Speaker 1: Hey, everybody, it's Josh and Chuck your friends, and we
Speaker 1: are here to tell you about our upcoming book that's
Speaker 1: coming out this fall, the first ever Stuff you Should
Speaker 1: Know book, Chuck. That's right. What's the cool, super cool
Speaker 1: title we came up with. It's Stuff you Should Know colon,
Speaker 1: an incomplete compendium of mostly interesting things. That's right, and
Speaker 1: it's coming along so great. We're super excited, you guys.
Speaker 1: The illustrations are amazing, and there's the look of the book.
Speaker 1: It's all just it's exactly what we hoped it would be.
Speaker 1: And we cannot wait for you to get your hands
Speaker 1: on it. Yes, we can't. Um and you don't have
Speaker 1: to wait. Actually, well you do have to wait, but
Speaker 1: you don't have to wait to order. You can go
Speaker 1: pre order the book right now everywhere you get books,
Speaker 1: and you will eventually get a special gift for pre ordering,
Speaker 1: which we're working on right now. That's right, So check
Speaker 1: it out soon coming this fall. Welcome to Stuff you
Speaker 1: Should Know, a production of My Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hey,
Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, and there's
Speaker 1: Charles w. Chuck Bryan over there flying solo, batching it up.
Speaker 1: It's a stag party up in this piece, and this
Speaker 1: is stuff you should know. Remember the Happy Days where
Speaker 1: they had a stag party. Ritchie and Pozzy and Ralph
Speaker 1: Mouth went to a stag party with I think Richie's
Speaker 1: older brother who I believe his named Chuck. I think
Speaker 1: his name was Chuck, But I don't remember what happened.
Speaker 1: I sort of remember that episode. I think they just
Speaker 1: got a little freaked out, a little titillated, aroused, and
Speaker 1: then freaked out. I think it sounds like what would
Speaker 1: have happened. Did Fonzie fix a juke box by hitting
Speaker 1: with this fist? I think that even may have been
Speaker 1: pre jukebox Fonzie. I don't even know that he was
Speaker 1: wearing a leather coat at the time. He may have
Speaker 1: just been wearing that weird gray jacket that he wore
Speaker 1: at first. Yeah, like the mechanics jacket. And that would
Speaker 1: make sense because I think Chuck was only in the
Speaker 1: early days of the Happy Days, the happiest days, right.
Speaker 1: But then remember they like killed him off, like pretty graphically.
Speaker 1: He suffered from dysenterry for basically three straight episodes, and
Speaker 1: like that's all they focused on, and then he finally
Speaker 1: just died and they said, man, this is called happy Days.
Speaker 1: I think we need to just get rid of them. Yeah.
Speaker 1: I think they changed their show runner after that. So, um,
Speaker 1: we're talking about ultrasound right now. And if you had Dysenterry,
Speaker 1: I'm not entirely convinced that ultrasound would help. But let's
Speaker 1: say you had it a kidney stone instead, Friend, ultrasound
Speaker 1: would help with that kind of thing. Yeah, they could.
Speaker 1: They could sniff out of kidney stone. Yeah they can.
Speaker 1: As a matter of fact. Well, what's funny is they
Speaker 1: do everything but sniff. They used to sound and they
Speaker 1: used vision. I used the wrong. Uh, they don't sniffer take.
Speaker 1: Oh boy, that was great. Should be good. So, um, ultrasound.
Speaker 1: Everybody knows what ultrasound is. Just about everybody seeing an
Speaker 1: ultrasound picture. Um, you see little babies like in the
Speaker 1: womb developing and they're getting all cute and everything, or
Speaker 1: else you see them really early on and they're not
Speaker 1: at all cute. Um. But either way, I think everybody
Speaker 1: is pretty familiar with ultrasound. UM, and I was too,
Speaker 1: but I still learned quite a bit from this incredibly
Speaker 1: outdated article by Craig freud and Rich PhD. Yeah, and
Speaker 1: you're speaking specifically of what's known as a sonogram. Uh.
Speaker 1: When a device that you know, we're going to talk
Speaker 1: about this in more detail, but a device called a
Speaker 1: transducer probe has either put on you or in you,
Speaker 1: depending on what depending on what they're after or how
Speaker 1: close they need to get sure. Yeah. Absolutely, and then
Speaker 1: what well, I mean, you know, I can speak from experience.
Speaker 1: One of the best things in the world is when
Speaker 1: you see that first little picture of baby and heart beating. Uh.
Speaker 1: And then the worst moment is when you go in
Speaker 1: there and get one and that heart isn't beating. Yeah.
Speaker 1: And it's a un nerving moment when you go in
Speaker 1: there for that stuff. And like I said, it can
Speaker 1: be it can It feels both great and terrible and
Speaker 1: I've I've experienced all. Yeah. But the thing is about
Speaker 1: ultrasound chuck um is most people think that it's that's
Speaker 1: what it used for us just check on babies, But
Speaker 1: it's used for a whole bunch of other stuff as well,
Speaker 1: which we'll talk about. And they're starting to find even
Speaker 1: more um cutting edge techniques for it too. So it's
Speaker 1: actually pretty interesting stuff. And the whole thing magically is
Speaker 1: centered on crystals that are actually hidden in the incredibly
Speaker 1: greatly named transducer probe, and they actually, you know, in
Speaker 1: a way squeeze these crystals. And when you squeeze crystals,
Speaker 1: especially ones that have in irregular shape, they do something amazing.
Speaker 1: They produce energy vibrations in this case, and so by
Speaker 1: squeezing the crystal of of vibration of sound goes out
Speaker 1: very high frequency sounds. Und it is it is ultrasound
Speaker 1: um on the order of something like this article says
Speaker 1: one to five mega hurts, but I saw two to
Speaker 1: twenty is much more standard, and it hurts. Is how
Speaker 1: many of the same part of a of a wavelength
Speaker 1: of you know, sound or something like that would pass
Speaker 1: by a space a point in space every second. So
Speaker 1: in this case, say like the crest of these wavelengths,
Speaker 1: these ultrasound wavelengths um, the something like twenty million of
Speaker 1: their crests would pass by one point in space in
Speaker 1: one second, very very high frequency, very very tight um,
Speaker 1: which makes them very very energetic. So those are the
Speaker 1: vibrations the sound that is produced by squeezing crystals. And
Speaker 1: you would think just squeezing chrys souls is pretty pretty great.
Speaker 1: Let's just give this thing a blue ribbon for being
Speaker 1: a wonderful piece of technology. But it gets even better
Speaker 1: than that. Yeah, I mean, if you're talking about the
Speaker 1: fact that there's a machine that then calculates these distances
Speaker 1: from the probe to whatever it's trying to measure and
Speaker 1: then basically can create a two and now even three
Speaker 1: dimensional picture of that, it seems like magic. It does,
Speaker 1: especially because those those sound waves that propagate from the
Speaker 1: crystal being squeezed, which I like to think of is
Speaker 1: the crystals being squeezed, and it's making the sound and delight.
Speaker 1: It's not like a painful, painful sound that it's like,
Speaker 1: it's just like, yeah, it feels great. Um. So those
Speaker 1: sound waves, when they travel into the body, they hit
Speaker 1: all sorts of stuff. They hit um, tissue, they hit
Speaker 1: um liquid, they hit everything and that's everything bone, yeah
Speaker 1: and um. The the higher frequency of a wave, the
Speaker 1: more likely it is to bounce back. So the a
Speaker 1: lot of that stuff bounces back. And when it bounces back, chuck,
Speaker 1: it comes right back into those crystals, and when it
Speaker 1: hits those crystals, it actually produces electricity, and then that
Speaker 1: electrical impulse is what's converted into through some sort of
Speaker 1: black magic that I have a lot of trouble wrapping
Speaker 1: my head around into images. So sound gets translated into
Speaker 1: images via electrical impulses. And at the heart of it
Speaker 1: all are those crystals. Yeah. I think if you were
Speaker 1: to ask your average person if an ultrasound like just
Speaker 1: a yes or no question, like an ultrasound does it
Speaker 1: use actual crystals to produce an image, you would probably
Speaker 1: get laughed out of the room by nine out of
Speaker 1: ten people and say, of course it doesn't. That's some
Speaker 1: sort of weird wiccan hoke um right, that you're trying
Speaker 1: to sell me on. It's it's not real, but it's remarkable.
Speaker 1: I hadn't no idea that it uses crystals. Yeah. I
Speaker 1: think this machine is actually second only to um the
Speaker 1: breathalyzer machine in in surprising complexity man and I and
Speaker 1: I presume the ultrasaw machine was pretty complex. But yeah,
Speaker 1: I had no idea that they were squeezing crystals in there. Yeah.
Speaker 1: In nineteen forty two, there was a neurologist who used
Speaker 1: ultrasonic waves as a as a tool as a diagnostic
Speaker 1: tool for the first time named Karl with a Kadu
Speaker 1: sick and he was trying to search for brain tumors
Speaker 1: through someone's skull. And I think it was not until
Speaker 1: the nineteen fifties, so about sixteen years later fifty eight
Speaker 1: that it was first used for a sonogram with Dr
Speaker 1: Ian Donald. Yeah. And the great advantage of ultrasound is
Speaker 1: that you're just you're sending sound waves, which are mechanical
Speaker 1: in nature into the body. UM. You're not using ionizing
Speaker 1: radiation like X rays, UM, So you're not going to
Speaker 1: like produce tumors necessarily, there's not You're just not exposed
Speaker 1: to being exposed to radiation energy. You're being exposed to
Speaker 1: mechanical energy again, just acoustic waves of sound. But what's
Speaker 1: amazing about this is that that that sound, those echoes
Speaker 1: from that sound that bounce off of the different barriers
Speaker 1: or what they're called, say like between blood and tissue,
Speaker 1: a tissue and bone, as they bounce back up and
Speaker 1: they're converted into images you can see into the human
Speaker 1: body without using X rays and without cutting somebody open.
Speaker 1: So it was an enormous advance that I think really
Speaker 1: gets overlooked, um at least by the general public, as
Speaker 1: far as medical advances go like, it was huge when
Speaker 1: we figured out how to do this. Yeah, And that's
Speaker 1: why if you ever go to get a sonogram or
Speaker 1: something like this and they show you an image of
Speaker 1: your little bread love baking in the oven, and you
Speaker 1: catch yourself in your head thinking looks kind of crutty
Speaker 1: to me, just put your foot in the door and
Speaker 1: slam it real quick, and make sure you don't say
Speaker 1: that out loud in front of anyone in the room,
Speaker 1: because it is truly a little miracle machine just to
Speaker 1: get an image that looks that crutty, right, especially, don't
Speaker 1: say it in front of Karl Dusick. No, it would
Speaker 1: really hurt this feeling. And all of this, I mean,
Speaker 1: this stuff is remarkable because it's the same concept of
Speaker 1: just the sonar that we use in the military and
Speaker 1: the sonar that bats use. Yeah. And as a matter
Speaker 1: of fact, like our understanding of um echolocation, which is
Speaker 1: ultimately what it's based on, it's shooting out sound and
Speaker 1: then listening for the echoes and then taking the information
Speaker 1: that those echoes bring back to judge things like distance, shape, size,
Speaker 1: all the stuff. You can get a lot of information
Speaker 1: from sound if you know how to use echolocation. That's
Speaker 1: what's happening. We're squeezing crystals to make this sound. And
Speaker 1: then in turn, after they shout, they turn into ears
Speaker 1: listening for the echoes that come back, and the echoes
Speaker 1: that come back ultimately become those white or bright or
Speaker 1: light areas on a sonogram. Um that that form like
Speaker 1: the shape, those are the echo. Yeah, and it's way better.
Speaker 1: The very first uh sonograms, they would get boxes of bats.
Speaker 1: They would open the lid and throw it over the
Speaker 1: pregnant belly very fast, right, let them fly around for
Speaker 1: a couple of minutes, and then take those bats into
Speaker 1: another room and give them pads of paper and pencils,
Speaker 1: and said to draw what you heard. And bats are
Speaker 1: actually pretty good at drawing, most of them are. It's surprising,
Speaker 1: honestly that it looks about as good as the current sonogram. Yeah,
Speaker 1: so I guess you're not a big you're not super
Speaker 1: impressed by the resolution. You know, it's fine, Like I said,
Speaker 1: when you when you realize what's going on, it's truly
Speaker 1: a miracle. And and the three D ones, yeah, I
Speaker 1: mean those are kind of creepily accurate, right they are.
Speaker 1: They have a little uncanny valley thing going on. But
Speaker 1: I'm not sure why, but they definitely do. But that's
Speaker 1: a huge advance in ultrasound because, like originally in ultrasound,
Speaker 1: especially if you just see the flat one that almost
Speaker 1: looks like a grainy X ray or something like that,
Speaker 1: but you're seeing something like soft tissue. That's another advantage
Speaker 1: of ultrasound over X ray. X ray typically shows much
Speaker 1: harder stuff, whereas an ultrasound card. So you even like blood,
Speaker 1: something is as um non dense dense lists. Uh, what's
Speaker 1: the opposite of dense this guess loose Yeah, lucy, Even
Speaker 1: as something is as anatomically lucy goosey as blood. Um,
Speaker 1: the ultrasound can capture that because of the high frequency
Speaker 1: and the other The other great thing about using high
Speaker 1: frequency is that or the other reason we use high
Speaker 1: frequency is the higher the frequency, the greater the resolution.
Speaker 1: And it's not a perfect analogy, but it's similar to
Speaker 1: how if you increase the magnet shoote of a microscope
Speaker 1: you can see smaller and smaller stuff. It's very much
Speaker 1: similar to higher the frequency of say sound in an
Speaker 1: ultrasound machine, the more finely detailed, the more resolution you
Speaker 1: can have. The problem is is that the those higher
Speaker 1: energy um uh wavelengths tend to bounce back, tend to
Speaker 1: reflect very easily, lower energy travels further and further through
Speaker 1: the body. So what they figured out is you can
Speaker 1: combine these and that's how you ultimately get three D imaging,
Speaker 1: which we'll talk a little more about in a minute.
Speaker 1: You want to take a break, Yeah, let's take a
Speaker 1: break and we'll come back and talk about all the
Speaker 1: parts of this. I was about to call it the
Speaker 1: wonder machine, but we already have one of those, the
Speaker 1: miracle machine. Miracle machines. Good, all right, right after this, alright,
Speaker 1: so the miracle machine has uh and you know, they
Speaker 1: don't explain any of this stuff. They basically, you know,
Speaker 1: you go in there and they're just like, hey, this
Speaker 1: thing works. Uh, this is a bit of black magic.
Speaker 1: And just sit back and and open up and here
Speaker 1: comes the probe. Yeah, we um. I think we should
Speaker 1: go over the list that appears in this article that
Speaker 1: was apparently written by Franz Kafka. Yeah, all right, we
Speaker 1: have to, okay, agreed. I have a feeling you're talking
Speaker 1: about the final few things about what happens during an
Speaker 1: ultrasound examination. Oh that part. Yeah, sure, okay, alright, so
Speaker 1: you got your transducer probe, which we already talked about
Speaker 1: a little bit, and that is the thing that the
Speaker 1: eyes and the ears that sends and receives those waves
Speaker 1: and like we said, it can go if you if
Speaker 1: you see this in a movie, then um, you're likely
Speaker 1: seeing the kind that they put on your belly because
Speaker 1: you're far along and they want to see like that
Speaker 1: little baby in the body parts and everything. Um that
Speaker 1: is later on in a pregnancy. At first they use
Speaker 1: the one that goes uh you know, into the vagina
Speaker 1: with a condom strapped on the end of it, not
Speaker 1: strap but rolled down. Sure, I mean it makes perfect sense,
Speaker 1: you know, yeah, I mean you gotta put some sort
Speaker 1: of protective covering over it. And what better than a
Speaker 1: condom to fit over something that's sort of shaped like
Speaker 1: a penus. And then they lose that thing up and
Speaker 1: then up it goes. And then that's how you check
Speaker 1: on things in the earlier parts of their pregnancy. I
Speaker 1: would hope that they would have these much smaller, is it? Well,
Speaker 1: I mean I don't they don't use a magna, they
Speaker 1: don't need use the magnum, right, but even still a
Speaker 1: condom fits very loosely too, I should Okay, okay, that's
Speaker 1: what I was after. Yeah, yeah, yeah, it's Um, I'm
Speaker 1: trying to I'm looking around the room that you're not
Speaker 1: even in to try and compare it to something. But
Speaker 1: what does that mean? Well, I mean I'm in the
Speaker 1: we're working from home. No, no, you said you were
Speaker 1: looking around the room, Yeah, trying to compare it to something,
Speaker 1: but I'm not there, correct, I'm looking for a like
Speaker 1: object in the room that you're not even sitting in. Yeah,
Speaker 1: I know, I got what you're saying. I was making
Speaker 1: a different choke that you're not picking I'm not picking
Speaker 1: up on it. Let's say it's as big as this,
Speaker 1: uh highlighter's sort of like a sharpie magic marker. Okay, okay,
Speaker 1: roughly yeah, alright, So I think we're together on the
Speaker 1: side of the transducer probe that's used early on, that's
Speaker 1: inserted man, and they might use that same they might
Speaker 1: use that same one. What what were you going to say?
Speaker 1: How did we get through like breastfeeding and female puberty
Speaker 1: and this one is the one that's tripping us up?
Speaker 1: So I know I have no idea. Um, I'm going
Speaker 1: to get us back on track. They'll watch this all right,
Speaker 1: that same uh wand wand great word for it. Um.
Speaker 1: It might be used anally orally all sorts of different ways.
Speaker 1: They might stick it in whatever orifice they can. It's
Speaker 1: not just vaginally, depending on what they want to get
Speaker 1: a closer look at is, you know, especially if they're
Speaker 1: not just looking at a baby. Okay, yeah, yeah, yeah,
Speaker 1: let's move on. Let's do all right. Up next on
Speaker 1: the list is the CPU. And that's you know, that's
Speaker 1: the little computer that does all that that black magic math.
Speaker 1: Uh and it notes here in the article that contains
Speaker 1: the electrical power supply. I noticed that too. I thought
Speaker 1: that was really specific. Um. So yeah, like, if you
Speaker 1: look at any um, any ultrasound machine, even the most
Speaker 1: cutting edge ones that they have now look pretty much
Speaker 1: the same as one you would have seen in like
Speaker 1: the seventies, they're just a little slimmer. Um, they're a
Speaker 1: little more user friendly. They'll probably have a touched green
Speaker 1: I saw that the I think it's the Siemens Sequoya
Speaker 1: has a gel warmer, which I'm sure is very appreciated
Speaker 1: by patients. But I mean, for the most part, it's
Speaker 1: it's just like everything that this article from I don't know,
Speaker 1: probably two thousand and eight, um yeah, is describing Yeah,
Speaker 1: you've got your transducer pulse controls, and that's where you
Speaker 1: can change the frequency, the duration of the pulses, the amplitude,
Speaker 1: which we'll look. We'll explain what that means in a
Speaker 1: little while. To the to the tech, they might understand
Speaker 1: what's going on, but really it's them saying like, um,
Speaker 1: get clear focus, go deeper, three D mode, that kind
Speaker 1: of thing. But to the computer, it's like, no, we're
Speaker 1: we're messing with the amount of electricity that's coming and
Speaker 1: going through the crystals. Correct, Okay, all right. You got
Speaker 1: your display that speaks for itself, a little monitor, it
Speaker 1: says on here keyboard right inputs data. Yeah. I thought
Speaker 1: that was pretty funny too. The next two are my
Speaker 1: favorites of this list, though, why don't you go ahead
Speaker 1: then take it away? I wasn't expecting that was taking
Speaker 1: a sip of coffee. You've got the disk storage device,
Speaker 1: which could be anything from a hard drive, floppy disk,
Speaker 1: or c D yes, and it says that it stores
Speaker 1: the acquired images. And I actually wrote, I wish you
Speaker 1: could see this. I wrote, ha ha under that part
Speaker 1: that it clearly does not have a USB drive. No,
Speaker 1: clearly not or any kind of SSD driver or anything
Speaker 1: like that. But then the last one, Chuck, is the printer,
Speaker 1: which I'm sure still exists, but I'm just guessing that
Speaker 1: they were in describing a dot matrix printer in this one. No,
Speaker 1: the printers there, but it's but it's when you know,
Speaker 1: it's one of those little guys that you just put
Speaker 1: punch the button and it spits out and then they
Speaker 1: tear it off. Yes, so I mean, you know they
Speaker 1: can email you a jpeg, I'm sure, but they're also like,
Speaker 1: here this goes on your fridge. Here's a butterfly made
Speaker 1: out of letters get home. Okay. So again that's still
Speaker 1: basically the components of ultra saw machine. And what I
Speaker 1: was like, surely, surely this article is just hopelessly out
Speaker 1: of date, and I mean it really isn't It doesn't.
Speaker 1: It didn't capture, you know, some of the cutting edge
Speaker 1: stuff that's being used today. But really, ultra saw machines
Speaker 1: haven't changed that much in the last like ten twenty,
Speaker 1: maybe thirty or so years. They've just gotten smaller, more
Speaker 1: powerful and as um As like computer technology has improved,
Speaker 1: so too has whatever computer you're gonna find on board
Speaker 1: and ultraso machine. But the nuts and bolts of it
Speaker 1: are still generally the same thing and the um the
Speaker 1: key though. The thing that's really changed over time and
Speaker 1: gotten better and more sophisticated and varied is that transducer probe.
Speaker 1: Because initially, yeah, for sure, if you're gonna make any improvements,
Speaker 1: you want to make it to the transducer because it's
Speaker 1: going to have some pretty big effects in the keyboard.
Speaker 1: Maybe maybe so because you do want to input data easily.
Speaker 1: But with that transducer probe, initially they had to say
Speaker 1: like one crystal um and that crystal would shoot basically
Speaker 1: a static beam that was going out into your body
Speaker 1: and it would basically just take a snapshot of whatever
Speaker 1: it came in contact with. There might not have been
Speaker 1: much adjustment to resolution, to depth, to focus anything like that.
Speaker 1: It was just like, here, what do you expect. It's
Speaker 1: the nineteen fifties, Give me a break. You're looking into
Speaker 1: a human body using sound waves. Just be impressed with that.
Speaker 1: But then as they started to figure out how to
Speaker 1: add more and more crystals, into um an array. Yeah. Uh,
Speaker 1: you can do all sorts of different things, and now
Speaker 1: all of a sudden, your output of sound waves can
Speaker 1: be adjusted crystal by crystal, and your input can be
Speaker 1: adjusted crystal by crystal as well. So the resolution overall
Speaker 1: is just magnificently improved since they started making a raise
Speaker 1: of crystals in these transducer probes. Yeah, and you did
Speaker 1: a nice little quickie overview of how it worked. But
Speaker 1: I don't think we mentioned that it's based on a
Speaker 1: principle called the piezo electric or pressure electricity effect. Yeah,
Speaker 1: we didn't. Uh, and that's discovered by a couple of
Speaker 1: dudes in the eighteen eighties, Pierre and Jacques Curie. Any relation.
Speaker 1: I meant to look that up. Yeah. I think Pierre
Speaker 1: is Marie Curi's husband, one of the two are. I'm
Speaker 1: pretty sure it was Pierre. Yeah, and one of the
Speaker 1: few times the wife has overshadowed the husband's accomplishments. Yes,
Speaker 1: but all three of them were extremely accomplished. Yeah. I
Speaker 1: don't want to knock the Curries. It's kind of tough too.
Speaker 1: They actually contributed quite a bit. Um, I mean, how
Speaker 1: much do you want to go over this again? How
Speaker 1: much more detail do we do we want to throw
Speaker 1: on people? I mean, I think we basically already explained it.
Speaker 1: We just left out that it's called the Piazza electric effect,
Speaker 1: which the Cury's discovered. I mean yeah, but again, ultimately,
Speaker 1: you squeeze a crystal and then it makes a yelp,
Speaker 1: and then it listens out and that whatever bounces back
Speaker 1: gets converted into electricity. It's a it's a it's an
Speaker 1: inherent property of irregularly shaped crystals. That is just astounding
Speaker 1: that that actually happens, and maybe even more astounding that
Speaker 1: humans figured out how to harness it to look inside
Speaker 1: the body. Yeah, and you know, they're the two most
Speaker 1: important parts are obviously that in the CPU and the
Speaker 1: CPU to be able to figure out and this of
Speaker 1: course just programmed to do so. It's not an emotional
Speaker 1: living thing that that yet had a fire under its butt, right,
Speaker 1: But the way that it figures out how to to
Speaker 1: basically plot these uh, I mean, it's kind of plotting
Speaker 1: densities is what it's doing at the end of the day,
Speaker 1: don't you think. Yeah, for sure, based on the echoes
Speaker 1: that come back in the distance of them, and um, yeah,
Speaker 1: how how energetic the echo is because you know when
Speaker 1: a when a frequency of sound or a wavelength hits
Speaker 1: something UM and it's bounced back, it transfers some of
Speaker 1: its energy. I don't think it's I don't want to
Speaker 1: say this because we're going to get an email from
Speaker 1: physics people, so let me just caveat it. With that,
Speaker 1: I would be very surprised if there's any situation or
Speaker 1: many situations, especially when you're talking about something is as
Speaker 1: cluji as the human body UM where you're going to
Speaker 1: get a dent reflection back, but based on the different
Speaker 1: kinds of intensities that are received back into that crystal,
Speaker 1: that those can be measured and you can map like, oh,
Speaker 1: this is actually a very solid part compared to this
Speaker 1: this part which now you can see as the edge
Speaker 1: because it just kind of tapers off. Uh. And the
Speaker 1: wavelength didn't bounce back quite as strongly because some of
Speaker 1: it missed or some of it was absorbed. Yeah. And
Speaker 1: the cool thing about all of this is it's done
Speaker 1: in real time. It's not like they're doing this and
Speaker 1: then a couple of days later you get your photo.
Speaker 1: I mean, it's it's all right there. Uh. In the
Speaker 1: case of a Sonograham and I guess every every use
Speaker 1: of it, but that's the only one I've experienced personally.
Speaker 1: It's right there on the monitor and um, you know
Speaker 1: you you hear the little heart beating too, so it
Speaker 1: actually um records sound as well. That's net and this
Speaker 1: article didn't really touch on that. UM. But I that's
Speaker 1: that's just astounding to me. It's like, um, that's the
Speaker 1: most like sonar I think, is that. UM. I mean,
Speaker 1: that's that's where some that's the same echo location is
Speaker 1: all the basis of this right where you're you're making
Speaker 1: a sound and then listening back for an echo. But
Speaker 1: in this case, we we've figured out how to transfer
Speaker 1: those those sounds that are what comes back into images.
Speaker 1: But it would make sense that you could also just
Speaker 1: maintain it as a sound too, right, Yeah, I mean
Speaker 1: I would think so. I mean that's what a hydrophone is,
Speaker 1: that it was underwater mics that also just listened to,
Speaker 1: you know, sound. I'm a little stumped on that one,
Speaker 1: I have to admit. Or maybe there's a tiny microphone
Speaker 1: attached maybe so be quiet the microphones list. Uh No,
Speaker 1: I think that's probably just a part of the programming
Speaker 1: and maybe perhaps that is the easiest part. Perhaps so,
Speaker 1: but I really feel like we should just come totally
Speaker 1: clean and say that it was all educated guests, which
Speaker 1: you can say is also just making up stuff on
Speaker 1: the spot. Yeah, yeah, someone someone can correct us and
Speaker 1: we'll read it out loud. Yeah, we'll read it out loud.
Speaker 1: We do that kind of thing. So, like we said,
Speaker 1: we've been talking about the two D variety. UM, they
Speaker 1: they I guess this was around the mid to early
Speaker 1: two thousand's because they talk about sort of the new
Speaker 1: three D imaging UM and it's it's it's been around
Speaker 1: for a while now, right, it's basically the standards three D,
Speaker 1: although I think two D is still you know, very
Speaker 1: much in use to you think two D is the
Speaker 1: standard or maybe it has to do with how far
Speaker 1: along as far as sonograms go right, or really what
Speaker 1: they need to do, but the UM or how what
Speaker 1: they need to see. I think it probably also depends
Speaker 1: on that as well. UM. But the so two D
Speaker 1: is that standard, the one that almost looks like an
Speaker 1: X ray. It's basically a snapshot. It's kind of grainy. Um,
Speaker 1: but that's that's what people think of as a standard.
Speaker 1: Two D. UM sonogram or ultrasound picture. Then then you've
Speaker 1: got UM three D, which is that comes out as
Speaker 1: a result of the crystal arrays, right, So you can
Speaker 1: you can change the frequency of the pulses that are
Speaker 1: going out so you can sense things further away with
Speaker 1: the slightly lower frequency ones and sense things closer with
Speaker 1: the um the higher frequency ones. And the whole thing
Speaker 1: puts these images together to create a three D picture. Yeah.
Speaker 1: And like I said, if you've never seen a three
Speaker 1: D picture, it ain't right from a sonogram. It's it's
Speaker 1: pretty interesting. It's remarkable that they can get this level
Speaker 1: of detail. Um. And part of it is surely to
Speaker 1: delight parents to be. Um, there's no doubt about it.
Speaker 1: But it's not just for that. It's not like, hey,
Speaker 1: you want to see an even cooler creepy picture of
Speaker 1: that developing circus peanut because we can we can do
Speaker 1: that now. Um. It has a lot of uses. You
Speaker 1: can there's a lot more detail. You can really assess
Speaker 1: development of of limbs and the and the face of
Speaker 1: the of the baby to be, and you can really
Speaker 1: get in there and kind of see more with your
Speaker 1: eyeballs what's going on. Well. Plus also I mean, if
Speaker 1: you're looking for something like a tumor, it's much harder
Speaker 1: to see a tumor in two dimensions as like black
Speaker 1: and white shadows, then it is to see like a
Speaker 1: three dimensional lump. So that's super helpful for three D
Speaker 1: as well. UM. And then there's there's another mode called
Speaker 1: M mode or motion mode, which I believe is basically
Speaker 1: a bunch of two D images that are just taken
Speaker 1: in such rapid succession that they are basically act like
Speaker 1: a flip book or a video. So you can see
Speaker 1: this in in basically real time or just slightly delayed
Speaker 1: real time, because I know you kind of reference that
Speaker 1: this is all happening like immediately, but like the pulses
Speaker 1: that are being sent out and then returning are happening
Speaker 1: on the order of like millions of a second, over
Speaker 1: and over and over again. There's there's that kind of
Speaker 1: old timey single beam that's a constant wavelength UM that's
Speaker 1: not much in use. The new ones are just very
Speaker 1: quick pulses that are shot out many many times in
Speaker 1: a single second UM. And as those things are shot out,
Speaker 1: the stuff is returning just mind bogglingly quickly to UM.
Speaker 1: The crystals to be turned into data. Now that's not
Speaker 1: the Doppler one, is it. No, the Doppler actually uses
Speaker 1: a steady beam. From what I read, Yeah, so the
Speaker 1: Doppler ultrasound it's mainly used UM to to find out
Speaker 1: I mean, I'm sure they can use it for more
Speaker 1: than one thing, but it seems like the major uses
Speaker 1: to measure your blood flow rate UM and go to
Speaker 1: your heart. They can go to your major arteries and
Speaker 1: they can basically see if you've got any kind of
Speaker 1: blood flow problems because it's measuring a moving thing going
Speaker 1: through your body. Yeah, and it actually looks like a
Speaker 1: weather map where they use Doppler radar. I mean most
Speaker 1: people see Doppler radar used for things like uh, um,
Speaker 1: tornado or something like that to show different wind speeds.
Speaker 1: So like the different flow speeds of the blood flow
Speaker 1: will be different colors and they can read that and
Speaker 1: be like, oh, you're your blood flowing nicely, right, you
Speaker 1: got no problems, right Doppler. So I feel like we
Speaker 1: should take another break. Huh. Oh my gosh, this is
Speaker 1: so thrilling that I think we need to to catch
Speaker 1: our breath. All right, we'll talk about some of the
Speaker 1: other things. That you can do with a miracle machine.
Speaker 1: Right after this, you know, Chuck, it really gives me
Speaker 1: a tremendous amount of um comfort, hope, Uh, goodwill, m um,
Speaker 1: all sorts of stuff like that that we've come up
Speaker 1: in our twelfth year with another name for a machine,
Speaker 1: like we had Wonder Machine basically from the beginning. I
Speaker 1: think so and here we are in year twelve and
Speaker 1: we've just named another machine, that acal machine. So we've
Speaker 1: talked enough. I think about well, we're gonna talk a
Speaker 1: little bit more about it, about obstetic obstetric man. I
Speaker 1: knew I was going to do that obstetrics. And when
Speaker 1: you go in there, like I said, part of it
Speaker 1: is to delight parents to be and say, here it is.
Speaker 1: Everything's going, heartbeat is strong, everything's happening. But they're also
Speaker 1: doing all sorts of things. They measure the size of
Speaker 1: the fetus. Um. They use a mouse to sort of
Speaker 1: click around and measure different distances. Uh, they determine do date. Uh.
Speaker 1: They want to make sure that fetus is in the
Speaker 1: right position. Uh. They want to make sure the placenta
Speaker 1: is in the right position. They want to see how
Speaker 1: many fetuses there are in there. That's when you get
Speaker 1: the old By the way, I did not know if
Speaker 1: you knew this, but there are actually three living things
Speaker 1: inside of you right now or eight uh so growth rate. Um,
Speaker 1: you can detect the ectopic pregnant pregnancies this way. It's
Speaker 1: a very big one. UM. That is when the baby
Speaker 1: is implanted in the flopian tubes instead of in the uterus,
Speaker 1: and that means it is not a viable pregnancy, right,
Speaker 1: so the life threatening for the mom. What else amniotic fluid.
Speaker 1: You gotta make sure that there's enough cushion around that baby. Yeah,
Speaker 1: for the pushing, well yeah, actually that's eventually yeah. Uh
Speaker 1: and then uh if you want to say, go in
Speaker 1: and take a sample of the amniotic fluid, which you
Speaker 1: can do a lot of things by um sampling amniotic
Speaker 1: fluid to test um. So there's a lot of reasons
Speaker 1: to go in and draw some amniotic fluid. I don't
Speaker 1: know why I'm trying to convince everybody that that there's
Speaker 1: reasons to take samples of amniotic fluid. Just trust me,
Speaker 1: there is. But at the same time, you can sit
Speaker 1: there and look into the into the womb. The womb
Speaker 1: is okay, right, I'm not like using some archaic and
Speaker 1: now offensive term. Am I think? So? Okay, I don't
Speaker 1: think so either. If I am, please forgive me. I'm
Speaker 1: genuinely unaware of that. So school me if I'm if
Speaker 1: I'm wrong, Like, oh, think so anyway, it's called a
Speaker 1: baby box these days, my friend? Right exactly? Yeah, Um,
Speaker 1: so if you want to keep an eye on the
Speaker 1: baby box while you're getting a sample of the amniotic
Speaker 1: fluid to make sure you're not accidentally poking the baby,
Speaker 1: that's the ultrasound is really effective for that. Man, Can
Speaker 1: you believe they used to do that blindly? I was
Speaker 1: reading an article about using ultrasound to guide um spinal
Speaker 1: tap insertions, and this article said that that the authors
Speaker 1: believed that even though that you can use ultrasound for this,
Speaker 1: now that the technology is widely available, most neurosurgeons prefer
Speaker 1: to just go in blind because it's more thrilling. Seriously,
Speaker 1: this was an academic journal article that I was reading,
Speaker 1: and they just said it. So they crack open some
Speaker 1: snippett and then go in there, Yeah, wearing a Hawaiian shirt. Uh,
Speaker 1: what else can you do? You can use the for cardiology,
Speaker 1: we talked about the blood flow but you can also
Speaker 1: literally say, hey, is there something going on inside of
Speaker 1: your heart, let's go look yep. Um, and especially with
Speaker 1: three D and real time stuff like you like, it's
Speaker 1: it's one thing to say, okay, well the shape of
Speaker 1: your heart looks pretty good, or the flow of your
Speaker 1: blood looks pretty good. But thanks to that M mode,
Speaker 1: so you can see it in motion, you can actually
Speaker 1: see make sure that the valves are opening and closing
Speaker 1: correctly in the right the right time. Like it's basically
Speaker 1: just peeking in real time onto the operations of your
Speaker 1: of your body using M mode. It's pretty pretty amazing stuff.
Speaker 1: It's amazing. We also said, of course you can see
Speaker 1: kidney stones, which, by the way, I think we should
Speaker 1: do an episode on kidney stones eventually. Have you ever
Speaker 1: had one? I don't want to say, because I don't
Speaker 1: want to jinx myself. Okay, so you haven't, but you
Speaker 1: fear it. Yes, that's it's a way to put it from. Yeah,
Speaker 1: I've never had a kidney stone either um or gall stones.
Speaker 1: I've never had any stones inside me. I've heard that
Speaker 1: getting those out is quite the ride. Yes, um, you
Speaker 1: can also measure blood flow through the kidneys to you
Speaker 1: can detect prostate cancer. You can see lumps on the prostate. UM,
Speaker 1: that's one of those instances where they will be using
Speaker 1: the wand UM. Yeah. So I also said earlier on
Speaker 1: Chuck that, um, they're getting smaller and higher resolution and
Speaker 1: more portable and one of the places that ultrasound machines
Speaker 1: are showing to pop up more and more. And I
Speaker 1: think now it's probably just a matter of course based
Speaker 1: on how old this article is, but in emergency rooms
Speaker 1: they're starting to really become kind of par for the course.
Speaker 1: So like if somebody shows up and says, like, you know,
Speaker 1: they're doubled over in abdominal pain, rather than sending them
Speaker 1: to surgery or um even up to radiology, they will
Speaker 1: they will just apply in ultrasound there and be like, oh, yeah,
Speaker 1: you've got to ruptured stomach, so we need to we
Speaker 1: need to get we need to get that. They say,
Speaker 1: Now I wish I would have rushed you into surgery.
Speaker 1: I need a second opinion. Uh yeah, ultrasounds are safe.
Speaker 1: Um there. You know, there have been questions because anytime
Speaker 1: you're applying heat and energy near organs, like very close
Speaker 1: to organs, sometimes you've got to really kind of consider this,
Speaker 1: and there have been some reports here and there of
Speaker 1: low birth weight babies if you have had frequent ultrasounds
Speaker 1: during your pregnancy. But um, they have basically come out
Speaker 1: and say ultrasounds are safe. But sort of like an
Speaker 1: X ray, you don't want to come in here every
Speaker 1: other day and get one. You want to only do
Speaker 1: it when when it's necessary because there is heat. Uh,
Speaker 1: and apparently the formation of bubbles because of this heat
Speaker 1: when dissolved gases come out of that solution. Um, you
Speaker 1: know that's a thing. But that they are safe, yeah,
Speaker 1: I mean, we've been using it for sixty seventy years now,
Speaker 1: and there's been plenty of chance for if that's an issue,
Speaker 1: for it to become obvious and evident with I mean,
Speaker 1: it's it just seems like it's very safe. I did
Speaker 1: see that there. This article says that there's not been
Speaker 1: any documented studies that show harm in animals, and that's
Speaker 1: that's not true. Actually, there are animal studies that have
Speaker 1: shown that exposure to some kinds of ultrasound, typically continuous wave,
Speaker 1: which is just a concentrated beam of energy, that that
Speaker 1: can actually cause um thermal heating, which is not good. UM.
Speaker 1: And then there. I found another study from two thousand
Speaker 1: seventeen that said some kinds, especially continuous wave, but also
Speaker 1: super um super quickly pulsed ultrasound has shown that it
Speaker 1: can break up DNA strands. Interesting, which is weird because
Speaker 1: like that's one of the things that people have always
Speaker 1: pointed to is well, this is just mechanical energy. It's
Speaker 1: not going to damage your DNA like ionizing radiation. Is
Speaker 1: pretty it's a pretty startling revelation. And they actually said
Speaker 1: in the article, you know again, it was an academic
Speaker 1: journal article. I can't remember which one, UM, but it
Speaker 1: said like this is going to be of um like
Speaker 1: a lot of interest to a bunch of different fields
Speaker 1: because we didn't know this before. Yeah, that is interesting.
Speaker 1: Is it time to read the Franz Kafka Guide to
Speaker 1: getting a ultrasound? Yes? I also want to say chuck
Speaker 1: before we do, though, um the there again, there's basically
Speaker 1: no evidence that there is harm that comes from ultrasound
Speaker 1: exams in obstet and obstetrics UM, especially when it's done
Speaker 1: by a trained person. Oh sure, Yeah, it doesn't sound
Speaker 1: like it's anything to be worried about. Overall, I didn't
Speaker 1: want to scare anybody unnecessarily. You shouldn't or people should
Speaker 1: not be alright, and you shouldn't both. Yeah, alright, So
Speaker 1: Franz Kafkas guy to getting an a or sound. Number one. Man,
Speaker 1: if we could get Verner Hurtsog to read this list,
Speaker 1: that would just be amazing. We've got a pretty good
Speaker 1: uh runner up in the room. Nol does a great job.
Speaker 1: I should we should get Nolan here. We can double
Speaker 1: them in. Uh. Number one is to remove your clothes, okay.
Speaker 1: Number two is the ultra sonographer drapes the cloth over
Speaker 1: any exposed areas that are not needed for the exam. Right, okay,
Speaker 1: check number three. Uh, we should really get PAULA Thompkins
Speaker 1: if we want to do this right. Actually, why what
Speaker 1: would he do? Well? He does a great Verner Hertzog.
Speaker 1: We should just get Verner hurt Zog. Yeah, man, he's
Speaker 1: down for whatever. It seems like? What stuff? Should I know? Uh?
Speaker 1: The ultrasonographer applies a mineral oil based jelly to your skin,
Speaker 1: doesn't say this or to the condom on the robe.
Speaker 1: The jelly eliminates air between the probe and your skin
Speaker 1: to help pass the sound waves into your body. Yeah,
Speaker 1: and if You're lucky. They're using a Siemens Sequoia brand
Speaker 1: ultrasound machine, which has an onboard gel heater. That's right.
Speaker 1: Are they giving you money? No, okay, I want some
Speaker 1: of that Semens money. Hey man, they got there loaded.
Speaker 1: They're one of those companies that kind of make everything right. Yeah. Yeah.
Speaker 1: What if they did hear this and reached out to
Speaker 1: us and we're like, hey, we really appreciate it. We're
Speaker 1: sending you guys each an ultrasound machine. Hey man, I
Speaker 1: got it, can go with my I've got a Siemens brand.
Speaker 1: Uh car charger, electric car charger, you go. I'll bet
Speaker 1: that's something that was left off this list. You can
Speaker 1: charge a car with a decent ultrasound or at the
Speaker 1: very least jump one off. It's it's got jumper. Uh.
Speaker 1: The ultrasonographer covers the probe with a plastic cover. That's
Speaker 1: the condom. Uh he slash she and I'm gonna add
Speaker 1: slash day pass the probe over your skin to obtain
Speaker 1: the required images. Depending on the type of exam, the
Speaker 1: probe maybe inserted into you. You want to finish up
Speaker 1: here with the last few Oh no, you're doing great,
Speaker 1: all right? Number six. You may be asked to change position,
Speaker 1: change positions to get a better looks at the area
Speaker 1: of interest. Okay, here here, here's two thousand and eight
Speaker 1: popping up again. Number seven. After the images have been
Speaker 1: acquired and measurements taken, the data is stored on a disk.
Speaker 1: You may get a hard copy of the images. They
Speaker 1: may write and sharpie what it is on the disk
Speaker 1: even and then yeah, this is where it starts to
Speaker 1: take a kind of a dark turn. Number eight you're
Speaker 1: given a towelet to clean up. And number nine, I
Speaker 1: can't believe he's actually on the list. You get dressed.
Speaker 1: It's just like the grimmest list of procedures you've ever
Speaker 1: heard of. And they stop at nine. Number ten should
Speaker 1: have been. Then you go give them your credit card
Speaker 1: and pay your co pay. Number eleven. You walk out
Speaker 1: to the parking to the parking lot. Number twelve, walk
Speaker 1: back in because you forgot to get validated. Number thirteen.
Speaker 1: Check your back seat and make sure there are no
Speaker 1: creeps there, right. Number fourteen removed the creep that you found. Wow,
Speaker 1: the last so um, we're talking about the future of
Speaker 1: ultrasound and this this, uh, this article isn't really captured.
Speaker 1: So I started to look around. I found, weirdly enough,
Speaker 1: a list of cutting edge ultrasound stuff on the in
Speaker 1: the Daily Mail of all places and UM. The list
Speaker 1: is actually terrible because it was Daily Mail article. But
Speaker 1: one thing that they did talk about was tractor beams
Speaker 1: that they figured out that you can actually lift UM
Speaker 1: something as small as a beat. At this point using
Speaker 1: sound waves. You would think kind of like Star Wars,
Speaker 1: but no, not at all. It's actually levitating more than
Speaker 1: a tractor beam. Actor beam makes it sound like you're
Speaker 1: pulling something upward towards you. This is actually raising it
Speaker 1: up away from you. But there are all sorts of
Speaker 1: applications for this, especially in water, because you can use
Speaker 1: these sounds in the different arrays UM and the different
Speaker 1: configurations of a race to move something left or right.
Speaker 1: It's called steering the beam, and they actually use it
Speaker 1: for UM for ultrasound imaging too. But you can actually
Speaker 1: move things like say an oil slick. You could kind
Speaker 1: of basically drive it into shore, away from shore to
Speaker 1: some other place where you want to capture. Actually pretty
Speaker 1: cool applications for it. UM. In medicine, they've figured out
Speaker 1: that if you give somebody a drug, say, like a
Speaker 1: chemotherapy drug. Um, some of those chemotherapy drugs only partially
Speaker 1: cross the blood brain barrier, so they're only partially effective.
Speaker 1: The rest just gets metabolized and and you pee it
Speaker 1: out or whatever. So they figured out that if you
Speaker 1: give somebody a chemotherapy drug and then blast their brain
Speaker 1: with an ultrasound machine, seen, it will push the drugs
Speaker 1: past the blood brain barrier into your brain and they'll
Speaker 1: they'll be that much more effective. I thought that was
Speaker 1: pretty cool too. There was a man who was um
Speaker 1: awakened from a coma because the doctor, for some reason
Speaker 1: blast is hypothalamus with a continuous wave beam of ultrasound.
Speaker 1: But even the doctor was like, this may have been coincidence,
Speaker 1: but you know, I don't know, man. It seems like
Speaker 1: they're all sorts of applications that are just starting to
Speaker 1: tap into. Yeah, I've got a couple more. Let's hear them.
Speaker 1: Ultrasound assisted lipa suction basically burning up fat cells. Yes,
Speaker 1: but that really kind of points out that, yeah, this
Speaker 1: actually can create heat, because that's what they're doing is
Speaker 1: melting fat cells using sound, which is the thing. But
Speaker 1: then they've also figured out that depending on the frequency
Speaker 1: of the sound um of the sound wave. It can
Speaker 1: actually stimulate grow can function in cells. So they found
Speaker 1: that like persistent wounds like ulcers and things like that,
Speaker 1: you can actually stimulate them to heal by hitting them
Speaker 1: with sound waves. Yeah, I love it. Is there anything
Speaker 1: an ultrasound machine can't do, Chuck, I don't know. I
Speaker 1: do know, and I'll tell you what the answer that is.
Speaker 1: And it's no. You got anything else? I got nothing
Speaker 1: else but a listener mail. Okay, Well that's it for
Speaker 1: ultrasounds forty seven minutes. That's impressive. Uh. Since I said
Speaker 1: it's impressive, it's time for listener mail. Hi guys, I
Speaker 1: am an eleven year old boy from the West Coast.
Speaker 1: My parents introduced me to your podcast a few years ago,
Speaker 1: and I became interested in podcast and podcasting because of you.
Speaker 1: I've recently started my own podcast called A Child's Perspective
Speaker 1: of Current Events Nights. It sounds wonderful, it does. I'm
Speaker 1: gonna check it out. I haven't had a chance to
Speaker 1: listen yet, Dagan, but you said I would love it
Speaker 1: if you had mentioned my podcast during your listener mail section.
Speaker 1: It would really help boost my audience. H Slash monthly listeners.
Speaker 1: Thank you for your time. I really hope you will
Speaker 1: consider mentioning me on your podcast. And that is from
Speaker 1: Dagon Hofeld and again it's called A Child's Perspective of
Speaker 1: Current Events. I love that straightforward name. It's like stuff
Speaker 1: you should know. It says it all. It definitely is
Speaker 1: in the same wheelhouse for sure. Yeah, but it's not
Speaker 1: derivative in any way. No, no, no, not like it.
Speaker 1: It's it's just in it's perfect simplicity. Yeah, I love it,
Speaker 1: and I'm gonna give that a listen this afternoon, Dagan
Speaker 1: and see how you're doing. And if you need any
Speaker 1: other advice just let us know. But so far, the
Speaker 1: you've done the smartest thing, which was to get someone
Speaker 1: on a super popular podcast to talk about your podcast.
Speaker 1: That stuff one it helps. Hopefully you'll get an s
Speaker 1: y s K bump out of this. And I'm gonna
Speaker 1: go listen to Dagan. So thanks for letting us now, right, yeah, right,
Speaker 1: If you want to go check out Dagan's podcast, go
Speaker 1: do that. It's called A child Perspective on Current Events.
Speaker 1: It's so great. And in the meantime, if you want
Speaker 1: to get in touch with this, you can send us
Speaker 1: an email like Dagan did, wrap it up spanking on
Speaker 1: the bottom, and send it off to Stuff podcast at
Speaker 1: iHeart radio dot com. Stuff you Should Know is a
Speaker 1: production of iHeart Radios. How stuff works for more podcasts
Speaker 1: for my heart radio because at the iHeart Radio app,
Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.