1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,240 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, We're rerunning two episodes today in Troy the show. 2 00:00:05,880 --> 00:00:09,840 Speaker 1: Hi again, Welcome to this day in History Class where 3 00:00:09,880 --> 00:00:23,680 Speaker 1: History waits for no One. The day was June nineteen twelve. 4 00:00:24,720 --> 00:00:29,360 Speaker 1: Eustace Edward Ricardo Braithwaite was born in Georgetown, British Guyana 5 00:00:29,840 --> 00:00:35,760 Speaker 1: now Guyana, to Charles Eduardo and Elizabeth Martha Braithwaite. Braithwaite 6 00:00:35,880 --> 00:00:38,720 Speaker 1: is best remembered for his book To Sir with Love, 7 00:00:39,320 --> 00:00:42,240 Speaker 1: a memoir about teaching in the East End working class 8 00:00:42,360 --> 00:00:46,479 Speaker 1: district of London. Braithwaite was a teacher, a pilot, a 9 00:00:46,600 --> 00:00:50,879 Speaker 1: social worker, and a diplomat, and his writing addressed racism 10 00:00:50,960 --> 00:00:55,720 Speaker 1: and discrimination. Both of his parents graduated from Oxford University, 11 00:00:56,160 --> 00:00:58,360 Speaker 1: his mother with a degree in history and his father 12 00:00:58,520 --> 00:01:01,520 Speaker 1: with a degree in engineering. His father was a gold 13 00:01:01,600 --> 00:01:05,040 Speaker 1: and diamond minor. Braithwaite grew up as a part of 14 00:01:05,120 --> 00:01:08,600 Speaker 1: the emerging black middle class in British Guyana. He attended 15 00:01:08,680 --> 00:01:12,800 Speaker 1: Queen's College in Guyana, a notable high school, and in 16 00:01:12,920 --> 00:01:16,080 Speaker 1: nineteen forty Braithwaite began studying at the City College of 17 00:01:16,120 --> 00:01:19,760 Speaker 1: New York. He worked at an oil refinery in Aruba, 18 00:01:20,160 --> 00:01:23,760 Speaker 1: then moved to Britain, but soon he joined the Royal 19 00:01:23,880 --> 00:01:26,760 Speaker 1: Air Force, where he served as a pilot during World 20 00:01:26,800 --> 00:01:30,840 Speaker 1: War Two. After the war ended, Braithwaite went on to 21 00:01:30,920 --> 00:01:33,959 Speaker 1: attend the University of Cambridge, where he got his master's 22 00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:38,080 Speaker 1: degree in physics in nineteen forty nine. Braithwaite was planning 23 00:01:38,120 --> 00:01:41,400 Speaker 1: on pursuing his career in engineering once he graduated, but 24 00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:45,000 Speaker 1: he had a lot of trouble finding work as employers 25 00:01:45,040 --> 00:01:48,520 Speaker 1: were rejecting him because of his race. He said in 26 00:01:48,680 --> 00:01:52,840 Speaker 1: his autobiographical book Reluctant Neighbors, making plans on the half 27 00:01:52,960 --> 00:01:57,040 Speaker 1: realized stream of achievement as a physicist dreaming. Then the 28 00:01:57,160 --> 00:02:00,920 Speaker 1: bitterness of seeing the dream whittled away bit by bit, 29 00:02:01,280 --> 00:02:04,200 Speaker 1: day by day, in two weeks and months, until the 30 00:02:04,280 --> 00:02:07,440 Speaker 1: only place on the whole arid horizon was a Mangi 31 00:02:07,520 --> 00:02:11,320 Speaker 1: schoolhouse beside a bomb racked, rotting graveyard, in a smelly 32 00:02:11,400 --> 00:02:16,480 Speaker 1: classroom with forty six foul mouth youngsters, white English youngsters. 33 00:02:17,680 --> 00:02:20,639 Speaker 1: After striking out on getting a job and engineering, he 34 00:02:20,760 --> 00:02:23,120 Speaker 1: took a teaching position at a school in the East 35 00:02:23,240 --> 00:02:26,920 Speaker 1: End of London. Britain was still recovering from the devastation 36 00:02:27,000 --> 00:02:30,160 Speaker 1: the war had caused, and the East End was seriously 37 00:02:30,200 --> 00:02:36,120 Speaker 1: affected by poverty, crime, overcrowding, dangerous working conditions and for sanitation. 38 00:02:37,320 --> 00:02:39,720 Speaker 1: Most of braithwaite students were white and he was the 39 00:02:39,800 --> 00:02:43,280 Speaker 1: only black teacher on the faculty at St George's. The 40 00:02:43,360 --> 00:02:47,360 Speaker 1: school was progressive, but the students were unruly and Braithwaite 41 00:02:47,400 --> 00:02:51,639 Speaker 1: faced many difficulties there. Still, he grew to love teaching 42 00:02:51,760 --> 00:02:55,560 Speaker 1: at the school. His experiences at the school inspired him 43 00:02:55,600 --> 00:02:58,400 Speaker 1: to write the book to Sir with Love, which was 44 00:02:58,440 --> 00:03:02,680 Speaker 1: published in nineteen fifty line. The book is about Ricky Braithwaite, 45 00:03:02,760 --> 00:03:06,520 Speaker 1: a Guyanese teacher in London's East End. In the book, 46 00:03:06,639 --> 00:03:10,400 Speaker 1: Ricky struggles to encourage the undisciplined working class students and 47 00:03:10,560 --> 00:03:14,440 Speaker 1: gets feelings for a white teacher. To Stir with Love 48 00:03:14,680 --> 00:03:17,639 Speaker 1: tackled issues of race and class in London, and it 49 00:03:17,760 --> 00:03:20,880 Speaker 1: was adapted into a movie starring Sydney Pointier in nineteen 50 00:03:20,960 --> 00:03:25,359 Speaker 1: sixty seven. In nineteen fifty eight, Braithwaite left his teaching 51 00:03:25,400 --> 00:03:28,519 Speaker 1: position and began working as a welfare consultant with the 52 00:03:28,639 --> 00:03:32,480 Speaker 1: London County Council, specializing in working with immigrant families from 53 00:03:32,520 --> 00:03:36,200 Speaker 1: the Caribbean. His experience in this job led to his 54 00:03:36,280 --> 00:03:40,640 Speaker 1: second book, Paid Servant, a report about welfare work in London, 55 00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:45,040 Speaker 1: which was first published in nineteen sixty two. Paid Servant 56 00:03:45,160 --> 00:03:48,200 Speaker 1: is about his experiences and finding foster homes for children 57 00:03:48,280 --> 00:03:51,640 Speaker 1: of color. Braithwaite wrote more books over the course of 58 00:03:51,720 --> 00:03:54,920 Speaker 1: his life, including A Kind of Homecoming, which is a 59 00:03:55,040 --> 00:03:58,520 Speaker 1: memoir about his journey to West Africa, Choice of Straws, 60 00:03:58,640 --> 00:04:01,800 Speaker 1: which is a mystery novel, and Reluctant Neighbors, a book 61 00:04:01,800 --> 00:04:04,000 Speaker 1: about a black man and a white man who interact 62 00:04:04,040 --> 00:04:08,240 Speaker 1: on a train ride. Braithwaite's book Honorary White, A Visit 63 00:04:08,320 --> 00:04:11,720 Speaker 1: to South Africa talks about the relationships between blacks and 64 00:04:11,760 --> 00:04:14,920 Speaker 1: whites in South Africa. He wrote it after the ban 65 00:04:15,040 --> 00:04:17,360 Speaker 1: on his books was lifted in the country and he 66 00:04:17,520 --> 00:04:21,279 Speaker 1: visited South Africa as a so called honorary White, which 67 00:04:21,360 --> 00:04:25,039 Speaker 1: granted him more privileged than black people there. But beyond 68 00:04:25,160 --> 00:04:28,160 Speaker 1: his writing, Braithwaite was also a diplomat. He was a 69 00:04:28,279 --> 00:04:32,000 Speaker 1: human rights officer for the World Veterans Federation and education 70 00:04:32,040 --> 00:04:35,960 Speaker 1: consultant to UNESCO in Paris, the first permanent representative of 71 00:04:36,000 --> 00:04:39,280 Speaker 1: Guyana to the United Nations in New York, and Guyana's 72 00:04:39,279 --> 00:04:43,680 Speaker 1: ambassador to Venezuela. He also taught at New York University 73 00:04:44,080 --> 00:04:47,279 Speaker 1: and was a writer in residence at Florida State University 74 00:04:47,360 --> 00:04:51,320 Speaker 1: and Howard University. After he turned one hundred years old 75 00:04:51,360 --> 00:04:54,160 Speaker 1: in twelve and went back to Guyana, he was given 76 00:04:54,200 --> 00:04:58,320 Speaker 1: the Casiqus Crown, the country's highest honor. He died in 77 00:04:58,400 --> 00:05:02,920 Speaker 1: December of I'm Eve Stepko and hopefully you know a 78 00:05:03,000 --> 00:05:06,560 Speaker 1: little more about history today than you did yesterday. Get 79 00:05:06,640 --> 00:05:10,880 Speaker 1: more notes from history on Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook at 80 00:05:11,160 --> 00:05:15,320 Speaker 1: T D I h C podcast And if you have 81 00:05:15,480 --> 00:05:18,320 Speaker 1: not yet listened to another show that a host called Unpopular, 82 00:05:18,720 --> 00:05:20,640 Speaker 1: you can get it wherever you listen to this Day 83 00:05:20,680 --> 00:05:24,120 Speaker 1: in History Class. Thanks again for listening, and we'll see 84 00:05:24,160 --> 00:05:34,000 Speaker 1: you tomorrow. They all. I'm Eves and welcome to the 85 00:05:34,080 --> 00:05:36,520 Speaker 1: Stand History Class, a podcast that brings you a little 86 00:05:36,600 --> 00:05:50,599 Speaker 1: nugget of history every day. The day was jour. Joseph Smith, 87 00:05:50,760 --> 00:05:53,160 Speaker 1: the founder of Mormonism and leader of the Latter Day 88 00:05:53,200 --> 00:05:56,560 Speaker 1: Saint movement, was murdered alongside his brother him Ram by 89 00:05:56,600 --> 00:05:59,760 Speaker 1: an angry mob in Carthage, Illinois. At the time of 90 00:05:59,800 --> 00:06:03,479 Speaker 1: their killing, they were incarcerated at Carthage Jail awaiting trial 91 00:06:03,600 --> 00:06:07,360 Speaker 1: for charges of treason, inciting riot and destruction of the press. 92 00:06:08,640 --> 00:06:11,479 Speaker 1: In March of eighteen thirty, Joseph published the Book of Mormon, 93 00:06:11,760 --> 00:06:14,919 Speaker 1: which he claimed was a sacred text that contains writings 94 00:06:14,960 --> 00:06:18,280 Speaker 1: of ancient prophets who lived on the American continent. In 95 00:06:18,400 --> 00:06:21,640 Speaker 1: the book, Jesus Christ appears in the America's not long 96 00:06:21,720 --> 00:06:25,200 Speaker 1: after his resurrection. By the time of Smith's death fourteen 97 00:06:25,279 --> 00:06:27,720 Speaker 1: years later, the Latter day Saint movement had tens of 98 00:06:27,800 --> 00:06:32,320 Speaker 1: thousands of followers known as Mormons. In eighteen thirty one, 99 00:06:32,480 --> 00:06:36,000 Speaker 1: Smith proclaimed that God had designated western Missouri as the 100 00:06:36,080 --> 00:06:40,239 Speaker 1: place where Zion would gather in anticipation of Christ's second coming. 101 00:06:40,839 --> 00:06:44,120 Speaker 1: This new Jerusalem was supposedly the City of Independence in 102 00:06:44,240 --> 00:06:48,640 Speaker 1: Jackson County, Missouri. During the eighteen thirties, Smith sent out 103 00:06:48,720 --> 00:06:53,320 Speaker 1: missionaries and published revelations, growing his follower base. The growing 104 00:06:53,360 --> 00:06:57,520 Speaker 1: Mormon population in Missouri cost tensions and eventually episodes of 105 00:06:57,640 --> 00:07:02,640 Speaker 1: violence with non Mormon residents. In eight Mormons and non 106 00:07:02,720 --> 00:07:05,440 Speaker 1: Mormons went up against each other in the Missouri Mormon 107 00:07:05,520 --> 00:07:10,320 Speaker 1: War after they clashed in elections at Gallatin in October 108 00:07:10,400 --> 00:07:14,320 Speaker 1: of that year, Missouri Governor Lilburn Boggs issued Missouri Executive 109 00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:18,040 Speaker 1: Order forty four, also known as the Mormon Extermination Order. 110 00:07:18,640 --> 00:07:21,280 Speaker 1: He said that quote, the Mormons must be treated as 111 00:07:21,400 --> 00:07:24,280 Speaker 1: enemies and must be exterminated or driven from the state 112 00:07:24,320 --> 00:07:27,800 Speaker 1: if necessary for the public peace. Their outrages are beyond 113 00:07:27,960 --> 00:07:32,720 Speaker 1: all description. Mormons were subsequently expelled from the state of Missouri, 114 00:07:33,160 --> 00:07:36,160 Speaker 1: and Smith and the Mormons moved to Illinois, finding a 115 00:07:36,240 --> 00:07:40,360 Speaker 1: new home at Navou. By forty four, several people who 116 00:07:40,400 --> 00:07:44,480 Speaker 1: were dissatisfied with Smith had left the LDS Church, along 117 00:07:44,520 --> 00:07:47,520 Speaker 1: with some non Mormons in the Navu area. They founded 118 00:07:47,600 --> 00:07:51,280 Speaker 1: the Navu Expositor, a newspaper that published a single issue 119 00:07:51,320 --> 00:07:54,720 Speaker 1: on June seven. The paper criticized Smith for a practicing 120 00:07:54,760 --> 00:07:57,800 Speaker 1: polygamy and claimed that he had tried to marry other 121 00:07:57,880 --> 00:08:02,080 Speaker 1: people's wives. Smith and the Navous City Council declared the 122 00:08:02,120 --> 00:08:05,440 Speaker 1: paper of public nuisance and had the Expositor and its 123 00:08:05,520 --> 00:08:10,240 Speaker 1: printing press destroyed. The destruction of the Expositor led to 124 00:08:10,360 --> 00:08:14,160 Speaker 1: a huge uproar against the LDS. People made violent threats 125 00:08:14,160 --> 00:08:17,600 Speaker 1: against Smith and his followers. Many had already denounced Smith 126 00:08:17,680 --> 00:08:19,800 Speaker 1: for acting as if he were above the law, but 127 00:08:20,000 --> 00:08:23,520 Speaker 1: critics sought legal charges against Smith for destruction of the press, 128 00:08:23,800 --> 00:08:28,240 Speaker 1: including charges of treason and inciting riot. Lawrence went out 129 00:08:28,280 --> 00:08:32,280 Speaker 1: first Smith's arrest. On June, Smith declared martial law and 130 00:08:32,440 --> 00:08:35,800 Speaker 1: called on the Navu Legion, a city militia, but after 131 00:08:35,960 --> 00:08:40,760 Speaker 1: briefly fleeing into Iowa Territory, Smith returned and surrendered. The 132 00:08:40,840 --> 00:08:44,240 Speaker 1: Smith brothers were transported to Carthage, the seat of Hancock County, 133 00:08:44,559 --> 00:08:47,480 Speaker 1: where they were immediately charged with treason against the state 134 00:08:47,520 --> 00:08:52,360 Speaker 1: of Illinois for declaring martial law and Navou Joseph Hiram 135 00:08:52,480 --> 00:08:54,439 Speaker 1: and some of their friends were put in a second 136 00:08:54,520 --> 00:08:57,360 Speaker 1: story sale at the Carthage Jail and held there until 137 00:08:57,400 --> 00:09:01,120 Speaker 1: they could be tried, and anti Mormon local militia called 138 00:09:01,160 --> 00:09:04,840 Speaker 1: the Carthage Grays was assigned to protect the Smiths. There 139 00:09:04,920 --> 00:09:07,600 Speaker 1: were reports of several threats being made against Smith by 140 00:09:07,679 --> 00:09:11,079 Speaker 1: militia members, but the governor dismissed them, and on the 141 00:09:11,160 --> 00:09:15,839 Speaker 1: afternoon of June a mob of between one hundred and 142 00:09:15,920 --> 00:09:19,280 Speaker 1: two hundred armed men stormed the Carthage Jail, their faces 143 00:09:19,320 --> 00:09:23,160 Speaker 1: painted black with a gunpowder. A mob member fired a 144 00:09:23,200 --> 00:09:25,839 Speaker 1: shot through the door, striking Hiram in the face and 145 00:09:25,960 --> 00:09:29,439 Speaker 1: killing him. Smith used a pistol that was smuggled to 146 00:09:29,520 --> 00:09:32,920 Speaker 1: him to shoot his attackers, reportedly wounding some of them. 147 00:09:33,960 --> 00:09:36,200 Speaker 1: Smith then made his way to the window, at which 148 00:09:36,240 --> 00:09:38,880 Speaker 1: point he was shot several times from the doorway and 149 00:09:39,160 --> 00:09:42,040 Speaker 1: from outside the window. He fell to the ground outside 150 00:09:42,080 --> 00:09:46,040 Speaker 1: the jail. There are conflicting reports on whether Smith was 151 00:09:46,120 --> 00:09:48,959 Speaker 1: dead when he hit the ground or died shortly thereafter, 152 00:09:49,559 --> 00:09:53,480 Speaker 1: but the mob soon dispersed. John Taylor and Willard Richards, 153 00:09:53,720 --> 00:09:58,440 Speaker 1: other Mormons targeted in the attack, survived. Joseph and Hiram 154 00:09:58,559 --> 00:10:02,800 Speaker 1: were buried in Navoo. Mormons condemned Governor Ford for neglecting 155 00:10:02,880 --> 00:10:06,079 Speaker 1: to take the malicious threats seriously and suspected him of 156 00:10:06,160 --> 00:10:09,720 Speaker 1: being party to the plot. Ford denied this, but later 157 00:10:09,920 --> 00:10:11,800 Speaker 1: he did write that it was good for the Mormons 158 00:10:11,840 --> 00:10:14,520 Speaker 1: to have been driven out of the state. The death 159 00:10:14,600 --> 00:10:17,080 Speaker 1: of the Smith brothers cost turbulence in the Latter day 160 00:10:17,120 --> 00:10:20,760 Speaker 1: Saint movement and in the line of succession. Today, the 161 00:10:20,920 --> 00:10:24,400 Speaker 1: LDS Church reports a membership of more than sixteen million. 162 00:10:26,240 --> 00:10:28,680 Speaker 1: I'm eaves step Coo, and hopefully you know a little 163 00:10:28,720 --> 00:10:32,000 Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday. And if 164 00:10:32,040 --> 00:10:34,760 Speaker 1: you have any comments art suggestions, you can send them 165 00:10:34,800 --> 00:10:37,319 Speaker 1: to us. At this day at iHeart media dot com. 166 00:10:37,720 --> 00:10:40,080 Speaker 1: You can also hit us up on social media where 167 00:10:40,160 --> 00:10:44,120 Speaker 1: at t d i h C podcast. Thanks again for 168 00:10:44,240 --> 00:10:54,920 Speaker 1: listening to the show and we'll see you tomorrow. For 169 00:10:55,000 --> 00:10:57,720 Speaker 1: more podcasts from I Heeart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, 170 00:10:57,760 --> 00:11:00,319 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.