it, 0:16:06.720 --> 0:16:09.920 we learn it, we know it. Yeah, cramming for an exam, 0:16:09.960 --> 0:16:13.360 that's how you do it. You've got procedural or implicit Uh. 0:16:13.400 --> 0:16:16.160 These are sensory and motor memories. That's how you know 0:16:16.200 --> 0:16:18.680 how to make a cup of coffee. And it's it's 0:16:18.720 --> 0:16:21.000 like muscle memory. Yeah, it becomes less of memory and 0:16:21.040 --> 0:16:23.800 more something that you've done by repetition over and over. 0:16:23.960 --> 0:16:28.880 That's why, uh, Clive make that cup of coffee, or 0:16:28.920 --> 0:16:32.000 can play the piano. Still, Yeah, he does remember how 0:16:32.000 --> 0:16:34.880 to play the piano. His fingers just do it from 0:16:35.120 --> 0:16:38.800 muscle memory. Right, he doesn't consciously remember. He does have 0:16:38.920 --> 0:16:43.960 procedural memories exactly. Um, you've got semantic memory, which is 0:16:44.120 --> 0:16:48.480 organized and categorized memories. So it's kind of like a 0:16:48.520 --> 0:16:53.760 meta version of type of memory, right, where like you, um, 0:16:53.800 --> 0:16:56.880 if you're thinking about what your favorite bands are something, right, 0:16:57.000 --> 0:16:59.160 you have a file of all the bands you ever 0:16:59.240 --> 0:17:01.960 listened to that and maybe there's a subfolder in that 0:17:02.000 --> 0:17:04.920 file of the ones that you've ever heard that you like, right, 0:17:05.520 --> 0:17:08.119 and all of those are based on your experiences of 0:17:08.240 --> 0:17:12.680 listening to led Zeppelin or you know, um Boogie Down 0:17:12.720 --> 0:17:16.560 Productions or the Carpenters. I can go on. So when 0:17:16.560 --> 0:17:19.360 someone asks you what your favorite band does, you're scrolling 0:17:19.400 --> 0:17:22.280 through that folder, right, and what you're doing is accessing 0:17:22.320 --> 0:17:26.040 your semantic memory. Right. Or you could just say Pavement. 0:17:26.240 --> 0:17:28.040 You could be like, look at the T shirt, but 0:17:28.640 --> 0:17:31.600 you just default and say Pavement and you're good to go. 0:17:31.800 --> 0:17:36.320 Pixies for you, probably, huh uh. Yeah. I would say 0:17:36.359 --> 0:17:39.920 these days, I would go more with Morrissey. Oh yeah, yeah, 0:17:40.080 --> 0:17:43.320 whoa Oh he's always been up there, yeah, nipping at 0:17:43.359 --> 0:17:45.720 the Pixies heels. But I would say Morrisey may have 0:17:45.760 --> 0:17:48.040 taken the lead recently. Yeah, I remember we're hearing the 0:17:48.040 --> 0:17:51.920 Smiths for the first time in like ninth grade, I 0:17:52.000 --> 0:17:54.040 was like, man, who are these guys? They still hold up? 0:17:54.680 --> 0:17:57.320 But if you and if you listen though, it's like, well, no, 0:17:57.480 --> 0:18:01.199 you mean the Smiths. No, I love the Smiths. But 0:18:01.800 --> 0:18:05.200 if you listen to Morrissey's career, like all it was 0:18:05.200 --> 0:18:08.520 was the evolution of Morris. He started with the Smiths 0:18:08.520 --> 0:18:11.520 and he just kept going and he just hit his 0:18:11.560 --> 0:18:15.120 stride even more after the Smiths. Morris even more than 0:18:15.119 --> 0:18:19.080 the Smith's man all right, and it felt good to 0:18:19.080 --> 0:18:23.320 get off my chest. You won't find me dissing Mars 0:18:23.640 --> 0:18:27.000 under any circumstances. Why would. He's the man. So you've 0:18:27.000 --> 0:18:30.520 got emotional long term memory that those are um well 0:18:30.600 --> 0:18:34.240 emotional like superintense memories about something that may have happened 0:18:34.280 --> 0:18:37.639 to you. Uh. And then spatial which are just the 0:18:37.680 --> 0:18:40.320 spacing of an area. I remember that in the dark 0:18:40.480 --> 0:18:41.879 when I go to the bathroom that I have to 0:18:41.880 --> 0:18:45.159 walk around my nightstand. Oh yeah, that's the good one, 0:18:45.280 --> 0:18:47.879 running right into it. Man, that'll break your toe. Although 0:18:47.920 --> 0:18:51.000 that happens, and I kind of I don't necessarily take 0:18:51.080 --> 0:18:54.280 issue with emotional memories being broken out as their own thing, 0:18:54.400 --> 0:18:58.800 but it seems like emotion is one of the drivers 0:18:58.840 --> 0:19:03.880 of memory formation, even if it's just the slightest feeling. 0:19:04.560 --> 0:19:07.159 It seems like emotion is attached to all memories, like 0:19:07.240 --> 0:19:10.320 it's a it's a signal like remember this, and it's 0:19:10.359 --> 0:19:13.400 also a way it's it's an aspect of memory as well, 0:19:13.480 --> 0:19:17.480 like when you recall a memory strawberry. Um, if you 0:19:17.520 --> 0:19:20.800 have your first strawberry after somebody mashes it in your 0:19:20.800 --> 0:19:25.000 face and like twist your nipples and walks away, right, 0:19:25.520 --> 0:19:30.200 you're probably going to associate that bad feeling with strawberries 0:19:30.680 --> 0:19:34.479 for a while. There's nothing worse than strawberry tuffs. So 0:19:34.480 --> 0:19:38.760 so all all memories have some amount of emotion to him, 0:19:38.760 --> 0:19:42.760 which means all memories are emotional. But Chuck, that doesn't 0:19:42.760 --> 0:19:45.399 mean that for the rest of your life you're gonna 0:19:45.520 --> 0:19:47.720 have kind of a sour taste in your mouth when 0:19:47.720 --> 0:19:51.080 you're eating a sweet strawberry because of that initial experience, 0:19:51.280 --> 0:19:56.040 because memories are subject to change because of neural plasticity. 0:19:56.200 --> 0:19:58.960 That's right, although you may as well like you might 0:19:59.040 --> 0:20:02.240 remember it, but I'll you don't have the emotional experience 0:20:02.240 --> 0:20:04.040 of it over and over again. If you eat enough 0:20:04.080 --> 0:20:08.080 strawberries and experience them in different situations and settings. Right, 0:20:08.320 --> 0:20:10.320 I guess you're right. Like, if something has made me 0:20:10.359 --> 0:20:12.679 sick in the past, I have an aversion to it, 0:20:13.280 --> 0:20:15.840 but I don't power through it, like I just leave 0:20:15.880 --> 0:20:20.160 it there. I won't drink Milwaukee's Best beer anymore. Really 0:20:20.200 --> 0:20:24.239 get sick off that man like years ago, and just 0:20:24.280 --> 0:20:26.760 the smell of it now immediately, I'm just like bo. 0:20:27.320 --> 0:20:31.359 That's funny, you know, Um, if you wanted to, you 0:20:31.400 --> 0:20:34.840 could power through it and after enough times, what you 0:20:34.840 --> 0:20:37.920 would be doing is activating that neural circuit, that long 0:20:38.040 --> 0:20:41.800 term potential ation and refreshing it a little bit, changing 0:20:41.840 --> 0:20:46.440 your idea of what Milwaukee's Best is all about. But 0:20:46.600 --> 0:20:49.680 that's a commercial. They should send us some beer and 0:20:49.720 --> 0:20:51.960 I'll get over it. You. But I won't get so 0:20:52.040 --> 0:20:53.800 drunk that I pass out and forget, because we'll get 0:20:53.800 --> 0:20:55.760 to that. That's a real thing. Yeah, it's a kind 0:20:55.760 --> 0:20:58.800 of amnesia. It is literally, you can get amnesia tonight 0:20:58.840 --> 0:21:02.360 if you want things. I'm going to see Stephen Maltamus 0:21:02.359 --> 0:21:06.520 tonight full circle. You want to remember that? And then 0:21:06.680 --> 0:21:09.920 the third type of memory is where you combine short 0:21:10.000 --> 0:21:12.199 term memory with long term memory and you come up 0:21:12.200 --> 0:21:16.760 with working memory. UM. One example I saw during research 0:21:16.840 --> 0:21:20.080 is when you're looking at a menu, you're going down 0:21:20.080 --> 0:21:22.280 a menu to decide what you want to eat. You're 0:21:22.280 --> 0:21:25.760 taking in that information from that menu, UM, and you're 0:21:25.760 --> 0:21:29.920 creating a little bit of an episodic stimulus in your 0:21:30.119 --> 0:21:34.160 short term memory, and then you're accessing your long term memories, 0:21:34.440 --> 0:21:38.520 maybe from having pork chops before, UM, and you're comparing 0:21:38.560 --> 0:21:42.200 the two. That's your working memory. So that's a that's 0:21:42.200 --> 0:21:44.480 a huge aspect of memory as well. And they think, 0:21:44.840 --> 0:21:48.000 as it stands right now, that it's basically a combination 0:21:48.080 --> 0:21:51.560 of short term memory and long term memory, mixing them together. 0:21:52.080 --> 0:21:55.119 And there you have your menu choice and that's just 0:21:55.160 --> 0:21:59.159 your day to day kind of deciding things. That's what 0:21:59.200 --> 0:22:02.040 you're working memory is. Yeah, that's a very dumb way 0:22:02.040 --> 0:22:03.239 to say it, but you know what I mean, your 0:22:03.320 --> 0:22:07.440 day to day all right. So I guess we can 0:22:07.480 --> 0:22:10.480 talk about an amnesia a little bit now, right, Yeah, Uh, 0:22:11.680 --> 0:22:15.240 forgetfulness is good. It's not a bad thing to forget. Um. 0:22:15.280 --> 0:22:17.800 You should remember the important things. But like we said, 0:22:17.840 --> 0:22:20.960 it frees up your brain of the the stuff we 0:22:21.000 --> 0:22:24.920 don't need. And amnesia is nothing more than a really 0:22:24.920 --> 0:22:29.280 bad case of the forgets brought on by It can 0:22:29.280 --> 0:22:30.440 be brought on by a lot of things, but a 0:22:30.520 --> 0:22:34.400 lot of time it's literally an injury to your brain. Yeah. 0:22:34.440 --> 0:22:37.840 Well that's neurological amnesia. Yeah, which is the first kind 0:22:38.000 --> 0:22:40.080 that we're talking about here. It can come on from 0:22:40.080 --> 0:22:44.000 a stroke. Yeah, it can come on from your you're 0:22:44.040 --> 0:22:48.000 just not having enough oxygen for a little while. Drug Yeah, 0:22:48.200 --> 0:22:52.120 drugs can bring it on. Drugs can bring in alcohol. Yeah. 0:22:52.240 --> 0:22:57.560 What else? Uh, any like blunt force trauma, Yeah, electro 0:22:57.640 --> 0:23:01.879 convulsive therapy. That was another good episode he did. Yeah. 0:23:01.880 --> 0:23:04.280 In the case of Clyde Wearing, he had a he 0:23:04.320 --> 0:23:08.040 had her pies encephalitis, a viral infection that can do 0:23:08.119 --> 0:23:11.200 it. It It destroyed his basically cut the chord of the 0:23:11.280 --> 0:23:14.520 hippocampus and the cortex. We'll give him that. The analogy. 0:23:14.560 --> 0:23:20.120 That's a great analogy, the telephone cord. Uh. Yeah. Then 0:23:20.119 --> 0:23:21.919 this is thanks to Kristen Kongner who wrote this. I 0:23:21.920 --> 0:23:26.040 don't know if we mentioned that. Um, if your memories 0:23:26.040 --> 0:23:29.399 a telephone, the hippocampus is the phone chord, and the 0:23:29.480 --> 0:23:32.880