1 00:00:01,280 --> 00:00:04,320 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:13,640 Speaker 1: of I Heart Radio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:13,720 --> 00:00:17,600 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy V. Wilson and I'm Holly Fry. It's time 4 00:00:17,720 --> 00:00:22,680 Speaker 1: for Unearthed. Hooray, the favorite time a year for a 5 00:00:22,720 --> 00:00:26,400 Speaker 1: lot of folks. For new listeners, this is when we 6 00:00:26,440 --> 00:00:30,040 Speaker 1: take time about four times a year to talk about 7 00:00:30,080 --> 00:00:33,519 Speaker 1: things that have been literally or figuratively unearthed. Over the 8 00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:36,760 Speaker 1: last few months, we've started doing this once a quarter. 9 00:00:37,360 --> 00:00:40,520 Speaker 1: The number has gradually increased. I think this is probably 10 00:00:40,600 --> 00:00:43,720 Speaker 1: the sweet spot at this point. So this episode today 11 00:00:43,800 --> 00:00:49,280 Speaker 1: is generally covering stuff that happened in April, May and June. 12 00:00:50,159 --> 00:00:54,400 Speaker 1: So today we have a ton of updates to previous episodes, 13 00:00:54,640 --> 00:00:57,640 Speaker 1: along with some fines related to books and letters and 14 00:00:57,840 --> 00:01:01,160 Speaker 1: edibles and potables and art. And then next time you 15 00:01:01,160 --> 00:01:04,800 Speaker 1: will get into some exhamations, some mysteries that have been solved, 16 00:01:04,840 --> 00:01:08,959 Speaker 1: and other stuff. Also, I know there are folks that 17 00:01:09,080 --> 00:01:11,360 Speaker 1: kind of check out of episodes when we get to 18 00:01:11,440 --> 00:01:13,640 Speaker 1: listener mail and they don't listen to that part, So 19 00:01:13,800 --> 00:01:17,640 Speaker 1: just a heads up. Both of these installments of Unearthed 20 00:01:17,760 --> 00:01:24,000 Speaker 1: have special Unearthed specific listener mail. Bump bump um uh 21 00:01:24,080 --> 00:01:27,600 Speaker 1: so we have mentioned before the search for the remains 22 00:01:27,600 --> 00:01:30,960 Speaker 1: of victims of the Tulsa Race massacre that's come up 23 00:01:31,000 --> 00:01:35,080 Speaker 1: several times previously. The search of the Oaklawn Cemetery in 24 00:01:35,160 --> 00:01:39,640 Speaker 1: Tulsa ended on June, having identified thirty five coffins and 25 00:01:39,760 --> 00:01:45,080 Speaker 1: exhumed nineteen sets of remains from unmarked graves. Investigators do 26 00:01:45,120 --> 00:01:47,760 Speaker 1: not believe that the people buried in all thirty five 27 00:01:47,800 --> 00:01:50,960 Speaker 1: coffins were victims of the massacre, so they focused their 28 00:01:51,000 --> 00:01:54,080 Speaker 1: exhimation efforts primarily on the ones who were buried in 29 00:01:54,160 --> 00:01:57,000 Speaker 1: cheaper coffins, which they saw as more likely to be 30 00:01:57,120 --> 00:02:01,280 Speaker 1: massacre victims. About half of their mains had been thoroughly 31 00:02:01,320 --> 00:02:04,040 Speaker 1: examined by the seven and at least one of them 32 00:02:04,040 --> 00:02:08,040 Speaker 1: showed obvious signs of trauma. This work included a section 33 00:02:08,160 --> 00:02:11,520 Speaker 1: of the cemetery known as the Original Eighteen, believed to 34 00:02:11,520 --> 00:02:14,440 Speaker 1: be the burial site of eighteen victims of the Tulsa 35 00:02:14,520 --> 00:02:18,240 Speaker 1: Race massacre who had been listed on a funeral home ledger. 36 00:02:18,840 --> 00:02:22,160 Speaker 1: And although this phase of the excavation at Oakland is 37 00:02:22,200 --> 00:02:25,239 Speaker 1: complete now, work with the remains that were exhumed is 38 00:02:25,320 --> 00:02:29,880 Speaker 1: still ongoing, including trying to identify exactly who these people 39 00:02:29,960 --> 00:02:33,720 Speaker 1: were so Our episode on the Tulsa Race massacre was 40 00:02:33,840 --> 00:02:37,160 Speaker 1: most recently a Saturday Classic on May twenty nine of 41 00:02:37,240 --> 00:02:40,760 Speaker 1: this year. In June, the U S Office of Army 42 00:02:40,800 --> 00:02:44,440 Speaker 1: Cemeteries announced a plan to exhume the bodies of ten 43 00:02:44,600 --> 00:02:48,440 Speaker 1: children buried on the grounds of Carlisle, Indian Industrial School 44 00:02:48,800 --> 00:02:51,760 Speaker 1: and returned them to their families. This is the U. 45 00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:55,240 Speaker 1: S Army's fourth such project at Carlyle Barracks, some of 46 00:02:55,240 --> 00:02:57,800 Speaker 1: which we have discussed on previous episodes of the show. 47 00:02:58,680 --> 00:03:01,720 Speaker 1: This disinterment was affected to start in mid June and 48 00:03:01,760 --> 00:03:05,440 Speaker 1: be completed by July eighteenth, so it is still ongoing 49 00:03:05,560 --> 00:03:08,800 Speaker 1: as of when we're recording this episode. Yeah, and the 50 00:03:08,919 --> 00:03:13,720 Speaker 1: US Army's announcement about this disinternment at Carlisle came amid 51 00:03:14,200 --> 00:03:18,960 Speaker 1: several announced discoveries of mass graves and unmarked burial sites 52 00:03:19,040 --> 00:03:23,280 Speaker 1: at former residential schools in Canada. We mentioned these on 53 00:03:23,360 --> 00:03:27,079 Speaker 1: our recent Saturday Classic on the Fort show Indian Schoolgirls 54 00:03:27,120 --> 00:03:31,079 Speaker 1: basketball team, and as of when we recorded this podcast, 55 00:03:31,120 --> 00:03:35,360 Speaker 1: which is happening on July seven, uh this involved two 56 00:03:35,400 --> 00:03:38,680 Speaker 1: different schools in British Columbia and one incests catch one, 57 00:03:38,800 --> 00:03:42,000 Speaker 1: so this is something that's still ongoing as of when 58 00:03:42,000 --> 00:03:45,360 Speaker 1: we're recording this. Based on what's happened so far, I 59 00:03:45,400 --> 00:03:50,680 Speaker 1: would not be surprised, sadly if further discoveries were announced 60 00:03:50,720 --> 00:03:52,880 Speaker 1: between July six, when we were recording and when this 61 00:03:53,240 --> 00:03:56,839 Speaker 1: episode is actually coming out. Yeah, that's I would say, 62 00:03:56,920 --> 00:03:59,720 Speaker 1: list that is more likely than unlikely at this point. Yeah, 63 00:03:59,760 --> 00:04:03,760 Speaker 1: it's it's an ongoing and just truly horrific and and 64 00:04:03,840 --> 00:04:09,000 Speaker 1: traumatizing to the people involved. Series of announced discoveries. So 65 00:04:09,120 --> 00:04:13,160 Speaker 1: way back in previous hosts Sarah and Bablina did an 66 00:04:13,160 --> 00:04:16,600 Speaker 1: episode on the pre Columbian Native American city of Khokia, 67 00:04:16,760 --> 00:04:19,280 Speaker 1: which was home to at least fifteen thousand people at 68 00:04:19,320 --> 00:04:23,039 Speaker 1: its peak in about the year eleven fifty. It's often 69 00:04:23,080 --> 00:04:25,919 Speaker 1: described as being bigger than the city of London was 70 00:04:26,000 --> 00:04:30,240 Speaker 1: at that time. One unanswered question about Kahokia is why 71 00:04:30,320 --> 00:04:35,360 Speaker 1: the people living there ultimately abandoned it. So one proposed explanation, 72 00:04:35,600 --> 00:04:38,120 Speaker 1: and one that was mentioned in that episode, has been 73 00:04:38,160 --> 00:04:41,440 Speaker 1: that the residents of Kahokia used too much wood from 74 00:04:41,440 --> 00:04:45,960 Speaker 1: the surrounding land, deforesting the area and contributing to runoff 75 00:04:46,000 --> 00:04:49,640 Speaker 1: and flooding. But according to research that was published in 76 00:04:49,680 --> 00:04:55,200 Speaker 1: the journal Geoarchaeology. While the reasons behind cohokias abandonment still 77 00:04:55,279 --> 00:04:59,760 Speaker 1: aren't clear, it probably wasn't because of deforestation. In the 78 00:04:59,800 --> 00:05:02,960 Speaker 1: world of Caitlin Rankin, who conducted this research as part 79 00:05:02,960 --> 00:05:06,560 Speaker 1: of her graduate studies, quote, there's a really common narrative 80 00:05:06,600 --> 00:05:10,360 Speaker 1: about land use practices that lead to erosion and sedimentation 81 00:05:10,760 --> 00:05:14,640 Speaker 1: and contribute to all of these environmental consequences. When we 82 00:05:14,720 --> 00:05:18,120 Speaker 1: actually revisit this, we're not seeing evidence of the flooding. 83 00:05:18,720 --> 00:05:22,320 Speaker 1: So there was evidence of lots of wood use, including 84 00:05:22,360 --> 00:05:26,000 Speaker 1: cutting down thousands of trees to build palisades, but there 85 00:05:26,080 --> 00:05:30,839 Speaker 1: was not evidence that catastrophic flooding had followed that, and 86 00:05:30,920 --> 00:05:34,280 Speaker 1: that was the thing that had theoretically led to Cokia's abandonment. 87 00:05:35,040 --> 00:05:37,760 Speaker 1: Last year, we did an episode on beekeeping and its 88 00:05:37,760 --> 00:05:42,200 Speaker 1: origins in honey and bee hunting. Researchers in West Africa 89 00:05:42,240 --> 00:05:45,600 Speaker 1: have been studying the Central Nigerian Knock culture, which existed 90 00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:49,520 Speaker 1: from about five hundred BC to two hundred CE, including 91 00:05:49,600 --> 00:05:54,200 Speaker 1: carrying out chemical analysis on four hundred fifty pieces of pottery. 92 00:05:54,440 --> 00:05:57,720 Speaker 1: The soil in the area is very acidic, so plant 93 00:05:57,800 --> 00:06:01,040 Speaker 1: and animal remains have not survived the intervening two thousand 94 00:06:01,160 --> 00:06:05,560 Speaker 1: years to be analyzed, so this pottery is archaeologist's primary 95 00:06:05,680 --> 00:06:08,680 Speaker 1: tool to learn about how the Knock people ate and 96 00:06:08,880 --> 00:06:12,160 Speaker 1: how it compares two groups living in the area today. 97 00:06:12,400 --> 00:06:15,960 Speaker 1: About a third of the pottery studied in this research 98 00:06:16,120 --> 00:06:21,159 Speaker 1: showed evidence of being used to store and process beeswax, and, 99 00:06:21,160 --> 00:06:25,120 Speaker 1: in the words of co author Peter Britting of god University, quote, 100 00:06:25,200 --> 00:06:29,120 Speaker 1: we originally started the study of chemical residues in pottery 101 00:06:29,160 --> 00:06:32,839 Speaker 1: shirts because of the lack of animal bones at Knock sites, 102 00:06:33,480 --> 00:06:36,560 Speaker 1: hoping to find evidence for meat processing in the pots 103 00:06:37,160 --> 00:06:41,000 Speaker 1: that the Knock people exploited. Honey thirty five hundred years 104 00:06:41,000 --> 00:06:47,200 Speaker 1: ago was completely unexpected and is unique in West African prehistory. 105 00:06:47,480 --> 00:06:50,520 Speaker 1: Archaeologists believed that they have found the home that Harriet 106 00:06:50,560 --> 00:06:54,159 Speaker 1: Tupman lived in when she was a teenager. The team 107 00:06:54,320 --> 00:06:58,359 Speaker 1: had been fruitlessly searching Dorchester County in Maryland's eastern shore 108 00:06:58,839 --> 00:07:01,760 Speaker 1: before a metal detect helped them spot a coin that 109 00:07:01,800 --> 00:07:05,320 Speaker 1: was dated eighteen o eight. That coin led them to 110 00:07:05,400 --> 00:07:08,480 Speaker 1: the likely site of a cabin owned by Tubman's father, 111 00:07:08,640 --> 00:07:12,720 Speaker 1: Ben Ross, about a quarter of a mile away. Archaeologists 112 00:07:12,760 --> 00:07:16,200 Speaker 1: have since found bricks, a drawer pull, a button and 113 00:07:16,280 --> 00:07:20,720 Speaker 1: a pipe stem, among other artifacts. This search started last 114 00:07:20,840 --> 00:07:24,000 Speaker 1: fall based on written records that pointed the team to 115 00:07:24,080 --> 00:07:27,600 Speaker 1: the direction of attractive land that the US Fish and 116 00:07:27,680 --> 00:07:31,760 Speaker 1: Wildlife Service purchased last year, and our two parter on 117 00:07:31,840 --> 00:07:36,360 Speaker 1: Harriet's Subman was most recently a Saturday Classic Justice. Past June, 118 00:07:36,840 --> 00:07:39,840 Speaker 1: we talked about the Philadelphia Move bombing. In May of 119 00:07:41,640 --> 00:07:45,000 Speaker 1: Philadelphia police dropped a bomb on a home members of 120 00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:48,360 Speaker 1: the Move organization We're living in, and officials then allowed 121 00:07:48,400 --> 00:07:52,960 Speaker 1: the resulting fire to burn unchecked through the neighborhood. Eleven 122 00:07:53,000 --> 00:07:57,640 Speaker 1: people died, including five children. In April, news broke that 123 00:07:57,720 --> 00:08:00,920 Speaker 1: the bones of two children killed in the bombing, likely 124 00:08:00,960 --> 00:08:04,360 Speaker 1: belonging to twelve year old Delicia Africa and fourteen year 125 00:08:04,400 --> 00:08:07,680 Speaker 1: old Tree Africa, were being held in the collections of 126 00:08:07,800 --> 00:08:11,160 Speaker 1: University of Pennsylvania and Princeton, and that they were being 127 00:08:11,320 --> 00:08:15,360 Speaker 1: used as a case study in an online forensic anthropology course. 128 00:08:16,160 --> 00:08:19,080 Speaker 1: The course was originally filmed in twenty nineteen and was 129 00:08:19,160 --> 00:08:23,200 Speaker 1: presented by Princeton University on the Coursera platform under the 130 00:08:23,240 --> 00:08:28,120 Speaker 1: title Real Bones Adventures in Forensic Anthropology, but that has 131 00:08:28,160 --> 00:08:32,360 Speaker 1: since been taken down. Maya Castudo broke this story in 132 00:08:32,400 --> 00:08:36,839 Speaker 1: the Philadelphia publication Billy Penn on April, and from there 133 00:08:36,880 --> 00:08:41,400 Speaker 1: it really became international news. Costudo, who had previously worked 134 00:08:41,440 --> 00:08:44,760 Speaker 1: at the penn Museum, wrote about the careless and in 135 00:08:44,840 --> 00:08:47,360 Speaker 1: different way, that these remains had been handled at the 136 00:08:47,440 --> 00:08:51,960 Speaker 1: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, and that 137 00:08:52,080 --> 00:08:56,359 Speaker 1: they had been transferred to Princeton, but a Princeton spokesperson 138 00:08:56,480 --> 00:08:59,920 Speaker 1: later said the university no longer had them. It was 139 00:09:00,160 --> 00:09:03,640 Speaker 1: really unclear where these bones were. When this story first 140 00:09:03,679 --> 00:09:08,800 Speaker 1: broke in May, city officials announced that Philadelphia's Health Commissioner, Dr. 141 00:09:08,840 --> 00:09:12,800 Speaker 1: Thomas Farley had ordered the remains cremated and disposed of 142 00:09:12,880 --> 00:09:17,200 Speaker 1: in ten rather than returning them to surviving members of 143 00:09:17,200 --> 00:09:22,200 Speaker 1: the Africa family. Farley later resigned, with his resignation announced 144 00:09:22,200 --> 00:09:25,600 Speaker 1: on the thirty sixth anniversary of the bombing, But then 145 00:09:25,640 --> 00:09:28,640 Speaker 1: it was announced that the remains had been found in storage. 146 00:09:29,080 --> 00:09:32,600 Speaker 1: The city announced that, after finishing an internal investigation into 147 00:09:32,600 --> 00:09:35,160 Speaker 1: all of this, the remains would be returned to the 148 00:09:35,240 --> 00:09:38,959 Speaker 1: children's surviving family members. And this is one of those 149 00:09:38,960 --> 00:09:44,120 Speaker 1: things that's also still a developing story and situation as 150 00:09:44,160 --> 00:09:47,360 Speaker 1: we are recording this um it's possible that there will 151 00:09:47,400 --> 00:09:50,680 Speaker 1: be further developments in it over the next few weeks. 152 00:09:51,640 --> 00:09:56,760 Speaker 1: We did a special Unearthed edition on Franklin's Lost Expedition 153 00:09:56,920 --> 00:10:00,240 Speaker 1: back in and we've had some other updates on the 154 00:10:00,280 --> 00:10:04,679 Speaker 1: expedition and finds from the rex involved in the expedition 155 00:10:04,760 --> 00:10:08,400 Speaker 1: since then. Now, for the first time a member of 156 00:10:08,440 --> 00:10:13,360 Speaker 1: that expedition has been identified through DNA and genealogical analysis. 157 00:10:14,040 --> 00:10:17,520 Speaker 1: It is Warrant Officer John Gregory, who was an engineer 158 00:10:17,600 --> 00:10:21,480 Speaker 1: aboard the HMS Arabis whose tooth and bone samples were 159 00:10:21,480 --> 00:10:25,120 Speaker 1: recovered in two from King William Island, none of it. 160 00:10:25,760 --> 00:10:29,240 Speaker 1: Last fall we talked about some incredible fines from Oxboroh 161 00:10:29,320 --> 00:10:32,319 Speaker 1: Hall in Norfolk, England, and we also talked in an 162 00:10:32,320 --> 00:10:35,160 Speaker 1: earlier on Earth about the discovery of some chocolate from 163 00:10:35,160 --> 00:10:38,160 Speaker 1: the Boer War that belonged to Australian poet and war 164 00:10:38,240 --> 00:10:43,520 Speaker 1: correspondent Banjo Patterson. Queen Victoria had commissioned this chocolate as 165 00:10:43,559 --> 00:10:47,480 Speaker 1: a morale booster for British troops. Well, now a ten 166 00:10:47,600 --> 00:10:51,040 Speaker 1: of chocolates from the same commission has been found at 167 00:10:51,080 --> 00:10:54,839 Speaker 1: Oxford Hall. This ten belonged to the eighth Baronet, Sir 168 00:10:55,000 --> 00:10:59,080 Speaker 1: Henry Edward Paston Bettingfield, who served in the war, and 169 00:10:59,160 --> 00:11:03,000 Speaker 1: it was among his daughter Francis Greathead's possessions found in 170 00:11:03,040 --> 00:11:06,360 Speaker 1: the Hall's attic. Something we didn't get into when we 171 00:11:06,400 --> 00:11:10,440 Speaker 1: talked about Banjo Patterson's chocolate. The Queen commissioned the chocolate 172 00:11:10,679 --> 00:11:14,520 Speaker 1: from Britain's three top chocolate manufacturers, all of which had 173 00:11:14,559 --> 00:11:18,400 Speaker 1: been started by Quakers. This led to some back and forth, 174 00:11:18,520 --> 00:11:20,880 Speaker 1: as the leadership of each of the three companies was 175 00:11:20,960 --> 00:11:24,200 Speaker 1: pacifist and didn't want to be associated with or to 176 00:11:24,320 --> 00:11:27,400 Speaker 1: make money from the war, but the Queen wanted it 177 00:11:27,440 --> 00:11:29,400 Speaker 1: to be clear to the troops that what they were 178 00:11:29,400 --> 00:11:33,360 Speaker 1: receiving was British chocolate. In the end, the chocolate was 179 00:11:33,400 --> 00:11:37,600 Speaker 1: distributed in unbranded tins, although some of the chocolate itself 180 00:11:37,760 --> 00:11:41,920 Speaker 1: was brandon also. It turns out there were so many 181 00:11:42,120 --> 00:11:44,800 Speaker 1: updates to talk about in this Unearth that we are 182 00:11:44,840 --> 00:11:48,280 Speaker 1: going to continue them after we take a quick sponsor break. 183 00:11:55,360 --> 00:11:59,640 Speaker 1: Last March, we talked about a cranium found near Pompey 184 00:11:59,679 --> 00:12:03,760 Speaker 1: that may have belonged to Plenty the Elder. Now it 185 00:12:03,840 --> 00:12:07,400 Speaker 1: is being speculated that a set of remains near Herculanum 186 00:12:07,440 --> 00:12:10,720 Speaker 1: may belong to a soldier from Plenty's fleet, maybe even 187 00:12:10,800 --> 00:12:14,720 Speaker 1: a high ranking officer. These bones were found among those 188 00:12:14,720 --> 00:12:17,800 Speaker 1: of about three hundred people who had tried to flee 189 00:12:17,840 --> 00:12:20,920 Speaker 1: the volcanic eruption, and they belonged to somebody who was 190 00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:24,720 Speaker 1: probably a man in his early forties, in pretty good health, 191 00:12:25,160 --> 00:12:28,960 Speaker 1: wearing some kind of armor, and carrying tools in his knapsack, 192 00:12:29,480 --> 00:12:31,719 Speaker 1: so all of that suggests that he was some kind 193 00:12:31,760 --> 00:12:34,720 Speaker 1: of a soldier. He was also wearing an ornate leather 194 00:12:34,840 --> 00:12:37,680 Speaker 1: belt that was decorated with silver and gold, and that 195 00:12:37,800 --> 00:12:40,240 Speaker 1: suggests that he was a soldier of some kind of rank. 196 00:12:40,760 --> 00:12:44,520 Speaker 1: It is not clear what kind of soldier he was, though. 197 00:12:45,280 --> 00:12:48,040 Speaker 1: Coins found next to the body total the monthly pay 198 00:12:48,080 --> 00:12:50,560 Speaker 1: of a member of the Praetorian Guard, which were the 199 00:12:50,559 --> 00:12:54,240 Speaker 1: household armies of Roman emperors. But some of his gear 200 00:12:54,360 --> 00:12:57,120 Speaker 1: and tools he was carrying were commonly used by ships 201 00:12:57,160 --> 00:13:00,800 Speaker 1: engineers and carpenters, suggesting that he might have been part 202 00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:04,280 Speaker 1: of Plenty's relief force. So, as was the case with 203 00:13:04,320 --> 00:13:07,400 Speaker 1: that cranium last time, headlines that make it sound like 204 00:13:07,440 --> 00:13:11,600 Speaker 1: these remains have been conclusively identified as belonging to a 205 00:13:11,640 --> 00:13:14,400 Speaker 1: soldier who came with Plenty's fleet to try to help 206 00:13:14,440 --> 00:13:17,800 Speaker 1: in the aftermath of the eruption of Pompeii seem a 207 00:13:17,840 --> 00:13:23,080 Speaker 1: bit overstated. Yeah, like that previous cranium, there were a 208 00:13:23,120 --> 00:13:26,000 Speaker 1: lot of headlines that were like Poliny the Elder found 209 00:13:26,040 --> 00:13:30,880 Speaker 1: and it was like maybe same with these remains. We 210 00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:34,280 Speaker 1: talked about Antony von Levin Hook and his animal cule's 211 00:13:34,440 --> 00:13:39,959 Speaker 1: back in March of and one lingering unknown has been 212 00:13:40,000 --> 00:13:43,640 Speaker 1: exactly how he made the lenses for the microscopes that 213 00:13:43,679 --> 00:13:48,120 Speaker 1: he used to make those observations. On leven Hook's microscopes 214 00:13:48,160 --> 00:13:52,160 Speaker 1: were exceptionally good for the time. They delivered a magnification 215 00:13:52,200 --> 00:13:54,680 Speaker 1: of up to two hundred and seventy times using a 216 00:13:54,760 --> 00:13:59,200 Speaker 1: single lens, but he kept his lens making methods and 217 00:13:59,320 --> 00:14:03,719 Speaker 1: recipes a secret. But now researchers at TU Delft in 218 00:14:03,760 --> 00:14:07,280 Speaker 1: the Netherlands have used neutron tomography to try to crack 219 00:14:07,400 --> 00:14:11,000 Speaker 1: that case. They needed a non invasive method to study 220 00:14:11,040 --> 00:14:14,440 Speaker 1: the lenses because von leven Hook riveted his lenses between 221 00:14:14,520 --> 00:14:18,680 Speaker 1: metal plates, so examining those lenses directly would require the 222 00:14:18,760 --> 00:14:22,520 Speaker 1: microscopes to be taken apart. Yes, people are of course 223 00:14:22,600 --> 00:14:28,000 Speaker 1: reluctant to take apart irreplaceable historical microscopes to see what 224 00:14:28,040 --> 00:14:30,080 Speaker 1: the lenses are made of. Let me just tinker with this, 225 00:14:30,200 --> 00:14:36,600 Speaker 1: I'll figure it out. So only eleven of the hundreds 226 00:14:36,640 --> 00:14:40,840 Speaker 1: of microscopes that he made are known to have survived today. 227 00:14:40,880 --> 00:14:42,960 Speaker 1: There could of course be more that we have not 228 00:14:43,040 --> 00:14:46,840 Speaker 1: on earthed yet. This research, though, suggests that he used 229 00:14:46,840 --> 00:14:50,040 Speaker 1: a unique lens for each one, depending on the purpose 230 00:14:50,200 --> 00:14:54,360 Speaker 1: of each microscope. On Leven Hook's highest powered microscope that's 231 00:14:54,360 --> 00:14:58,880 Speaker 1: still in existence today contains a ball shaped lens connected 232 00:14:58,920 --> 00:15:01,920 Speaker 1: to a tiny, tiny last thread, and that would have 233 00:15:01,960 --> 00:15:05,320 Speaker 1: been made by blowing the glass rather than by grinding it. 234 00:15:06,000 --> 00:15:09,080 Speaker 1: And this seems to be a refinement of a recipe 235 00:15:09,200 --> 00:15:13,440 Speaker 1: that was published by Robert Hook in sight. It's really 236 00:15:13,440 --> 00:15:16,160 Speaker 1: not surprising that some of On Leavin Hook's lenses would 237 00:15:16,160 --> 00:15:19,000 Speaker 1: build off of Hook's work, because he was a known 238 00:15:19,040 --> 00:15:23,960 Speaker 1: admirer of Hook's micrographia. The authors of this paper suggests 239 00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:26,440 Speaker 1: that one of the reasons on Leavin Hook was so 240 00:15:26,480 --> 00:15:30,720 Speaker 1: secretive about his work was to conceal this inspiration. He 241 00:15:30,840 --> 00:15:34,360 Speaker 1: kind of maintained this persona of a loan observer working 242 00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:38,640 Speaker 1: in scientific isolation, based almost on a whim. But really 243 00:15:38,880 --> 00:15:41,080 Speaker 1: these lenses suggest that he was pretty up to date 244 00:15:41,120 --> 00:15:44,120 Speaker 1: on the latest developments in optics and he was incorporating 245 00:15:44,160 --> 00:15:47,320 Speaker 1: them into his work. And for our last update this 246 00:15:47,400 --> 00:15:50,320 Speaker 1: time around, we did an episode on the nineteen sixty 247 00:15:50,360 --> 00:15:54,520 Speaker 1: four Mississippi Freedom Summer in February of this year, and 248 00:15:54,680 --> 00:15:57,600 Speaker 1: one big piece of that episode was the murder of 249 00:15:57,720 --> 00:16:01,720 Speaker 1: civil rights activist James Cheney, Drew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner. 250 00:16:02,560 --> 00:16:05,520 Speaker 1: Records related to that case have now been open to 251 00:16:05,560 --> 00:16:08,520 Speaker 1: the public for the first time. They are being housed 252 00:16:08,560 --> 00:16:12,239 Speaker 1: and available for viewing at the William F. Winter Archives 253 00:16:12,320 --> 00:16:16,680 Speaker 1: and History Building in Jackson, Mississippi. Moving on to a 254 00:16:16,680 --> 00:16:20,280 Speaker 1: couple of fines related to books. Kate McCaffrey, who used 255 00:16:20,280 --> 00:16:23,520 Speaker 1: to work as a steward at Haverdcastle, has researched two 256 00:16:23,560 --> 00:16:27,160 Speaker 1: books that were inscribed by Anne Boleyn, one being the 257 00:16:27,200 --> 00:16:30,160 Speaker 1: prayer book that she's believed to have carried to her execution. 258 00:16:30,800 --> 00:16:33,880 Speaker 1: McCaffrey did this research as part of her master's thesis, 259 00:16:34,680 --> 00:16:38,000 Speaker 1: so the prayer book was previously known to contain only 260 00:16:38,120 --> 00:16:42,280 Speaker 1: one inscription that being written by Anne, and it included 261 00:16:42,280 --> 00:16:45,960 Speaker 1: her signature and a rhyming couplet that said remember me 262 00:16:46,120 --> 00:16:49,600 Speaker 1: when you do pray that hope doth lead from day 263 00:16:49,640 --> 00:16:54,560 Speaker 1: to day. But McCaffrey found other inscriptions, including the family 264 00:16:54,640 --> 00:16:58,840 Speaker 1: names of Gauge, West and Shirley, which centered around the 265 00:16:58,920 --> 00:17:02,960 Speaker 1: name of the Guilfer family of Cranbrook. All of that 266 00:17:03,080 --> 00:17:06,720 Speaker 1: had been erased, and McCaffrey had to use ultra violet 267 00:17:06,800 --> 00:17:10,399 Speaker 1: photography and photo editing software to make it visible and 268 00:17:10,480 --> 00:17:14,080 Speaker 1: to puzzle out what these words said. Through this work, 269 00:17:14,160 --> 00:17:18,159 Speaker 1: McCaffrey traced how this book survived after Bolin's execution in 270 00:17:18,240 --> 00:17:22,160 Speaker 1: fifteen thirty six, after which many of her possessions were destroyed. 271 00:17:22,920 --> 00:17:27,000 Speaker 1: These inscriptions essentially trace a chain of people, mostly women, 272 00:17:27,240 --> 00:17:29,640 Speaker 1: who passed the book from one to another and kept 273 00:17:29,720 --> 00:17:33,840 Speaker 1: it concealed and safe, and in another book, story that 274 00:17:33,920 --> 00:17:39,600 Speaker 1: I find equal parts sad and sweet. Ten extremely overdue 275 00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:42,680 Speaker 1: books have been returned to the Somerville Public Library in 276 00:17:42,800 --> 00:17:46,520 Speaker 1: Massachusetts after being discovered in an attic. They had been 277 00:17:46,600 --> 00:17:50,639 Speaker 1: checked out of the Librari's West branch by Helen Godimus 278 00:17:50,640 --> 00:17:53,800 Speaker 1: when she was a teenager in the nineteen thirties, but 279 00:17:53,840 --> 00:17:56,600 Speaker 1: then she died of the flu in n seven at 280 00:17:56,640 --> 00:17:59,920 Speaker 1: the age of only sixteen, at which point the book 281 00:18:00,119 --> 00:18:02,520 Speaker 1: that she had checked out from the school library and 282 00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:05,399 Speaker 1: the public library wound up in a box in the 283 00:18:05,440 --> 00:18:08,800 Speaker 1: attic and then later in a relative's basement, where they 284 00:18:08,840 --> 00:18:12,760 Speaker 1: were rediscovered in June. The books themselves date back to 285 00:18:12,800 --> 00:18:15,920 Speaker 1: the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the ones 286 00:18:15,960 --> 00:18:19,320 Speaker 1: from the Summerville Library included a nineteen oh three copy 287 00:18:19,440 --> 00:18:23,359 Speaker 1: of Language Lessons from Literature Book one and a n 288 00:18:24,320 --> 00:18:29,200 Speaker 1: copy of Carpenter's new geographical Reader Asia. So the Summerville 289 00:18:29,240 --> 00:18:32,399 Speaker 1: West Branch Library actually used to be my branch of 290 00:18:32,400 --> 00:18:35,760 Speaker 1: the library before I moved away from Somerville. H It's 291 00:18:35,760 --> 00:18:39,320 Speaker 1: a Carnegie library that was originally built in nineteen o nine, 292 00:18:39,640 --> 00:18:44,399 Speaker 1: and it reopens July twelfth after some really extensive renovation work. 293 00:18:44,840 --> 00:18:46,960 Speaker 1: I think this episode will have come out by the 294 00:18:46,960 --> 00:18:50,960 Speaker 1: time it reopens. Uh. There is no fine do for 295 00:18:51,040 --> 00:18:55,480 Speaker 1: the massive lateness of these books, though the Summerville Public 296 00:18:55,520 --> 00:18:59,040 Speaker 1: Library went fine free on July one, and before that 297 00:18:59,080 --> 00:19:01,920 Speaker 1: point the maximum fine would have been ten dollars. So 298 00:19:02,400 --> 00:19:05,200 Speaker 1: I know with some of these headlines about very overdue 299 00:19:05,240 --> 00:19:09,080 Speaker 1: library books, there will be estimated fines do of like 300 00:19:09,200 --> 00:19:13,000 Speaker 1: fifteen thousand dollars, and the summer Hill Library had a 301 00:19:13,040 --> 00:19:16,159 Speaker 1: max of ten I have feelings about those kinds of 302 00:19:16,160 --> 00:19:19,720 Speaker 1: headlines and libraries. I do too, and so does my spouse, 303 00:19:19,800 --> 00:19:27,080 Speaker 1: who I discussed this story with. Now we are moving 304 00:19:27,119 --> 00:19:30,119 Speaker 1: on to uh some of my favorites. A few fines 305 00:19:30,200 --> 00:19:34,000 Speaker 1: related to food and drink. First up, teams in Oxford, 306 00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:37,800 Speaker 1: England have confirmed that two medieval households in Oxford's Jewish 307 00:19:37,880 --> 00:19:43,680 Speaker 1: Quarter were maintaining kosher dietary practices. Although Jewish dietary laws 308 00:19:43,720 --> 00:19:45,960 Speaker 1: are much older than this, this is the first time 309 00:19:45,960 --> 00:19:50,679 Speaker 1: they've been conclusively identified in British archaeology. So this team 310 00:19:50,720 --> 00:19:53,720 Speaker 1: started with the remains of two houses which, based on 311 00:19:53,760 --> 00:19:58,199 Speaker 1: a medieval census, appeared to have housed Jewish families, and 312 00:19:58,280 --> 00:20:01,760 Speaker 1: while excavating those two holmes, they found a latrine that 313 00:20:01,840 --> 00:20:04,679 Speaker 1: dated back to the eleventh or twelfth century, and that 314 00:20:04,760 --> 00:20:08,240 Speaker 1: latrine contained lots of different animal bones, but no pig 315 00:20:08,280 --> 00:20:12,360 Speaker 1: bones at all. They also used chemical and isotopic analysis 316 00:20:12,400 --> 00:20:15,439 Speaker 1: to confirm what kinds of foods had been prepared in 317 00:20:15,520 --> 00:20:18,199 Speaker 1: pottery at the site, and they found evidence that the 318 00:20:18,280 --> 00:20:21,080 Speaker 1: vessels had been used to cook cattle, sheep, and goat, 319 00:20:21,160 --> 00:20:25,119 Speaker 1: but again not pork. Pork residues have been found in 320 00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:27,920 Speaker 1: cooking vessels from other homes dated back to the same 321 00:20:27,920 --> 00:20:32,280 Speaker 1: time period, but those were located outside Oxford's Jewish Quarter. 322 00:20:32,960 --> 00:20:36,680 Speaker 1: In the words of the papers, lead author Dr Julie Dunn, quote, 323 00:20:36,720 --> 00:20:41,560 Speaker 1: this is a remarkable example of how biomolecular information extracted 324 00:20:41,600 --> 00:20:45,479 Speaker 1: from medieval pottery and combined with ancient documents and animal bones, 325 00:20:45,920 --> 00:20:49,400 Speaker 1: has provided a unique insight into eight hundred year old 326 00:20:49,440 --> 00:20:55,680 Speaker 1: Jewish dietary practices. Similarly, archaeologists in Spain have unearthed evidence 327 00:20:55,720 --> 00:21:00,040 Speaker 1: of Muslim dietary practices that persisted after Catholic space A 328 00:21:00,240 --> 00:21:05,520 Speaker 1: finished its conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in fourteen At first, 329 00:21:05,680 --> 00:21:09,640 Speaker 1: Muslims were allowed to continue their religious observances and practices, 330 00:21:10,240 --> 00:21:13,560 Speaker 1: but the Catholic government soon outlawed the practice of Islam 331 00:21:13,720 --> 00:21:18,200 Speaker 1: and began forcing people to convert. Various Spanish kingdoms then 332 00:21:18,240 --> 00:21:22,320 Speaker 1: expelled their remaining Muslim populations in the early sixteen hundreds. 333 00:21:23,280 --> 00:21:27,520 Speaker 1: Some evidence of Muslim customs and dietary practices that have 334 00:21:27,640 --> 00:21:31,800 Speaker 1: been unearthed recently include the presence of atas, which were 335 00:21:31,920 --> 00:21:36,320 Speaker 1: large communal bulls, and these were gradually replaced by small 336 00:21:36,400 --> 00:21:40,760 Speaker 1: bowls for individual portions in the decades after the Catholic conquest. 337 00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:45,359 Speaker 1: Among the Catholic community, the idea of a lot of 338 00:21:45,400 --> 00:21:49,040 Speaker 1: people eating from one communal bowl was not great, and 339 00:21:49,119 --> 00:21:52,919 Speaker 1: so that is what led to this shifting toward individually 340 00:21:52,960 --> 00:21:57,239 Speaker 1: portioned poles. Another is the presence of sheep bones and 341 00:21:57,280 --> 00:22:01,000 Speaker 1: the absence of pig bones around Muslim households, and that 342 00:22:01,080 --> 00:22:06,600 Speaker 1: again persisted after the Catholic government uh started banning Muslim practices. 343 00:22:07,560 --> 00:22:10,000 Speaker 1: As a side note, one thing that Tracy read when 344 00:22:10,040 --> 00:22:12,840 Speaker 1: she was going through this research discussed how this fed 345 00:22:12,880 --> 00:22:17,160 Speaker 1: into the popularity of pork in Spanish cuisine, as Christians 346 00:22:17,200 --> 00:22:21,840 Speaker 1: signaled their religion by publicly displaying and consuming pork products, 347 00:22:21,880 --> 00:22:25,760 Speaker 1: which also reinforced the idea that Muslims and Jews were 348 00:22:25,800 --> 00:22:29,960 Speaker 1: not welcome and moving on. According to research that was 349 00:22:29,960 --> 00:22:34,720 Speaker 1: published in the Journal of Archaeological Science, Neolithic farmers living 350 00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:39,960 Speaker 1: seventy years ago altered the reproductive cycles of sheep, allowing 351 00:22:39,960 --> 00:22:42,840 Speaker 1: these communities to have meat and milk throughout the year. 352 00:22:43,520 --> 00:22:46,560 Speaker 1: The team came to this conclusion through stable isotope and 353 00:22:46,640 --> 00:22:50,439 Speaker 1: dental microware analysis from sheep remains that were found in 354 00:22:50,440 --> 00:22:53,760 Speaker 1: a cave in Spain. This was a really huge cave 355 00:22:53,880 --> 00:22:58,240 Speaker 1: with about three thousand square meters of habitable space, which 356 00:22:58,280 --> 00:23:01,240 Speaker 1: seems to have been home to just thousands of goats, sheep, 357 00:23:01,320 --> 00:23:05,280 Speaker 1: and pigs. Their research suggested that lots of lambs were 358 00:23:05,320 --> 00:23:07,920 Speaker 1: born in the fall in winter, rather than in the spring, 359 00:23:08,280 --> 00:23:10,800 Speaker 1: which was typical in wild sheep in the same area 360 00:23:10,840 --> 00:23:14,600 Speaker 1: and time period. Among other things, this would involve controlling 361 00:23:14,600 --> 00:23:18,119 Speaker 1: when ewes and rams had contact with each other. The 362 00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:20,840 Speaker 1: sheep also seemed to have been fed a pretty consistent 363 00:23:20,920 --> 00:23:23,920 Speaker 1: diet rather than one with a lot of seasonal variability. 364 00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:27,399 Speaker 1: And in our last fine before we take another quick break, 365 00:23:27,920 --> 00:23:32,040 Speaker 1: CRUs working to restore Michigan Central Station found a beer 366 00:23:32,080 --> 00:23:37,480 Speaker 1: bottle wedged into the ceiling containing a message. Once archivists 367 00:23:37,720 --> 00:23:40,680 Speaker 1: worked to remove this and open up the paper, which 368 00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:43,040 Speaker 1: took some doing. Its very old paper that had been 369 00:23:43,080 --> 00:23:45,560 Speaker 1: a beer bottle for a very long time, it was 370 00:23:45,640 --> 00:23:50,480 Speaker 1: found to read quote Dan Hogan and Geo Smith stuck 371 00:23:50,560 --> 00:23:56,560 Speaker 1: this ceiling of Chicago July Michigan Central Station, by the way, 372 00:23:56,640 --> 00:24:01,080 Speaker 1: is in Detroit, not Chicago. Correct. But I feel a 373 00:24:01,160 --> 00:24:03,600 Speaker 1: kinships through time with Dan and Geo because that's the 374 00:24:03,680 --> 00:24:06,840 Speaker 1: kind of garbage I would have done when I was young. Yeah, yeah, 375 00:24:06,920 --> 00:24:09,359 Speaker 1: there was some speculation in one of the articles that 376 00:24:09,520 --> 00:24:12,240 Speaker 1: I read about this that perhaps that was not their 377 00:24:12,280 --> 00:24:16,960 Speaker 1: first beer of the day, considering that they appear to 378 00:24:17,200 --> 00:24:19,879 Speaker 1: have possibly been confused about what city they were in, 379 00:24:21,560 --> 00:24:23,600 Speaker 1: or maybe they were saying they were from. It's a 380 00:24:23,600 --> 00:24:26,480 Speaker 1: little garbled in the way that it's written. Anyway, We're 381 00:24:26,480 --> 00:24:28,560 Speaker 1: gonna take a quick break and then come back with 382 00:24:28,680 --> 00:24:38,679 Speaker 1: some artwork. So we're kicking off the third act of 383 00:24:38,680 --> 00:24:42,639 Speaker 1: this episode with some art. There is ancient cave art 384 00:24:42,760 --> 00:24:45,920 Speaker 1: in just all kinds of places. We've talked about lots 385 00:24:45,960 --> 00:24:47,960 Speaker 1: of cave art on the show before, and some of 386 00:24:47,960 --> 00:24:52,160 Speaker 1: these places are fairly brightly lit places like rocky overhangs 387 00:24:52,160 --> 00:24:55,359 Speaker 1: and near the mouths of caves. But some of this 388 00:24:55,600 --> 00:24:59,760 Speaker 1: cave art is in really deep dark parts of cave system, 389 00:25:00,560 --> 00:25:03,520 Speaker 1: and the artwork itself does not suggest that people were 390 00:25:03,560 --> 00:25:06,840 Speaker 1: making it in the dark. Also doesn't necessarily suggest this 391 00:25:06,960 --> 00:25:08,760 Speaker 1: was a part of the cave that they were like 392 00:25:09,040 --> 00:25:12,600 Speaker 1: living in all of the time. So the question is, 393 00:25:12,640 --> 00:25:15,000 Speaker 1: of course, why make art in a place you have 394 00:25:15,080 --> 00:25:17,840 Speaker 1: to light a fire to see it, especially if it 395 00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:20,600 Speaker 1: wasn't a place you lived in or routinely used for 396 00:25:20,640 --> 00:25:25,040 Speaker 1: some other reason. A newly published paper puts forth one idea. 397 00:25:25,280 --> 00:25:30,000 Speaker 1: That paper is called hypoxia and Paleolithic decorated caves. The 398 00:25:30,160 --> 00:25:34,280 Speaker 1: use of artificial light in deep caves reduces oxygen concentration 399 00:25:34,720 --> 00:25:39,159 Speaker 1: and induces altered states of consciousness. This was published in 400 00:25:39,280 --> 00:25:43,040 Speaker 1: Time and Mind, the journal of Archaeology, Consciousness, and Culture. 401 00:25:43,640 --> 00:25:47,240 Speaker 1: So the basic idea here is that ancient artists took 402 00:25:47,320 --> 00:25:51,840 Speaker 1: torches or other fiery light sources into caves and notice 403 00:25:51,920 --> 00:25:54,879 Speaker 1: that after a while they started to get lightheaded thanks 404 00:25:54,920 --> 00:25:57,600 Speaker 1: to the dwindling oxygen supply and the build up of 405 00:25:57,720 --> 00:26:01,199 Speaker 1: byproducts from the flame. And then they moved on to 406 00:26:01,359 --> 00:26:05,960 Speaker 1: recreating this experience intentionally, using the cave art not only 407 00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:09,159 Speaker 1: as a visual representation of something, but also as a 408 00:26:09,240 --> 00:26:13,359 Speaker 1: more mind altering or transcendent experience. The authors of this 409 00:26:13,440 --> 00:26:17,440 Speaker 1: paper argue that the caves were decorated because they were significant, 410 00:26:17,560 --> 00:26:22,040 Speaker 1: rather than the artwork being what made the caves significant. 411 00:26:22,119 --> 00:26:25,359 Speaker 1: I find this to be a very interesting idea. I 412 00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:28,200 Speaker 1: have no idea if that's really what was going on, 413 00:26:28,920 --> 00:26:32,080 Speaker 1: but I did find it fascinating to read about. It's 414 00:26:32,119 --> 00:26:38,960 Speaker 1: like historical whippets in other news. One of the pieces 415 00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:41,879 Speaker 1: of art that has previously been attributed to Leonardo da 416 00:26:41,960 --> 00:26:45,360 Speaker 1: Vinci is the Flora wax bust in the Bodha Museum 417 00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:49,120 Speaker 1: in Berlin. The key piece of evidence for that attribution 418 00:26:49,280 --> 00:26:52,159 Speaker 1: was the fact that the face resembles faces from several 419 00:26:52,200 --> 00:26:56,120 Speaker 1: of Leonardo's portraits. This is not really a lot of evidence, 420 00:26:56,200 --> 00:26:59,840 Speaker 1: so people hotly debated whether Leonardo really made this bust 421 00:27:00,240 --> 00:27:03,160 Speaker 1: after the museum first acquired it in nineteen o nine. 422 00:27:03,320 --> 00:27:06,320 Speaker 1: And when we say hotly debating, there have been more 423 00:27:06,359 --> 00:27:11,920 Speaker 1: than seven articles arguing both four and against this attribution. However, 424 00:27:12,280 --> 00:27:15,920 Speaker 1: according to research published in the journal Scientific Reports, this 425 00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:20,320 Speaker 1: matter is now definitively and absolutely settled. The bust is 426 00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:24,000 Speaker 1: made primarily from sperm st which comes from sperm whales, 427 00:27:24,400 --> 00:27:27,720 Speaker 1: and carbon fourteen dating, which is routinely used to figure 428 00:27:27,760 --> 00:27:31,040 Speaker 1: out the ages of things as long as they're not 429 00:27:31,200 --> 00:27:34,480 Speaker 1: too old or too young. That works a little differently 430 00:27:34,520 --> 00:27:38,159 Speaker 1: when it comes to something made from spermaceti. Radio carbon 431 00:27:38,280 --> 00:27:41,240 Speaker 1: dating works off the idea that there's a consistent amount 432 00:27:41,280 --> 00:27:44,639 Speaker 1: of carbon fourteen in the atmosphere, but that's not true 433 00:27:44,680 --> 00:27:47,679 Speaker 1: when it comes to the ocean. The ocean surface layers 434 00:27:47,720 --> 00:27:50,960 Speaker 1: get carbon fourteen from the atmosphere, but they also get 435 00:27:50,960 --> 00:27:53,159 Speaker 1: it from the deeper regions of the ocean, which are 436 00:27:53,200 --> 00:27:58,320 Speaker 1: basically giant carbon fourteen reservoirs. Generally speaking, if you carbon 437 00:27:58,400 --> 00:28:01,320 Speaker 1: date marine animals, they seem a lot older than they 438 00:28:01,359 --> 00:28:04,600 Speaker 1: really are, as much as four hundred years older because 439 00:28:04,600 --> 00:28:08,119 Speaker 1: of the availability of carbon fourteen from both the atmosphere 440 00:28:08,160 --> 00:28:12,720 Speaker 1: and the deeper ocean. So taking the marine reservoir effect 441 00:28:12,800 --> 00:28:17,320 Speaker 1: into account, this research puts the Flora Busts creation is 442 00:28:17,359 --> 00:28:20,920 Speaker 1: happening in the nineteenth century, almost three hundred years after 443 00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:26,160 Speaker 1: Leonardo's death, and that adds to previously known evidence suggesting 444 00:28:26,160 --> 00:28:30,600 Speaker 1: a nineteenth century creation. Some things that were backing that 445 00:28:30,800 --> 00:28:35,000 Speaker 1: idea up include that spermacetti became a lot more common 446 00:28:35,640 --> 00:28:38,320 Speaker 1: in the nineteenth century to do pieces like this than 447 00:28:38,320 --> 00:28:41,320 Speaker 1: it had been during the Renaissance. There's also the fact 448 00:28:41,360 --> 00:28:43,400 Speaker 1: that when the back of the bust was opened up 449 00:28:43,440 --> 00:28:46,160 Speaker 1: at one point, it was found to contain nineteenth century 450 00:28:46,200 --> 00:28:50,400 Speaker 1: would and newspapers. Uh supporters of the attribution that it 451 00:28:50,480 --> 00:28:53,280 Speaker 1: had been created by Leonardo, suggested that this material might 452 00:28:53,320 --> 00:28:55,840 Speaker 1: have been stuck into the bus later on. Sure that 453 00:28:55,880 --> 00:28:59,960 Speaker 1: could happen, Yeah, that's like not that's another thing that's 454 00:29:00,040 --> 00:29:02,480 Speaker 1: not a definitive proof in either direction. It kind of 455 00:29:02,480 --> 00:29:05,920 Speaker 1: goes along with the face idea um. On top of 456 00:29:05,960 --> 00:29:09,920 Speaker 1: all of that, British sculptor Richard Cockle Lucas's son Albert 457 00:29:10,200 --> 00:29:14,120 Speaker 1: submitted an affidavid saying he had a quote perfect and 458 00:29:14,200 --> 00:29:18,120 Speaker 1: vivid recollection of all the steps involved when his father 459 00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:23,120 Speaker 1: made the bust in eighteen forty six. Richard Lucas's source 460 00:29:23,160 --> 00:29:25,880 Speaker 1: for the sculpture was an oil painting then attributed to 461 00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:30,400 Speaker 1: Leonardo which Albert had made. A watercolor copy of Albert 462 00:29:30,440 --> 00:29:34,640 Speaker 1: Lucas's testimony, which was corroborated by another witness, has actually 463 00:29:34,640 --> 00:29:37,520 Speaker 1: been around since nineteen ten. So honestly, it seems like 464 00:29:37,520 --> 00:29:40,560 Speaker 1: this was pretty conclusive way before all of this carbon 465 00:29:40,640 --> 00:29:45,360 Speaker 1: fourteen dating. Yeah to me, like the multiple witness statements 466 00:29:45,440 --> 00:29:49,440 Speaker 1: and also the newspapers and also the prevalence of spermacette 467 00:29:49,640 --> 00:29:53,800 Speaker 1: like that seems like a lot. But now we also 468 00:29:53,920 --> 00:29:58,600 Speaker 1: have this new carbon fourteen analysis. But people wanted to believe, 469 00:30:00,040 --> 00:30:05,120 Speaker 1: and that's very powerful. It is um. Also, apparently that 470 00:30:05,160 --> 00:30:08,520 Speaker 1: oil painting that was attributed to Leonardo da Vinci was 471 00:30:08,680 --> 00:30:13,720 Speaker 1: probably really by one of his students. Graduate student Aurelia 472 00:30:13,800 --> 00:30:18,120 Speaker 1: Azama figured out that a bronze toe in the collection 473 00:30:18,240 --> 00:30:21,960 Speaker 1: at the Louver was not a toe, it was a finger, 474 00:30:22,560 --> 00:30:24,239 Speaker 1: and that it belonged to a statue that was at 475 00:30:24,280 --> 00:30:27,760 Speaker 1: least twelve meters tall, and that finger has now been 476 00:30:27,800 --> 00:30:29,880 Speaker 1: reunited with the statue that it came of. This was 477 00:30:29,920 --> 00:30:33,640 Speaker 1: a statue of Constantine the Great and the Capitalina Museums 478 00:30:33,840 --> 00:30:37,040 Speaker 1: of Rome. It's believed that this finger was taken off 479 00:30:37,040 --> 00:30:40,280 Speaker 1: the statue in four and that was when a sphere 480 00:30:40,400 --> 00:30:42,800 Speaker 1: that had also been part of the statue had been removed. 481 00:30:44,040 --> 00:30:46,680 Speaker 1: The finger that everyone thought was a toe wound up 482 00:30:46,680 --> 00:30:48,640 Speaker 1: in the Louver collection all the way back in eighteen 483 00:30:48,680 --> 00:30:52,880 Speaker 1: sixty three. So it's like long time of the mystery 484 00:30:53,760 --> 00:30:56,600 Speaker 1: of which body part we are talking about and what 485 00:30:56,720 --> 00:30:59,160 Speaker 1: other pieces of art it came off of the mystery 486 00:30:59,240 --> 00:31:03,360 Speaker 1: of the toe? Oh uh. Two off duty officers from 487 00:31:03,360 --> 00:31:07,840 Speaker 1: the Italian Arts Squad discovered a first century Roman statue 488 00:31:07,880 --> 00:31:11,320 Speaker 1: in an antique shop in Brussels. The officers were in 489 00:31:11,400 --> 00:31:13,960 Speaker 1: Belgium on assignment when they happened to stroll into the 490 00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:17,640 Speaker 1: shop after work one day. That statue had been stolen 491 00:31:17,720 --> 00:31:21,840 Speaker 1: from the Villa Marini Datina archaeological site in two eleven 492 00:31:22,440 --> 00:31:24,320 Speaker 1: kind of love the idea that they were just kind 493 00:31:24,320 --> 00:31:28,920 Speaker 1: of wandering around town after work and went, oh, this 494 00:31:29,040 --> 00:31:32,240 Speaker 1: shop has a stolen item. I love that art is 495 00:31:32,280 --> 00:31:34,280 Speaker 1: their work, and then in their off time they go 496 00:31:34,400 --> 00:31:40,520 Speaker 1: look at art in weird shop. So to move on. 497 00:31:41,200 --> 00:31:44,040 Speaker 1: Researchers have been trying to figure out the age of 498 00:31:44,080 --> 00:31:47,520 Speaker 1: the Cern Giant, which is a chalk figure on a 499 00:31:47,640 --> 00:31:52,479 Speaker 1: hillside in Dorset, England. This chock figure is very large, 500 00:31:52,520 --> 00:31:57,240 Speaker 1: It's fifty five tall. It's also very distinctive. It depicts 501 00:31:57,280 --> 00:32:02,520 Speaker 1: a naked male figure wielding a very large club. It 502 00:32:02,640 --> 00:32:06,200 Speaker 1: is also just very naked. You've ever seen this thing, 503 00:32:06,280 --> 00:32:10,800 Speaker 1: it's super nude. The first written documentation of the figure 504 00:32:10,960 --> 00:32:14,400 Speaker 1: is an account of it being repaired in sixteen ninety four, 505 00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:17,479 Speaker 1: and there's no mention of the figure in a sixteen 506 00:32:17,560 --> 00:32:21,560 Speaker 1: seventeen survey of the area. So there's you know, been 507 00:32:21,600 --> 00:32:23,040 Speaker 1: some people who wondered if it was made in the 508 00:32:23,080 --> 00:32:25,680 Speaker 1: seventeenth century, but it just seemed like something much older 509 00:32:25,720 --> 00:32:29,200 Speaker 1: than that. Right, it appears, as Tracy said, so much older. 510 00:32:29,240 --> 00:32:33,320 Speaker 1: And after finishing sentiment analysis, the National Trust has announced 511 00:32:33,720 --> 00:32:36,920 Speaker 1: that the deepest oldest chock layers of the figure date 512 00:32:36,960 --> 00:32:40,320 Speaker 1: to between the year seven hundred and eleven hundred, so 513 00:32:40,400 --> 00:32:43,080 Speaker 1: it's possible that the figure was created during the medieval 514 00:32:43,160 --> 00:32:46,440 Speaker 1: period but then forgotten about or neglected and allowed to 515 00:32:46,440 --> 00:32:50,840 Speaker 1: grow over in grass before being rediscovered. There's no evidence 516 00:32:50,880 --> 00:32:54,320 Speaker 1: that the grassing over was intentional though. One thing that 517 00:32:54,360 --> 00:32:57,240 Speaker 1: they found when they were examining these choc layers, though, 518 00:32:57,600 --> 00:33:02,320 Speaker 1: was microscopic stales, which I also love. These snails were 519 00:33:02,400 --> 00:33:06,400 Speaker 1: introduced into Britain in the medieval period. There are still 520 00:33:06,560 --> 00:33:10,440 Speaker 1: some un answered questions like who made this and why 521 00:33:10,560 --> 00:33:14,000 Speaker 1: and who is it supposed to depict. Here's one idea, 522 00:33:14,160 --> 00:33:17,520 Speaker 1: so in ven Certain Abbey was established to try to 523 00:33:17,560 --> 00:33:21,920 Speaker 1: convert the local population to Christianity. They had previously worshiped 524 00:33:21,920 --> 00:33:25,120 Speaker 1: a god known as Hyle or Heleth, so this may 525 00:33:25,240 --> 00:33:28,480 Speaker 1: perhaps be meant to be a depiction of that god. 526 00:33:29,480 --> 00:33:33,280 Speaker 1: And speaking of nudity, a carved piece of soap stone 527 00:33:33,400 --> 00:33:37,000 Speaker 1: has been unearthed at vendor Landa, which is place that 528 00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:40,120 Speaker 1: we've talked about a lot on unearthed before. This piece 529 00:33:40,280 --> 00:33:43,440 Speaker 1: depicts a naked male figure in front of a horse 530 00:33:43,560 --> 00:33:46,440 Speaker 1: or a donkey holding a spear, and this went on 531 00:33:46,560 --> 00:33:49,680 Speaker 1: display at the vendor Landa Museum on July first, after 532 00:33:49,760 --> 00:33:53,120 Speaker 1: having been found. It looks almost as though he has 533 00:33:53,160 --> 00:33:55,880 Speaker 1: a pacifier in his mouth, but that is most likely 534 00:33:55,960 --> 00:33:59,600 Speaker 1: just how it has worn over time, although how funny 535 00:33:59,600 --> 00:34:04,800 Speaker 1: would it be it does yet. Uh, And that is 536 00:34:04,840 --> 00:34:09,279 Speaker 1: where we are going to stop until next time, all right, 537 00:34:09,360 --> 00:34:13,720 Speaker 1: as promised, Tracy Unearthed related email. I do have unearthed 538 00:34:13,760 --> 00:34:17,200 Speaker 1: related email. This is from Katie, and Katie says, dear 539 00:34:17,239 --> 00:34:20,920 Speaker 1: Tracy and Holly, greetings from Cardiff, Wales. I hope you 540 00:34:20,920 --> 00:34:22,600 Speaker 1: and your loved ones are all safe and well at 541 00:34:22,600 --> 00:34:24,760 Speaker 1: this point in the pandemic, and that things are looking 542 00:34:24,800 --> 00:34:28,440 Speaker 1: up in Massachusetts and Georgia. I'll apologize in advance for 543 00:34:28,480 --> 00:34:31,360 Speaker 1: the novel I have written below. I will pause and say, 544 00:34:31,640 --> 00:34:34,320 Speaker 1: do not apologize for the novel is a really good novel. 545 00:34:34,360 --> 00:34:36,799 Speaker 1: I'm not going to read a whole hundred percent of 546 00:34:36,840 --> 00:34:40,800 Speaker 1: it um today, but I saved it for this because 547 00:34:40,800 --> 00:34:44,680 Speaker 1: it is so unearthed specific um. So, Katie talks about 548 00:34:44,719 --> 00:34:49,200 Speaker 1: being a bioarchaeologist and working on a PhD uh, and 549 00:34:49,239 --> 00:34:51,640 Speaker 1: then says, not so recently, I was lucky enough to 550 00:34:51,680 --> 00:34:54,240 Speaker 1: work with my friend and colleague Jess on her project, 551 00:34:54,320 --> 00:34:58,960 Speaker 1: which very recently made headlines for her master's thesis. Jess 552 00:34:58,960 --> 00:35:02,160 Speaker 1: examined die it and mobility of eight crew members of 553 00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:06,640 Speaker 1: the mary Rose ship using isotope analysis. I then contributed 554 00:35:06,719 --> 00:35:10,279 Speaker 1: further osteological analysis on three of them. I know the 555 00:35:10,320 --> 00:35:14,120 Speaker 1: Mary Rose has appeared on the Six Impossible episodes about Shipwrecks, 556 00:35:14,160 --> 00:35:16,879 Speaker 1: so I won't rehap it here, though I say as 557 00:35:16,880 --> 00:35:19,960 Speaker 1: an archaeologist, it was an honor to analyze these men 558 00:35:20,000 --> 00:35:23,560 Speaker 1: and help tell their individuals stories which are often swept 559 00:35:23,600 --> 00:35:26,600 Speaker 1: up in the narrative of the ship and repopular tellings. 560 00:35:27,040 --> 00:35:30,359 Speaker 1: Just discovered that three of the eight analyzed were not 561 00:35:30,560 --> 00:35:34,560 Speaker 1: local to the British Isles, with possible origins in the Mediterranean, 562 00:35:35,120 --> 00:35:39,640 Speaker 1: Spain Slash, the Iberian Peninsula and or North Africa. We 563 00:35:39,760 --> 00:35:43,120 Speaker 1: also identified that three of the eight were people of color, 564 00:35:43,400 --> 00:35:46,319 Speaker 1: one of whom was local to the British Isles. The 565 00:35:46,400 --> 00:35:49,440 Speaker 1: peer reviewed publication attached of this work will come out 566 00:35:49,520 --> 00:35:51,920 Speaker 1: later this month, and because of that it received some 567 00:35:52,000 --> 00:35:54,759 Speaker 1: press on this side of the pond at least uh 568 00:35:54,840 --> 00:35:58,840 Speaker 1: and then Katie linked to the the article all that 569 00:35:58,880 --> 00:36:01,160 Speaker 1: introduction to say, as an Avid stuff you missing history 570 00:36:01,200 --> 00:36:03,279 Speaker 1: class listener, I realized this may pop up on on 571 00:36:03,400 --> 00:36:05,959 Speaker 1: Earth and if it does. I was hoping y'all might 572 00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:09,120 Speaker 1: take the opportunity of highlighting a few things that some 573 00:36:09,160 --> 00:36:11,080 Speaker 1: of the media missed out on and some of the 574 00:36:11,120 --> 00:36:14,600 Speaker 1: public comments we received through that media. Mostly, I think 575 00:36:14,640 --> 00:36:16,880 Speaker 1: some of the summaries in the news made it seem 576 00:36:16,920 --> 00:36:20,080 Speaker 1: like the diverse origins were based on artifacts found near 577 00:36:20,120 --> 00:36:22,640 Speaker 1: the remains alone, and I wanted to highlight that this 578 00:36:22,760 --> 00:36:25,640 Speaker 1: absolutely is not the case. This work is based on 579 00:36:25,719 --> 00:36:30,640 Speaker 1: stable isotope analysis elements extracted directly from the remains that 580 00:36:30,680 --> 00:36:33,440 Speaker 1: are reflective of the food they ate in the environment 581 00:36:33,440 --> 00:36:36,360 Speaker 1: where they grew up. The online comments were interesting to 582 00:36:36,440 --> 00:36:38,880 Speaker 1: read and seemed to be a contrasting mix of people 583 00:36:38,880 --> 00:36:41,560 Speaker 1: saying they already knew all this. The work was featured 584 00:36:41,560 --> 00:36:44,640 Speaker 1: in a documentary in the updated museum exhibit in twenty nineteen, 585 00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:47,960 Speaker 1: and people saying that we were forcing a quote woke 586 00:36:48,000 --> 00:36:50,840 Speaker 1: agenda of diversity onto the past where it didn't belong. 587 00:36:51,320 --> 00:36:54,200 Speaker 1: My favorite comment being a simple tweet the Mary woke 588 00:36:54,440 --> 00:36:57,200 Speaker 1: ha ha ha. I can't believe I have to say it, 589 00:36:57,239 --> 00:37:00,160 Speaker 1: but there was no ulterior agenda in this research to 590 00:37:00,280 --> 00:37:03,080 Speaker 1: just felt passionately about this project because she grew up 591 00:37:03,120 --> 00:37:06,520 Speaker 1: near Portsmouth, where the ship now resides and has had 592 00:37:06,520 --> 00:37:09,440 Speaker 1: a lifelong interest in it, and as the lead researcher 593 00:37:09,440 --> 00:37:12,240 Speaker 1: of this study, just was determined to make the article 594 00:37:12,320 --> 00:37:15,960 Speaker 1: open access, meaning that the methods, results and interpretations are 595 00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:20,760 Speaker 1: available for free to anyone interested. They're very transparent about 596 00:37:20,800 --> 00:37:24,520 Speaker 1: all those steps in there, and our emails are easily searchable. 597 00:37:25,239 --> 00:37:27,560 Speaker 1: Then Katie has a tip about how if there's ever 598 00:37:27,640 --> 00:37:30,080 Speaker 1: a peer reviewed article that you really want to read 599 00:37:30,160 --> 00:37:32,799 Speaker 1: and it's behind a paywall, a lot of the times 600 00:37:32,840 --> 00:37:35,759 Speaker 1: the researchers will email you that PDF because they're not 601 00:37:35,800 --> 00:37:40,160 Speaker 1: really making any money off of the journal publication process 602 00:37:40,280 --> 00:37:42,040 Speaker 1: or the fact that the journal is trying to charge 603 00:37:42,040 --> 00:37:45,120 Speaker 1: you fifty dollars to read one article one time. Then 604 00:37:45,160 --> 00:37:49,480 Speaker 1: also Katie talks about the methods that were used for 605 00:37:49,600 --> 00:37:56,280 Speaker 1: ancestry estimation. Um, there are lots of different conversations about 606 00:37:56,360 --> 00:37:59,720 Speaker 1: how to do these kinds of studies and and whether 607 00:37:59,760 --> 00:38:03,480 Speaker 1: there's methods are ethical, and so Katie says, quote, I 608 00:38:03,560 --> 00:38:06,120 Speaker 1: understand if people have doubts or questions about them. In 609 00:38:06,120 --> 00:38:08,600 Speaker 1: this case, we decided that not sharing the results of 610 00:38:08,640 --> 00:38:12,560 Speaker 1: these methods would only feed white nationalist narratives that we 611 00:38:12,600 --> 00:38:16,520 Speaker 1: have shown with the physical evidence is false. And then 612 00:38:16,600 --> 00:38:18,440 Speaker 1: Katie goes on to say that was not the goal 613 00:38:18,800 --> 00:38:21,320 Speaker 1: of quote forcing diversity into the past. They were not 614 00:38:21,360 --> 00:38:25,760 Speaker 1: about to hide that diversity having actually found it. Um. 615 00:38:25,880 --> 00:38:28,480 Speaker 1: So Katie goes on with a bit more that I'm 616 00:38:28,520 --> 00:38:31,840 Speaker 1: not gonna read through our love because I want to 617 00:38:31,880 --> 00:38:34,640 Speaker 1: kind of wrap up the episode at this point. Um, 618 00:38:34,680 --> 00:38:38,240 Speaker 1: but this was a great email to receive. I don't 619 00:38:38,239 --> 00:38:41,960 Speaker 1: think I had found this particular find when I got 620 00:38:42,040 --> 00:38:44,360 Speaker 1: the email, and when I first looked at it, I 621 00:38:44,400 --> 00:38:47,600 Speaker 1: did have the exact same response that that Katie mentions, 622 00:38:47,600 --> 00:38:50,319 Speaker 1: of sort of saying, well, we already know that a 623 00:38:50,440 --> 00:38:53,960 Speaker 1: lot of nautical crews were a lot more diverse because 624 00:38:54,440 --> 00:38:57,640 Speaker 1: it was there was a more opportunity a lot of 625 00:38:57,640 --> 00:38:59,480 Speaker 1: times for people to be able to rise through the 626 00:38:59,560 --> 00:39:01,520 Speaker 1: ranks on a ship, then they might be able to 627 00:39:01,520 --> 00:39:05,520 Speaker 1: do in a comparable job on land. Um. But having 628 00:39:05,600 --> 00:39:08,440 Speaker 1: gone through and looked at the stable isotope analysis to 629 00:39:08,520 --> 00:39:10,520 Speaker 1: really confirm where all of these people are from, like 630 00:39:10,560 --> 00:39:12,759 Speaker 1: that is actually new research that was done. So thank 631 00:39:12,800 --> 00:39:15,800 Speaker 1: you so much Katie for sending this and for sending 632 00:39:15,800 --> 00:39:20,200 Speaker 1: all these links to the paper, and uh, if other 633 00:39:20,280 --> 00:39:22,600 Speaker 1: folks would like to send us an email, were History 634 00:39:22,640 --> 00:39:25,359 Speaker 1: podcast at i heart radio dot com and all over 635 00:39:25,440 --> 00:39:27,719 Speaker 1: social media at miss in History. That's where you'll find 636 00:39:27,719 --> 00:39:31,680 Speaker 1: our Facebook and Twitter and Pinterest and Instagram. And you 637 00:39:31,760 --> 00:39:34,040 Speaker 1: can subscribe to our show on the I heart radio 638 00:39:34,080 --> 00:39:41,760 Speaker 1: app and really anywhere else you get your podcasts. Stuff 639 00:39:41,760 --> 00:39:43,719 Speaker 1: you Missed in History Class is a production of I 640 00:39:43,880 --> 00:39:47,280 Speaker 1: heart Radio. For more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit 641 00:39:47,280 --> 00:39:50,560 Speaker 1: the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen 642 00:39:50,640 --> 00:39:51,600 Speaker 1: to your favorite shows.