WEBVTT - Self-Healing Glass and Virtual Dolphins! 0:00:00.280 --> 0:00:03.120 Hey everyone, it's Mango here. With summer winding down, we 0:00:03.160 --> 0:00:05.720 are taking a little break, but we will be back 0:00:05.760 --> 0:00:09.600 with brand new episodes starting September ninth. And we have 0:00:09.680 --> 0:00:12.760 been working hard on so many fun episodes this summer. 0:00:12.800 --> 0:00:15.400 I cannot wait for you to listen to them. In 0:00:15.440 --> 0:00:18.560 the meantime, we are re airing our countdown of the 0:00:18.600 --> 0:00:21.600 twenty five greatest science ideas of the past twenty five years. 0:00:22.079 --> 0:00:26.439 This list was so joyous to make. Mary and Gabe 0:00:26.480 --> 0:00:29.639 did all this extra research for it. We pulled in 0:00:29.720 --> 0:00:33.800 contributors for various places. We got incredible songs written for 0:00:33.880 --> 0:00:37.639 the show. The whole thing is bizarre and delightful and 0:00:37.680 --> 0:00:42.200 fascinating and joyous, and honestly, I just hope you enjoy 0:00:42.280 --> 0:00:44.840 it half as much as we enjoyed making it. Let's 0:00:44.880 --> 0:00:51.440 dig in. You're listening to Part Time Genius, the production 0:00:51.520 --> 0:00:59.400 of Kaleidoscope and iHeartRadio. Guess what, well, what's that Mango? 0:00:59.680 --> 0:01:02.520 So welcome back to day two of our countdown of 0:01:02.560 --> 0:01:05.600 the twenty five greatest science ideas in the past twenty 0:01:05.600 --> 0:01:09.039 five years. And you know what's funny is when I 0:01:09.080 --> 0:01:11.920 was driving around last night, I saw a car with 0:01:11.959 --> 0:01:14.840 a bumper sticker, and this is true. It said science 0:01:15.040 --> 0:01:19.320 is like magic, but it's real. Okay, that's a real 0:01:19.400 --> 0:01:20.080 bumper sticker. 0:01:20.160 --> 0:01:22.720 I like that, you know. And considering we've already covered 0:01:22.760 --> 0:01:25.080 how to get catch up to flow smoothly out of 0:01:25.120 --> 0:01:28.040 a bottle and a scientist who capture the actual smell 0:01:28.080 --> 0:01:31.679 of space in a perfume, also a cure for hamster 0:01:31.800 --> 0:01:34.280 jet lag, I'd say we're off to a pretty magical star. 0:01:36.080 --> 0:01:39.479 It's also weird, but it's a pretty magical start. Yeah. 0:01:39.520 --> 0:01:41.440 But as soon as I saw that sticker, I had 0:01:41.440 --> 0:01:43.959 to roll down my window to yel Hey, science fans, 0:01:44.000 --> 0:01:46.399 subscribe to Part Time Genius on your favorite podcast. 0:01:46.560 --> 0:01:49.960 You are not telling the jos that is not a 0:01:50.000 --> 0:01:52.400 mango move, But I feel like they might like the 0:01:52.440 --> 0:01:55.360 show well, and actually I feel like you forgot to 0:01:55.400 --> 0:01:57.520 tell them to leave a rating and review. That's your 0:01:57.560 --> 0:01:58.040 other go to. 0:01:58.280 --> 0:02:02.000 Yeah, well, I'm sure they'll figure it out in the meantime. 0:02:02.040 --> 0:02:04.000 When do you say we get started with day two 0:02:04.520 --> 0:02:06.080 of our incredible countdown? 0:02:06.160 --> 0:02:29.920 Can't wait? Let's dive in. Hey, their podcast listeners, welcome 0:02:29.960 --> 0:02:32.639 to Part Time Genius. I'm Will Pearson, and as always 0:02:32.680 --> 0:02:34.600 I'm here with my good friend mangesh hot ticket there 0:02:34.919 --> 0:02:36.920 and over there in the booth knows deep in a 0:02:36.960 --> 0:02:40.200 book of magic tricks. It's our pal and producer, Dylan Fake. 0:02:41.639 --> 0:02:43.600 I think I might have inspired him to take up 0:02:43.600 --> 0:02:45.079 this new hobby with that little story. 0:02:45.639 --> 0:02:47.680 As long as he doesn't run off to Vegas without us, 0:02:47.720 --> 0:02:51.280 I think that's okay. So Mango, I'm really excited to 0:02:51.320 --> 0:02:55.040 continue this countdown because today we're talking about bike helmets, 0:02:55.360 --> 0:02:59.919 we're talking about virtual dolphins, lobsters, and strangely a help 0:03:00.120 --> 0:03:05.080 the diet that doesn't involve lobsters unfortunately. So let's get started. 0:03:04.720 --> 0:03:08.399 With Okay, Well, so how about we kick this off 0:03:08.440 --> 0:03:12.080 with a little pop quiz. What would you describe as 0:03:12.320 --> 0:03:15.799 sort of a modern healthy diet? You know, obviously, I 0:03:15.840 --> 0:03:19.000 think it involve a lot of fruits and veggies, good fats. 0:03:19.040 --> 0:03:21.880 You hear about olive, oil, fish, nuts. 0:03:21.960 --> 0:03:26.920 Maybe some eggs, beans, poultry for protein, red meat, and alcohol, 0:03:26.919 --> 0:03:30.440 and moderation of course, and not too much candy, which 0:03:30.440 --> 0:03:33.200 is a bummer. Like those atomic fireballs we've been sending out, 0:03:33.240 --> 0:03:35.600 so just those in moderation as well. Those are the 0:03:35.600 --> 0:03:36.760 things that come to mind. 0:03:37.480 --> 0:03:40.960 Yeah, so you just described the classic Mediterranean diet right, 0:03:41.040 --> 0:03:44.560 And it's how people in the blue zones eat right, 0:03:44.640 --> 0:03:48.120 like people who live along time in places like Sardinia, Italy, 0:03:48.440 --> 0:03:52.839 Italian Islands, Ikorea, and Greece, and people tend to eat 0:03:52.920 --> 0:03:55.600 really healthy lives there. But what if I told you 0:03:55.640 --> 0:03:59.280 there might be an even healthier diet and instead of 0:03:59.320 --> 0:04:03.360 tomatoes and all oil, we should be eating cassava and 0:04:03.600 --> 0:04:04.480 howler monkeys. 0:04:04.800 --> 0:04:08.040 Oh, I didn't see that went coming. I think you'd 0:04:08.040 --> 0:04:10.280 have to give me some pretty convincing evidence. I don't 0:04:10.280 --> 0:04:11.640 think I'm up for this. I don't know what you 0:04:11.720 --> 0:04:13.560 might call it, like the Temple of Doom diet. 0:04:13.680 --> 0:04:15.880 Yeah, I feel like it's a good derivative from the 0:04:15.960 --> 0:04:18.760 Indiana Jones franchise. But let me tell you a little 0:04:18.760 --> 0:04:21.240 bit about it. So, over the past decade, there have 0:04:21.279 --> 0:04:24.800 been a number of studies involving the Chimene people and 0:04:24.960 --> 0:04:28.360 indigenous people native to the lowlands of the Bolivian Amazon, 0:04:28.880 --> 0:04:33.000 and the Chimyne live off the land, far from modern conveniences, 0:04:33.120 --> 0:04:36.160 and they basically have like little to no access to healthcare, 0:04:36.440 --> 0:04:38.159 at least the kind you and I are familiar with, 0:04:38.279 --> 0:04:42.680 and for some reason, they are freakishly healthy. Really, So 0:04:42.760 --> 0:04:44.800 if you take heart disease right, Like here in the US, 0:04:44.839 --> 0:04:47.239 about one in four people over the age of forty 0:04:47.279 --> 0:04:51.600 five shows signs of a clogged heart. But the Chimene zero. 0:04:52.000 --> 0:04:52.320 Really. 0:04:52.320 --> 0:04:56.080 In twenty seventeen, Lancet reported that quote, the Chimmyne have 0:04:56.160 --> 0:05:01.680 the lowest prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis of any population known 0:05:01.720 --> 0:05:02.240 to science. 0:05:02.279 --> 0:05:04.520 Isn't that incredible? Yeah? So no heart problems. 0:05:04.720 --> 0:05:07.640 Yeah, they also don't get high blood pressure or type 0:05:07.680 --> 0:05:12.640 two diabetes. They show little evidence of asthma or autoimmune diseases. 0:05:12.880 --> 0:05:15.480 Even their brains appear to be special. Like as we 0:05:15.560 --> 0:05:18.719 age are brains typically atrophy, but for some reason, the 0:05:18.720 --> 0:05:21.960 brains of older chi Mayne people deteriorate at a rate 0:05:22.040 --> 0:05:23.719 that's slower than seventy percent. 0:05:23.960 --> 0:05:25.679 Wow, so they just never get sick. 0:05:26.400 --> 0:05:28.760 I mean, that's the weird thing. They do get sick 0:05:29.160 --> 0:05:33.520 like a lot. They are outdoorsy. Their lifestyle exposes them 0:05:33.560 --> 0:05:38.880 to like an insane bacterial load, viral and parasitic infections. 0:05:39.200 --> 0:05:43.400 Seventy percent of their population has parasitic roundworm infections, And 0:05:43.760 --> 0:05:46.840 because they get sick so often, they show high levels 0:05:46.839 --> 0:05:50.320 of inflammation. Now, the strange part is that for most 0:05:50.360 --> 0:05:53.279 of us. Inflammation would increase our chance of heart disease 0:05:53.360 --> 0:05:56.360 and other chronic ailments, but not for the chime Mayne. 0:05:56.480 --> 0:06:00.000 Their good health is so puzzling that scientists actually gave 0:06:00.120 --> 0:06:05.480 in a name, the Chimeyene inflammation paradox. Now, in recent years, 0:06:05.520 --> 0:06:08.279 researchers have descended on the population to learn their secrets, 0:06:08.279 --> 0:06:11.120 and so far the insights have gone against the grain 0:06:11.200 --> 0:06:14.040 of what we know about healthy living. So take those 0:06:14.120 --> 0:06:17.479 roundworm infections right, Like, on the face of it, it 0:06:17.520 --> 0:06:20.599 sounds pretty unhealthy, but researchers have actually discovered that this 0:06:20.720 --> 0:06:24.280 particular roundworm alters the immune system in a way that 0:06:24.360 --> 0:06:26.760 might actually improve female fertility. 0:06:26.800 --> 0:06:28.040 Oh wow, isn't crazy? 0:06:28.040 --> 0:06:31.680 And most chimyne only got six or seven hours of sleep, 0:06:31.800 --> 0:06:34.320 and that's below the eight or nine hours that doctors 0:06:34.360 --> 0:06:38.599 typically recommend. Here, right, it's accepted wisdom that inadequate sleep 0:06:38.640 --> 0:06:41.520 can make you age faster, and yet tests that measure 0:06:41.560 --> 0:06:46.440 aging was called intrinsic age acceleration, show that the chimene 0:06:46.560 --> 0:06:48.680 age slower than just about everybody. 0:06:48.880 --> 0:06:51.440 That is incredible. But back to the idea of the diet, 0:06:51.440 --> 0:06:52.960 What does their diet have to do with any of this? 0:06:53.440 --> 0:06:57.640 So Historically, obesity is rare among the Chimene, even though 0:06:57.640 --> 0:06:59.520 they eat a lot more than we do. The typical 0:06:59.600 --> 0:07:02.839 Chimeine women eat six hundred more calories than the average 0:07:02.880 --> 0:07:05.520 American women in a given day. Okay, but there are 0:07:05.560 --> 0:07:08.320 two big differences here, right, So, first of all, their 0:07:08.480 --> 0:07:12.400 diet is composed completely differently than ours. They eat only 0:07:12.480 --> 0:07:15.760 four to fifty grams of fat a day Americans eat 0:07:15.760 --> 0:07:18.000 twice that. They also get more protein than we do, 0:07:18.120 --> 0:07:20.440 as much as fifty grams more per day than the 0:07:20.440 --> 0:07:24.480 average American, and they consume twice as much potassium, but 0:07:24.640 --> 0:07:27.920 just one eighth the amount of sodium. The other difference 0:07:28.000 --> 0:07:31.760 is activity level. The Chimyne actually average about sixteen thousand 0:07:31.840 --> 0:07:34.720 steps every single while, and they maintain this level of 0:07:34.720 --> 0:07:36.960 physical activity late into their lives. 0:07:37.040 --> 0:07:39.480 Their Apple watches and garments must just be giving them 0:07:39.560 --> 0:07:42.160 so many awards for all that activity. Right, So we've 0:07:42.200 --> 0:07:46.600 got low fat, high protein tons of activity. Obviously, what 0:07:46.720 --> 0:07:49.000 kinds of foods are they actually eating? Like, what's on 0:07:49.040 --> 0:07:51.040 the menu for the average Chimmeyne home. 0:07:51.320 --> 0:07:54.200 Yeah, so for starches and veggies, they tend to eat 0:07:54.240 --> 0:07:59.280 like plantains, cassava, rice, and that's about it. Their primary 0:07:59.280 --> 0:08:02.560 seafood is a fish called the trahira, also known as 0:08:02.600 --> 0:08:07.280 the wolffish because of its dog like teeth. Then, for protein, 0:08:07.320 --> 0:08:11.720 they eat a lineup of local mammals, including capabera the pecari, 0:08:11.800 --> 0:08:15.640 which is basically a small wild pig. They also eat pakas, 0:08:15.720 --> 0:08:19.480 which are these giant rodents with markings kind of like deer, 0:08:19.920 --> 0:08:23.840 and cootamundi's, which well, it's kind of like a cross 0:08:23.880 --> 0:08:28.080 between a lemur, a raccoon, and a small bear. And 0:08:28.720 --> 0:08:31.200 that's about it. They don't eat that much else. Most 0:08:31.200 --> 0:08:34.320 of their calories come from just nine different foods, which 0:08:34.360 --> 0:08:37.360 is pretty counterintuitive. Like here in the US, we're always 0:08:37.360 --> 0:08:39.400 told we should be eating the rainbow of vegetables and 0:08:39.480 --> 0:08:42.000 a wide variety of foods, but that's not what they do. 0:08:42.280 --> 0:08:44.760 That's super interesting. I want to say that I'm sold 0:08:44.760 --> 0:08:46.800 here because it does feel like they've figured out the 0:08:46.800 --> 0:08:49.320 perfect diet. But I don't know how you can achieve 0:08:49.360 --> 0:08:50.680 that here. It's not like you're able to go to 0:08:50.720 --> 0:08:53.200 the store and pick up a coda mundi, which, by 0:08:53.240 --> 0:08:55.120 the way, i'd never heard of that before. You said 0:08:55.120 --> 0:08:57.280 it's a cross between a lemur, a raccoon, and a 0:08:57.320 --> 0:09:00.600 small bear looks like a small I got it. I 0:09:00.600 --> 0:09:03.800 got it. But anyway, that sort of food isn't exactly 0:09:03.880 --> 0:09:04.640 accessible here. 0:09:04.720 --> 0:09:07.880 Yeah, you're not finding out a barbecue. This dietary advice 0:09:08.000 --> 0:09:10.720 isn't realistic for people like you and me, And lately 0:09:10.800 --> 0:09:13.880 even the Chimene have been having a hard time following 0:09:13.920 --> 0:09:17.120 this diet, and that's because modern life has started intruding 0:09:17.240 --> 0:09:20.000 on their space, right on their villages. Kids are now 0:09:20.040 --> 0:09:25.160 eating pasta there and processed foods and sugars. After generations 0:09:25.200 --> 0:09:28.160 of this diet that's like helped them defy the odds, 0:09:28.480 --> 0:09:31.520 their health's actually getting worse, it's kind of sad to see. 0:09:31.559 --> 0:09:34.720 And they're gaining weight. So it's possible that the world's 0:09:34.760 --> 0:09:37.480 healthiest diet might actually be on the verge of extinction. 0:09:37.960 --> 0:09:41.160 That's rough. This has become a universal problem of trying 0:09:41.200 --> 0:09:43.760 to pry the sugary snacks away from our kids, you know, 0:09:43.760 --> 0:09:45.679 so they don't ruin their appetites before they eat a 0:09:45.720 --> 0:09:48.079 good dinner. It's just it's still different. Like here we're 0:09:48.080 --> 0:09:51.040 eating chicken. There they're eating capybara, which I actually didn't 0:09:51.040 --> 0:09:52.040 know that was something people late. 0:09:52.280 --> 0:09:55.000 Yeah, So now if you don't want to eat a capybara. 0:09:55.280 --> 0:09:57.280 I certainly don't blame you, but maybe you'd like to 0:09:57.360 --> 0:10:00.480 hug one. So today on our Instagram actually having a 0:10:00.520 --> 0:10:04.200 little contest, we're giving one lucky listener a wonderful and 0:10:04.400 --> 0:10:10.040 ridiculous plushy capabera for them to not eat. So get 0:10:10.040 --> 0:10:12.280 the details and enter to win at part time genius. 0:10:15.679 --> 0:10:18.480 All right, So for number eighteen, I gotta admit that 0:10:18.520 --> 0:10:20.840 last story did make me a little bit hungry, so 0:10:21.880 --> 0:10:24.520 I'm gonna stick with that theme. Here's a question for you, mego, 0:10:24.640 --> 0:10:25.760 do you like lobster? 0:10:26.880 --> 0:10:29.000 I'm kind of like so so on it. Okay, I 0:10:29.080 --> 0:10:33.040 like lobster rolls, but I don't love lobster meat that much. 0:10:33.160 --> 0:10:36.240 I'm also not into working for my food other than 0:10:36.280 --> 0:10:39.920 pistachios and bananas, maybe boiled peanuts. I don't really like 0:10:40.120 --> 0:10:42.840 cracking foods open with my fingers and pulling chunks of 0:10:42.880 --> 0:10:43.360 meat out. 0:10:43.280 --> 0:10:46.040 Of the bread. You put it that way. Well, I 0:10:46.080 --> 0:10:48.280 actually do like lobster, although it's not that I get 0:10:48.280 --> 0:10:51.080 to have it that often. But anyone who's ever dined 0:10:51.120 --> 0:10:53.800 on whole lobster nose it is not the easiest thing 0:10:53.840 --> 0:10:55.560 to eat. So, like you said, you have to break 0:10:55.600 --> 0:10:58.840 it apart with mallets and crackers and stick little forks 0:10:58.880 --> 0:11:01.439 in there to retrieve every last little bit of meat. 0:11:01.760 --> 0:11:03.439 And if you don't know what you're doing, it is 0:11:03.480 --> 0:11:04.560 a daunting task. 0:11:04.760 --> 0:11:07.160 Yeah, it's really intimidating, especially for you know, I was 0:11:07.200 --> 0:11:08.920 a vegetarian for a large part of my life, and 0:11:08.960 --> 0:11:12.440 so I think that's part of why I'm not as attracted. 0:11:12.000 --> 0:11:14.320 To it right. Right, it's sort of intimidating, and you know, 0:11:14.360 --> 0:11:16.200 even if you do know what you're doing, it's messy, 0:11:16.280 --> 0:11:18.240 like it's one of the only foods that served with 0:11:18.320 --> 0:11:21.320 a bib and wet wipes. But I've actually got a 0:11:21.320 --> 0:11:23.680 pretty big solve for you here. This goes back to 0:11:23.679 --> 0:11:26.439 two thousand and six. A man named Johnny Hathaway was 0:11:26.480 --> 0:11:29.440 thinking about this problem. He's a Native manor and he 0:11:29.520 --> 0:11:31.520 and his family had opened a seafood restaurant and a 0:11:31.559 --> 0:11:34.480 touristy part of the state. So every summer the place 0:11:34.600 --> 0:11:37.680 was flooded with people who craved lobster. But as he 0:11:37.760 --> 0:11:40.840 told us in an interview, customers were turned off by 0:11:40.920 --> 0:11:41.560 the mess. 0:11:41.840 --> 0:11:44.839 Well, I soon found out that people really wanted the food, 0:11:44.920 --> 0:11:45.600 not the animal. 0:11:45.800 --> 0:11:47.520 He thought there has to be an easier way to 0:11:47.559 --> 0:11:50.160 cook and serve lobster. And it turned out there was 0:11:50.600 --> 0:11:54.760 I've got three words for you, mango, high pressure processing, 0:11:54.920 --> 0:11:55.480 you get it. 0:11:56.200 --> 0:11:58.240 I like that you're saying these things expecting me to 0:11:58.280 --> 0:12:01.400 have a reaction. I have no idea what any of 0:12:01.400 --> 0:12:01.920 that means. 0:12:01.920 --> 0:12:04.679 All right, Well, in the simplest terms, it's kind of 0:12:04.720 --> 0:12:08.600 like pasteurization, except it uses cold water and pressure instead 0:12:08.600 --> 0:12:11.559 of high heat. So the process is really useful because 0:12:11.559 --> 0:12:14.760 it kills the pathogens and the microorganisms that can actually 0:12:14.800 --> 0:12:17.959 make food spoil. Now, one day, Johnny happened to be 0:12:18.040 --> 0:12:21.160 chatting with someone from the main lobster Promotion Council, is 0:12:21.240 --> 0:12:24.280 sort of a collective for the state's prize industry, and 0:12:24.320 --> 0:12:26.120 she told him she'd heard about some guy in New 0:12:26.200 --> 0:12:29.960 Orleans who were using high pressure processing to kill bacteria 0:12:30.000 --> 0:12:32.840 and oysters. That's a big problem, by the way, a 0:12:32.840 --> 0:12:35.800 lot of people enjoy eating oysters raw, so having the 0:12:35.840 --> 0:12:39.439 ability to eliminate that bacteria without cooking was a pretty 0:12:39.480 --> 0:12:41.800 big deal. And it gets better. So the folks in 0:12:41.840 --> 0:12:44.560 Louisiana were finding that putting oysters in a high pressure 0:12:44.600 --> 0:12:47.600 machine didn't just make them safe to eat, it actually 0:12:47.640 --> 0:12:52.160 also shucked them. That's pretty magical. Now, just completely detached 0:12:52.240 --> 0:12:54.720 the meat from the shell. And what is lobster if 0:12:54.760 --> 0:12:59.040 not a larger and more complicated oyster. Right. 0:13:00.440 --> 0:13:03.680 I feel like some Breene biologists out there might disagree 0:13:03.720 --> 0:13:07.320 with that. No simple assessment continues, just. 0:13:07.240 --> 0:13:09.959 Facts, manu. So when Johnny heard this, he knew he 0:13:10.120 --> 0:13:12.200 had to see this for himself. So he got in 0:13:12.240 --> 0:13:14.320 touch with the oyster guys and they were like, we 0:13:14.360 --> 0:13:16.880 don't know anything about lobsters, but we're up for trying 0:13:16.920 --> 0:13:19.080 an experiment. So here's Johnny again. 0:13:19.520 --> 0:13:22.000 So I brought some lobster down in New Orleans and 0:13:22.840 --> 0:13:24.719 I couldn't believe it. I couldn't believe what it did. 0:13:24.760 --> 0:13:27.360 We put it in the machine, we take it out, 0:13:27.480 --> 0:13:30.600 and it's a very simple process. But what it does 0:13:30.760 --> 0:13:34.000 is it breaks the membrane between the shell and the meat, 0:13:34.720 --> 0:13:37.800 and it allows you to take out the meat raw. 0:13:37.920 --> 0:13:39.280 The meat slides right out. 0:13:39.559 --> 0:13:41.320 So I just want to take a second to acknowledge 0:13:41.360 --> 0:13:44.080 the historic nature of that moment, right like it was 0:13:44.120 --> 0:13:47.760 the first time in human history that anyone had shucked 0:13:47.840 --> 0:13:51.840 a raw lobster. It's just not possible otherwise. So until 0:13:51.960 --> 0:13:54.640 that fateful day, the only way to break meat from 0:13:54.679 --> 0:13:57.680 the membrane was by cooking it. So Johnny heads home. 0:13:57.960 --> 0:14:00.920 He tracks down a high pressure processor online. He calls 0:14:00.960 --> 0:14:04.360 it the big mother shucker because this thing is huge. 0:14:04.640 --> 0:14:07.120 The first machine I bought was sixteen feet high and 0:14:07.280 --> 0:14:10.280 weigh to eighty thousand pounds, and all it is is 0:14:10.360 --> 0:14:14.200 a cylinder that should fill with water, no heat, no chemicals. 0:14:14.400 --> 0:14:16.840 It's just water and you turn on the pressure and 0:14:16.880 --> 0:14:19.720 find the right pressure. The cycle last maybe three minutes. 0:14:20.440 --> 0:14:22.120 So once he had it up and running and got 0:14:22.160 --> 0:14:24.800 the settings dialed in, Johnny and his employees were able 0:14:24.800 --> 0:14:28.280 to process four to six million lobsters every single week. 0:14:29.880 --> 0:14:31.640 I didn't know there were that many lobsters out there. 0:14:32.440 --> 0:14:34.520 And you have to understand there's a lot of tradition 0:14:34.600 --> 0:14:37.000 in the main lobster industry, and that's part of the 0:14:37.000 --> 0:14:40.240 cultural importance here. But that also meant that Johnny had 0:14:40.280 --> 0:14:43.080 to sell the idea of this pressure shucked raw lobsters 0:14:43.080 --> 0:14:45.720 to people who'd been doing things the old way for 0:14:45.760 --> 0:14:47.640 a long time. You could see a lot of people 0:14:47.720 --> 0:14:50.840 might just take joy in that process, right, because it's 0:14:50.880 --> 0:14:53.720 like an art in itself. But luckily, his raw Lobster 0:14:53.800 --> 0:14:56.040 Meet won two Awards at the two thousand and seven 0:14:56.080 --> 0:15:00.280 Brussels International Seafood Show Best New Food Service Product, Most 0:15:00.320 --> 0:15:03.520 Convenient New seafood Product. Now, that was a pretty definitive 0:15:03.560 --> 0:15:06.640 seal of approval, and it helped Manor see the commercial 0:15:06.640 --> 0:15:07.600 potential of what he was. 0:15:07.640 --> 0:15:11.320 Up to Other processors and fishermen alike. They saw, okay, 0:15:11.360 --> 0:15:15.240 this opens up another way for us to market our product. Right, 0:15:15.640 --> 0:15:18.240 we don't have to just sell live anymore. We can 0:15:18.280 --> 0:15:21.680 sell it to processes, and processes can do more value 0:15:21.680 --> 0:15:24.920 added products. It opened up new markets now. 0:15:24.920 --> 0:15:28.040 According to Johnny Chef's love the convenience of raw lobster, 0:15:28.200 --> 0:15:30.760 it gives them more options for cooking. Before, if you 0:15:30.960 --> 0:15:33.800 wanted a suv lobster, it had to be parboiled first, 0:15:33.840 --> 0:15:36.720 and as Johnny says, nobody buys a cook steak and 0:15:36.720 --> 0:15:39.520 then cooks it again. But there's one other benefit to 0:15:39.560 --> 0:15:41.160 this process that's worth mentioning. 0:15:41.480 --> 0:15:45.200 The pressure actually kills the lobster within six seconds, So 0:15:46.240 --> 0:15:48.760 you know, that's pretty good when you think about the 0:15:48.800 --> 0:15:51.360 animals in the world, how they're treated. I think that 0:15:51.560 --> 0:15:52.400 was very important. 0:15:52.840 --> 0:15:55.240 If you're going to eat lobster, that is a pretty 0:15:55.320 --> 0:15:58.600 humane way to do it. Anyway, since Johnny's big new discovery, 0:15:58.640 --> 0:16:01.520 a few other high pressure processors have actually opened up 0:16:01.520 --> 0:16:04.160 in Maine, and Johnny's thinking about new ways to put 0:16:04.200 --> 0:16:06.800 the technology to use. For example, he's working with the 0:16:06.880 --> 0:16:10.440 University of Maine and research involving crab and lobster shells, 0:16:10.440 --> 0:16:14.160 which contain a polymer called kitan. Now it's already being 0:16:14.240 --> 0:16:17.600 used in agriculture as fertilizer, but apparently may have other 0:16:17.680 --> 0:16:22.080 applications including helping with skin problems and wound healing. And 0:16:22.120 --> 0:16:24.560 when you can separate a bunch of crustaceans from their 0:16:24.560 --> 0:16:27.160 shells in a matter of minutes, it makes all the 0:16:27.240 --> 0:16:29.880 testing and advances a whole lot more possible. 0:16:30.360 --> 0:16:32.800 That's really interesting. You know, I wonder if it's going 0:16:32.840 --> 0:16:36.200 to affect the all you can eat crab shats and 0:16:36.400 --> 0:16:39.320 like Maryland, in places like that where you know you've 0:16:39.320 --> 0:16:41.840 got all this old bay and you're often drinking beer 0:16:41.960 --> 0:16:44.160 because like it takes such a long time and like 0:16:44.440 --> 0:16:46.560 it's hard to get the meat out. It's going to 0:16:46.600 --> 0:16:48.000 be a very different process area. 0:16:48.080 --> 0:16:49.840 It's it's gonna have it comes straight down a shoot 0:16:49.840 --> 0:16:50.440 into your mouth. 0:16:52.240 --> 0:16:55.000 Do not touch that dial. We will be right back 0:16:55.120 --> 0:17:14.280 with more great science ideas right after the break, Welcome 0:17:14.280 --> 0:17:16.119 back to Part Time Genius, where we're talking about the 0:17:16.160 --> 0:17:21.440 twenty five greatest science ideas of the last twenty five years. 0:17:21.840 --> 0:17:25.000 So this one is close to my heart. Will Were 0:17:25.080 --> 0:17:26.560 you a bike rider as a kid? 0:17:26.840 --> 0:17:29.359 Definitely. I rode my bike every day to school from 0:17:29.600 --> 0:17:32.480 really second grade on all the way yeah, all the 0:17:32.480 --> 0:17:35.399 way through elementary school. I loved riding my bike. 0:17:35.760 --> 0:17:37.359 And did you have to wear a helmet? 0:17:37.880 --> 0:17:39.960 Well, I was actually talking about this just the other 0:17:40.040 --> 0:17:42.440 day to somebody that this was on the front end 0:17:42.640 --> 0:17:46.359 of kids wearing helmets, right, And of course my parents 0:17:46.359 --> 0:17:49.199 maybe wear a helmet. I'm thankful for that, But I 0:17:49.400 --> 0:17:51.320 was one of the few in our group of friends 0:17:51.320 --> 0:17:53.600 that would ride to school that were wearing helmets. Of course, 0:17:53.640 --> 0:17:57.000 I'm glad that there's no weirdness around that today, but yeah, 0:17:57.119 --> 0:17:58.800 I was one of the few wearing them at that point. 0:17:58.840 --> 0:18:01.359 I mean, yeah, I feel like it is so normalized 0:18:01.359 --> 0:18:03.320 today and the helmets are so much less clunky. 0:18:03.520 --> 0:18:03.720 Yep. 0:18:04.080 --> 0:18:07.480 In seventh grade, with no warning, my dad went out 0:18:07.480 --> 0:18:10.439 and did two things. First, he bought us helmets and 0:18:10.440 --> 0:18:13.600 insisted we wear them, which you know makes sense, And 0:18:13.680 --> 0:18:15.480 i'd of course two with my kids now. But he 0:18:15.800 --> 0:18:20.760 also found these white poles that he put on our 0:18:20.880 --> 0:18:24.040 like very thin bubbles they put on with orange flags, 0:18:24.280 --> 0:18:29.119 and so they were riding above us. It was partially 0:18:29.119 --> 0:18:30.679 because like we lived on a hill and so like 0:18:30.720 --> 0:18:32.359 if you went up the hill, you want cars to 0:18:32.400 --> 0:18:32.720 be able. 0:18:32.640 --> 0:18:33.840 To see what was coming. 0:18:34.080 --> 0:18:36.480 But it was kind of the equivalent of wearing headgear 0:18:36.600 --> 0:18:38.760 to like a middle school dance, right, So like I 0:18:38.880 --> 0:18:42.159 used to bike everywhere to the local convenience store to 0:18:42.320 --> 0:18:44.680 like cull to sack, you know, it was just transportation 0:18:44.720 --> 0:18:51.320 for us, and and then immediately I started walking. For me, 0:18:51.600 --> 0:18:54.440 helmets were really a deterrent. And one thing that I 0:18:54.440 --> 0:18:57.560 think is really fascinating is there's a company called Holding 0:18:58.160 --> 0:19:01.440 which has created something that's basically a scarf like technology 0:19:01.640 --> 0:19:04.760 that inflates on impact like an airbag. 0:19:05.560 --> 0:19:09.240 So is this like an invisible airbag helmet or like 0:19:09.720 --> 0:19:10.879 I'm not picturing. 0:19:10.520 --> 0:19:13.760 This, yeah, exactly. This thing is amazing and middle school 0:19:13.760 --> 0:19:15.880 me would have been so psychedic seen one of these 0:19:15.960 --> 0:19:18.080 or had one of these. But I've been watching videos 0:19:18.119 --> 0:19:20.800 online of people crashing and one second it looks like 0:19:20.840 --> 0:19:23.040 they're wearing nothing on their head and next it looks 0:19:23.080 --> 0:19:25.919 like someone like pulled over like an airbag hoodie. The 0:19:25.960 --> 0:19:28.680 whole thing is the invention of two brilliant Swedish women 0:19:28.840 --> 0:19:32.840 named Anna Hoppt and Teres Alston. They designed the helmet 0:19:32.840 --> 0:19:35.000 in two thousand and five as part of a master's 0:19:35.000 --> 0:19:39.119 thesis in industrial design at Lund University, and they tricked 0:19:39.119 --> 0:19:41.080 it out with some really interesting features. You do have 0:19:41.160 --> 0:19:42.840 to keep the helmet charge and you have to switch 0:19:42.880 --> 0:19:44.800 it on when you're riding, but you can change out 0:19:44.800 --> 0:19:47.320 the colors so like you can have the scarf like 0:19:47.320 --> 0:19:50.240 thing match your outfit. It comes with a black box 0:19:50.280 --> 0:19:53.040 and it records the last ten seconds before a crash, 0:19:53.160 --> 0:19:55.240 which can actually be helpful if you're trying to determine 0:19:55.240 --> 0:19:57.439 fall in like an accident or something like that. And 0:19:57.640 --> 0:20:00.560 according to tests done by engineers at Stanford, the whole 0:20:00.600 --> 0:20:04.240 thing actually protected people from concussions eight times better than 0:20:04.240 --> 0:20:08.040 traditional bike helmets. Unfortunately, however, the cost ended up being 0:20:08.040 --> 0:20:12.000 a factor. In a twenty fifteen review from the Guardian, 0:20:12.320 --> 0:20:14.399 they said a new helmet cost about two hundred and 0:20:14.400 --> 0:20:16.520 fifty pounds and if you get in a crash you 0:20:16.600 --> 0:20:19.119 kind of have to replace it. Pulving did replace the 0:20:19.160 --> 0:20:21.520 helmets for about one hundred pounds once you bought your 0:20:21.520 --> 0:20:23.120 first one, but it really wasn't cheap. 0:20:23.600 --> 0:20:25.880 And you know that this goes back over a decade now, 0:20:25.880 --> 0:20:27.600