1 00:00:03,080 --> 00:00:05,920 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind from how Stuff 2 00:00:05,920 --> 00:00:15,120 Speaker 1: Works dot com. Hey, welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind. 3 00:00:15,120 --> 00:00:17,880 Speaker 1: My name is Robert Lamp and I'm Christian Segre. Hey, Robert, 4 00:00:17,880 --> 00:00:21,680 Speaker 1: I got a superhero question for you, Batman. Why doesn't 5 00:00:21,680 --> 00:00:25,400 Speaker 1: he have any disease related abilities or or like an 6 00:00:25,440 --> 00:00:29,040 Speaker 1: improved immune system? So, so, you know, Batman has been 7 00:00:29,040 --> 00:00:33,040 Speaker 1: around for like over seventy years, we largely know bats 8 00:00:33,080 --> 00:00:36,760 Speaker 1: as being disease carriers, right, and yet he doesn't seem to, 9 00:00:37,040 --> 00:00:38,600 Speaker 1: I mean outside of like I guess like he has 10 00:00:38,640 --> 00:00:40,760 Speaker 1: a little pellets on his pouch that he occasionally uses 11 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:42,599 Speaker 1: to throw gas at people, but I don't think it's 12 00:00:42,640 --> 00:00:46,080 Speaker 1: like he's throwing a bowl at them. Yeah, it's interesting 13 00:00:46,080 --> 00:00:49,760 Speaker 1: when you start taking apart Batman, right, because in what 14 00:00:49,800 --> 00:00:52,360 Speaker 1: ways is Batman actually like a bat at all? Or 15 00:00:52,880 --> 00:00:55,640 Speaker 1: or perhaps more telling, in what ways, was was he 16 00:00:55,680 --> 00:00:58,560 Speaker 1: even initially like a bat? Because I know a number 17 00:00:58,600 --> 00:01:00,600 Speaker 1: of talented writers and artists have had a had a 18 00:01:00,720 --> 00:01:03,400 Speaker 1: chance over the years to build on the Batman mythos 19 00:01:03,440 --> 00:01:08,199 Speaker 1: and occasionally incorporate bits of bat science. But was maybe 20 00:01:08,240 --> 00:01:10,640 Speaker 1: you can answer this, was he essentially just a dude 21 00:01:10,720 --> 00:01:15,160 Speaker 1: in a mask? Because this this recently, I watched a 22 00:01:15,280 --> 00:01:19,400 Speaker 1: large portion of the the really bad nine nine Batman 23 00:01:19,440 --> 00:01:22,240 Speaker 1: and Robin series is like a serial black and white 24 00:01:22,319 --> 00:01:25,360 Speaker 1: forty nine. So this is pre uh the TV show. 25 00:01:25,480 --> 00:01:28,360 Speaker 1: I don't I don't think I've seen this riff tracks 26 00:01:28,360 --> 00:01:32,000 Speaker 1: has been installments of it, and it's it's really bad. 27 00:01:32,120 --> 00:01:37,080 Speaker 1: It's from several different vantage points. It has, uh, there's 28 00:01:37,080 --> 00:01:40,560 Speaker 1: some anti Japanese sentiment that's in there. It has this 29 00:01:40,720 --> 00:01:43,880 Speaker 1: just terrible villain that's just called the Wizard, that's like 30 00:01:43,880 --> 00:01:46,840 Speaker 1: a just an old dude in a black robe, and 31 00:01:46,840 --> 00:01:49,920 Speaker 1: and it's just it. It's the the campus versions of 32 00:01:49,960 --> 00:01:52,360 Speaker 1: Batman and Robin as well, you know what you would like. 33 00:01:52,520 --> 00:01:54,800 Speaker 1: And we have never talked about this off air before. 34 00:01:54,920 --> 00:01:56,600 Speaker 1: It is just popping in my head. Now, have you 35 00:01:56,600 --> 00:02:01,520 Speaker 1: ever heard of bat manga? It's so um Japan's version 36 00:02:01,640 --> 00:02:05,840 Speaker 1: of Batman done as manga. It's there's some really old 37 00:02:05,880 --> 00:02:08,440 Speaker 1: stuff and there's a whole book that Chip Kid put 38 00:02:08,480 --> 00:02:12,760 Speaker 1: together that's a collection of the bat manga comics, so 39 00:02:12,840 --> 00:02:15,840 Speaker 1: you get an idea of what Japan's iteration of Batman 40 00:02:15,880 --> 00:02:19,600 Speaker 1: and Robin were like. But then also just like photographs 41 00:02:19,760 --> 00:02:24,800 Speaker 1: of all of the collectibles, the Japanese collectibles related to Batman. Anyways, 42 00:02:24,880 --> 00:02:28,679 Speaker 1: It's fascinating because when you mentioned this Batman villain, the Wizard, 43 00:02:29,080 --> 00:02:32,639 Speaker 1: Like when you think of your like top rogues for Batman, 44 00:02:32,760 --> 00:02:35,880 Speaker 1: the Wizard isn't really high up there. Uh, and the 45 00:02:35,919 --> 00:02:38,200 Speaker 1: batmana stuff is very similar. He's got all these like 46 00:02:38,280 --> 00:02:43,680 Speaker 1: totally bizarre characters that he interacts with. From a Western perspective, 47 00:02:44,040 --> 00:02:46,440 Speaker 1: the thing that's interesting to me about the Wizard is 48 00:02:46,480 --> 00:02:49,000 Speaker 1: that it seems like somebody would have brought the Wizard 49 00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:51,040 Speaker 1: back just for the sake of doing it. Like it 50 00:02:51,040 --> 00:02:53,040 Speaker 1: seems like the kind of thing like a Grant Morrison 51 00:02:53,240 --> 00:02:56,440 Speaker 1: would say, Hey, nobody's brought this character back. What's some 52 00:02:56,639 --> 00:02:59,440 Speaker 1: sort of crazy counterculture span I can put on it? Yeah, 53 00:02:59,480 --> 00:03:01,680 Speaker 1: you know, you're right. Actually, so it's funny you mentioned 54 00:03:01,680 --> 00:03:04,119 Speaker 1: that Grant Morrison did bring back one of the weird 55 00:03:04,200 --> 00:03:06,919 Speaker 1: villains from The Batman. So yeah, I think his name 56 00:03:06,960 --> 00:03:10,400 Speaker 1: was like Mr. Deathman or something like that. It's like 57 00:03:10,400 --> 00:03:14,360 Speaker 1: a guy in a skeleton costume. Um. Anyways, Yeah, he 58 00:03:14,440 --> 00:03:20,800 Speaker 1: doesn't really have bat abilities right, Like, so, uh, he 59 00:03:20,880 --> 00:03:25,040 Speaker 1: doesn't really fly. He glides for the most part, does 60 00:03:25,080 --> 00:03:27,919 Speaker 1: not have powered flight, which is the big deal with that. Yeah, 61 00:03:27,919 --> 00:03:30,160 Speaker 1: and we're gonna talk a lot about that today. I 62 00:03:30,200 --> 00:03:32,360 Speaker 1: guess he has the bat plane that could kind of 63 00:03:32,400 --> 00:03:39,760 Speaker 1: count sometimes, but yeah, exactly. Um, he does use like echolocation. 64 00:03:40,080 --> 00:03:42,400 Speaker 1: I think that's become like more of a thing since 65 00:03:42,400 --> 00:03:44,960 Speaker 1: those Christopher Nolan movies. Yeah, I feel like that's definitely 66 00:03:45,000 --> 00:03:47,840 Speaker 1: a case where Invented Riders came in and said, hey, 67 00:03:47,880 --> 00:03:49,920 Speaker 1: we should make him behave a little like a bat 68 00:03:49,920 --> 00:03:52,720 Speaker 1: solce thrown. Yeah, those Arkham video games like, you can 69 00:03:52,840 --> 00:03:56,920 Speaker 1: use the echolocation stuff pretty frequently. They call it detective mode, 70 00:03:56,920 --> 00:04:00,200 Speaker 1: and you can basically like everything around you, kind of 71 00:04:00,240 --> 00:04:04,840 Speaker 1: like a radar fashion. I wonder has anyone ever decided 72 00:04:04,880 --> 00:04:09,480 Speaker 1: to have Bruce Wayne and Batman is essentially a fruit 73 00:04:09,520 --> 00:04:12,280 Speaker 1: bat where when he's not fighting crimes, just setting around 74 00:04:12,320 --> 00:04:15,160 Speaker 1: ian mangoes all day. Right, Yeah, I don't you know. 75 00:04:15,200 --> 00:04:17,919 Speaker 1: If anybody would do it would be Morrison and likewise 76 00:04:17,960 --> 00:04:19,679 Speaker 1: you have down here. If he was a fruit bat, 77 00:04:19,760 --> 00:04:21,920 Speaker 1: can he lack tape? That would be great too. That 78 00:04:21,960 --> 00:04:24,440 Speaker 1: would put a new maternal spin on it because of 79 00:04:24,760 --> 00:04:28,200 Speaker 1: just to throw out the quick snapshot of the science, uh, 80 00:04:28,960 --> 00:04:33,200 Speaker 1: certain varieties of male fruit bats lactate in order to 81 00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:36,960 Speaker 1: help we're the young, like most males. Uh well, let 82 00:04:36,960 --> 00:04:39,640 Speaker 1: me say that male humans can lactate is well under 83 00:04:39,680 --> 00:04:44,000 Speaker 1: the reser scenarios. But the male fruit bat in this 84 00:04:44,040 --> 00:04:47,120 Speaker 1: case is the only example of a mammal that regularly 85 00:04:47,200 --> 00:04:50,479 Speaker 1: lactates to help real young. Yeah. The only thing I 86 00:04:50,480 --> 00:04:53,640 Speaker 1: can think of that's even moderately close to that is 87 00:04:53,680 --> 00:04:58,159 Speaker 1: again Morrison introduced a bat cow. You know, like Batman 88 00:04:58,320 --> 00:05:01,120 Speaker 1: and Superman have like pets. He has like a dog 89 00:05:01,240 --> 00:05:03,440 Speaker 1: and a cat, and like Superman has a horse and 90 00:05:03,480 --> 00:05:07,239 Speaker 1: stuff like that. Is this really a thing? Yeah, totally. 91 00:05:07,880 --> 00:05:12,120 Speaker 1: Superman has a horse. Yeah, comment the super horse. I 92 00:05:12,160 --> 00:05:17,000 Speaker 1: think Supergirl rides, ok, yeah, and it flies. But but 93 00:05:17,160 --> 00:05:21,040 Speaker 1: Batman had a cow. Uh in the Grant Morris in 94 00:05:21,160 --> 00:05:24,479 Speaker 1: line because I think, like Robin like, they infiltrated some 95 00:05:24,520 --> 00:05:28,479 Speaker 1: criminal headquarters where they're like abusing cows, and Robin like 96 00:05:28,560 --> 00:05:30,120 Speaker 1: saved one of the cows and brought it back to 97 00:05:30,160 --> 00:05:34,440 Speaker 1: Wayne Manner and it had like the markings on its face, 98 00:05:34,520 --> 00:05:36,520 Speaker 1: like the way that its coloration on his face was 99 00:05:36,600 --> 00:05:40,280 Speaker 1: looked like a bad symbol. Alright, like that, but all right, 100 00:05:40,360 --> 00:05:42,599 Speaker 1: let's bring it back to sort of reality for a 101 00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:46,000 Speaker 1: second year. He doesn't really have any disease related abilities. 102 00:05:46,000 --> 00:05:47,520 Speaker 1: And I'd say, like, if you walk up to most 103 00:05:47,560 --> 00:05:50,240 Speaker 1: people in the street and you say, like, hey, bats 104 00:05:50,279 --> 00:05:52,240 Speaker 1: what are the first three things you know about them? Right, 105 00:05:52,240 --> 00:05:55,360 Speaker 1: they'd be like, they fly, they have echolocation, and they 106 00:05:55,480 --> 00:05:59,760 Speaker 1: their carriers of disease. Right. Um, So yeah, I don't know. 107 00:06:00,080 --> 00:06:02,279 Speaker 1: Maybe when you and I get our hands on the 108 00:06:02,279 --> 00:06:05,159 Speaker 1: Batman franchise in ten or twenty years, will finally be 109 00:06:05,200 --> 00:06:08,839 Speaker 1: able to write that like Batman as the Black Plague. Well, 110 00:06:08,880 --> 00:06:11,120 Speaker 1: I guess it comes down to the idea that certainly 111 00:06:11,160 --> 00:06:13,920 Speaker 1: you have comic book characters that are embodiments of disease. 112 00:06:14,400 --> 00:06:17,000 Speaker 1: But there, you know, I think almost all villains. I 113 00:06:17,080 --> 00:06:18,840 Speaker 1: can't think of a hero off the top of my head. 114 00:06:18,839 --> 00:06:22,320 Speaker 1: I'm sure there's somebody. There's this really silly one. Oh God, 115 00:06:22,360 --> 00:06:26,000 Speaker 1: I can't remember what her name is, Infectious Lass. I 116 00:06:26,040 --> 00:06:28,640 Speaker 1: think she's one of the legions of the Legion of Superheroes. 117 00:06:28,680 --> 00:06:33,560 Speaker 1: That's the only one I can think of. But why 118 00:06:33,600 --> 00:06:36,080 Speaker 1: are we talking about this? Why are we talking about bats? Well, 119 00:06:36,120 --> 00:06:38,039 Speaker 1: if you're a long time listener stuftable in your mind, 120 00:06:38,040 --> 00:06:40,799 Speaker 1: you know probably for the last year I've been casually 121 00:06:40,839 --> 00:06:42,679 Speaker 1: saying we should do an episode on bats, we should 122 00:06:42,680 --> 00:06:45,280 Speaker 1: do an episode on bats, And then we did the 123 00:06:45,279 --> 00:06:49,200 Speaker 1: Patient zero episode, and we were talking about bats there 124 00:06:49,279 --> 00:06:54,120 Speaker 1: because of how they spread disease, zoonotic disease. We specifically 125 00:06:54,120 --> 00:06:57,520 Speaker 1: talked about the case of Dr lu Jian Lun, who 126 00:06:57,640 --> 00:06:59,960 Speaker 1: was a sixty four year old doctor in China's Guangda 127 00:07:00,200 --> 00:07:07,359 Speaker 1: Province UH, and he apparently transferred UH STARS I believe 128 00:07:07,400 --> 00:07:11,320 Speaker 1: it was to sixteen other guests staying on the same 129 00:07:11,360 --> 00:07:14,960 Speaker 1: floor of like a hotel UH and this seemed to 130 00:07:14,960 --> 00:07:16,680 Speaker 1: be a case of super spreading. We talked about this 131 00:07:16,720 --> 00:07:19,600 Speaker 1: a lot in the Patient zero episode. We get into 132 00:07:19,720 --> 00:07:22,720 Speaker 1: the idea of how STARS was sort of a bat 133 00:07:22,840 --> 00:07:26,400 Speaker 1: disease right that it was a zootic infectious disease. It 134 00:07:26,560 --> 00:07:30,240 Speaker 1: jumped from one species to another UH. This step involved 135 00:07:30,280 --> 00:07:33,000 Speaker 1: the virus being able to transmit then from human to 136 00:07:33,160 --> 00:07:36,000 Speaker 1: human without an animal reservoir like a bat. So it 137 00:07:36,120 --> 00:07:38,760 Speaker 1: was believed that STARS originated in bats and then spread 138 00:07:38,840 --> 00:07:41,440 Speaker 1: to other animals like civic cats, and then the civic 139 00:07:41,480 --> 00:07:45,080 Speaker 1: cats infected humans. Another thing that we talked about related 140 00:07:45,080 --> 00:07:47,640 Speaker 1: to bats was that they've got all kinds of diseases 141 00:07:47,640 --> 00:07:50,560 Speaker 1: that they're related to the Bola hepatitis c Stars and 142 00:07:50,600 --> 00:07:54,040 Speaker 1: also perhaps mers UH. In the case of Stars, it 143 00:07:54,120 --> 00:07:57,960 Speaker 1: was thought that it spread to humans in by bats 144 00:07:57,960 --> 00:08:02,200 Speaker 1: infecting horses in Brisbane, Austra Alia. Then two people caught 145 00:08:02,280 --> 00:08:06,360 Speaker 1: that virus from the horses, possibly from scratches, are being 146 00:08:06,360 --> 00:08:10,640 Speaker 1: exposed to infected blood. Both died horrible deaths UH and 147 00:08:10,760 --> 00:08:14,520 Speaker 1: other diseases. So they think maybe pigs have become infected 148 00:08:14,520 --> 00:08:19,320 Speaker 1: by eating saliva colored fruit that bats have just dropped, 149 00:08:19,360 --> 00:08:21,480 Speaker 1: and then the pigs infect humans. So it doesn't seem 150 00:08:21,480 --> 00:08:24,680 Speaker 1: like a lot of these zoonotic infection cases that bats 151 00:08:24,680 --> 00:08:27,320 Speaker 1: are biting humans and humans are getting the disease. It's 152 00:08:27,360 --> 00:08:30,960 Speaker 1: like various ways bats are infecting other animals and then 153 00:08:30,960 --> 00:08:33,480 Speaker 1: those other animals are infecting humans. They're just a major 154 00:08:33,559 --> 00:08:36,800 Speaker 1: conduit in the chain. Yeah. So um. We received a 155 00:08:36,800 --> 00:08:39,480 Speaker 1: little bit of listening mail about this, asking for clarification, 156 00:08:39,559 --> 00:08:43,800 Speaker 1: people who were concerned primarily about like the conservation of bats, 157 00:08:43,840 --> 00:08:46,520 Speaker 1: and the idea that maybe we didn't give the full 158 00:08:46,600 --> 00:08:50,640 Speaker 1: story and that that would subsequently lead to more fearmongering 159 00:08:50,720 --> 00:08:53,440 Speaker 1: of bats, right, and far be it from us. That 160 00:08:53,559 --> 00:08:55,320 Speaker 1: is the last thing I want to do. In fact, 161 00:08:55,720 --> 00:08:58,839 Speaker 1: I have to just as a subjective thing before we 162 00:08:58,920 --> 00:09:02,080 Speaker 1: really get into bat I've spent some time in Austin, 163 00:09:02,160 --> 00:09:05,680 Speaker 1: Texas recently, and if anybody who's gone there and that 164 00:09:05,960 --> 00:09:09,600 Speaker 1: they know about the Batbridge, yeah, and man alive. I 165 00:09:09,640 --> 00:09:12,679 Speaker 1: love the Bat Bridge. It's so much fun. If you've 166 00:09:12,720 --> 00:09:15,480 Speaker 1: never been, I forget I thinks the Congress Street bridge 167 00:09:15,480 --> 00:09:18,280 Speaker 1: in Austin. But you go there certain times a year, 168 00:09:18,440 --> 00:09:22,080 Speaker 1: certain times a night, millions of bats live under this 169 00:09:22,120 --> 00:09:24,760 Speaker 1: bridge and they all fly out from under the neath 170 00:09:24,760 --> 00:09:26,760 Speaker 1: this bridge all at the same time. You get to 171 00:09:26,800 --> 00:09:29,360 Speaker 1: see them for about like thirty minutes, just the swarm 172 00:09:29,400 --> 00:09:31,880 Speaker 1: of them up in the air, flying around and then 173 00:09:32,080 --> 00:09:34,720 Speaker 1: going off to various parts of Austin to you know, 174 00:09:34,840 --> 00:09:37,760 Speaker 1: collect their food for the night, basically before they go 175 00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:40,600 Speaker 1: back to sleep under the bridge during the day. Again. Uh, 176 00:09:40,720 --> 00:09:44,120 Speaker 1: I like bats, Like if a bat was caught in 177 00:09:44,200 --> 00:09:47,080 Speaker 1: my home, like, my reaction wouldn't be killing, It would 178 00:09:47,080 --> 00:09:48,760 Speaker 1: be like, oh, let's capture that guy and then let 179 00:09:48,840 --> 00:09:52,000 Speaker 1: him back outside. Yeah. I U. I have to say that. 180 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:56,920 Speaker 1: On vacations, especially vacations to the Caribbean, which I've got 181 00:09:56,920 --> 00:09:59,000 Speaker 1: to go in on two of those in the last 182 00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:02,800 Speaker 1: couple of years, I've always both trips. I just really 183 00:10:02,840 --> 00:10:06,320 Speaker 1: enjoyed watching the bats when the sun began to go down. Um, 184 00:10:07,120 --> 00:10:09,760 Speaker 1: you know, they're just fascinating creatures. And uh, and when 185 00:10:09,760 --> 00:10:13,120 Speaker 1: I have captured them in the house before, not not 186 00:10:13,360 --> 00:10:16,000 Speaker 1: my house, but like a vacation house they staying. And 187 00:10:16,360 --> 00:10:20,360 Speaker 1: one time over a weekend they we found it. It 188 00:10:20,400 --> 00:10:22,600 Speaker 1: had somehow gotten trapped in the house and it was 189 00:10:22,640 --> 00:10:25,400 Speaker 1: trying to like get water out of the sink, and 190 00:10:25,400 --> 00:10:27,000 Speaker 1: I thought it was a tea bag at first. I'm 191 00:10:27,000 --> 00:10:31,280 Speaker 1: glad retrospect that I did not like gravitated or put 192 00:10:31,360 --> 00:10:34,400 Speaker 1: in my tea and have some horrible bat tea concoction. 193 00:10:34,800 --> 00:10:37,960 Speaker 1: But my son and I like made up, you know, 194 00:10:38,160 --> 00:10:40,640 Speaker 1: an activity out of freeing the bat from the house 195 00:10:40,720 --> 00:10:44,760 Speaker 1: and helping it get away. So yeah, bats are fascinating creatures. 196 00:10:44,760 --> 00:10:47,440 Speaker 1: Were certainly not trying to spread any fear about it. 197 00:10:47,440 --> 00:10:49,839 Speaker 1: In fact, this episode is about spreading some truth on 198 00:10:49,880 --> 00:10:52,440 Speaker 1: the matter. Yeah. In fact, we have actually gotten to 199 00:10:52,480 --> 00:10:56,440 Speaker 1: the point where between yes, bats carrying a lot of disease, 200 00:10:56,720 --> 00:11:01,680 Speaker 1: but they have these fascinating immune systems that we're starting 201 00:11:01,720 --> 00:11:05,040 Speaker 1: to look at the science of their anatomy how it 202 00:11:05,160 --> 00:11:08,559 Speaker 1: deals with these viruses and then how we might apply 203 00:11:08,679 --> 00:11:12,480 Speaker 1: that to human beings. Bats maybe the key to us 204 00:11:12,559 --> 00:11:16,360 Speaker 1: living longer lives and fighting off diseases that currently are 205 00:11:16,360 --> 00:11:19,200 Speaker 1: pretty dangerous to human beings. One day we may all 206 00:11:19,240 --> 00:11:22,600 Speaker 1: be batman and bad girls. Yeah exactly. And you know, 207 00:11:22,800 --> 00:11:26,840 Speaker 1: unlike Bruce Wayne, we will maybe carry viruses, but our 208 00:11:26,840 --> 00:11:29,640 Speaker 1: immune systems will be so fast that will just be 209 00:11:29,720 --> 00:11:34,720 Speaker 1: constantly compromising them. All right, Well, should we get down 210 00:11:34,760 --> 00:11:37,040 Speaker 1: to brass tacks the Yeah, let's just let's do a 211 00:11:37,040 --> 00:11:39,520 Speaker 1: little overview about bats. I think we should say. First 212 00:11:39,559 --> 00:11:41,480 Speaker 1: of all, like stuff to blow your mind. Before I 213 00:11:41,520 --> 00:11:43,800 Speaker 1: was on it did a bunch of bad episodes. You 214 00:11:43,840 --> 00:11:47,280 Speaker 1: and Julie have talked about them extensively. Um, so let's 215 00:11:47,320 --> 00:11:51,319 Speaker 1: just do a refresher. Okay. So, all told, they're about 216 00:11:53,120 --> 00:11:56,719 Speaker 1: five different species of bats in the world, and they 217 00:11:56,800 --> 00:12:00,720 Speaker 1: make up about a quarter of all mammal species. Uh. 218 00:12:00,760 --> 00:12:02,960 Speaker 1: There are forty five different species of bats that live 219 00:12:03,000 --> 00:12:06,240 Speaker 1: in the United States and Canada. Most bats species live 220 00:12:06,320 --> 00:12:09,360 Speaker 1: in the tropical regions of the world. Now, evidence for 221 00:12:09,480 --> 00:12:12,800 Speaker 1: bat like flying mammals appears as far back as that 222 00:12:12,880 --> 00:12:16,280 Speaker 1: you're seeing e box, some fifty million years ago. However, 223 00:12:16,320 --> 00:12:21,079 Speaker 1: the fossil record tracing bat evolution is incomplete, so based 224 00:12:21,120 --> 00:12:25,480 Speaker 1: on similarities of bones and teeth, most authorities agree that 225 00:12:25,760 --> 00:12:31,400 Speaker 1: bats ancestors were probably insect eating animals, possibly living in 226 00:12:31,400 --> 00:12:34,280 Speaker 1: the trees, and they likely the same group that gave 227 00:12:34,400 --> 00:12:38,160 Speaker 1: rise to shrews and moles. So bats are are not 228 00:12:38,400 --> 00:12:41,480 Speaker 1: rodents and they're not even uh closely related to that 229 00:12:41,520 --> 00:12:44,240 Speaker 1: group of mammals. Yeah, that's really important for what we're 230 00:12:44,240 --> 00:12:47,400 Speaker 1: going to discuss today too, because they're often compared to 231 00:12:47,559 --> 00:12:50,920 Speaker 1: rodents in terms of how the two different species act 232 00:12:50,960 --> 00:12:54,240 Speaker 1: as disease carriers. You think it's like a flying mouse. Yeah, 233 00:12:54,520 --> 00:12:58,720 Speaker 1: so most bats in UH in North America eat insects. 234 00:12:58,760 --> 00:13:00,880 Speaker 1: As a matter of fact, one at eats about two 235 00:13:00,920 --> 00:13:05,760 Speaker 1: thousand to six thousand insects each night. Wow. And just 236 00:13:05,800 --> 00:13:08,880 Speaker 1: a few other crazy cool facts about them. When it 237 00:13:08,880 --> 00:13:11,560 Speaker 1: comes to flying, it's it's easy to think, oh, it's 238 00:13:11,559 --> 00:13:13,920 Speaker 1: just it's a it's about with it's a mouse with wings. 239 00:13:13,920 --> 00:13:16,520 Speaker 1: It's like a cross between a mouse and a bird. Well, 240 00:13:17,320 --> 00:13:21,800 Speaker 1: it's more complicated and more amazing than that. So throughout 241 00:13:21,880 --> 00:13:27,360 Speaker 1: human history, we've only had a few evolutionarily distinct modes 242 00:13:27,559 --> 00:13:30,640 Speaker 1: of flight, and there are only three distinct modes of 243 00:13:30,720 --> 00:13:36,280 Speaker 1: vertebrate flight flight. There there's the terasarian flight that was 244 00:13:36,440 --> 00:13:42,679 Speaker 1: you know employed by the by by pterodactyls, pterodactyls, um taranodons, etcetera. 245 00:13:42,800 --> 00:13:45,280 Speaker 1: And then you have avian flight, and then you have 246 00:13:46,080 --> 00:13:49,400 Speaker 1: chiropter in flight, which is bats. So these are distinct 247 00:13:49,440 --> 00:13:52,679 Speaker 1: modes of flight that were that were that evolved separately. 248 00:13:53,120 --> 00:13:55,559 Speaker 1: And then on top of that there there's insect flight 249 00:13:55,640 --> 00:14:00,560 Speaker 1: as well. So four models all told. Now you once 250 00:14:00,640 --> 00:14:03,520 Speaker 1: had mega bats as opposed to micro bats, and these 251 00:14:03,559 --> 00:14:05,959 Speaker 1: are large bats that were the are that are found 252 00:14:05,960 --> 00:14:09,920 Speaker 1: in old world tropical rainforests such as Australia, Asia and Africa, 253 00:14:10,040 --> 00:14:13,480 Speaker 1: so dire bats. Yeah. And then the biggest bats in 254 00:14:13,480 --> 00:14:15,520 Speaker 1: the world, and the biggest bat in the world right 255 00:14:15,520 --> 00:14:19,160 Speaker 1: now is the Malayan flying fox found in Asia. It 256 00:14:19,160 --> 00:14:21,200 Speaker 1: weighs about two pounds and has a wingspin of about 257 00:14:21,240 --> 00:14:24,720 Speaker 1: six ft and it eats only fruit. See yeah, and 258 00:14:24,760 --> 00:14:27,760 Speaker 1: people are probably you know, scared of it, I would assume, 259 00:14:28,720 --> 00:14:31,520 Speaker 1: even though it's just you know, eating nectar, eating nectar 260 00:14:31,520 --> 00:14:35,360 Speaker 1: and pooping. I mean, yeah. Um, the flying fox comes 261 00:14:35,440 --> 00:14:38,000 Speaker 1: up a lot in this research. It's one of the 262 00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:41,600 Speaker 1: one of the species that's investigated. Now, the smallest bat 263 00:14:41,640 --> 00:14:44,480 Speaker 1: in the world is kitties hog nose bat, also called 264 00:14:44,480 --> 00:14:47,040 Speaker 1: the bumblebee bat, and it's found in Thailand. Weighs about 265 00:14:47,040 --> 00:14:50,360 Speaker 1: two grams that's about how much of dime ways, and 266 00:14:50,440 --> 00:14:52,200 Speaker 1: it has a six inch wings. But it's like a 267 00:14:52,280 --> 00:14:55,920 Speaker 1: hummingbird bat, any tiny little thing. All right, let's take 268 00:14:55,920 --> 00:14:58,480 Speaker 1: a quick break and when we come back, we will 269 00:14:58,680 --> 00:15:06,520 Speaker 1: jump into the disea. Okay, so we're back. So yeah. 270 00:15:06,760 --> 00:15:10,440 Speaker 1: So there is this just assumption by most people that 271 00:15:10,760 --> 00:15:13,760 Speaker 1: bats carry disease. Right, That's why most people freak out 272 00:15:13,760 --> 00:15:16,200 Speaker 1: when they find a bat in their house. It's like, oh, 273 00:15:16,240 --> 00:15:19,040 Speaker 1: it's gonna spread disease. It's probably got rabies or something. Right, 274 00:15:19,120 --> 00:15:21,080 Speaker 1: we've got a god. I remember this when I was 275 00:15:21,080 --> 00:15:24,080 Speaker 1: like five years old. We were at my uncle's house 276 00:15:24,360 --> 00:15:26,240 Speaker 1: and there was a bat in the attic and he 277 00:15:26,280 --> 00:15:28,880 Speaker 1: had a tennis racket and was like chasing this bat 278 00:15:28,960 --> 00:15:31,480 Speaker 1: around the house with a tennis racket, trying to trying 279 00:15:31,520 --> 00:15:33,640 Speaker 1: to kill it. And I, even at five, I was like, 280 00:15:33,640 --> 00:15:37,720 Speaker 1: why just open the window, man, let this back. Anyway, 281 00:15:38,000 --> 00:15:41,200 Speaker 1: bats are a refuge for some of the world's most 282 00:15:41,440 --> 00:15:46,400 Speaker 1: lethal diseases to humans. That is true. And that includes rabies, Ebola, 283 00:15:46,760 --> 00:15:50,680 Speaker 1: Marburg and stars. Now, because there are many high profile 284 00:15:50,720 --> 00:15:53,800 Speaker 1: epidemics that are traced to bats, we call these bat 285 00:15:53,880 --> 00:15:57,200 Speaker 1: born viruses, and there's a whole line of investigation related 286 00:15:57,200 --> 00:16:01,520 Speaker 1: to bat born viruses. They're similar the way that they 287 00:16:01,560 --> 00:16:04,280 Speaker 1: carry diseases, similar to rats or mice, and that they 288 00:16:04,280 --> 00:16:08,560 Speaker 1: are known as disease reservoirs. But again, they are not rodents, 289 00:16:08,720 --> 00:16:12,400 Speaker 1: so these are very different species. Now, while they seem 290 00:16:12,440 --> 00:16:17,440 Speaker 1: adept at harboring and spreading disease, others argue that this 291 00:16:17,520 --> 00:16:22,080 Speaker 1: notoriety for bats isn't justified. Most of the time, reservoirs 292 00:16:22,160 --> 00:16:25,360 Speaker 1: like bats rarely show symptoms of the disease that they're 293 00:16:25,360 --> 00:16:28,280 Speaker 1: actually infected with. This is why they came up as 294 00:16:28,280 --> 00:16:31,800 Speaker 1: a topic when we were talking about patient zero. Other times, 295 00:16:31,800 --> 00:16:35,560 Speaker 1: the virus infects a new, more vulnerable species like us 296 00:16:35,640 --> 00:16:39,320 Speaker 1: human beings. This is why most research says that bats 297 00:16:39,360 --> 00:16:43,680 Speaker 1: were responsible for the Ebola outbreak in West Africa. Now, 298 00:16:43,760 --> 00:16:46,400 Speaker 1: what's weird is that bats don't seem to die as 299 00:16:46,480 --> 00:16:50,880 Speaker 1: quickly from these viruses. In Ghana, for instance, sixty eight 300 00:16:51,080 --> 00:16:55,080 Speaker 1: percent of fruit bats over ten years old had antibodies 301 00:16:55,080 --> 00:16:59,000 Speaker 1: in their system for the rabies LESA virus, but they 302 00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:01,760 Speaker 1: were all in good health. The same goes for those 303 00:17:01,800 --> 00:17:05,159 Speaker 1: that were carrying a bowla. There was only one presumed 304 00:17:05,280 --> 00:17:09,080 Speaker 1: bat to human transfer of the disease. So there's this 305 00:17:09,080 --> 00:17:11,280 Speaker 1: this fear that the bats are going to spread the 306 00:17:11,320 --> 00:17:14,360 Speaker 1: disease to us, right, and yet there's very little evidence 307 00:17:14,400 --> 00:17:17,880 Speaker 1: that there's bad to human transfer. Uh, but more along 308 00:17:17,920 --> 00:17:20,200 Speaker 1: the lines like we were talking about earlier, that it's 309 00:17:20,200 --> 00:17:23,360 Speaker 1: more like bats. In fact, other animals were encroaching upon 310 00:17:23,440 --> 00:17:27,760 Speaker 1: bat habitats. Therefore we get infected as it transfers from 311 00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:33,119 Speaker 1: animal to animals. Zoonotic infection now obligatory Simpsons reference. UM. 312 00:17:33,840 --> 00:17:36,480 Speaker 1: I remember there being an episode where it's it's explained 313 00:17:36,520 --> 00:17:40,520 Speaker 1: that Mr Burns Uh is still alive because he has 314 00:17:40,560 --> 00:17:43,000 Speaker 1: all of these illnesses that are I think these a 315 00:17:43,440 --> 00:17:46,200 Speaker 1: graphic that shows like all these illnesses trying to squeeze 316 00:17:46,200 --> 00:17:47,920 Speaker 1: through a door at the same time, and none of 317 00:17:47,960 --> 00:17:49,880 Speaker 1: them can get through, and that's why I can't die 318 00:17:49,920 --> 00:17:52,040 Speaker 1: from any of them. That's fascinating. So I can't help 319 00:17:52,040 --> 00:17:56,160 Speaker 1: but think of that, yeah, kind of Uh. In Australia, 320 00:17:56,440 --> 00:18:00,160 Speaker 1: thirty flying foxes. I told you they'd come up add 321 00:18:00,200 --> 00:18:03,959 Speaker 1: antibodies to the Hendra virus, and this indicated that they 322 00:18:03,960 --> 00:18:06,679 Speaker 1: had been infected with it at some point, but only 323 00:18:06,880 --> 00:18:10,399 Speaker 1: three percent at any given time we're actually carrying it, 324 00:18:10,680 --> 00:18:13,280 Speaker 1: so that's a small amount compared to the amount that 325 00:18:13,320 --> 00:18:17,080 Speaker 1: had been infected. The infected bats themselves had low levels 326 00:18:17,080 --> 00:18:20,160 Speaker 1: of this pathogen, indicating that they were somehow keeping it 327 00:18:20,240 --> 00:18:25,200 Speaker 1: at bay. Subsequently, it's really rare for the Hendra disease 328 00:18:25,600 --> 00:18:29,840 Speaker 1: to pass even from bats to horses. However, in eleven 329 00:18:30,000 --> 00:18:34,159 Speaker 1: it leapt over in twenty four cases, and the theory 330 00:18:34,200 --> 00:18:37,520 Speaker 1: for that is because the bats were stressed out uh 331 00:18:37,560 --> 00:18:40,320 Speaker 1: and that the this caused a surge in the level 332 00:18:40,359 --> 00:18:42,800 Speaker 1: of viruses that the bats were carrying and subsequently made 333 00:18:42,800 --> 00:18:44,880 Speaker 1: it easier for them to pass it on to horses. 334 00:18:45,320 --> 00:18:47,240 Speaker 1: This is going to be important later when we talk 335 00:18:47,320 --> 00:18:51,040 Speaker 1: about uh massive culing of bats when people go, oh, 336 00:18:51,080 --> 00:18:53,719 Speaker 1: their disease carriers. We've got to wipe them out, go 337 00:18:53,880 --> 00:18:56,200 Speaker 1: destroy their colonies, right or else they're going to give 338 00:18:56,240 --> 00:18:59,200 Speaker 1: us these diseases. That could only make things worse because 339 00:18:59,240 --> 00:19:02,080 Speaker 1: then you're stressing out the bat population, which makes the 340 00:19:02,119 --> 00:19:05,440 Speaker 1: diseases become even more powerful. Now, I want to throw 341 00:19:05,440 --> 00:19:08,639 Speaker 1: in a note on vampire bats here as well. So Um, 342 00:19:08,680 --> 00:19:11,200 Speaker 1: the author of Bill Shoot has a wonderful book titled 343 00:19:11,280 --> 00:19:15,480 Speaker 1: Dark Banquet that deals with vampiric organisms in general, but 344 00:19:15,560 --> 00:19:17,720 Speaker 1: a lot of it deals with bats. It's also a 345 00:19:17,800 --> 00:19:21,800 Speaker 1: vampire the gathering RPG men. It could be if you 346 00:19:21,840 --> 00:19:25,240 Speaker 1: want to do a very science oriented campaign. He also 347 00:19:25,240 --> 00:19:26,919 Speaker 1: has a book on cannibals out that I have not 348 00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:29,959 Speaker 1: read anyway. In the book, he points out that vampire 349 00:19:29,960 --> 00:19:33,280 Speaker 1: bats introduced the additional threat of a disease promoting wound. 350 00:19:33,520 --> 00:19:36,640 Speaker 1: The host survives the feeding, but the wound invites additional 351 00:19:36,760 --> 00:19:40,960 Speaker 1: organisms and infections. The bigger concern though, is going to 352 00:19:41,080 --> 00:19:44,040 Speaker 1: be raybies. So it's not the most deadly or the 353 00:19:44,080 --> 00:19:47,960 Speaker 1: most common batborn illness, but if the infection takes hold, 354 00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:52,760 Speaker 1: it's essentially fatal in humans and and and rather infamous 355 00:19:52,800 --> 00:19:57,160 Speaker 1: as well. Um, you know of all the pathogens affecting 356 00:19:57,240 --> 00:20:03,480 Speaker 1: humans and in bat populations overall, um rabies sero prevalence, 357 00:20:03,520 --> 00:20:05,880 Speaker 1: that's a number of persons in a population who test 358 00:20:05,920 --> 00:20:10,760 Speaker 1: positive for specific disease can reach fift And you have 359 00:20:10,800 --> 00:20:12,960 Speaker 1: some notes here about Trinidad. We were talking a little 360 00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:16,080 Speaker 1: bit about this earlier because of some Trinidadian folklore, there's 361 00:20:16,080 --> 00:20:18,800 Speaker 1: bats all over the place down there. Yeah and uh. 362 00:20:18,800 --> 00:20:21,240 Speaker 1: And this is an account that to Shoot mentions in 363 00:20:21,280 --> 00:20:25,040 Speaker 1: his book that I think is interesting. It definitely involves 364 00:20:25,080 --> 00:20:29,920 Speaker 1: both bats and disease, but also superstitions attempts to call 365 00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:35,240 Speaker 1: bat populations. So in Trinidad, bat transmitted rabies killed eighty 366 00:20:35,320 --> 00:20:38,919 Speaker 1: nine people and thousands of cattle between n and nineteen 367 00:20:38,920 --> 00:20:43,280 Speaker 1: thirty four. In thirty four, that's when the Trinidadian Medical 368 00:20:43,280 --> 00:20:46,520 Speaker 1: Department rolled out its anti rabies unit, and their job 369 00:20:46,640 --> 00:20:50,760 Speaker 1: was to respond to vampire bat attacks net and destroy 370 00:20:50,800 --> 00:20:54,440 Speaker 1: the vamps. So they they painted uh that they did 371 00:20:54,440 --> 00:20:57,520 Speaker 1: this by not only killing the bats on the side, 372 00:20:57,520 --> 00:21:01,720 Speaker 1: but they also painted poisonous paint on vampire bat decimating colonies. 373 00:21:01,760 --> 00:21:06,160 Speaker 1: It was a rough situation. Well, and I immediately think 374 00:21:06,200 --> 00:21:08,680 Speaker 1: to the current science and wonder, I wonder how much 375 00:21:08,680 --> 00:21:11,800 Speaker 1: they stressed out the bat population, further spreading disease. The 376 00:21:11,880 --> 00:21:15,719 Speaker 1: human think they certainly did, And Shoot points out that 377 00:21:15,920 --> 00:21:19,399 Speaker 1: superstition played apart in this as well. So local Trinidating 378 00:21:19,400 --> 00:21:24,439 Speaker 1: and the folklore told of creatures called suk unts, and 379 00:21:24,480 --> 00:21:28,080 Speaker 1: these are crones or hags that can shed their skin 380 00:21:28,119 --> 00:21:31,520 Speaker 1: at night and become a fiery, blood sucking ball and 381 00:21:31,520 --> 00:21:35,159 Speaker 1: you sprinkle rice on your doorstep to keep them away. Now, 382 00:21:35,560 --> 00:21:37,840 Speaker 1: there were also conservationists at the time, and they could 383 00:21:38,000 --> 00:21:40,840 Speaker 1: they combated the folklore and the general you know, fear 384 00:21:40,880 --> 00:21:43,760 Speaker 1: of disease associated with bats by spreading the message that look, 385 00:21:44,480 --> 00:21:47,480 Speaker 1: there are only two out of fifty eight bat species 386 00:21:47,520 --> 00:21:50,080 Speaker 1: on the island that are vampires, and if those two 387 00:21:50,359 --> 00:21:54,840 Speaker 1: only the common vampire bat or does Modus rotundus is 388 00:21:54,880 --> 00:21:59,080 Speaker 1: a significant rabies threat. Okay, So that yeah, so that 389 00:21:59,119 --> 00:22:02,840 Speaker 1: definitely sounds a situation where the fear of bats sort 390 00:22:02,840 --> 00:22:05,720 Speaker 1: of got the better of the human population and maybe 391 00:22:05,720 --> 00:22:09,280 Speaker 1: made the problem worse. So we've we've really outlined here 392 00:22:09,320 --> 00:22:12,680 Speaker 1: that Okay, these bats carry all these diseases, they don't 393 00:22:12,680 --> 00:22:15,560 Speaker 1: seem to be affected by it too much. What's the deal? 394 00:22:16,240 --> 00:22:20,879 Speaker 1: And you know, subsequently, why then does it transfer? Okay, well, 395 00:22:21,400 --> 00:22:25,280 Speaker 1: it seems like bats have superimmune systems. Again, something you 396 00:22:25,320 --> 00:22:28,240 Speaker 1: would think that Batman would have his power, right, like, 397 00:22:28,240 --> 00:22:29,920 Speaker 1: like that would be a cool power. He just never 398 00:22:29,960 --> 00:22:32,359 Speaker 1: gets I guess Batman just never gets sick anyway, because 399 00:22:32,359 --> 00:22:37,080 Speaker 1: but it's not like any villains are trying. Yeah, well, 400 00:22:37,160 --> 00:22:39,880 Speaker 1: that's kind of why the bats turns out have such 401 00:22:39,880 --> 00:22:43,080 Speaker 1: great immune systems. There's two schools of thought here, okay, 402 00:22:43,359 --> 00:22:48,040 Speaker 1: on whether bats actually carry a disproportionately high number of viruses. 403 00:22:48,320 --> 00:22:51,040 Speaker 1: The first school of thought goes like this, bat related 404 00:22:51,040 --> 00:22:55,320 Speaker 1: epidemics arise because there are so many species of bats, 405 00:22:55,400 --> 00:22:58,840 Speaker 1: and there's so many individual bats, that the emergence of 406 00:22:58,880 --> 00:23:03,199 Speaker 1: all these various diseases isn't surprising. Like Robert said at 407 00:23:03,200 --> 00:23:07,000 Speaker 1: the top, there's more than bats species. Bats comprise more 408 00:23:07,040 --> 00:23:10,400 Speaker 1: than twenty of the mammals on Earth. A single colony 409 00:23:10,480 --> 00:23:13,320 Speaker 1: can sometimes have millions of bats living in it, and 410 00:23:13,359 --> 00:23:17,400 Speaker 1: there may be a massive amount of bat diversity right. 411 00:23:17,800 --> 00:23:21,760 Speaker 1: And study on the Indian flying fox that giant bat 412 00:23:22,240 --> 00:23:26,880 Speaker 1: fifty five viruses were detected in its system. Fifty were 413 00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:31,919 Speaker 1: previously unknown, so they're carrying a lot. That's just one species. 414 00:23:32,640 --> 00:23:37,160 Speaker 1: We may be hearing about bat born epidemics more often 415 00:23:37,800 --> 00:23:40,879 Speaker 1: simply because of how humans are interacting with bats. Right, 416 00:23:40,920 --> 00:23:44,919 Speaker 1: We're encroaching it on their habitats. Subsequently, they suffer from 417 00:23:44,920 --> 00:23:48,320 Speaker 1: the stigma of being disease written and likewise, bats are 418 00:23:48,359 --> 00:23:51,520 Speaker 1: surveyed more often and are easier to catch than other 419 00:23:51,600 --> 00:23:55,520 Speaker 1: mammals too, so subsequently we're again interacting with them more, 420 00:23:55,640 --> 00:24:00,520 Speaker 1: maybe for studies. So some conservationists argue that the viruses 421 00:24:00,560 --> 00:24:04,719 Speaker 1: they carry aren't actually emerging infectious diseases, but they're simply 422 00:24:04,800 --> 00:24:08,160 Speaker 1: just new to us as human beings. And let's remember 423 00:24:08,160 --> 00:24:11,440 Speaker 1: to bats live in those packed colonies, right, so it's 424 00:24:11,520 --> 00:24:14,480 Speaker 1: super easy for them to pass viruses onto one another. 425 00:24:14,840 --> 00:24:19,880 Speaker 1: They also can fly thousands of kilometers, which subsequently makes 426 00:24:19,880 --> 00:24:24,679 Speaker 1: it easier for them to deliver viruses to further distances. Okay, 427 00:24:24,760 --> 00:24:29,679 Speaker 1: that's the first theory. Here's the second, like wolverine healing 428 00:24:29,800 --> 00:24:36,000 Speaker 1: factor immune systems theory. Okay, bats have a special physiology 429 00:24:36,040 --> 00:24:41,040 Speaker 1: and lifestyle that makes them exceptionally good at hosting viruses. 430 00:24:41,720 --> 00:24:45,400 Speaker 1: Bats live between three and ten times longer than other 431 00:24:45,480 --> 00:24:48,400 Speaker 1: mammals their size, and we used to think that this 432 00:24:48,600 --> 00:24:51,720 Speaker 1: was because of hibernation, but there's there's been a lot 433 00:24:51,760 --> 00:24:54,800 Speaker 1: more research into this lately. If you inject a bat 434 00:24:55,160 --> 00:24:58,880 Speaker 1: with bacterial toxins that would normally trigger an immune response 435 00:24:58,920 --> 00:25:02,840 Speaker 1: in mammals, a bat will have no fever and no 436 00:25:03,080 --> 00:25:07,960 Speaker 1: spike in white blood cells. Now, research published in shows 437 00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:11,680 Speaker 1: that while bat genomes contain many of the same ingredients 438 00:25:11,680 --> 00:25:15,879 Speaker 1: as other mammals. Bats use these genomes differently. Bat genes 439 00:25:16,400 --> 00:25:22,320 Speaker 1: coding for proteins detect and repaired damaged DNA, and they 440 00:25:22,320 --> 00:25:25,680 Speaker 1: are much more prevalent than we had previously thought. So 441 00:25:25,840 --> 00:25:28,520 Speaker 1: this new line of thinking is that bat genes are 442 00:25:28,520 --> 00:25:31,720 Speaker 1: doing something that helps them survive and reproduce, and that 443 00:25:31,760 --> 00:25:36,240 Speaker 1: they subsequently pass these awesome genes along to subsequent generations. 444 00:25:37,640 --> 00:25:40,800 Speaker 1: So those same DNA repair genes that I was talking 445 00:25:40,800 --> 00:25:44,680 Speaker 1: about are frequently the targets for invading viruses. In fact, 446 00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:49,399 Speaker 1: key genes and DNA damage repair are also involved in 447 00:25:49,520 --> 00:25:54,440 Speaker 1: tumor development and immunity, and this might be why bats 448 00:25:54,480 --> 00:25:57,800 Speaker 1: are evolving in such a way. Now here's a crazy anecdote. 449 00:25:58,160 --> 00:26:03,240 Speaker 1: Bats almost never developed tumors. Perhaps this is because these 450 00:26:03,240 --> 00:26:07,600 Speaker 1: repair genes are just constantly outpacing malignant growths. They almost 451 00:26:07,760 --> 00:26:11,800 Speaker 1: never get cancer. When you give them tumor causing drugs, 452 00:26:11,840 --> 00:26:15,359 Speaker 1: they're less likely to develop cancer than other mammals, So 453 00:26:15,400 --> 00:26:20,439 Speaker 1: that's pretty wild. In humans and mice, defenses like these 454 00:26:20,520 --> 00:26:24,000 Speaker 1: repair genes, those are activated in response to a threat, right, 455 00:26:24,119 --> 00:26:26,360 Speaker 1: So uh, sort of like we're talking about in our 456 00:26:26,359 --> 00:26:30,280 Speaker 1: other episode this week. You know, it's a stimulised system. 457 00:26:30,320 --> 00:26:34,560 Speaker 1: If you have a trigger, it activates it. In this case, 458 00:26:34,720 --> 00:26:38,200 Speaker 1: in bats, it seems to be perpetually turned on. Their 459 00:26:38,240 --> 00:26:41,679 Speaker 1: immune system is just always on, and that might be 460 00:26:41,800 --> 00:26:45,080 Speaker 1: why the viruses they carry are kept below a point 461 00:26:45,280 --> 00:26:49,680 Speaker 1: where they can actually harm their host. Also, bats seem 462 00:26:49,760 --> 00:26:53,600 Speaker 1: to have lost an entire branch of their immune system 463 00:26:53,640 --> 00:26:57,080 Speaker 1: that's made up of inflammas homes. These are the receptors 464 00:26:57,119 --> 00:27:00,640 Speaker 1: and sensors that induce inflammation, so they've all to turn 465 00:27:00,760 --> 00:27:04,760 Speaker 1: down their inflammatory response to various threats, including viruses. So 466 00:27:04,840 --> 00:27:08,040 Speaker 1: basically bats are just like, ain't no big thing I've 467 00:27:08,040 --> 00:27:11,760 Speaker 1: got I've got fifty viruses in me right now, right now. 468 00:27:11,760 --> 00:27:14,880 Speaker 1: Why you're probably going, well, why bats and not me? Right? 469 00:27:16,520 --> 00:27:20,199 Speaker 1: The thought here is is because of the high metabolic 470 00:27:20,440 --> 00:27:24,280 Speaker 1: rate bats have to keep up to maintain their energy 471 00:27:24,320 --> 00:27:28,400 Speaker 1: they produce while they're flying. Otherwise, the stress of flying 472 00:27:28,440 --> 00:27:31,199 Speaker 1: itself would damage their cells and their DNA if it 473 00:27:31,240 --> 00:27:34,439 Speaker 1: wasn't so quickly detected and repaired. So the ability to 474 00:27:34,600 --> 00:27:38,320 Speaker 1: carry all these lethal viruses may come actually as a 475 00:27:38,400 --> 00:27:42,280 Speaker 1: co evolutionary accident. Bats are the only mammals that are 476 00:27:42,280 --> 00:27:45,840 Speaker 1: capable of powered flight, which is super demanding in terms 477 00:27:45,840 --> 00:27:49,359 Speaker 1: of energy, and it subsequently is very tough on their metabolism. 478 00:27:49,400 --> 00:27:52,399 Speaker 1: A bat's heart can beat over a thousand times a 479 00:27:52,440 --> 00:27:55,160 Speaker 1: minute if they need it to, and their metabolic rate 480 00:27:55,200 --> 00:27:59,159 Speaker 1: in the air increases thirty four times. When you compare 481 00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:03,480 Speaker 1: that to rodents, again not the same species, but exercising rodents, 482 00:28:03,920 --> 00:28:06,840 Speaker 1: they only jump up to eight times their metabolic rate. 483 00:28:07,320 --> 00:28:10,280 Speaker 1: When your metabolism is as ramped up as bats are, 484 00:28:10,480 --> 00:28:14,520 Speaker 1: it spews out free radicals, and these are energetic particles 485 00:28:14,560 --> 00:28:18,960 Speaker 1: that can damage cells and kickstart inflammation. So it's possible 486 00:28:19,040 --> 00:28:23,800 Speaker 1: that bats evolved specifically for flight and that that just 487 00:28:24,240 --> 00:28:30,160 Speaker 1: casually also allows them to avoid overreacting to viral infections. Now, 488 00:28:30,200 --> 00:28:33,000 Speaker 1: another note on vampire bats. I think we've touched on 489 00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:35,960 Speaker 1: this in the past, and we've discussed real world vampires, 490 00:28:36,760 --> 00:28:39,440 Speaker 1: but but this makes the vampire bat situation even crazier. 491 00:28:39,480 --> 00:28:42,560 Speaker 1: They have this crazy metabolism to deal with the costs 492 00:28:42,640 --> 00:28:45,400 Speaker 1: of high costs of powered flight, and they're depending on 493 00:28:45,680 --> 00:28:49,560 Speaker 1: the nutrient deprived feast of blood power everything. Right. This 494 00:28:49,640 --> 00:28:52,560 Speaker 1: is like if you met somebody and you sit and 495 00:28:52,560 --> 00:28:54,040 Speaker 1: you ask them, hey, what are you into and what 496 00:28:54,040 --> 00:28:56,640 Speaker 1: do you do for a living and they say, well, uh, 497 00:28:56,680 --> 00:29:00,600 Speaker 1: I have I have a hobby of mine is just 498 00:29:00,680 --> 00:29:05,200 Speaker 1: collecting really expensive wines, and my profession is hot dog 499 00:29:05,200 --> 00:29:07,800 Speaker 1: photography only hot dog photography. And you're like, ooh, I 500 00:29:07,800 --> 00:29:10,040 Speaker 1: don't know, guy, that sounds like you've got a really 501 00:29:10,040 --> 00:29:16,880 Speaker 1: expensive hobby and and an extremely specific career here that 502 00:29:16,920 --> 00:29:21,760 Speaker 1: I can't imagine pays the dividends necessary. Yeah. Yeah, Well, 503 00:29:21,880 --> 00:29:26,280 Speaker 1: the idea about the bat immune system seems to be 504 00:29:26,320 --> 00:29:29,680 Speaker 1: supported when we look at their mitochondria. It seems that 505 00:29:29,720 --> 00:29:34,680 Speaker 1: their mitochondria has undergone more evolutionary changes than the mitochondria 506 00:29:34,760 --> 00:29:38,560 Speaker 1: that's in other mammals. Individual bats have an assortment of 507 00:29:38,640 --> 00:29:42,400 Speaker 1: mitochondria rather than the way that most organisms like us 508 00:29:42,440 --> 00:29:45,360 Speaker 1: have just carbon copies of it. This seems to help 509 00:29:45,440 --> 00:29:48,840 Speaker 1: them deal with the damaging free radicals that are produced 510 00:29:48,960 --> 00:29:52,920 Speaker 1: during flight, all of which can explain their long lives. 511 00:29:53,080 --> 00:29:57,480 Speaker 1: The tumor resistance and more. Bat mitochondria also might be 512 00:29:57,600 --> 00:30:01,360 Speaker 1: like these crucial command centers that sent and decide whether 513 00:30:01,400 --> 00:30:04,520 Speaker 1: a cell should fight or just self destruct. So they've 514 00:30:04,520 --> 00:30:07,800 Speaker 1: got they've really got this, like, uh, you know, to 515 00:30:07,880 --> 00:30:10,160 Speaker 1: use the same metaphor that we're using in this week's 516 00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:14,200 Speaker 1: Demon episode, like they've got a great home security system 517 00:30:14,800 --> 00:30:17,120 Speaker 1: when it's all like you know, in terms of dealing 518 00:30:17,120 --> 00:30:22,440 Speaker 1: with viruses, dealing with the metabolic breakdown in their system, etcetera. 519 00:30:23,080 --> 00:30:26,480 Speaker 1: Another hypothesis that's related to bat flight, though generate, is 520 00:30:26,520 --> 00:30:30,320 Speaker 1: that they generate so much heat that it actually mimics 521 00:30:30,320 --> 00:30:34,080 Speaker 1: a fever. Now, you know, fever's combat infection by raising 522 00:30:34,080 --> 00:30:36,800 Speaker 1: our body temperature to levels that will kill or disable 523 00:30:36,880 --> 00:30:41,720 Speaker 1: any invading pathogen. But maybe bat's body temperatures are so 524 00:30:41,840 --> 00:30:46,840 Speaker 1: high when they fly that they're just inadvertently killing viruses off. Yeah, 525 00:30:46,920 --> 00:30:50,000 Speaker 1: this is an interesting take on on bat immunities. Um, 526 00:30:50,280 --> 00:30:53,320 Speaker 1: there's a two thousand fifteen study Publishment Biology Letters that 527 00:30:54,040 --> 00:30:56,240 Speaker 1: that hypothesize that a lot of it, I could come 528 00:30:56,280 --> 00:30:58,960 Speaker 1: down to these drastic temperature changes over the course of 529 00:30:59,040 --> 00:31:01,680 Speaker 1: just a single day. So a bat sleeps in the day, 530 00:31:01,960 --> 00:31:06,320 Speaker 1: temperature drops to conserve energy, then slows the pathogen spread 531 00:31:06,360 --> 00:31:08,800 Speaker 1: in the process, and then it goes out to hunt, 532 00:31:09,200 --> 00:31:12,200 Speaker 1: in which case it's temperatures exceed a hundred degrees fahrenheit. 533 00:31:12,480 --> 00:31:17,000 Speaker 1: And this which basically involves a daily fever to increase 534 00:31:17,040 --> 00:31:22,160 Speaker 1: the activity of certain immune sets. Yeah, so the fascinating 535 00:31:22,200 --> 00:31:26,280 Speaker 1: stuff that uh, is not incorporated into Batman lawyer. Batman 536 00:31:26,280 --> 00:31:28,760 Speaker 1: doesn't have a fever, or he's not like burning up 537 00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:31,960 Speaker 1: with he's burning up with rage at the death of 538 00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:35,120 Speaker 1: his parents. That's true. Now here's another interesting thing about 539 00:31:35,120 --> 00:31:39,800 Speaker 1: bat metabolism. So they're heterotherms, meaning they can exhibit characteristics 540 00:31:39,800 --> 00:31:42,840 Speaker 1: of both warm and cold blooded organisms. But they're distinct 541 00:31:42,880 --> 00:31:45,960 Speaker 1: from all other heterotherms in that, no matter what the 542 00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:50,320 Speaker 1: season they're resting temperature and metabolic rate is dependent on 543 00:31:50,360 --> 00:31:53,720 Speaker 1: a non ambient temperature. They're the only mammals in which 544 00:31:54,040 --> 00:31:56,760 Speaker 1: the resting metabolism is a direct function of the body 545 00:31:56,800 --> 00:32:01,400 Speaker 1: temperature rather than the ambient temperature. And that came from 546 00:32:01,040 --> 00:32:04,800 Speaker 1: an article by Raymond J. Hawk, the metabolic rates and 547 00:32:04,840 --> 00:32:08,360 Speaker 1: body temperatures of bats. And some of you are probably wondering, well, okay, 548 00:32:08,400 --> 00:32:10,880 Speaker 1: bats fly, but so do all those other creatures that 549 00:32:10,920 --> 00:32:14,440 Speaker 1: you mentioned earlier. What about birds? You know, do birds 550 00:32:14,440 --> 00:32:17,719 Speaker 1: have the same superpower? Well, birds are also long lived, 551 00:32:17,760 --> 00:32:21,720 Speaker 1: and that's possibly because flight enables them to just evade predators. 552 00:32:21,760 --> 00:32:26,440 Speaker 1: But uh, it's also because flight increase their chances of 553 00:32:26,560 --> 00:32:30,240 Speaker 1: developing a mechanism to reduce cellular damage. Very similar, right, 554 00:32:30,240 --> 00:32:33,560 Speaker 1: So the metabolic thing is similar. I don't know necessarily 555 00:32:33,560 --> 00:32:38,160 Speaker 1: that the body temperature thing equals out, probably because uh, 556 00:32:38,240 --> 00:32:42,960 Speaker 1: we're talking about mammals versus birds, totally different anatomies. Either way, 557 00:32:43,240 --> 00:32:46,920 Speaker 1: some scientists still worry that bat born viruses are so 558 00:32:47,080 --> 00:32:52,200 Speaker 1: lethal because they've evolved to withstand the bats incredibly active 559 00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:56,200 Speaker 1: immune system. But if they transferred humans, right, so, like 560 00:32:56,360 --> 00:32:59,920 Speaker 1: rabies or a bola, these viruses are super well at 561 00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:04,640 Speaker 1: whip to defeat our weaker immune systems. So subsequently, that's 562 00:33:04,640 --> 00:33:07,080 Speaker 1: why we have such a hard time dealing with these Wow. 563 00:33:07,120 --> 00:33:10,600 Speaker 1: So in in the Dune universe, the bat would be 564 00:33:10,640 --> 00:33:13,719 Speaker 1: like a hell world where you where you evolve and 565 00:33:13,760 --> 00:33:19,800 Speaker 1: develop a highly effective mode of shock troops. Yeah. Alright, 566 00:33:19,880 --> 00:33:21,800 Speaker 1: let's take another break, and when we get back, we're 567 00:33:21,800 --> 00:33:25,120 Speaker 1: going to close out by talking about, hey, don't kill 568 00:33:25,160 --> 00:33:27,800 Speaker 1: those bats because we might be able to use them 569 00:33:27,840 --> 00:33:35,120 Speaker 1: to lead to improvements in our health. Alright, we're back, 570 00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:38,400 Speaker 1: so so hit me, Christian, how how can we potentially 571 00:33:38,440 --> 00:33:40,560 Speaker 1: become more bat like? Am I gonna need a telepod 572 00:33:41,080 --> 00:33:43,440 Speaker 1: and a bat and we're going to splice ourselves together 573 00:33:43,480 --> 00:33:45,600 Speaker 1: into a man bat? Yeah? You know, that seems like 574 00:33:45,680 --> 00:33:47,600 Speaker 1: one way that would work pretty well. But it would 575 00:33:47,680 --> 00:33:50,240 Speaker 1: you know, like like with Man bat you would kind 576 00:33:50,240 --> 00:33:53,160 Speaker 1: of like lose total control of your personality and probably 577 00:33:53,240 --> 00:33:56,520 Speaker 1: murder your wife. But uh, and you wouldn't want to 578 00:33:56,560 --> 00:33:58,960 Speaker 1: do the Batman thing because, like we said, Batman, it's 579 00:33:59,000 --> 00:34:00,440 Speaker 1: just a guy in a cost you him. He's got 580 00:34:00,520 --> 00:34:03,880 Speaker 1: some gadgets. He's not really uh you know, cranking up 581 00:34:03,880 --> 00:34:07,120 Speaker 1: the metabolism. He isn't ever great immune system man Bat 582 00:34:07,160 --> 00:34:10,120 Speaker 1: for anyone listening is not familiar is of the the 583 00:34:10,280 --> 00:34:16,200 Speaker 1: bat human hybrid in the Batman comics. I remember, he's 584 00:34:16,239 --> 00:34:18,200 Speaker 1: kind of what you think of when you first hear 585 00:34:18,239 --> 00:34:20,960 Speaker 1: Batman's that, like he would it's like a wear bat 586 00:34:21,440 --> 00:34:25,799 Speaker 1: with like a ripped blue jeans totally. Yeah. Yeah. Um. Now, 587 00:34:25,840 --> 00:34:29,600 Speaker 1: as a result of recent viruses, whole bat colonies are 588 00:34:29,640 --> 00:34:31,879 Speaker 1: being killed off in the name of public health, as 589 00:34:31,880 --> 00:34:35,440 Speaker 1: we mentioned earlier, and experts say, look, we shouldn't be 590 00:34:35,480 --> 00:34:40,280 Speaker 1: afraid of bats because the viruses they carry comparatively hardly 591 00:34:40,320 --> 00:34:43,960 Speaker 1: ever transmit to human beings. In fact, killing bats may 592 00:34:44,000 --> 00:34:46,640 Speaker 1: make things worse. Like I mentioned, the stress on the 593 00:34:46,680 --> 00:34:50,719 Speaker 1: remaining bats could actually raise their viral loads, which could 594 00:34:50,800 --> 00:34:56,040 Speaker 1: lead to more transference to other animals. But what if 595 00:34:56,080 --> 00:34:59,400 Speaker 1: bats could hold the key to improving human health and 596 00:34:59,440 --> 00:35:02,759 Speaker 1: allowing us to live longer. Well, if we look at 597 00:35:02,840 --> 00:35:05,239 Speaker 1: knowledge and we try to figure it out how their 598 00:35:05,239 --> 00:35:08,360 Speaker 1: immune systems work, and that leads to the development of 599 00:35:08,480 --> 00:35:11,239 Speaker 1: drugs that would improve our health and lifespan, that's one 600 00:35:11,280 --> 00:35:13,560 Speaker 1: way that we could do it. So we basically reverse 601 00:35:13,600 --> 00:35:17,320 Speaker 1: engineer those proteins and then we turn it into medicine, 602 00:35:18,000 --> 00:35:21,480 Speaker 1: or we could use gene editing technology to make human 603 00:35:21,600 --> 00:35:26,560 Speaker 1: genomes more like bats, which would give us similar immune 604 00:35:26,560 --> 00:35:31,160 Speaker 1: system properties. Although I have to wonder if there would 605 00:35:31,200 --> 00:35:34,640 Speaker 1: be some kind of like drawback with that in the 606 00:35:34,680 --> 00:35:38,200 Speaker 1: sense that like, if your metabolism was that fast but 607 00:35:38,239 --> 00:35:41,120 Speaker 1: you weren't flying all the time, wouldn't you just be 608 00:35:41,239 --> 00:35:46,319 Speaker 1: constantly like hungry, I mean, so you'd have to eat 609 00:35:46,320 --> 00:35:49,720 Speaker 1: a lot more. Um. Maybe that's where we start eating bugs. 610 00:35:50,840 --> 00:35:55,440 Speaker 1: Researchers are also trying to identify the proteins that specifically 611 00:35:55,480 --> 00:35:59,440 Speaker 1: allow bats to control inflammation and other processes that are 612 00:35:59,440 --> 00:36:02,640 Speaker 1: associated with disease. So it's possible that we could one 613 00:36:02,719 --> 00:36:05,799 Speaker 1: day use these proteins or a version of them to 614 00:36:06,040 --> 00:36:09,200 Speaker 1: treat disorders where inflammation is a problem, like, for instance, 615 00:36:09,280 --> 00:36:14,000 Speaker 1: rheumatoid arthritis or heart disease. So we could use these 616 00:36:14,040 --> 00:36:18,759 Speaker 1: to stop viruses like a bola also from killing us. Like, 617 00:36:18,800 --> 00:36:23,239 Speaker 1: if we figure out how the bat system works, then 618 00:36:23,320 --> 00:36:27,000 Speaker 1: we apply it to the human anatomy system, we could 619 00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:30,440 Speaker 1: potentially be resistant to a bola and rabies in the 620 00:36:30,480 --> 00:36:33,520 Speaker 1: same way that they are, or maybe other viruses that 621 00:36:33,560 --> 00:36:36,440 Speaker 1: we haven't even discovered yet. So to bring it back 622 00:36:36,440 --> 00:36:39,400 Speaker 1: to Batman, you do have to to I guess acknowledge 623 00:36:39,440 --> 00:36:42,800 Speaker 1: that Batman, if nothing else, he's long lived, He's resistant 624 00:36:42,800 --> 00:36:45,440 Speaker 1: to illness and death. You have if you've taken to 625 00:36:45,440 --> 00:36:47,640 Speaker 1: account of the character hit comic book stands for the 626 00:36:47,640 --> 00:36:51,680 Speaker 1: first time in nine and assuming Wayne was what at 627 00:36:51,719 --> 00:36:55,320 Speaker 1: least twenty at the time, He's still going strong today 628 00:36:55,360 --> 00:36:58,359 Speaker 1: at close to a hundred over a hundred years old. Yeah, 629 00:36:58,400 --> 00:37:04,160 Speaker 1: Ben Affleck doesn't look good day over nine. Yeah, I 630 00:37:04,160 --> 00:37:07,000 Speaker 1: mean that speaks to the power of the mythology I 631 00:37:07,040 --> 00:37:10,440 Speaker 1: think of Batman in popular culture for sure, but yeah, 632 00:37:10,680 --> 00:37:15,239 Speaker 1: it's definitely it seems like Batman and other superheroes are 633 00:37:15,480 --> 00:37:19,880 Speaker 1: certainly long lived, but there's no explanation in the the 634 00:37:19,880 --> 00:37:23,440 Speaker 1: the meta text of why Batman has been around for 635 00:37:23,480 --> 00:37:25,840 Speaker 1: so long right, even in like some of them, Like 636 00:37:25,880 --> 00:37:28,400 Speaker 1: there's a do you remember Batman Beyond that cartoon that 637 00:37:28,520 --> 00:37:30,799 Speaker 1: was like set in the future. Yeah, and he's so 638 00:37:31,200 --> 00:37:33,239 Speaker 1: now you have the old Bruce Wayne. Because this is 639 00:37:33,239 --> 00:37:35,600 Speaker 1: gonna be my next question. What is the oldest depiction 640 00:37:36,000 --> 00:37:40,319 Speaker 1: of Bruce Wayne and or Batman in a comic book 641 00:37:40,360 --> 00:37:43,200 Speaker 1: or cartoon? Yeah, I think it's that um and in 642 00:37:43,320 --> 00:37:46,840 Speaker 1: that Even then, he's still kind of a badass, uh 643 00:37:46,840 --> 00:37:49,359 Speaker 1: in the bat Dog comes up in that because he's 644 00:37:49,400 --> 00:37:52,200 Speaker 1: got a um ace. The bath Hound hangs out with 645 00:37:52,280 --> 00:37:55,120 Speaker 1: him in the cave all the time. But there's also 646 00:37:55,120 --> 00:37:58,279 Speaker 1: another depiction. I think it's in Kingdom Come, which is 647 00:37:58,360 --> 00:38:02,640 Speaker 1: a sort of alternate universe story. Again older Batman, but 648 00:38:02,760 --> 00:38:05,560 Speaker 1: he like we're more like sort of like an Iron 649 00:38:05,560 --> 00:38:09,240 Speaker 1: Man armor version of like the Batman's suit that allows 650 00:38:09,320 --> 00:38:12,560 Speaker 1: him to go out and uh fight crime and deal 651 00:38:12,600 --> 00:38:16,440 Speaker 1: with other superheroes and stuff. Old dude in a power 652 00:38:16,520 --> 00:38:21,359 Speaker 1: armors basically Yeah, okay, interesting, alright, but none of it 653 00:38:21,480 --> 00:38:26,160 Speaker 1: had to do with his metabolism or gene editing. Alright, Well, 654 00:38:26,400 --> 00:38:28,640 Speaker 1: well there you have it. We've talked about the bats, 655 00:38:28,719 --> 00:38:32,359 Speaker 1: bats and diseases. We've gone back and forth a little 656 00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:35,400 Speaker 1: bit about Batman, and now we we leave it to you, 657 00:38:35,480 --> 00:38:38,399 Speaker 1: we ask you for feedback. Yeah, so you know, let 658 00:38:38,480 --> 00:38:40,439 Speaker 1: us know. I want to make sure that we gave 659 00:38:40,480 --> 00:38:42,279 Speaker 1: bats a fair shake. Let us know if you feel 660 00:38:42,280 --> 00:38:43,920 Speaker 1: that that was the case. Let us know if you 661 00:38:44,000 --> 00:38:46,160 Speaker 1: like bats or if you you know, you think we're 662 00:38:46,200 --> 00:38:51,680 Speaker 1: totally wrong here and you're like, all bats must be annihilated. Right. Also, 663 00:38:51,920 --> 00:38:55,680 Speaker 1: look to Facebook because we're probably going to be doing 664 00:38:55,719 --> 00:38:59,560 Speaker 1: a Facebook live about I would imagine Demons and Bats 665 00:38:59,640 --> 00:39:03,200 Speaker 1: that week that these episodes come out related to trailers 666 00:39:03,239 --> 00:39:05,200 Speaker 1: of movies that have bats in them. Do you remember 667 00:39:05,239 --> 00:39:08,400 Speaker 1: that bat movie that had Um Lou Diamond Phillips in it, 668 00:39:08,560 --> 00:39:11,640 Speaker 1: who was literally called just bats. No, I don't think 669 00:39:11,719 --> 00:39:13,239 Speaker 1: remember that came out in the nineties. It was a 670 00:39:13,239 --> 00:39:15,160 Speaker 1: pretty terrible horror movie. We might have to pull that 671 00:39:15,200 --> 00:39:17,360 Speaker 1: one out, man. I can think of at least a 672 00:39:17,360 --> 00:39:19,479 Speaker 1: couple of that related to our films for the Path. 673 00:39:19,840 --> 00:39:22,319 Speaker 1: It would be fun to discuss. I think. I think 674 00:39:22,320 --> 00:39:24,480 Speaker 1: we've got a good trailer talk coming up for us. 675 00:39:24,520 --> 00:39:26,520 Speaker 1: So if you like watching those, or if you've never 676 00:39:26,520 --> 00:39:28,920 Speaker 1: seen one before, tune in on Facebook. You don't have 677 00:39:28,960 --> 00:39:30,560 Speaker 1: to watch it when it's live. It'll sit on our 678 00:39:30,600 --> 00:39:33,840 Speaker 1: Facebook page. Usually Robert, Joe and I sitting around for 679 00:39:33,840 --> 00:39:36,880 Speaker 1: about thirty minutes talking about the science related to this 680 00:39:36,920 --> 00:39:42,160 Speaker 1: week's episodes, tying into our favorite monster movie trailers, so 681 00:39:42,440 --> 00:39:44,200 Speaker 1: you can find that on our Facebook page. You can 682 00:39:44,239 --> 00:39:47,160 Speaker 1: also contact us through Facebook. We're also on Twitter, We're 683 00:39:47,160 --> 00:39:49,840 Speaker 1: on tumbler, We're on Instagram. We've also got stuff to 684 00:39:49,840 --> 00:39:52,920 Speaker 1: blow your Mind dot com, where there's all those bat 685 00:39:52,920 --> 00:39:55,440 Speaker 1: podcasts that Julie and Robert did in the past. If 686 00:39:55,480 --> 00:39:58,400 Speaker 1: you want to just binge listen to bad information, we 687 00:39:58,520 --> 00:40:00,279 Speaker 1: got it. And if you want to get touch with 688 00:40:00,400 --> 00:40:03,000 Speaker 1: us the old fashioned way, just hit us up at 689 00:40:03,120 --> 00:40:14,960 Speaker 1: blow the Mind at house stuff works dot com for 690 00:40:15,120 --> 00:40:17,400 Speaker 1: more on this and thousands of other topics. Is it 691 00:40:17,480 --> 00:40:41,360 Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com