WEBVTT - How Ultrasound Works 0:00:00.080 --> 0:00:03.000 Hey, everybody, it's Josh and Chuck your friends, and we 0:00:03.080 --> 0:00:05.880 are here to tell you about our upcoming book that's 0:00:05.920 --> 0:00:09.080 coming out this fall, the first ever Stuff you Should 0:00:09.080 --> 0:00:12.160 Know book, Chuck. That's right. What's the cool, super cool 0:00:12.200 --> 0:00:15.640 title we came up with. It's Stuff you Should Know colon, 0:00:16.120 --> 0:00:20.439 an incomplete compendium of mostly interesting things. That's right, and 0:00:20.480 --> 0:00:23.520 it's coming along so great. We're super excited, you guys. 0:00:23.720 --> 0:00:28.040 The illustrations are amazing, and there's the look of the book. 0:00:28.080 --> 0:00:30.639 It's all just it's exactly what we hoped it would be. 0:00:30.680 --> 0:00:32.440 And we cannot wait for you to get your hands 0:00:32.440 --> 0:00:34.720 on it. Yes, we can't. Um and you don't have 0:00:34.800 --> 0:00:36.479 to wait. Actually, well you do have to wait, but 0:00:36.479 --> 0:00:38.400 you don't have to wait to order. You can go 0:00:38.479 --> 0:00:41.800 pre order the book right now everywhere you get books, 0:00:42.200 --> 0:00:46.600 and you will eventually get a special gift for pre ordering, 0:00:46.640 --> 0:00:49.400 which we're working on right now. That's right, So check 0:00:49.440 --> 0:00:53.600 it out soon coming this fall. Welcome to Stuff you 0:00:53.600 --> 0:01:02.560 Should Know, a production of My Heart Radios How Stuff Works. Hey, 0:01:02.640 --> 0:01:05.480 and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, and there's 0:01:05.560 --> 0:01:09.920 Charles w. Chuck Bryan over there flying solo, batching it up. 0:01:10.160 --> 0:01:14.200 It's a stag party up in this piece, and this 0:01:14.360 --> 0:01:19.240 is stuff you should know. Remember the Happy Days where 0:01:19.240 --> 0:01:21.960 they had a stag party. Ritchie and Pozzy and Ralph 0:01:22.000 --> 0:01:25.840 Mouth went to a stag party with I think Richie's 0:01:25.840 --> 0:01:29.240 older brother who I believe his named Chuck. I think 0:01:29.280 --> 0:01:31.279 his name was Chuck, But I don't remember what happened. 0:01:31.400 --> 0:01:33.520 I sort of remember that episode. I think they just 0:01:33.560 --> 0:01:36.240 got a little freaked out, a little titillated, aroused, and 0:01:36.240 --> 0:01:38.720 then freaked out. I think it sounds like what would 0:01:38.720 --> 0:01:41.920 have happened. Did Fonzie fix a juke box by hitting 0:01:41.920 --> 0:01:44.560 with this fist? I think that even may have been 0:01:44.640 --> 0:01:47.400 pre jukebox Fonzie. I don't even know that he was 0:01:47.440 --> 0:01:49.320 wearing a leather coat at the time. He may have 0:01:49.400 --> 0:01:51.960 just been wearing that weird gray jacket that he wore 0:01:52.000 --> 0:01:54.600 at first. Yeah, like the mechanics jacket. And that would 0:01:54.640 --> 0:01:57.520 make sense because I think Chuck was only in the 0:01:57.520 --> 0:02:00.480 early days of the Happy Days, the happiest days, right. 0:02:00.640 --> 0:02:04.160 But then remember they like killed him off, like pretty graphically. 0:02:04.440 --> 0:02:08.440 He suffered from dysenterry for basically three straight episodes, and 0:02:08.480 --> 0:02:11.240 like that's all they focused on, and then he finally 0:02:11.280 --> 0:02:14.200 just died and they said, man, this is called happy Days. 0:02:14.240 --> 0:02:16.000 I think we need to just get rid of them. Yeah. 0:02:16.000 --> 0:02:20.120 I think they changed their show runner after that. So, um, 0:02:20.160 --> 0:02:25.000 we're talking about ultrasound right now. And if you had Dysenterry, 0:02:25.639 --> 0:02:30.200 I'm not entirely convinced that ultrasound would help. But let's 0:02:30.200 --> 0:02:34.080 say you had it a kidney stone instead, Friend, ultrasound 0:02:34.120 --> 0:02:37.040 would help with that kind of thing. Yeah, they could. 0:02:37.080 --> 0:02:40.359 They could sniff out of kidney stone. Yeah they can. 0:02:40.480 --> 0:02:42.280 As a matter of fact. Well, what's funny is they 0:02:42.320 --> 0:02:45.160 do everything but sniff. They used to sound and they 0:02:45.240 --> 0:02:49.120 used vision. I used the wrong. Uh, they don't sniffer take. 0:02:50.400 --> 0:02:54.880 Oh boy, that was great. Should be good. So, um, ultrasound. 0:02:54.919 --> 0:02:57.680 Everybody knows what ultrasound is. Just about everybody seeing an 0:02:57.760 --> 0:03:01.720 ultrasound picture. Um, you see little babies like in the 0:03:01.800 --> 0:03:05.040 womb developing and they're getting all cute and everything, or 0:03:05.080 --> 0:03:06.880 else you see them really early on and they're not 0:03:06.960 --> 0:03:10.120 at all cute. Um. But either way, I think everybody 0:03:10.200 --> 0:03:13.960 is pretty familiar with ultrasound. UM, and I was too, 0:03:14.160 --> 0:03:17.000 but I still learned quite a bit from this incredibly 0:03:17.080 --> 0:03:23.160 outdated article by Craig freud and Rich PhD. Yeah, and 0:03:23.200 --> 0:03:27.960 you're speaking specifically of what's known as a sonogram. Uh. 0:03:28.040 --> 0:03:31.320 When a device that you know, we're going to talk 0:03:31.360 --> 0:03:35.240 about this in more detail, but a device called a 0:03:35.320 --> 0:03:40.520 transducer probe has either put on you or in you, 0:03:41.800 --> 0:03:45.600 depending on what depending on what they're after or how 0:03:45.640 --> 0:03:51.040 close they need to get sure. Yeah. Absolutely, and then 0:03:51.120 --> 0:03:55.960 what well, I mean, you know, I can speak from experience. 0:03:55.960 --> 0:03:58.080 One of the best things in the world is when 0:03:58.080 --> 0:04:03.560 you see that first little picture of baby and heart beating. Uh. 0:04:03.600 --> 0:04:05.280 And then the worst moment is when you go in 0:04:05.280 --> 0:04:07.840 there and get one and that heart isn't beating. Yeah. 0:04:08.040 --> 0:04:10.160 And it's a un nerving moment when you go in 0:04:10.200 --> 0:04:13.080 there for that stuff. And like I said, it can 0:04:13.120 --> 0:04:15.560 be it can It feels both great and terrible and 0:04:15.560 --> 0:04:19.640 I've I've experienced all. Yeah. But the thing is about 0:04:19.800 --> 0:04:24.320 ultrasound chuck um is most people think that it's that's 0:04:24.360 --> 0:04:26.040 what it used for us just check on babies, But 0:04:26.080 --> 0:04:28.880 it's used for a whole bunch of other stuff as well, 0:04:28.920 --> 0:04:31.599 which we'll talk about. And they're starting to find even 0:04:31.680 --> 0:04:35.240 more um cutting edge techniques for it too. So it's 0:04:35.240 --> 0:04:39.960 actually pretty interesting stuff. And the whole thing magically is 0:04:39.960 --> 0:04:43.800 centered on crystals that are actually hidden in the incredibly 0:04:43.839 --> 0:04:48.240 greatly named transducer probe, and they actually, you know, in 0:04:48.279 --> 0:04:51.719 a way squeeze these crystals. And when you squeeze crystals, 0:04:51.800 --> 0:04:55.520 especially ones that have in irregular shape, they do something amazing. 0:04:55.880 --> 0:05:00.400 They produce energy vibrations in this case, and so by 0:05:00.400 --> 0:05:04.520 squeezing the crystal of of vibration of sound goes out 0:05:05.160 --> 0:05:09.720 very high frequency sounds. Und it is it is ultrasound 0:05:10.279 --> 0:05:12.800 um on the order of something like this article says 0:05:12.800 --> 0:05:15.960 one to five mega hurts, but I saw two to 0:05:16.080 --> 0:05:21.240 twenty is much more standard, and it hurts. Is how 0:05:21.279 --> 0:05:25.560 many of the same part of a of a wavelength 0:05:25.880 --> 0:05:28.919 of you know, sound or something like that would pass 0:05:29.000 --> 0:05:32.760 by a space a point in space every second. So 0:05:32.800 --> 0:05:35.359 in this case, say like the crest of these wavelengths, 0:05:35.400 --> 0:05:41.160 these ultrasound wavelengths um, the something like twenty million of 0:05:41.200 --> 0:05:44.919 their crests would pass by one point in space in 0:05:45.040 --> 0:05:48.960 one second, very very high frequency, very very tight um, 0:05:49.080 --> 0:05:52.720 which makes them very very energetic. So those are the 0:05:53.320 --> 0:05:57.880 vibrations the sound that is produced by squeezing crystals. And 0:05:57.960 --> 0:06:01.599 you would think just squeezing chrys souls is pretty pretty great. 0:06:01.720 --> 0:06:04.200 Let's just give this thing a blue ribbon for being 0:06:04.240 --> 0:06:07.240 a wonderful piece of technology. But it gets even better 0:06:07.320 --> 0:06:10.240 than that. Yeah, I mean, if you're talking about the 0:06:10.279 --> 0:06:15.119 fact that there's a machine that then calculates these distances 0:06:15.200 --> 0:06:18.480 from the probe to whatever it's trying to measure and 0:06:18.520 --> 0:06:23.840 then basically can create a two and now even three 0:06:23.839 --> 0:06:28.440 dimensional picture of that, it seems like magic. It does, 0:06:28.600 --> 0:06:32.680 especially because those those sound waves that propagate from the 0:06:32.720 --> 0:06:35.719 crystal being squeezed, which I like to think of is 0:06:35.720 --> 0:06:39.000 the crystals being squeezed, and it's making the sound and delight. 0:06:39.600 --> 0:06:42.600 It's not like a painful, painful sound that it's like, 0:06:42.720 --> 0:06:47.520 it's just like, yeah, it feels great. Um. So those 0:06:47.520 --> 0:06:50.600 sound waves, when they travel into the body, they hit 0:06:50.640 --> 0:06:53.680 all sorts of stuff. They hit um, tissue, they hit 0:06:54.240 --> 0:06:58.200 um liquid, they hit everything and that's everything bone, yeah 0:06:58.320 --> 0:07:04.159 and um. The the higher frequency of a wave, the 0:07:04.560 --> 0:07:07.800 more likely it is to bounce back. So the a 0:07:07.839 --> 0:07:10.560 lot of that stuff bounces back. And when it bounces back, chuck, 0:07:10.800 --> 0:07:14.480 it comes right back into those crystals, and when it 0:07:14.560 --> 0:07:18.160 hits those crystals, it actually produces electricity, and then that 0:07:18.240 --> 0:07:22.640 electrical impulse is what's converted into through some sort of 0:07:22.640 --> 0:07:24.720 black magic that I have a lot of trouble wrapping 0:07:24.800 --> 0:07:28.400 my head around into images. So sound gets translated into 0:07:28.440 --> 0:07:31.560 images via electrical impulses. And at the heart of it 0:07:31.600 --> 0:07:34.440 all are those crystals. Yeah. I think if you were 0:07:34.440 --> 0:07:40.400 to ask your average person if an ultrasound like just 0:07:40.440 --> 0:07:42.960 a yes or no question, like an ultrasound does it 0:07:43.160 --> 0:07:47.800 use actual crystals to produce an image, you would probably 0:07:47.800 --> 0:07:49.320 get laughed out of the room by nine out of 0:07:49.320 --> 0:07:51.560 ten people and say, of course it doesn't. That's some 0:07:51.680 --> 0:07:56.200 sort of weird wiccan hoke um right, that you're trying 0:07:56.200 --> 0:07:59.640 to sell me on. It's it's not real, but it's remarkable. 0:07:59.680 --> 0:08:02.960 I hadn't no idea that it uses crystals. Yeah. I 0:08:03.000 --> 0:08:08.160 think this machine is actually second only to um the 0:08:08.200 --> 0:08:13.880 breathalyzer machine in in surprising complexity man and I and 0:08:13.920 --> 0:08:17.000 I presume the ultrasaw machine was pretty complex. But yeah, 0:08:17.080 --> 0:08:20.320 I had no idea that they were squeezing crystals in there. Yeah. 0:08:20.360 --> 0:08:24.280 In nineteen forty two, there was a neurologist who used 0:08:25.120 --> 0:08:28.120 ultrasonic waves as a as a tool as a diagnostic 0:08:28.120 --> 0:08:30.960 tool for the first time named Karl with a Kadu 0:08:31.040 --> 0:08:35.040 sick and he was trying to search for brain tumors 0:08:35.040 --> 0:08:38.040 through someone's skull. And I think it was not until 0:08:38.080 --> 0:08:41.559 the nineteen fifties, so about sixteen years later fifty eight 0:08:42.200 --> 0:08:45.560 that it was first used for a sonogram with Dr 0:08:45.640 --> 0:08:49.400 Ian Donald. Yeah. And the great advantage of ultrasound is 0:08:49.400 --> 0:08:52.600 that you're just you're sending sound waves, which are mechanical 0:08:52.679 --> 0:08:57.040 in nature into the body. UM. You're not using ionizing 0:08:57.160 --> 0:09:00.680 radiation like X rays, UM, So you're not going to 0:09:00.800 --> 0:09:05.320 like produce tumors necessarily, there's not You're just not exposed 0:09:05.360 --> 0:09:08.199 to being exposed to radiation energy. You're being exposed to 0:09:08.240 --> 0:09:12.720 mechanical energy again, just acoustic waves of sound. But what's 0:09:12.720 --> 0:09:16.400 amazing about this is that that that sound, those echoes 0:09:16.440 --> 0:09:18.959 from that sound that bounce off of the different barriers 0:09:19.000 --> 0:09:22.200 or what they're called, say like between blood and tissue, 0:09:22.200 --> 0:09:25.640 a tissue and bone, as they bounce back up and 0:09:25.679 --> 0:09:30.360 they're converted into images you can see into the human 0:09:30.400 --> 0:09:35.319 body without using X rays and without cutting somebody open. 0:09:35.360 --> 0:09:38.400 So it was an enormous advance that I think really 0:09:38.480 --> 0:09:42.320 gets overlooked, um at least by the general public, as 0:09:42.360 --> 0:09:45.560 far as medical advances go like, it was huge when 0:09:45.600 --> 0:09:48.160 we figured out how to do this. Yeah, And that's 0:09:48.160 --> 0:09:50.360 why if you ever go to get a sonogram or 0:09:50.400 --> 0:09:53.280 something like this and they show you an image of 0:09:53.320 --> 0:09:57.400 your little bread love baking in the oven, and you 0:09:57.480 --> 0:10:00.960 catch yourself in your head thinking looks kind of crutty 0:10:01.000 --> 0:10:04.760 to me, just put your foot in the door and 0:10:04.840 --> 0:10:07.400 slam it real quick, and make sure you don't say 0:10:07.400 --> 0:10:09.000 that out loud in front of anyone in the room, 0:10:09.080 --> 0:10:11.800 because it is truly a little miracle machine just to 0:10:11.800 --> 0:10:15.880 get an image that looks that crutty, right, especially, don't 0:10:15.920 --> 0:10:18.760 say it in front of Karl Dusick. No, it would 0:10:18.800 --> 0:10:21.000 really hurt this feeling. And all of this, I mean, 0:10:21.040 --> 0:10:25.200 this stuff is remarkable because it's the same concept of 0:10:25.480 --> 0:10:28.040 just the sonar that we use in the military and 0:10:28.080 --> 0:10:30.800 the sonar that bats use. Yeah. And as a matter 0:10:30.800 --> 0:10:35.040 of fact, like our understanding of um echolocation, which is 0:10:35.120 --> 0:10:38.120 ultimately what it's based on, it's shooting out sound and 0:10:38.160 --> 0:10:41.120 then listening for the echoes and then taking the information 0:10:41.600 --> 0:10:45.800 that those echoes bring back to judge things like distance, shape, size, 0:10:45.840 --> 0:10:47.760 all the stuff. You can get a lot of information 0:10:47.800 --> 0:10:51.040 from sound if you know how to use echolocation. That's 0:10:51.040 --> 0:10:53.760 what's happening. We're squeezing crystals to make this sound. And 0:10:53.760 --> 0:10:57.199 then in turn, after they shout, they turn into ears 0:10:57.280 --> 0:11:00.280 listening for the echoes that come back, and the echoes 0:11:00.320 --> 0:11:04.120 that come back ultimately become those white or bright or 0:11:04.240 --> 0:11:08.400 light areas on a sonogram. Um that that form like 0:11:08.440 --> 0:11:11.640 the shape, those are the echo. Yeah, and it's way better. 0:11:11.760 --> 0:11:15.920 The very first uh sonograms, they would get boxes of bats. 0:11:16.880 --> 0:11:19.360 They would open the lid and throw it over the 0:11:19.400 --> 0:11:22.680 pregnant belly very fast, right, let them fly around for 0:11:22.720 --> 0:11:25.240 a couple of minutes, and then take those bats into 0:11:25.240 --> 0:11:27.560 another room and give them pads of paper and pencils, 0:11:28.160 --> 0:11:30.800 and said to draw what you heard. And bats are 0:11:30.840 --> 0:11:34.400 actually pretty good at drawing, most of them are. It's surprising, 0:11:34.480 --> 0:11:38.439 honestly that it looks about as good as the current sonogram. Yeah, 0:11:38.960 --> 0:11:41.280 so I guess you're not a big you're not super 0:11:41.320 --> 0:11:44.760 impressed by the resolution. You know, it's fine, Like I said, 0:11:44.760 --> 0:11:47.600 when you when you realize what's going on, it's truly 0:11:47.600 --> 0:11:50.840 a miracle. And and the three D ones, yeah, I 0:11:50.840 --> 0:11:55.000 mean those are kind of creepily accurate, right they are. 0:11:55.080 --> 0:11:57.920 They have a little uncanny valley thing going on. But 0:11:57.920 --> 0:12:01.000 I'm not sure why, but they definitely do. But that's 0:12:01.000 --> 0:12:04.760 a huge advance in ultrasound because, like originally in ultrasound, 0:12:04.840 --> 0:12:07.600 especially if you just see the flat one that almost 0:12:07.600 --> 0:12:10.160 looks like a grainy X ray or something like that, 0:12:10.200 --> 0:12:13.320 but you're seeing something like soft tissue. That's another advantage 0:12:13.360 --> 0:12:16.960 of ultrasound over X ray. X ray typically shows much 0:12:17.000 --> 0:12:21.199 harder stuff, whereas an ultrasound card. So you even like blood, 0:12:21.760 --> 0:12:28.560 something is as um non dense dense lists. Uh, what's 0:12:28.600 --> 0:12:35.319 the opposite of dense this guess loose Yeah, lucy, Even 0:12:35.360 --> 0:12:40.600 as something is as anatomically lucy goosey as blood. Um, 0:12:40.800 --> 0:12:44.280 the ultrasound can capture that because of the high frequency 0:12:44.360 --> 0:12:46.360 and the other The other great thing about using high 0:12:46.400 --> 0:12:49.760 frequency is that or the other reason we use high 0:12:49.800 --> 0:12:53.439 frequency is the higher the frequency, the greater the resolution. 0:12:53.960 --> 0:12:57.400 And it's not a perfect analogy, but it's similar to 0:12:57.559 --> 0:13:01.200 how if you increase the magnet shoote of a microscope 0:13:01.280 --> 0:13:04.680 you can see smaller and smaller stuff. It's very much 0:13:05.080 --> 0:13:09.240 similar to higher the frequency of say sound in an 0:13:09.280 --> 0:13:13.880 ultrasound machine, the more finely detailed, the more resolution you 0:13:13.880 --> 0:13:18.120 can have. The problem is is that the those higher 0:13:18.200 --> 0:13:23.560 energy um uh wavelengths tend to bounce back, tend to 0:13:23.600 --> 0:13:27.480 reflect very easily, lower energy travels further and further through 0:13:27.480 --> 0:13:29.360 the body. So what they figured out is you can 0:13:29.400 --> 0:13:33.559 combine these and that's how you ultimately get three D imaging, 0:13:33.559 --> 0:13:36.280 which we'll talk a little more about in a minute. 0:13:36.320 --> 0:13:38.000 You want to take a break, Yeah, let's take a 0:13:38.000 --> 0:13:39.960 break and we'll come back and talk about all the 0:13:39.960 --> 0:13:41.880 parts of this. I was about to call it the 0:13:41.880 --> 0:13:43.760 wonder machine, but we already have one of those, the 0:13:43.760 --> 0:14:09.000 miracle machine. Miracle machines. Good, all right, right after this, alright, 0:14:09.320 --> 0:14:13.880 so the miracle machine has uh and you know, they 0:14:13.920 --> 0:14:16.600 don't explain any of this stuff. They basically, you know, 0:14:16.640 --> 0:14:18.880 you go in there and they're just like, hey, this 0:14:18.920 --> 0:14:21.960 thing works. Uh, this is a bit of black magic. 0:14:22.560 --> 0:14:25.800 And just sit back and and open up and here 0:14:25.840 --> 0:14:28.680 comes the probe. Yeah, we um. I think we should 0:14:28.680 --> 0:14:32.160 go over the list that appears in this article that 0:14:32.200 --> 0:14:36.600 was apparently written by Franz Kafka. Yeah, all right, we 0:14:36.720 --> 0:14:40.160 have to, okay, agreed. I have a feeling you're talking 0:14:40.200 --> 0:14:44.360 about the final few things about what happens during an 0:14:44.400 --> 0:14:48.920 ultrasound examination. Oh that part. Yeah, sure, okay, alright, so 0:14:48.960 --> 0:14:52.080 you got your transducer probe, which we already talked about 0:14:52.080 --> 0:14:54.680 a little bit, and that is the thing that the 0:14:55.080 --> 0:14:57.480 eyes and the ears that sends and receives those waves 0:14:57.520 --> 0:14:59.640 and like we said, it can go if you if 0:14:59.680 --> 0:15:03.400 you see this in a movie, then um, you're likely 0:15:03.440 --> 0:15:06.360 seeing the kind that they put on your belly because 0:15:06.400 --> 0:15:08.920 you're far along and they want to see like that 0:15:09.000 --> 0:15:13.320 little baby in the body parts and everything. Um that 0:15:13.440 --> 0:15:15.600 is later on in a pregnancy. At first they use 0:15:15.720 --> 0:15:19.320 the one that goes uh you know, into the vagina 0:15:19.640 --> 0:15:22.560 with a condom strapped on the end of it, not 0:15:22.640 --> 0:15:26.840 strap but rolled down. Sure, I mean it makes perfect sense, 0:15:28.600 --> 0:15:31.120 you know, yeah, I mean you gotta put some sort 0:15:31.120 --> 0:15:34.800 of protective covering over it. And what better than a 0:15:34.880 --> 0:15:37.360 condom to fit over something that's sort of shaped like 0:15:37.360 --> 0:15:40.560 a penus. And then they lose that thing up and 0:15:40.600 --> 0:15:43.360 then up it goes. And then that's how you check 0:15:43.400 --> 0:15:45.800 on things in the earlier parts of their pregnancy. I 0:15:45.840 --> 0:15:51.400 would hope that they would have these much smaller, is it? Well, 0:15:51.440 --> 0:15:53.200 I mean I don't they don't use a magna, they 0:15:53.200 --> 0:15:56.600 don't need use the magnum, right, but even still a 0:15:56.720 --> 0:15:59.840 condom fits very loosely too, I should Okay, okay, that's 0:15:59.840 --> 0:16:03.200 what I was after. Yeah, yeah, yeah, it's Um, I'm 0:16:03.240 --> 0:16:05.680 trying to I'm looking around the room that you're not 0:16:05.760 --> 0:16:08.000 even in to try and compare it to something. But 0:16:08.480 --> 0:16:12.280 what does that mean? Well, I mean I'm in the 0:16:12.600 --> 0:16:15.200 we're working from home. No, no, you said you were 0:16:15.200 --> 0:16:18.400 looking around the room, Yeah, trying to compare it to something, 0:16:18.400 --> 0:16:21.760 but I'm not there, correct, I'm looking for a like 0:16:21.920 --> 0:16:24.880 object in the room that you're not even sitting in. Yeah, 0:16:24.920 --> 0:16:26.560 I know, I got what you're saying. I was making 0:16:26.600 --> 0:16:28.520 a different choke that you're not picking I'm not picking 0:16:28.600 --> 0:16:30.240 up on it. Let's say it's as big as this, 0:16:30.400 --> 0:16:37.120 uh highlighter's sort of like a sharpie magic marker. Okay, okay, 0:16:37.240 --> 0:16:40.320 roughly yeah, alright, So I think we're together on the 0:16:40.360 --> 0:16:43.520 side of the transducer probe that's used early on, that's 0:16:43.560 --> 0:16:46.120 inserted man, and they might use that same they might 0:16:46.200 --> 0:16:48.120 use that same one. What what were you going to say? 0:16:48.200 --> 0:16:50.840 How did we get through like breastfeeding and female puberty 0:16:50.840 --> 0:16:52.520 and this one is the one that's tripping us up? 0:16:52.560 --> 0:16:56.360 So I know I have no idea. Um, I'm going 0:16:56.400 --> 0:16:58.320 to get us back on track. They'll watch this all right, 0:16:59.280 --> 0:17:04.920 that same uh wand wand great word for it. Um. 0:17:05.440 --> 0:17:11.680 It might be used anally orally all sorts of different ways. 0:17:11.760 --> 0:17:14.080 They might stick it in whatever orifice they can. It's 0:17:14.119 --> 0:17:17.360 not just vaginally, depending on what they want to get 0:17:17.359 --> 0:17:21.160 a closer look at is, you know, especially if they're 0:17:21.160 --> 0:17:24.040 not just looking at a baby. Okay, yeah, yeah, yeah, 0:17:24.240 --> 0:17:28.240 let's move on. Let's do all right. Up next on 0:17:28.240 --> 0:17:31.360 the list is the CPU. And that's you know, that's 0:17:31.359 --> 0:17:34.320 the little computer that does all that that black magic math. 0:17:35.520 --> 0:17:37.439 Uh and it notes here in the article that contains 0:17:37.440 --> 0:17:41.160 the electrical power supply. I noticed that too. I thought 0:17:41.200 --> 0:17:44.760 that was really specific. Um. So yeah, like, if you 0:17:45.000 --> 0:17:49.120 look at any um, any ultrasound machine, even the most 0:17:49.119 --> 0:17:52.359 cutting edge ones that they have now look pretty much 0:17:52.400 --> 0:17:54.159 the same as one you would have seen in like 0:17:54.200 --> 0:17:57.879 the seventies, they're just a little slimmer. Um, they're a 0:17:57.880 --> 0:18:00.240 little more user friendly. They'll probably have a touched green 0:18:00.920 --> 0:18:04.720 I saw that the I think it's the Siemens Sequoya 0:18:04.880 --> 0:18:08.640 has a gel warmer, which I'm sure is very appreciated 0:18:08.640 --> 0:18:11.720 by patients. But I mean, for the most part, it's 0:18:11.880 --> 0:18:15.879 it's just like everything that this article from I don't know, 0:18:16.000 --> 0:18:21.240 probably two thousand and eight, um yeah, is describing Yeah, 0:18:21.320 --> 0:18:25.119 you've got your transducer pulse controls, and that's where you 0:18:25.160 --> 0:18:29.720 can change the frequency, the duration of the pulses, the amplitude, 0:18:30.560 --> 0:18:32.719 which we'll look. We'll explain what that means in a 0:18:32.720 --> 0:18:35.520 little while. To the to the tech, they might understand 0:18:35.560 --> 0:18:38.040 what's going on, but really it's them saying like, um, 0:18:38.280 --> 0:18:41.640 get clear focus, go deeper, three D mode, that kind 0:18:41.680 --> 0:18:44.200 of thing. But to the computer, it's like, no, we're 0:18:44.359 --> 0:18:47.439 we're messing with the amount of electricity that's coming and 0:18:47.440 --> 0:18:51.400 going through the crystals. Correct, Okay, all right. You got 0:18:51.400 --> 0:18:55.560 your display that speaks for itself, a little monitor, it 0:18:55.600 --> 0:19:01.600 says on here keyboard right inputs data. Yeah. I thought 0:19:01.640 --> 0:19:03.679 that was pretty funny too. The next two are my 0:19:03.720 --> 0:19:05.880 favorites of this list, though, why don't you go ahead 0:19:05.920 --> 0:19:08.920 then take it away? I wasn't expecting that was taking 0:19:08.920 --> 0:19:13.240 a sip of coffee. You've got the disk storage device, 0:19:13.800 --> 0:19:17.120 which could be anything from a hard drive, floppy disk, 0:19:17.880 --> 0:19:20.920 or c D yes, and it says that it stores 0:19:21.000 --> 0:19:24.240 the acquired images. And I actually wrote, I wish you 0:19:24.240 --> 0:19:26.680 could see this. I wrote, ha ha under that part 0:19:29.200 --> 0:19:31.960 that it clearly does not have a USB drive. No, 0:19:32.400 --> 0:19:36.000 clearly not or any kind of SSD driver or anything 0:19:36.040 --> 0:19:38.200 like that. But then the last one, Chuck, is the printer, 0:19:38.440 --> 0:19:40.800 which I'm sure still exists, but I'm just guessing that 0:19:40.840 --> 0:19:44.600 they were in describing a dot matrix printer in this one. No, 0:19:44.760 --> 0:19:46.439 the printers there, but it's but it's when you know, 0:19:46.440 --> 0:19:48.680 it's one of those little guys that you just put 0:19:48.760 --> 0:19:51.600 punch the button and it spits out and then they 0:19:51.640 --> 0:19:55.040 tear it off. Yes, so I mean, you know they 0:19:55.040 --> 0:19:57.359 can email you a jpeg, I'm sure, but they're also like, 0:19:57.520 --> 0:20:00.720 here this goes on your fridge. Here's a butterfly made 0:20:00.720 --> 0:20:10.520 out of letters get home. Okay. So again that's still 0:20:10.600 --> 0:20:13.600 basically the components of ultra saw machine. And what I 0:20:13.960 --> 0:20:16.960 was like, surely, surely this article is just hopelessly out 0:20:16.960 --> 0:20:20.439 of date, and I mean it really isn't It doesn't. 0:20:20.560 --> 0:20:23.320 It didn't capture, you know, some of the cutting edge 0:20:23.320 --> 0:20:26.959 stuff that's being used today. But really, ultra saw machines 0:20:27.000 --> 0:20:29.560 haven't changed that much in the last like ten twenty, 0:20:29.600 --> 0:20:33.400 maybe thirty or so years. They've just gotten smaller, more 0:20:33.480 --> 0:20:37.920 powerful and as um As like computer technology has improved, 0:20:38.080 --> 0:20:40.800 so too has whatever computer you're gonna find on board 0:20:40.800 --> 0:20:43.680 and ultraso machine. But the nuts and bolts of it 0:20:43.720 --> 0:20:46.760 are still generally the same thing and the um the 0:20:47.160 --> 0:20:49.359 key though. The thing that's really changed over time and 0:20:49.400 --> 0:20:54.680 gotten better and more sophisticated and varied is that transducer probe. 0:20:54.840 --> 0:20:58.359 Because initially, yeah, for sure, if you're gonna make any improvements, 0:20:58.400 --> 0:21:00.399 you want to make it to the transducer because it's 0:21:00.400 --> 0:21:02.640 going to have some pretty big effects in the keyboard. 0:21:03.720 --> 0:21:07.800 Maybe maybe so because you do want to input data easily. 0:21:08.560 --> 0:21:11.600 But with that transducer probe, initially they had to say 0:21:11.640 --> 0:21:15.960 like one crystal um and that crystal would shoot basically 0:21:16.000 --> 0:21:19.600 a static beam that was going out into your body 0:21:19.600 --> 0:21:23.040 and it would basically just take a snapshot of whatever 0:21:23.080 --> 0:21:25.880 it came in contact with. There might not have been 0:21:26.000 --> 0:21:30.440 much adjustment to resolution, to depth, to focus anything like that. 0:21:30.720 --> 0:21:33.280 It was just like, here, what do you expect. It's 0:21:33.320 --> 0:21:36.360 the nineteen fifties, Give me a break. You're looking into 0:21:36.400 --> 0:21:39.720 a human body using sound waves. Just be impressed with that. 0:21:40.240 --> 0:21:41.920 But then as they started to figure out how to 0:21:41.960 --> 0:21:47.399 add more and more crystals, into um an array. Yeah. Uh, 0:21:47.720 --> 0:21:49.840 you can do all sorts of different things, and now 0:21:49.880 --> 0:21:52.879 all of a sudden, your output of sound waves can 0:21:52.920 --> 0:21:56.159 be adjusted crystal by crystal, and your input can be 0:21:56.200 --> 0:21:59.720 adjusted crystal by crystal as well. So the resolution overall 0:22:00.320 --> 0:22:04.160 is just magnificently improved since they started making a raise 0:22:04.240 --> 0:22:07.359 of crystals in these transducer probes. Yeah, and you did 0:22:07.520 --> 0:22:09.720 a nice little quickie overview of how it worked. But 0:22:09.800 --> 0:22:11.679 I don't think we mentioned that it's based on a 0:22:11.720 --> 0:22:17.720 principle called the piezo electric or pressure electricity effect. Yeah, 0:22:17.760 --> 0:22:19.920 we didn't. Uh, and that's discovered by a couple of 0:22:20.000 --> 0:22:25.159 dudes in the eighteen eighties, Pierre and Jacques Curie. Any relation. 0:22:25.240 --> 0:22:27.880 I meant to look that up. Yeah. I think Pierre 0:22:28.320 --> 0:22:34.400 is Marie Curi's husband, one of the two are. I'm 0:22:34.400 --> 0:22:36.560 pretty sure it was Pierre. Yeah, and one of the 0:22:36.560 --> 0:22:40.200 few times the wife has overshadowed the husband's accomplishments. Yes, 0:22:40.359 --> 0:22:43.680 but all three of them were extremely accomplished. Yeah. I 0:22:43.680 --> 0:22:46.879 don't want to knock the Curries. It's kind of tough too. 0:22:46.960 --> 0:22:51.119 They actually contributed quite a bit. Um, I mean, how 0:22:51.160 --> 0:22:52.719 much do you want to go over this again? How 0:22:52.800 --> 0:22:54.840 much more detail do we do we want to throw 0:22:54.880 --> 0:22:57.880 on people? I mean, I think we basically already explained it. 0:22:57.960 --> 0:23:01.000 We just left out that it's called the Piazza electric effect, 0:23:01.280 --> 0:23:05.040 which the Cury's discovered. I mean yeah, but again, ultimately, 0:23:05.040 --> 0:23:07.399 you squeeze a crystal and then it makes a yelp, 0:23:07.520 --> 0:23:10.360 and then it listens out and that whatever bounces back 0:23:10.400 --> 0:23:13.800 gets converted into electricity. It's a it's a it's an 0:23:13.800 --> 0:23:18.439 inherent property of irregularly shaped crystals. That is just astounding 0:23:18.480 --> 0:23:21.960 that that actually happens, and maybe even more astounding that 0:23:22.680 --> 0:23:25.040 humans figured out how to harness it to look inside 0:23:25.080 --> 0:23:28.920 the body. Yeah, and you know, they're the two most 0:23:28.960 --> 0:23:32.760 important parts are obviously that in the CPU and the 0:23:32.840 --> 0:23:36.040 CPU to be able to figure out and this of 0:23:36.080 --> 0:23:39.320 course just programmed to do so. It's not an emotional 0:23:39.359 --> 0:23:43.680 living thing that that yet had a fire under its butt, right, 0:23:44.320 --> 0:23:47.760