WEBVTT - Borders with Andrew 0:00:00.080 --> 0:00:08.360 M hey everyone and welcome. It could happen here. I'm 0:00:08.440 --> 0:00:12.680 Andrew the YouTube channel andrewism. I would like to borrow 0:00:12.720 --> 0:00:14.880 some of your time today or tonight, whenever you're listening 0:00:14.880 --> 0:00:19.919 to talk about movements, the fact that humans move around 0:00:20.640 --> 0:00:25.639 and the most Indian restrictions on it in our modern world. Today, 0:00:25.640 --> 0:00:30.920 I'm joined by my co hosts. Hello Garrison here, Hi, 0:00:31.000 --> 0:00:36.479 it's James as well, right, Glad to be here and 0:00:36.560 --> 0:00:41.479 to be here with you guys. So, even before I 0:00:41.520 --> 0:00:44.880 was an anarchist, I would say there were three things 0:00:45.000 --> 0:00:48.680 I really despised. Things I despised from like fairly early 0:00:48.720 --> 0:00:57.840 each that being the education system, advertising and porters. I 0:00:57.880 --> 0:01:02.120 believe freedom of movement is fundamental. I don't know if 0:01:02.120 --> 0:01:08.760 that's controversial or anything, but these days it feels like 0:01:09.280 --> 0:01:13.560 it has reached a point of like really great restriction, 0:01:14.840 --> 0:01:19.280 more so, I think than at most points of human history. 0:01:19.400 --> 0:01:21.360 So I want to talk about the history of borders, 0:01:22.000 --> 0:01:27.120 the role of borders, and the fight against borders. Not 0:01:27.200 --> 0:01:29.680 to give you some context, I guess you didn't talk 0:01:29.680 --> 0:01:33.480 about my accent and from the Caribbean, particularly from Turno, 0:01:33.600 --> 0:01:40.080 Tobago and being from an island nation twin island nation. Actually, 0:01:40.959 --> 0:01:48.480 um I have been made away of the constant through 0:01:48.560 --> 0:01:52.920 history that has been into Ireland migration, whether you're talking 0:01:52.960 --> 0:01:57.680 about the Polynesian migrations across the specific whether you're talking 0:01:57.720 --> 0:02:02.320 about even within the Malay Archipe Loco or the Philippine Archipelago, 0:02:03.520 --> 0:02:05.480 or even when you're talking about of course the Caribbean, 0:02:06.880 --> 0:02:10.720 there's always been, you know, this movement of people going 0:02:10.760 --> 0:02:14.520 from Ireland to Ireland. You know, like Tronada is very 0:02:14.560 --> 0:02:20.760 close to northeastern Venezuela, only eleven kilometers off the coast 0:02:20.760 --> 0:02:25.200 of northeastern Venezuela. Our Northern Range literally called Northern Range 0:02:25.760 --> 0:02:30.360 is an extension of Venezuela's maritime and these mountains, but 0:02:30.400 --> 0:02:33.960 the connections to end there. Human settlements in turn IAD 0:02:34.520 --> 0:02:38.480 dates back at least seven thousand years. In fact, one 0:02:38.480 --> 0:02:41.160 of the oldest human settlements discovered in the Eastern Caribbean, 0:02:41.560 --> 0:02:45.720 the Banuari Trae site, is found in southeastern Turndad. One 0:02:45.720 --> 0:02:52.040 of the leading theories of human dispersal across the world 0:02:52.520 --> 0:02:56.960 places the migration of the Caribbean as beginning in TURNAD 0:02:57.000 --> 0:03:01.280 and going up the Antillian chain. A lot of the 0:03:01.560 --> 0:03:04.400 indigenous groups that settled in turn Ad and in the 0:03:04.400 --> 0:03:07.839 other islands north of turn Ad for the most part, 0:03:07.880 --> 0:03:11.080 migrated up the or No Coal River in what is 0:03:11.120 --> 0:03:15.120 now Venezuela. So exchange and migration between the continent and 0:03:15.160 --> 0:03:21.200 the island has continued undisturbed freely for thousands of years 0:03:21.240 --> 0:03:25.160 before the arrival of the Spanish, and today, in our 0:03:25.560 --> 0:03:29.559 free coote and code post colonial code and code world, 0:03:29.960 --> 0:03:33.400 what was once the norm is now criminalized. Now you 0:03:33.440 --> 0:03:36.640 have to go through this proper process in order to migrate. 0:03:37.120 --> 0:03:40.400 You have to ask permission from governments who draw these 0:03:40.440 --> 0:03:45.560 invisible lines or in some cases violently physical lines in 0:03:45.640 --> 0:03:50.160 the sand and demanded deference. And yet still migration continues 0:03:50.200 --> 0:03:55.080 because migration is a constant of human existence, legal and illegal. 0:03:56.200 --> 0:03:59.520 Recent Venecuela crisis and subsequent migration is just another uptake 0:03:59.560 --> 0:04:03.280 of the stay. Refugees desperate to escape the present um 0:04:03.400 --> 0:04:09.600 of American imperialism and Venezuelan govern mismanagement and all the 0:04:09.720 --> 0:04:12.920 component is ues that have caused Venezuelan crisis have been 0:04:12.960 --> 0:04:16.400 flee into Colombia, to Brazil, to the Dutch Caribean Islands, 0:04:16.760 --> 0:04:19.040 to the other Latin American countries, and of course to 0:04:19.120 --> 0:04:25.280 turn that well, this's my creation is extorted by opportunists, facility, 0:04:25.360 --> 0:04:29.919 by the organized crime of human traffickers, because when you 0:04:30.000 --> 0:04:34.200 try to restrict that kind of demand, when you illegalize 0:04:34.279 --> 0:04:39.560 that kind of movement, the people on the margins, we'll 0:04:39.600 --> 0:04:43.640 try to take advantage of those who are who need 0:04:43.720 --> 0:04:47.520 to move around, because that need is still there. And 0:04:47.600 --> 0:04:54.400 so lines also, of course are not necessarily creating, but 0:04:54.480 --> 0:05:00.520 they still to exacerbate issues like xenophobia, which is you know, 0:05:00.560 --> 0:05:05.359 only amplified by the existence of borders. And they also 0:05:05.400 --> 0:05:08.640 deal with, due to their paperless status, a lot of 0:05:08.680 --> 0:05:12.520 gross exploitation because they struggled to find work and secure 0:05:12.520 --> 0:05:16.680 the basic necessities of life. The Venezuelan refugee crisis is 0:05:16.720 --> 0:05:19.320 a disaster I've seen unfull before my own eyes when 0:05:19.320 --> 0:05:23.000 I have witnessed firsthand, and one that is facilitated and 0:05:23.080 --> 0:05:28.120 exacerbated by the existence of borders. And I've seen similar 0:05:28.160 --> 0:05:30.479 issues occurd at the parts of the world too. You know, 0:05:30.560 --> 0:05:34.919 Borders are enforced between the US and Mexico, between Haiti 0:05:34.960 --> 0:05:38.520 and the Binican Republic, between Spain and Morocco, between Europe 0:05:38.560 --> 0:05:43.000 in the Swanna region, between India and Pakistan, between Australia 0:05:43.040 --> 0:05:49.560 and Indonesia, UM, between Palestine and Israel, and being journalists, 0:05:49.640 --> 0:05:54.400 I'm sure you guys have experienced perhaps foostand other examples 0:05:54.720 --> 0:06:00.760 of the violent enforcement of borders. James, you have any experiences, Yeah, 0:06:00.920 --> 0:06:04.200 for sure. I actually live just about the same distance 0:06:04.200 --> 0:06:06.280 you live from Venezuela. I live about the same distance 0:06:06.279 --> 0:06:09.479 from the US border with Mexico. So I've spent quite 0:06:09.480 --> 0:06:12.680 a lot of my journalistic career crossing the border and 0:06:13.040 --> 0:06:17.520 reporting on the border. And like, it's as you said, 0:06:17.520 --> 0:06:21.240 it's become increasingly violently enforced, and it's just ugly scar 0:06:21.400 --> 0:06:26.040 on on the landscape now. And it's and I often 0:06:26.120 --> 0:06:28.800 like to say, the border doesn't protect people, it controls people. 0:06:30.480 --> 0:06:35.000 It's yeah, it's a very cruel and vicious and entirely 0:06:35.120 --> 0:06:40.120 arbitrary distinction between what is Kumi is Land to the 0:06:40.160 --> 0:06:41.760 north of the border and Kumi is Land to the 0:06:41.800 --> 0:06:46.480 south of the border in my case, yeah, exactly exactly. 0:06:46.480 --> 0:06:51.360 The way that borders have cut through um the ame 0:06:51.440 --> 0:06:56.000 lands of any different indigenous groups has been absolutely disastrous 0:06:56.000 --> 0:06:59.520 for them. This is taken place and of course the US, 0:06:59.640 --> 0:07:07.080 UM and most I suppose recognizably in Africa, where these 0:07:07.160 --> 0:07:12.520 clunial borders have been causing tremendous harm to this day. Yeah. Yeah, 0:07:12.560 --> 0:07:14.720 it's a very good point. I remember just talking of 0:07:14.800 --> 0:07:19.080 like weird border things. I remember in just before the pandemic, 0:07:19.080 --> 0:07:21.960 I was on the border between Rwanda and the Democratic 0:07:22.000 --> 0:07:26.160 Republic of Congo, and when you did, it just seems 0:07:26.160 --> 0:07:29.520 so absurd, like to think that you know, some literally 0:07:29.560 --> 0:07:31.520 some I'll do in England, or a line on a 0:07:31.560 --> 0:07:34.960 map or whatever in Germany. But one of the things 0:07:35.000 --> 0:07:37.800 that it creates is this weird situation where plastic bags 0:07:37.800 --> 0:07:41.720 are illegal in Rwanda because they're trying to protect the 0:07:41.800 --> 0:07:43.800 environment and they're not in Congo. So there's like this 0:07:43.960 --> 0:07:48.320 illegal arbitrage trader of of plastic bags across this border. 0:07:49.200 --> 0:07:52.680 And it's just such an odd and constructed, entirely unnecessary 0:07:52.720 --> 0:08:01.200 and strange sort of legacy of the colonial plunder of Africa. Yeah. 0:08:01.320 --> 0:08:06.440 I didn't even hear that before. And that sounds quite interesting. Um, 0:08:06.520 --> 0:08:10.640 he says, between Rwanda and Democrats Republic of the Congo. Yeah, 0:08:10.720 --> 0:08:14.800 I think it's the border town there, um right, Yeah, 0:08:14.920 --> 0:08:18.280 people people will come across with their plastic bags. Be 0:08:18.320 --> 0:08:20.560 interesting to see how that develops. I know they are 0:08:21.320 --> 0:08:27.440 attempting to unify Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, 0:08:27.560 --> 0:08:33.960 Salt Sudan, Um, I think Jubooty and and Somalia and 0:08:34.000 --> 0:08:36.200 a few other places I think into like an East 0:08:36.240 --> 0:08:42.640 African federation. So be interested to see how those umscan 0:08:42.679 --> 0:08:46.400 seas and laws developed. Yeah, the rwandam bordered with Congo 0:08:46.559 --> 0:08:48.800 is that there's a soldier every fifty ms with a 0:08:49.440 --> 0:08:52.160 big machine gun, even going right through the middle of 0:08:52.200 --> 0:08:56.800 the Young Way rainforest, which is very remote by rewinded standards, 0:08:57.360 --> 0:09:00.319 a busy country with lots of people. But yeah, that's 0:09:00.360 --> 0:09:04.800 a very militarized border right now, right, Yeah, Yeah, that 0:09:04.880 --> 0:09:07.959 reminds you it's a less militorized example. UM. I mean, 0:09:07.960 --> 0:09:11.640 people point out the disparity between the US Kindada border 0:09:11.760 --> 0:09:14.520 and the US Mexico border, But I remember reading a 0:09:14.600 --> 0:09:19.439 story somewhere about how person on the Canadian side UM 0:09:20.400 --> 0:09:23.360 had like they could very easily cross over onto the 0:09:23.520 --> 0:09:25.719 US side, but there was like a steep trooper or 0:09:25.800 --> 0:09:28.560 something just standing there and it's like if you cross over, 0:09:28.760 --> 0:09:32.360 have to arrest you. And it's just it's like you're 0:09:32.440 --> 0:09:35.320 right there, We're literally having a conversation face to face, 0:09:36.000 --> 0:09:38.599 and yet if I walk over this our cherry designation, 0:09:39.640 --> 0:09:44.000 I have to be jailed. Yeah, it's biz. There's a 0:09:44.160 --> 0:09:48.040 very arbitrary The border between Neanmar and Thailand is it's 0:09:48.080 --> 0:09:51.000 a funny example like that where like it's a river 0:09:51.920 --> 0:09:54.800 and this is unfortunately resulted in people trying to cross it. 0:09:54.880 --> 0:09:58.319 Here we're able to swim dying, which is terrible, right, 0:09:58.920 --> 0:10:00.599 But one thing that happened, it's like if you're in 0:10:00.720 --> 0:10:03.680 the river, you're in neither country. And so people will 0:10:04.360 --> 0:10:08.360 make stilts, like little stands on stilts which come up 0:10:08.440 --> 0:10:11.520 to the level of the river bank so that they 0:10:11.559 --> 0:10:14.800 can stand in like no man's land or every man's 0:10:14.840 --> 0:10:19.040 land maybe everyone's land, and sell alcohol without paying the 0:10:19.160 --> 0:10:22.079 Thai taxes and things to people who are standing on 0:10:22.160 --> 0:10:25.360 the bank in Thailand. And again it just really illustrates 0:10:25.400 --> 0:10:38.199 how stupid now, but treat this whole thing is so 0:10:38.920 --> 0:10:42.160 as we're talking about the absurdity of boilers, I suppose 0:10:42.240 --> 0:10:47.520 it's wanting fair to get into their history because for 0:10:47.679 --> 0:10:50.200 most of the rule and for most of human existence, 0:10:50.280 --> 0:10:54.520 really free movement has been the status school traders, migrants, 0:10:54.640 --> 0:10:59.240 hunter gatherers, nomads. They freely each a boost. This little 0:10:59.320 --> 0:11:02.880 blue marble, as they call it. Of course, many ethnic 0:11:02.960 --> 0:11:07.320 groups maintains it in relationships with particular lands. But even 0:11:07.400 --> 0:11:09.880 when city states on such rules, it was rare for 0:11:10.000 --> 0:11:14.360 rulers to delineate precisely where their realm ended and another's began. 0:11:18.760 --> 0:11:23.160 The first like large scale restrictions really a rose under 0:11:23.200 --> 0:11:27.640 the Roman emperor Constantine in the fourth century when he 0:11:27.760 --> 0:11:33.080 forbade serves from leaving their lord's land. Documents, of course, 0:11:33.160 --> 0:11:37.360 had to be created to request save passage to ask 0:11:37.720 --> 0:11:41.400 O king, will you please allow me to move from 0:11:41.440 --> 0:11:46.880 point A to point B? My lord, your majesty soon whatever? 0:11:48.080 --> 0:11:52.599 What what do we call the first past sports is 0:11:53.200 --> 0:11:58.160 what quickly in rules the medieval era essentially bound large 0:11:58.240 --> 0:12:02.559 parts of yours population in place by sufdom, and movement 0:12:02.760 --> 0:12:05.400 was viewed by rulers as ruin us to their low 0:12:05.480 --> 0:12:10.880 and order. They needed static populations to stay in place 0:12:11.880 --> 0:12:19.640 so that taxation and the raising of troops and whatever 0:12:19.720 --> 0:12:24.360 they wanted to extract could easily be extracted. Because you know, 0:12:24.400 --> 0:12:28.040 if these persidents were able to just move as they pleased, 0:12:30.800 --> 0:12:34.800 they will probably try to evade taxation that got a 0:12:34.840 --> 0:12:40.079 little bit too excessive. Um, they would probably trying to 0:12:40.200 --> 0:12:46.240 evade the oppression of their rulers, and that they did. 0:12:46.600 --> 0:12:53.800 I mean, throughout feudalism, peasant revolts and uprisings very commonplace, 0:12:55.920 --> 0:12:58.880 and it's due to those revolts of the masses that 0:12:59.280 --> 0:13:03.440 sifdom would come into a decline as a wage labor 0:13:03.559 --> 0:13:06.960 rules in the fifteenth and sixteen centuries. But that would 0:13:07.000 --> 0:13:11.319 mean that free movement came back because now people were 0:13:11.440 --> 0:13:15.040 commodity that a country's government wanted to keep within its borders. 0:13:16.160 --> 0:13:21.040 Surrulers offered citizenship and tax incentives and want to encourage migration. 0:13:21.679 --> 0:13:24.520 And yet while they were encouraging migration, they were also 0:13:24.640 --> 0:13:28.560 kicking people out. So countries like Spain and France were 0:13:28.600 --> 0:13:33.120 either executing or expelling ethnic and religious minorities and mass 0:13:35.160 --> 0:13:38.720 So this period also bring about the rights of nationalism, 0:13:39.600 --> 0:13:44.319 which would tap into an earlier sense of um I 0:13:44.400 --> 0:13:51.079 suppose connection and sort of subvert that from connection to 0:13:51.160 --> 0:13:56.679 community to connection to this abstract notion of nation state, 0:13:57.679 --> 0:14:03.079 the imaginary community of the nation jenn. Nationalism in Europe 0:14:03.280 --> 0:14:07.800 would attempt to unify a vast and diverse range of 0:14:07.960 --> 0:14:13.240 cultural groups and classes under one state, while defining themselves 0:14:13.280 --> 0:14:17.720 against outsiders, and of course this ruling class meta narrative 0:14:17.760 --> 0:14:21.720 exists as a mechanism of manufactured, meaningless loyalty in order 0:14:21.800 --> 0:14:26.240 to control you. But that's a topic for another time. 0:14:29.040 --> 0:14:33.480 This era has also been described as one of the 0:14:34.400 --> 0:14:39.640 largest periods of involuntary migration in human history, that be 0:14:39.680 --> 0:14:43.640 in the Transatlantic slave trade, which trafficed and estimated twelve 0:14:43.720 --> 0:14:46.600 point five million in slave African people between the sixteen 0:14:46.720 --> 0:14:51.160 and nineteenth century. But there was this one key movement 0:14:51.280 --> 0:14:54.280 in history of borders that would have lasted effects to today. 0:14:55.480 --> 0:14:57.680 At the end of the Thirty Years War, the Peace 0:14:58.000 --> 0:15:01.560 of Westphalia was signed by a gen nine principalities and 0:15:01.680 --> 0:15:06.720 touchies and imperial kingdoms which basically agreed in sixty eight 0:15:06.800 --> 0:15:10.800 that the state's borders were inviolable and an absolute sovereign 0:15:10.840 --> 0:15:14.600 state could not interfere the domestic affairs of another. Now, 0:15:14.680 --> 0:15:18.560 of course, this is all just talk right at the 0:15:18.640 --> 0:15:21.440 end of the day, states have continued to interfere the 0:15:21.520 --> 0:15:25.120 domestic affairs of others, will continue to violate the words 0:15:25.160 --> 0:15:29.040 of other states. There are plenty of board disputes that 0:15:29.120 --> 0:15:32.560 are alive and well some decades or even centuries old, 0:15:33.280 --> 0:15:36.800 um on this planet. And then, of course this whole 0:15:36.840 --> 0:15:42.800 idea of West Philian sovereignty would not really be applied 0:15:43.640 --> 0:15:49.640 to people outside of Europe. The actual inhabitants of the 0:15:51.080 --> 0:15:55.480 interesting looking maps that the West Fillian era produced, we're 0:15:55.480 --> 0:15:59.800 not actually made privy to any of those um this 0:16:00.040 --> 0:16:07.480 visions about the drawing up borders. They would also be moving, 0:16:07.760 --> 0:16:11.200 of course people continuously, so you know, Spain was kicking 0:16:11.240 --> 0:16:17.600 out um Jewish people and more's and people who relate 0:16:17.680 --> 0:16:21.760 the heretics as un the inquisition Um. The British was 0:16:22.160 --> 0:16:26.480 moving their dissenters, criminals and general pains and new bombacy 0:16:26.600 --> 0:16:31.000 to settle colonize in places like Australia, which is why 0:16:31.000 --> 0:16:38.280 Australia is like that. And things progress a bit further, 0:16:38.720 --> 0:16:42.080 you have the notion of free trade and free market 0:16:42.120 --> 0:16:44.920 gain in some ground thanks to Adam Smith's new school 0:16:44.920 --> 0:16:49.760 of economics. At the same time, concerns of population and 0:16:49.920 --> 0:16:54.680 the mouths, unemployment and social unrest in Europe led governments 0:16:54.720 --> 0:16:58.440 to start facilities and emigration moving out their colonies the 0:16:58.560 --> 0:17:02.160 more general free flow settler clonalism, which would lead to 0:17:02.200 --> 0:17:07.399 domestic depopulation in Europe. And then there was another shift 0:17:08.680 --> 0:17:11.600 as tend to be the case in human history. As 0:17:11.640 --> 0:17:15.600 in the nineteenth century, migrants from now underdeveloped regions began 0:17:15.720 --> 0:17:18.920 to stream towards the more developed areas and drews. So 0:17:19.040 --> 0:17:21.919 you had North Africans going to France, Italians and Irish 0:17:21.960 --> 0:17:24.760 headed to New York and all the while, of course, 0:17:25.080 --> 0:17:29.560 racism and xenophobia festeran and proliferating as nationalists with top 0:17:29.600 --> 0:17:32.800 fay against the so called threats to their nation. Of course, 0:17:32.840 --> 0:17:40.080 Italians and Irish were eventually assimilated into the hegemonic notion 0:17:40.160 --> 0:17:44.080 of whiteness. But North Africans in France have not been 0:17:44.160 --> 0:17:49.600 so lucky. Oh, I suppose lucky could and could because 0:17:49.760 --> 0:17:53.920 there's a whole conversation about how whiteness destroys cultures and 0:17:54.600 --> 0:17:57.520 erases the unique identities that these people would have come 0:17:57.600 --> 0:18:03.240 up with in an efforts to unite them against minorities 0:18:03.280 --> 0:18:16.920 such as African Americans in the US. Do you see 0:18:16.960 --> 0:18:21.600 this period of lockdown, of this increased nationalism and these restrictions, 0:18:22.000 --> 0:18:26.240 These bad restrictions would also try to manipulate access to 0:18:26.320 --> 0:18:32.679 certain technologies, um the telegraph, the railroad. Yes, they enabled 0:18:32.720 --> 0:18:36.600 central governments to assert their presence across their whole territory. 0:18:37.520 --> 0:18:41.000 But they would also try to compete with other nations 0:18:41.600 --> 0:18:47.879 UM and keep certain secrets regarding technology. See that particularly 0:18:48.400 --> 0:18:52.800 UM during the Cold War, but we'll get to that 0:18:52.840 --> 0:18:57.280 a bit later. During the First World War we have 0:18:57.680 --> 0:19:01.760 the death of some sixteen million people, the Great War UM, 0:19:01.880 --> 0:19:04.000 as you should probably call it if you ever happened 0:19:04.040 --> 0:19:06.960 to time travel to that period. I don't think people 0:19:07.000 --> 0:19:09.480 would want to hear that this is just the first 0:19:10.480 --> 0:19:15.600 two World Wars. But after the World War UM, the 0:19:15.720 --> 0:19:20.080 Great War UM, this seggregationist Wouldrew Wilson, who was US 0:19:20.119 --> 0:19:24.200 President at the time, proposed fourteen points to the international 0:19:24.359 --> 0:19:27.720 community in order to prevent such horrors. And one of 0:19:27.760 --> 0:19:31.080 those core principles of the fourteen points was it the 0:19:31.119 --> 0:19:35.600 globe's borders. We were drawn along clearly recognizable lines of nationality. 0:19:36.640 --> 0:19:38.639 And like I said before, this is of course just 0:19:38.920 --> 0:19:41.480 in Europe. It's not like any of these will leaders 0:19:41.480 --> 0:19:43.880 actually care about the territories they coved up in Africa. 0:19:45.359 --> 0:19:46.920 And I think there was a point that I wanted 0:19:47.000 --> 0:19:52.359 to make about technology and how technology has been restricted 0:19:53.280 --> 0:19:56.480 because when you look at again the real road and telegraph, 0:19:57.160 --> 0:19:59.880 while they enabled the central governments to suit their presence 0:20:00.000 --> 0:20:04.320 send assume their control onlike ever before, the potential these 0:20:04.359 --> 0:20:10.159 technologies was kind of lost. Yes, the railroad in the 0:20:10.240 --> 0:20:13.720 telegraph can help a government to sue its control over 0:20:13.880 --> 0:20:18.520 its territory, but it can just as easily empower people 0:20:19.040 --> 0:20:24.320 to travel further and faster than they ever had before, 0:20:25.040 --> 0:20:29.320 two communicate across greater distances and they ever had before, 0:20:29.880 --> 0:20:32.520 and insteadin the hands of the states. These technologies are 0:20:32.520 --> 0:20:37.040 of course used for oppress events. Back to the end 0:20:37.080 --> 0:20:40.520 of the First World War. In the post war period, 0:20:40.680 --> 0:20:45.320 which saw the collapse of four European empires Ottoman, Russian, Austro, 0:20:45.400 --> 0:20:48.879 Hungarian and German, millions of refugees were left in a 0:20:48.960 --> 0:20:53.360 world where immigration controls are continued to tighten and passports 0:20:53.440 --> 0:20:57.879 gained great a prominence. Last, once the nation state was 0:20:58.040 --> 0:21:02.159 meanted in place fashion Zalman Nazism would quickly arise to 0:21:02.280 --> 0:21:06.160 god its supposed to purity. The world would once again 0:21:06.240 --> 0:21:10.000 be plunged into war, the second one, this time which 0:21:10.040 --> 0:21:13.080 would again leave millions of uprooted and displaced people that 0:21:13.200 --> 0:21:18.160 states like Switzerland quote unquote neutral and the US would 0:21:18.200 --> 0:21:23.400 largely refuse to assist. After the Second World War, nation 0:21:23.440 --> 0:21:25.960 building would continue to displace and slaughter some millions of 0:21:26.040 --> 0:21:30.960 ethnic and religious minorities. Millions of refugees have been dismissed 0:21:31.000 --> 0:21:35.600 from lands that have been colonized and imperialized, and intervened 0:21:35.680 --> 0:21:42.320 with wars and wrecked with just the destruction of climate 0:21:42.440 --> 0:21:48.160 change and poverty. And yet immigration controls only tightened further, 0:21:48.280 --> 0:21:53.280 and they will likely continue to tighten due to the 0:21:53.920 --> 0:22:00.280 effects of climate migration and climate collapse, especially in our 0:22:00.480 --> 0:22:06.040 post ninety leveln reality. US border patrolling particular has escalated 0:22:06.119 --> 0:22:10.600 to employed twenty thousand agents, and Israel Run is the 0:22:10.720 --> 0:22:14.720 largest open air prison in the world. These days, militarized 0:22:14.760 --> 0:22:18.920 borders with heavily guarded barbed wire and electrified fences, which 0:22:18.960 --> 0:22:23.000 were once common in times of war, have now been 0:22:23.000 --> 0:22:26.639 a staple of times of peace. These managinary lines and 0:22:26.680 --> 0:22:29.600 the map have become in some places violent fixtures on 0:22:29.680 --> 0:22:32.680 the landscape, with thousands of people lose their lives every 0:22:32.760 --> 0:22:36.560 year for simply trying to cross. We've entered an era 0:22:36.960 --> 0:22:42.080 of essentially bordering without precedent, and thanks to today's technology, 0:22:43.040 --> 0:22:45.520 governments no more now about the people they govern, the 0:22:45.600 --> 0:22:48.399 people within their territory, but at any point prior in 0:22:48.520 --> 0:22:52.720 human history. Cross border surveillance keeps neighbors in the new 0:22:53.320 --> 0:22:58.960 managing and monitoring their populous like lab rates, data has 0:22:59.000 --> 0:23:04.159 become more valuable then black Cold itself. These governments have 0:23:04.680 --> 0:23:09.119 chosen to wall, and so they this is our will now. 0:23:09.680 --> 0:23:16.400 It's not some future cyberpunk, the stupia, the curveillance capitalist 0:23:16.440 --> 0:23:19.560 heales keepers here now and borders have an important rule 0:23:19.640 --> 0:23:24.600 to play. But as our power structure their system of control. 0:23:26.000 --> 0:23:29.880 As the writers A Crime think Of said, there's only 0:23:30.000 --> 0:23:35.200 one world on the border is tearing it apart. And 0:23:35.280 --> 0:23:38.800 I think the idea of borders extends much further than 0:23:38.920 --> 0:23:43.760 just the nations borders. When you look at the Internet, 0:23:43.880 --> 0:23:50.360 fire walls, the checkpoints, the hidden databases, the for profit prisons, 0:23:50.400 --> 0:23:55.960 indicated communities, all these different boundaries enforced by ceaseless violence, 0:23:57.280 --> 0:24:00.760 enforced by a deep autation, enforced by visual anti attacks, 0:24:00.800 --> 0:24:04.280 by street haraspment, by torture, All of these boundaries are 0:24:05.920 --> 0:24:12.000 holding us back and tearing us apart. Migrants, due to 0:24:12.080 --> 0:24:17.560 their vulnerable status or often the first target when it 0:24:17.600 --> 0:24:20.560 comes to the economic down to and depression. Civilians and 0:24:20.680 --> 0:24:29.560 scapegoating nations wield fair of this other and they use 0:24:29.680 --> 0:24:35.959 that to prevent their people from fighting for better. They 0:24:36.080 --> 0:24:41.119 turned their eye towards another victim. I doesn't even get 0:24:41.200 --> 0:24:45.240 into all the different categories that have been constructed my 0:24:45.440 --> 0:24:53.760 grant expert refugee, asylum seeker, illegal alien, and that one 0:24:53.840 --> 0:24:59.800 in particular really grinds my cares because it is a 0:25:00.000 --> 0:25:07.840 believe the pinnacle of dehumanization to look at a person 0:25:09.640 --> 0:25:14.280 who's dice just man just managed to like just by 0:25:14.359 --> 0:25:19.160 happen sands fell on the other side of the border, 0:25:19.520 --> 0:25:23.120 to look at them and to deem them alien, deem 0:25:23.160 --> 0:25:26.360 them illegal, to brand them that, and I even acknowledge 0:25:27.240 --> 0:25:29.639 the humanity when referring to them. And it's become a 0:25:29.720 --> 0:25:34.040 normalized part of political discourse to speak of illegal aliens. 0:25:35.080 --> 0:25:38.480 But I don't think we should forget just how violent 0:25:38.560 --> 0:25:44.320 that kind of languages. It's particularly violent when you count 0:25:44.359 --> 0:25:49.920 for the fact that while these borders are used to 0:25:49.960 --> 0:25:54.760 restrict people on the lowest rung of society, capital has 0:25:55.040 --> 0:25:58.440 very few restrictions. In fact, that has much less restrictions, 0:25:58.480 --> 0:26:05.800 and people the rich and their capital can cross borders 0:26:06.160 --> 0:26:10.360 with ease, go from place to place without munch process. 0:26:10.480 --> 0:26:14.280 And in fact, we look at Jeff Bass. Also we 0:26:14.359 --> 0:26:16.600 say that, oh, well, he's the richest man the world 0:26:17.200 --> 0:26:23.080 for but when you account for the wealth that has 0:26:23.160 --> 0:26:28.640 not been accounted for, I think it must be put 0:26:28.680 --> 0:26:34.399 into perspective that Bill Gates are Sackaboo, Jeff Beazles, etcetera. 0:26:36.000 --> 0:26:40.080 They are the richest people that we know of, not 0:26:40.280 --> 0:26:46.440 necessarily the richest. A global economy has also been, of course, 0:26:46.520 --> 0:26:50.600 moving resources for a while now. Resources have more freedom 0:26:51.280 --> 0:26:58.520 than people. The unequal and even development has extracted minerals 0:26:58.520 --> 0:27:01.040 and materials from some parts of the process them in 0:27:01.119 --> 0:27:03.800 other parts of the world, manufacture them in other parts 0:27:03.840 --> 0:27:06.960 of the world, and then sold worldwide for the profits 0:27:07.640 --> 0:27:10.240 to be hoarded by select few countries and select a 0:27:10.280 --> 0:27:15.359 few people. These wealthy countries under the poor and then 0:27:15.640 --> 0:27:20.159 brutalize those who follow. Where the opportunities of Antica. But 0:27:20.240 --> 0:27:23.679 I don't think that one's opportunities one freedom. One's freedom 0:27:24.280 --> 0:27:27.320 should be restricted by where they were born or by 0:27:27.359 --> 0:27:32.760 the wealth that they do to not control. Passports, inequality 0:27:33.160 --> 0:27:38.280 is essue that should not exist. Passports should not exist. 0:27:39.240 --> 0:27:43.920 Palestinians can travel visa free to only thirty eight countries 0:27:44.040 --> 0:27:47.080 and territories. Yet those in the West Bank are restricted 0:27:47.119 --> 0:27:49.920 by violent by violent checkpoints, and those who live in 0:27:50.000 --> 0:27:53.920 gas are call you the stript at all. Meanwhile, other 0:27:54.000 --> 0:28:00.399 regions enjoy fast These are free travels, such as humans 0:28:00.440 --> 0:28:04.119 who have access to d countries and territories, or the 0:28:04.200 --> 0:28:08.320 Japanese who enjoy the most freedom, piece of free of all, 0:28:08.440 --> 0:28:14.720 with ninety three countries available to them. A billionaire like 0:28:15.000 --> 0:28:17.840 Elon Musket flying wherever he wants in his private jet. 0:28:18.480 --> 0:28:20.920 A political prisoner like a Jory Luta, who can be 0:28:21.000 --> 0:28:26.480 kept in solitary bears on end traditional seafear and channels 0:28:27.520 --> 0:28:34.160 and land has been militarized and guarded by these vast navies, 0:28:34.280 --> 0:28:40.120 by these vast troops, by these these machines, These structures 0:28:41.480 --> 0:28:46.960 that disconnected, unraveled the deep ties between communities. Borderston us 0:28:47.000 --> 0:28:51.400 all into prisoners, and I think it's about time we 0:28:51.520 --> 0:28:56.240 resisted them. As the underground railroads of anti Nazi and 0:28:56.320 --> 0:29:01.400 anti slavery resistance has shown everyday people can help everyday people, 0:29:01.480 --> 0:29:05.880 no matter the obstacles. If you live in a border 0:29:06.080 --> 0:29:10.280 sanctuary city or a migrant community, they are probably already 0:29:10.360 --> 0:29:13.280 groups that are put in this work, and you could 0:29:13.720 --> 0:29:16.880 join that infrastructure resistance if not, you can help to 0:29:17.000 --> 0:29:20.240 create that infrastructure to connect with people who are affected 0:29:20.240 --> 0:29:23.720 by borders in ways that you aren't. I mean, perhaps 0:29:23.760 --> 0:29:26.640 you have a neighbor or a cool worker who's undocumented 0:29:26.720 --> 0:29:35.320 and could use help in that. Try to connect cross 0:29:35.400 --> 0:29:39.720 border formal and informal, public and coland design because these connections, 0:29:39.840 --> 0:29:48.959 these networks, or how people move live and evade state violence. Obviously, 0:29:49.040 --> 0:29:53.880 I can't speak for everybody situation because different people's legal status, 0:29:54.360 --> 0:29:58.480 language ability, education level, gender, raised class, commit muns and ability. 0:29:59.160 --> 0:30:03.680 What a fact that can atribution to this anti borders movement. 0:30:04.640 --> 0:30:09.440 But however you decide to contribute, I hope that you 0:30:09.440 --> 0:30:14.560 would remember who it is we're trying to help. We're 0:30:14.560 --> 0:30:18.680 not trying to act as you know, these saints for 0:30:19.800 --> 0:30:23.200 the media, and I recognized the irony of saying saints 0:30:23.240 --> 0:30:29.840 in particular considered my allD YouTube name. But the media 0:30:29.920 --> 0:30:33.240 is not all focus. The audience of our actions is 0:30:33.320 --> 0:30:36.400 not public opinion. It is those we want fighting with us, 0:30:36.800 --> 0:30:41.120 people who need our help, people who know the violent 0:30:41.120 --> 0:30:48.480