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Speaker 1: a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not

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Speaker 1: thinking about the environmental impact. But the people in the

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Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day

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Speaker 2: Hi.

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Speaker 3: I'm David Ego from the podcast Inner Cosmos, which recently

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Speaker 3: hit the number one science podcast in America. I mean

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Speaker 3: neuroscientists at Stanford, and I've spent my career exploring the

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Speaker 3: three pound universe in our heads. Join me weekly to

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Speaker 3: explore the relationship between your brain and your life, because

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Speaker 3: the more we know about what's running under the hood,

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Speaker 3: bet or we can steer our lives. Listen to Inner

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Speaker 3: Cosmos with David Eagleman on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts

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Speaker 3: or wherever you get your podcasts.

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Speaker 2: Guess what, Well, what's that mango?

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Speaker 4: I've been trying to write a promo for our podcast,

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Speaker 4: Part Time Genius, but even though we've done over two

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Speaker 4: hundred and fifty episodes, we don't really talk about murders

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Speaker 4: or cults.

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Speaker 5: I mean, we did just cover the Illuminati of cheese,

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Speaker 5: so I feel like that makes us pretty edgy. We

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Speaker 5: also solve mysteries like how Chinese is your Chinese food?

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Speaker 2: And how do.

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Speaker 5: Dollar stores make money? And then of course can you

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Speaker 5: game a dog show?

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Speaker 2: So what you're saying is everyone should be listening.

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Speaker 5: Listen to Part Time Genius on the iHeartRadio app or

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Speaker 5: wherever you get your podcasts.

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Speaker 6: Hey, it's Horehand Daniel here, and we want to tell

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Speaker 6: you about our new book.

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Speaker 1: It's called Frequently ask Questions about the Universe.

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Speaker 6: Because you have questions about the universe, and so we

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Speaker 6: decided to write a book all about them.

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Speaker 1: We talk about your questions, we give some answers, we

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Speaker 1: make a bunch of silly jokes.

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Speaker 6: As usual, and we tackle all kinds of questions, including

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Speaker 6: what happens if I fall into a black hole? Or

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Speaker 6: is there another version of you out.

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Speaker 1: There that's right? Like usual, we tackle the deepest, darkest, biggest,

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Speaker 1: craziest questions about this incredible cosmos.

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Speaker 6: So if you want to support the podcast, please get

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Speaker 6: the book and get a copy not just for yourself,

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Speaker 6: but you know, for your nieces and nephews, cousins, friends, parents, dogs, hamsters.

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Speaker 1: And for the aliens. So get your copy of Frequently

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Speaker 1: Asked Questions about the Universe is available for pre order now,

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Speaker 1: coming out November two. You can find more details at

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Speaker 1: the book's website universe faq dot com. Thanks for your support, and.

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Speaker 6: If you have a hamster that can read, please let

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Speaker 6: us know. We'd love to have them on the podcast.

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Speaker 1: Hey or hey, would you be willing to take the

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Speaker 1: ultimate cosmic bungee jump?

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Speaker 6: I do like to bungee jump. But is there a

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Speaker 6: safety equipment here involved? Do I get to wear a

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Speaker 6: helmet and have some liability insurance?

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Speaker 1: Oh? No, there are absolutely no guarantees. It's just you

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Speaker 1: and a wormhole. You're going to take the jump.

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Speaker 6: Just me and the wormhole, and letting me clothes? Am

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Speaker 6: I wearing clothes?

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Speaker 1: All right? I'll give you a space suit?

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Speaker 6: All right. Well that's a tough question, you know. I mean,

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Speaker 6: on the one hand, there could be something amazing on

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Speaker 6: the other side exactly. On the other hand, I could,

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Speaker 6: you know, be shredded to bits before I even go in,

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Speaker 6: or maybe the thing will collapse. Well I'm going through it,

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Speaker 6: or maybe it'll I don't know, take me to a

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Speaker 6: black hole?

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Speaker 1: All right? Well, you're standing on the edge. Time to

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Speaker 1: make your decision. You're going in.

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Speaker 6: I think I'll be polite and let the physicists go

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Speaker 6: in first after you, Daniel.

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Speaker 1: Physicists are the scientists, not the subject.

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Speaker 6: Well you can multitask, then you could be the first

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Speaker 6: to study.

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Speaker 1: It, sending my paper from within the wormhole.

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Speaker 6: You can have a loophole within the wormhole. I am

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Speaker 6: hoorhem and cartoonists and the creator of PhD comments.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel, I'm a particle physicist and a professor

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Speaker 1: at U see Erine, and I've never written a paper

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Speaker 1: from inside a wormhole?

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Speaker 6: Interesting? What holes have you written papers from inside of?

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Speaker 1: Sometimes my office feels like a black hole, you know, stuck.

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Speaker 6: Here, I can't actually get out. Oh, no information comes in.

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Speaker 6: Grad students go in, nothing comes out.

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Speaker 1: Undergrads come in, but they do escape, and usually with

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Speaker 1: actually more information than they came in. So maybe my

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Speaker 1: office is actually a white hole.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, maybe you're just admitting hawking radiation or hawking graduate.

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Speaker 1: Students whitesyn radiation. Right, Daniel teaches physics.

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Speaker 6: It is a white hole because you're your wife, your

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Speaker 6: son of white. But welcome to our podcast, Daniel and

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Speaker 6: Jorge Explain the Universe, a production of iHeartRadio in which we.

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Speaker 1: Emit all kinds of crazy radiation from our brains into yours.

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Speaker 1: We try to boil down everything in the universe and

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Speaker 1: explain what we know and what we don't know to you,

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Speaker 1: because the universe presents enormous, cosmic, amazing mysteries that are

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Speaker 1: just fun to think about, fun to explore, fun to

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Speaker 1: wonder about. And that's what we do with this podcast,

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Speaker 1: is that we marinate in the joy of our cluelessness

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Speaker 1: and the small amount of knowledge that we do have

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Speaker 1: about the universe and share all of it with you.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, it is a wondrous universe, and we like to

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Speaker 6: dive in and take a journey and try to worm

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Speaker 6: all of this information and knowledge into your ears and

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Speaker 6: into your brains.

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Speaker 1: You could say we are creating an informational wormhole from

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Speaker 1: our brains to yours.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, we're connecting all of these brains across the planet

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Speaker 6: together in a way right through electromagnetic radiation.

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Speaker 1: Absolutely, And you know that's mostly a joke, but there

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Speaker 1: are people out there there who say that every bit

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Speaker 1: of quantum entanglement, every bit of quantum interaction, is actually

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Speaker 1: a mini wormhole between particles. And so while we joke

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Speaker 1: about it, it could technically actually be true that we

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Speaker 1: are creating wormholes from our brains to our listeners.

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Speaker 6: Yeah. And so the universe has been surprising ever since

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Speaker 6: we started studying in with interesting and incredible things like

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Speaker 6: black holes and quasars and nutron stars, and so people

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Speaker 6: and scientists wonder if there are more interesting kinds of

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Speaker 6: things we still haven't seen out there.

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Speaker 1: We know there are things out there we haven't seen.

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Speaker 1: Every time we turn on a new kind of eyeball

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Speaker 1: look out in the universe with a new telescope, we

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Speaker 1: find things out there that we never expected. So the

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Speaker 1: story of the universe is one of constant surprise, of

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Speaker 1: constantly going beyond the edge of our imagination and shocking

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Speaker 1: us with the crazy things that reality has waiting for us.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, we are eager to discover these crazy surprises. And

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Speaker 6: one of the things that might be out there that

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Speaker 6: are pretty interesting and could actually solve a lot of

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Speaker 6: problems is this concept of a wormhole.

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Speaker 1: Oh yeah, what kind of problem could wormhole solve? Like

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Speaker 1: vacuum cleaners, Well, you know, it could fertilize our space

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Speaker 1: compost that's what worms do, and they could feed the

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Speaker 1: space birds. That brings up an interesting question because in

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Speaker 1: compost piles it's mostly the worm castings, to use the

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Speaker 1: ply phrase, that fertilize the ground. And so are you

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Speaker 1: suggesting that wormholes also like have some sort of product.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, if you come out the other end of a wormhole,

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Speaker 6: you are technically wormhole poop. You're transformed into something nourishing

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Speaker 6: now to fertilize the rest of space.

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Speaker 1: And you probably have been scrambled, and so you are

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Speaker 1: there for universe compost. I guess you could say that,

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Speaker 1: actually we are all made out of stars that have

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Speaker 1: been composted right to allow for refertilization, and so we

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Speaker 1: are all made out of star compost.

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Speaker 6: I think we're pushing now the analogy. But the idea

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Speaker 6: is that there might be wormholes out there, and you know,

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Speaker 6: I guess the problems I was thinking about was space travel.

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Speaker 6: You know, like, how are we ever going to get

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Speaker 6: to another galaxy that's millions of light years away, or

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Speaker 6: even just to the other side of our galaxy, which

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Speaker 6: is hundreds of thousands of years away, Like even if

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Speaker 6: you went at the speed of light, which is impossible,

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Speaker 6: it would still take four hundred thousand years to get

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Speaker 6: to the outside.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, space is impossibly vast, and the speed of light,

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Speaker 1: though it seems fast, is actually slow compared to the

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Speaker 1: distances involved. So you're right, Actually getting around this incredible

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Speaker 1: universe would require millions of years. And so if we

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Speaker 1: could somehow connect places in space from here to there,

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Speaker 1: so the distances between them were shorter than we originally thought,

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Speaker 1: we could drive through a loophole using wormholes to get there.

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Speaker 1: And so indeed, it would be exciting if wormholes were there,

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Speaker 1: But on the other hand, it might be dangerous. It

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Speaker 1: would mean that other places in the universe could come

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Speaker 1: to find us more rapidly.

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Speaker 6: What if you just don't answer the door, you know,

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Speaker 6: or pinch the wormhole on our end?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I don't know. The wormholes have doors or locks

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Speaker 1: on them, right, We can't just like somebody's ringing the

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Speaker 1: doorbell on the other side. You can't just like, you know,

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Speaker 1: not answer it.

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Speaker 6: Well, in movies and science fiction movies, they use wormholes

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Speaker 6: a lot. I feel especially there recently, right, because I

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Speaker 6: feel like they don't use arp drives anymore now. They

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Speaker 6: use wormholes. And it always looks like a giant ring

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Speaker 6: that opens up some kind of like energy door, and

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Speaker 6: then you go through the door and you appear on

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Speaker 6: the other side in another part of the galaxy.

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Speaker 1: It's like Stargate or something.

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Speaker 6: Yes, Stargate that was the original wormhole, right.

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Speaker 1: And they're all over the place in Rick and Morty

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Speaker 1: if you watch that show, it's like wormhole Bonanza.

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Speaker 6: Dam So they're used a lot, and they seem pretty

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Speaker 6: simple on TV and on the movie screen. Right, you

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Speaker 6: just kind of walk through them.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, you can like look through them, you can toss

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Speaker 1: stuff through them. They seem to just sort of like

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Speaker 1: connect two places in space and in time, and often

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Speaker 1: they're like not surrounded by anything, you know, it's just

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Speaker 1: there or maybe they have like a small mechanical frame

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Speaker 1: for whatever device is creating them. So yeah, they're pretty

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Speaker 1: simple stuff.

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Speaker 6: And so that would solve a lot of problems in

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Speaker 6: terms of space travel and galactic travel and universe travel.

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Speaker 6: But I guess the question is do they really exist?

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Speaker 6: And if they did, could we make one or find

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Speaker 6: one at all?

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Speaker 1: Right, it's a fun question, like what if there are

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Speaker 1: wormholes all over the universe? What if they exist naturally?

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Speaker 1: Would we even know? Would it be possible? Could there

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Speaker 1: be one floating around in our solar system? How could

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Speaker 1: we even tell?

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Speaker 6: So today on the podcast, we'll be asking the question

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Speaker 6: how do you spot a wormhole? How do you find

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Speaker 6: a spot on a wormhole? Or how do you find

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Speaker 6: a spot on a wormhole?

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Speaker 1: No, it's more like you're driving down the freeway and

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Speaker 1: you're looking for an exit, you know, so you're like,

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Speaker 1: where's my exit? So now you're like, I got to

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Speaker 1: get to Alpha Centauri where's the nearest wormhole? It's like

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Speaker 1: where's this nearest subway station in Manhattan or something. You know,

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Speaker 1: you got to look for the little sign that tells

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Speaker 1: you they are steps down.

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Speaker 6: Just follow the rats. So the question is how do

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Speaker 6: you find a wormhole? Especially, I guess even more difficult

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Speaker 6: is how do you find a wormhole that takes you

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Speaker 6: where you want to go?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that is a good question. I think let's start

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Speaker 1: with like finding wormholes at all, and then we'll talk

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Speaker 1: about planning trips and you know, bringing lunch.

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Speaker 6: Well, I kind of want to know where I'm going first, Daniel.

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Speaker 6: You mean we're just going to jump into this podcast

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Speaker 6: without knowing where we're going.

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Speaker 1: That's another really fun question. But you know, look, we'll

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Speaker 1: pack enough snacks so we'll be fine no matter where

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Speaker 1: we end up.

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Speaker 6: All right, that's good. So anyways, as usually, we were

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Speaker 6: wondering how many people out there maybe had an idea

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Speaker 6: about how to find a wormhole or had heard of

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Speaker 6: an idea about how to find one. So Danny went

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Speaker 6: out there into the internet to ask people could we

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Speaker 6: ever detect a nearby wormhole?

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Speaker 1: And so, in the depths of these strange times, I'm

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Speaker 1: very grateful to everybody who's answering questions online and participating

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Speaker 1: in the podcast. We are soon opening up campus here

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Speaker 1: at you see Irvine, so I'll be walking around campus

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Speaker 1: asking people in person. But if you'd like to participate online,

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Speaker 1: you are still very welcome. Just write to me two

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Speaker 1: questions at Danielandjorge dot com.

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Speaker 6: So think about it for a second. If you were

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Speaker 6: looking for a wormhole, how would you find it? Here's

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Speaker 6: what people had to say.

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Speaker 7: Probably it's emitting some kind of radiation. If it's a wormhole,

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Speaker 7: it's probably emitting some kind of lights. And maybe if

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Speaker 7: it's interacting with other very massive things than some gravitational radiation.

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Speaker 8: What is late a lot of movies showing UFOs and

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Speaker 8: looks like the Navy said they confirmed that they are UFOs,

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Speaker 8: that they don't know what they are. Probably somebody came

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Speaker 8: through a wormhole and forgot to close it.

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Speaker 9: Well, technically there's no way to know.

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Speaker 3: Well unless you on Earth and you have a very

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Speaker 3: tiny black hole which would.

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Speaker 7: Take you if outside this window there was a wormhole,

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Speaker 7: how would you know there was a wormhole over there?

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Speaker 10: Well, yesterday, it's open the window and watch.

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Speaker 1: That's true. I do not think we could detect a

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Speaker 1: nearby wormhole.

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Speaker 11: Hmm, interesting question. I don't know if we could be

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Speaker 11: able to detect a wormhole because I don't even know

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Speaker 11: if they emit any light or radiation. So I actually

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Speaker 11: think if there were a wormhole nearby that we probably

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Speaker 11: wouldn't be able to detect it, unless maybe we were

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Speaker 11: super close and could observe some of the effects directly.

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Speaker 10: I'm not sure we wouldn't be able to detect it,

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Speaker 10: but we might be able to observe it. For instance,

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Speaker 10: if there was a new group of stars or a

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Speaker 10: new constellation of stars that we've not seen before, maybe

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Speaker 10: that could lead to the discovery of a wormhole.

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Speaker 12: I think one possible way to do it is to

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Speaker 12: basically shoot a beam of light and kind of measure

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Speaker 12: how far it goes into that wormhole. But actually thinking

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Speaker 12: about it again, maybe a better response would be if

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Speaker 12: we could detect the gravity coming from that location that

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Speaker 12: we did, that we think that hole was there, Probably

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Speaker 12: I think is the best response here.

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Speaker 9: Well, I guess yes, we would see the gravitational distortion.

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Speaker 9: If there's something behind it, a cluster of stars or something,

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Speaker 9: then we would see a sort of lensing effect. Yeah,

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Speaker 9: if it collides with something big then like another wormhole.

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Speaker 9: I guess we could have gravitational waves to see them.

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Speaker 9: But I guess that's it.

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Speaker 6: All right, a lot of polarized questions. People are like yes,

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Speaker 6: some people are like no, possible. Nobody said like maybe maybe,

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Speaker 6: I don't know. There seem to be a lot of

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Speaker 6: confidence here.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, some people are skeptical that wormholes could even exist

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Speaker 1: in our universe.

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Speaker 6: Right, right, And we have a whole podcast about what

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Speaker 6: a wormhole is, right.

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Speaker 1: Mm hmm, absolutely we do. We talked about the science

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Speaker 1: of it. We have another podcast about white holes, and

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Speaker 1: lots of podcasts about black holes and all these fun concepts.

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Speaker 6: Which holes, haven't we talked about?

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Speaker 1: Oh, so many holes that we should never talk about.

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Speaker 6: Yeah, it's not that kind of podcast. We're not explaining

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Speaker 6: that kind of universe.

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Speaker 1: No, We've done the white, the black, the worm There

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Speaker 1: are no gray holes in physics as far as I'm aware. Ooh,

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Speaker 1: blue holes, red holes. Somebody's got to come up with

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Speaker 1: a theory of blue holes and red holes.

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Speaker 6: You should just go with that, you know, do it

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Speaker 6: the other way around, Start with a cool name and

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Speaker 6: then form a physics theory. Around it.

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Speaker 1: What do you mean start the other way around? That's

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Speaker 1: how they usually start. Man like, supersymmetry. Is that a thing,

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Speaker 1: Let's make that a thing that sounds cool.

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Speaker 6: That sounds cool, Let's devote my life to it.

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Speaker 1: And for example, Higgs obviously had a name before he

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Speaker 1: had a particle. Right, so he's like, I'm gonna invent

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Speaker 1: the Higgs boson. Whatever it is.

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Speaker 6: Interesting he knew when he was little that he was

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Speaker 6: gonna discover a part No.

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Speaker 1: That story is totally bunk. He was not such an

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Speaker 1: immodest person. He didn't name it the Higgs boson. Somebody

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Speaker 1: else coined that phrase later in the literature. So I

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Speaker 1: do not mean to malign Peter Higgs.

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Speaker 6: I see, well, in your case, you should just study

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Speaker 6: white holes because your name is white son, so he

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Speaker 6: could be the white son white hole.

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Speaker 1: No, I want to discover a particle and call it

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Speaker 1: the white song.

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Speaker 6: Oh there you go.

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Speaker 1: So I already got my name picked out. I just

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Speaker 1: haven't found any particles yet.

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Speaker 6: But then you're gonna have anti white sons.

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Speaker 1: Isn't that you? Aren't you an anti white son. I'm

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Speaker 1: not an anti wife. I'm a supersymmetry verse. Yeah, I'm

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Speaker 1: a s white son.

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Speaker 6: There you go. I'm a super symmetric white scent like

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Speaker 6: the other side of the coin.

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Speaker 1: There you go. Together, we complete the universe.

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Speaker 6: But I think we should recap today what a wormhole

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Speaker 6: is because there might be people out there who didn't

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Speaker 6: listen to that podcast episode. So I guess for our listeners, Daniel,

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Speaker 6: how would you explain what a wormhole is?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and I agree it's important before we talk about

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Speaker 1: how we find it, we talk about what exactly it is,

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Speaker 1: because understanding what it is and what it does is

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Speaker 1: going to be crucial for figuring out how to see it.

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Speaker 1: So the simplest way to think about a wormhole is

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Speaker 1: just a connection between two points in space time. And

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Speaker 1: you know, we're used of stuff being connected, but usually

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Speaker 1: those connections are simple. Like you are in one point

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Speaker 1: in space, You're connected to the points in space around you,

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Speaker 1: meaning you can get to them from here. You can

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Speaker 1: go forwards, you can go backwards, you can go up,

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Speaker 1: you can go down. You're like connected to the nearby

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Speaker 1: points in space time. And so now imagine if instead

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Speaker 1: of just being connected to things that are around you,

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Speaker 1: you're somehow also connected to something which otherwise is very

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Speaker 1: very far away. These are like non trivial connections. Instead

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Speaker 1: of space time just being like a nice mesh where

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Speaker 1: everything is just connected to the things right next to it.

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Speaker 1: Instead you have these weird shortcuts where one point in

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Speaker 1: space is connected to something which is otherwise very very

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Speaker 1: far away.

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Speaker 10: Right.

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Speaker 6: That's a pretty mind blowing concept, and a lot of

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Speaker 6: people use this analogy of like living in a roll

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Speaker 6: of toilet paper, right, Like, if our universe is sort

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Speaker 6: of like if you imagine it to be like a

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Speaker 6: sheet of paper, if you bring it down to two dimensions,

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Speaker 6: like we're living on a sheet, and then what happens

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Speaker 6: if you like bend the sheet and make two points

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Speaker 6: touch each other that are on paper far away from

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Speaker 6: each other.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, well, you just came up with another whole theory.

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Speaker 1: This is Jorge's toilet hole theory of the universe.

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Speaker 6: Yeah no, I definitely have it on my bucket list

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Speaker 6: to invent any toilet.

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Speaker 1: And these are helpful analogies, but they can also be

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Speaker 1: a little bit misleading. That analogy is helpful because it

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Speaker 1: makes you think about how points in space that are

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Speaker 1: far away can be close together. If you think in

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Speaker 1: another dimension, like you have a sheet of paper, and

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Speaker 1: you have two points in space that are far apart.

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Speaker 1: Now fold that paper, so those two points are close together.

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Speaker 1: The thing that's misleading or confusing is that the connection

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Speaker 1: is now in some third dimension. You're like folding this

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Speaker 1: two D sheet of paper in a third dimension, bringing

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Speaker 1: it closer in that third dimension. The difference is that

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Speaker 1: our space time doesn't fold in some higher dimension. These

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Speaker 1: connections we're talking about are intrinsic, not external in some

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Speaker 1: higher dimension. And so when we say this point in

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Speaker 1: space is nearby another point in space, we really just

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Speaker 1: mean that the distance between these two points is now small.

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Speaker 1: It's just the same way that like the bending of

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Speaker 1: space time is intrinsic. It's not external. You know, we

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Speaker 1: have these analogies where somebody puts a bowling ball on

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Speaker 1: a rubber sheet to show you, like the bending of space,

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Speaker 1: and again that shows you the rubber sheet bending, but

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Speaker 1: it's bending in some external third dimension. What really happens

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Speaker 1: when you have a mass in space is that space

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Speaker 1: bends intrinsically. It just changed the relative distance between points.

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Speaker 1: There's no like super space in which space is hanging

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Speaker 1: out in and bending in that other dimension. And so

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Speaker 1: here for wormholes. It's helpful, you know, maybe to practice

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Speaker 1: thinking in a higher dimension. But really this bending happens

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Speaker 1: just in our own dimensions. It's just it's an internal

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Speaker 1: intrinsic bending, a changing of the relative distances between two

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Speaker 1: points in space.

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Speaker 6: Right. Well, I feel like these analogies with the toilet

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Speaker 6: paper and the sheet of paper that bends, it just

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Speaker 6: kind of helps you make sense of it, right, because

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Speaker 6: otherwise it just kind of feels like magic, Like you're

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Speaker 6: telling me, like space is the same and it's not

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Speaker 6: bend like a sheet of paper. It's just the way

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Speaker 6: it is. But somehow, magically my pointer in the right

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Speaker 6: is somewhat connected to alpha centauri, you know what I mean.

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Speaker 6: Like it feels like magic.

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Speaker 1: It feels like magic, But that's because space is different

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Speaker 1: from what you imagine. Space can do things like that,

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Speaker 1: Like it can change the distance between points, and that's

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Speaker 1: what space bending is. Space can also ripple and it

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Speaker 1: can expand. So it feels like magic because it's counterintuitive.

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Speaker 1: But space can do two things that are not intuitive,

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Speaker 1: that are new and weird to us because we only

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Speaker 1: recently have a sense for what space is.

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Speaker 6: Are you saying then that, you know, maybe this point

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Speaker 6: on my right here is bend so much that it

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Speaker 6: actually touches another point in alvacentaury.

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Speaker 1: I'm saying that space can do things like bend, which

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Speaker 1: change the relative distance between points, sort of that photon,

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Speaker 1: for example, appears to curve when it goes near a planet.

440
00:20:21,920 --> 00:20:25,480
Speaker 1: But also space can be connected in non trivial ways.

441
00:20:25,760 --> 00:20:28,600
Speaker 1: That the connection space can have are not just like

442
00:20:28,680 --> 00:20:30,879
Speaker 1: a big mesh where everything is connected only to the

443
00:20:30,920 --> 00:20:33,359
Speaker 1: things next to it, but these connections can be weird

444
00:20:33,440 --> 00:20:36,679
Speaker 1: and non trivial. General relativity, which tells us the rules

445
00:20:36,720 --> 00:20:39,440
Speaker 1: for how space works and what the curvature is, says

446
00:20:39,480 --> 00:20:42,080
Speaker 1: that that kind of connection, that kind of shape, right,

447
00:20:42,160 --> 00:20:44,560
Speaker 1: not just like the curvature, but the shape of space

448
00:20:44,920 --> 00:20:47,119
Speaker 1: is allowed to have these weird connections.

449
00:20:47,280 --> 00:20:50,480
Speaker 6: Interesting theoretically, I guess like there's nothing in the theories

450
00:20:50,520 --> 00:20:53,800
Speaker 6: that says that they can't be connected in this way

451
00:20:53,840 --> 00:20:57,120
Speaker 6: through wormholes. But it's not something we see every day, right.

452
00:20:57,040 --> 00:20:59,920
Speaker 1: Exactly, It's not something we've ever seen. These are only theoretic,

453
00:21:00,280 --> 00:21:03,560
Speaker 1: But you know, theoretical explorations of general relativity are really

454
00:21:03,560 --> 00:21:07,160
Speaker 1: interesting and very fruitful. That's how we discovered the idea

455
00:21:07,359 --> 00:21:09,159
Speaker 1: of a black holes. That people were looking at the

456
00:21:09,200 --> 00:21:12,280
Speaker 1: equations and said, you know, if these equations are true,

457
00:21:12,280 --> 00:21:14,000
Speaker 1: if these are the ones that tell us what space

458
00:21:14,040 --> 00:21:16,440
Speaker 1: can do, then they allow space to do this really

459
00:21:16,480 --> 00:21:19,560
Speaker 1: really weird thing, like accumulating a huge amount of mass

460
00:21:19,600 --> 00:21:22,280
Speaker 1: and having an event horizon. So that's where the concept

461
00:21:22,280 --> 00:21:24,879
Speaker 1: of a black hole came from. From these theoretical explorations

462
00:21:24,920 --> 00:21:27,960
Speaker 1: of what can space do. So it's a very fruitful

463
00:21:28,000 --> 00:21:31,160
Speaker 1: way to explore, like the physics of the possible universe.

464
00:21:30,920 --> 00:21:33,080
Speaker 6: Right, except that on our last episode, you kind of

465
00:21:33,119 --> 00:21:36,080
Speaker 6: convinced me that black holes don't exist. So now I

466
00:21:36,119 --> 00:21:37,320
Speaker 6: don't believe anything you say.

467
00:21:38,160 --> 00:21:40,240
Speaker 1: I convinced you that black holes might not exist in

468
00:21:40,280 --> 00:21:42,760
Speaker 1: our universe, but they definitely exist in the universe of

469
00:21:42,840 --> 00:21:45,719
Speaker 1: general relativity. We just don't know if that actually is

470
00:21:45,840 --> 00:21:46,640
Speaker 1: our universe.

471
00:21:47,359 --> 00:21:51,560
Speaker 6: I see there's a loophole here, there's another hole, another

472
00:21:51,600 --> 00:21:52,760
Speaker 6: hole within the hole.

473
00:21:52,920 --> 00:21:54,480
Speaker 1: Is that loophole going to take you to the toilet

474
00:21:54,520 --> 00:21:56,560
Speaker 1: hole or the white hole or the wormhole?

475
00:21:57,640 --> 00:21:59,159
Speaker 6: Hopefully a hole we can get out of it.

476
00:21:59,240 --> 00:22:00,639
Speaker 1: I know, but you have to listen to the whole

477
00:22:00,680 --> 00:22:01,760
Speaker 1: episode to find out.

478
00:22:01,960 --> 00:22:06,439
Speaker 6: The dum dums nice, right, And also, wormholes are pretty

479
00:22:06,440 --> 00:22:09,480
Speaker 6: interesting because they cannot just connect points in space that

480
00:22:09,480 --> 00:22:11,760
Speaker 6: are far apart. They can also connect points in time.

481
00:22:11,920 --> 00:22:15,160
Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, these are constructs in space time right where

482
00:22:15,160 --> 00:22:18,239
Speaker 1: we're imagining space as three of the dimensions of a

483
00:22:18,440 --> 00:22:22,119
Speaker 1: four dimensional object called space time, where time is the

484
00:22:22,200 --> 00:22:24,879
Speaker 1: fourth dimension. And we know that relativity is this theory

485
00:22:24,920 --> 00:22:28,320
Speaker 1: about how events in space time are connected. You know

486
00:22:28,359 --> 00:22:31,600
Speaker 1: how information propagates through space, it takes time to do so,

487
00:22:31,880 --> 00:22:35,040
Speaker 1: and so wormholes connect points in space time, which technically

488
00:22:35,080 --> 00:22:37,439
Speaker 1: means that one end of the wormhole might be at

489
00:22:37,440 --> 00:22:40,680
Speaker 1: a different time than the other end of the wormhole.

490
00:22:40,800 --> 00:22:43,080
Speaker 6: Wow, that's mind blowing. And that's sort of like one

491
00:22:43,080 --> 00:22:46,600
Speaker 6: way you could make time travel possible, right without generating

492
00:22:46,640 --> 00:22:49,040
Speaker 6: any paradoxes, Like if you have a wormhole that takes

493
00:22:49,080 --> 00:22:51,600
Speaker 6: you to another point in time, you could travel in

494
00:22:51,640 --> 00:22:53,359
Speaker 6: time and go back or forward.

495
00:22:53,480 --> 00:22:55,840
Speaker 1: There are people out there who think that time traveling

496
00:22:55,840 --> 00:22:59,320
Speaker 1: wormholes might actually be a possibility. Of course, they do

497
00:22:59,440 --> 00:23:02,360
Speaker 1: potentially lead to paradoxes, so it's confusing, and it's sort

498
00:23:02,359 --> 00:23:05,400
Speaker 1: of like this conflict in the theory itself, so it's

499
00:23:05,400 --> 00:23:08,080
Speaker 1: not something we know exactly how to resolve. If you

500
00:23:08,080 --> 00:23:10,040
Speaker 1: found a wormhole and it'll let you go back in time.

501
00:23:10,119 --> 00:23:12,239
Speaker 1: Then we would have lots of questions about why there

502
00:23:12,240 --> 00:23:15,119
Speaker 1: aren't paradoxes, or maybe it would create paradoxes and destroy

503
00:23:15,160 --> 00:23:17,600
Speaker 1: the universe. So hey, think twice before jumping in.

504
00:23:17,840 --> 00:23:20,040
Speaker 6: Right, it's a whole rabbit hole, and we won't get

505
00:23:20,040 --> 00:23:22,560
Speaker 6: into today today. But I guess the big question is

506
00:23:22,600 --> 00:23:25,040
Speaker 6: are they real? And if they are real, could we

507
00:23:25,160 --> 00:23:27,879
Speaker 6: ever find them? So let's get into that, but first

508
00:23:27,960 --> 00:23:29,119
Speaker 6: let's take a quick break.

509
00:23:33,400 --> 00:23:36,400
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559
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Speaker 1: of Greek yogurt, you're probably not thinking about the environmental

560
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562
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563
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565
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566
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567
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568
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569
00:26:39,920 --> 00:26:42,919
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570
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Speaker 1: electric cars. So the next time you grab a slice

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574
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577
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Speaker 6: All right, we're talking about wormholes and how to find

578
00:27:13,560 --> 00:27:16,920
Speaker 6: a wormhole. We think they might exist. The question, though,

579
00:27:17,080 --> 00:27:19,320
Speaker 6: is will we ever find one, or could we ever

580
00:27:19,359 --> 00:27:22,879
Speaker 6: find one? Or how do you even look for a wormhole? So, Daniel,

581
00:27:22,920 --> 00:27:26,320
Speaker 6: we talked about what they are. Generally that they're theoretical,

582
00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:30,320
Speaker 6: they're theoretically allowed, but we haven't absurved them. And the

583
00:27:30,359 --> 00:27:32,199
Speaker 6: other interesting thing about them is that they're sort of

584
00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:34,200
Speaker 6: related to something called a white hole.

585
00:27:34,320 --> 00:27:37,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, so there's a whole family of related topics here,

586
00:27:37,280 --> 00:27:39,960
Speaker 1: and there's a few different ways to think about these things.

587
00:27:40,359 --> 00:27:43,639
Speaker 1: You know, there are wormholes that are just wormholes, just

588
00:27:43,760 --> 00:27:46,920
Speaker 1: connections between points in space that in theory, you might

589
00:27:46,960 --> 00:27:49,199
Speaker 1: be able to go through in both directions. And then

590
00:27:49,200 --> 00:27:51,879
Speaker 1: there are also separately other things where you have a

591
00:27:51,880 --> 00:27:54,280
Speaker 1: black hole on one side and a white hole on

592
00:27:54,320 --> 00:27:58,000
Speaker 1: the other side, and those two are connected by a wormhole,

593
00:27:58,200 --> 00:28:00,360
Speaker 1: so the things that fall into the black hole might

594
00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:02,840
Speaker 1: be emitted out the white hole on the other side.

595
00:28:03,000 --> 00:28:05,560
Speaker 1: That would be one directional because you can't go into

596
00:28:05,720 --> 00:28:07,959
Speaker 1: a white hole the same way you can't escape a

597
00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:10,520
Speaker 1: black hole. And then there are pairs of black holes

598
00:28:10,520 --> 00:28:13,760
Speaker 1: where people think maybe the singularities at the hearts of

599
00:28:13,800 --> 00:28:16,720
Speaker 1: these two black holes are connected by a wormhole. Also,

600
00:28:17,200 --> 00:28:19,640
Speaker 1: so there's a whole variety of different kinds of wormholes

601
00:28:19,640 --> 00:28:21,640
Speaker 1: that you can imagine in theoretical physics.

602
00:28:21,720 --> 00:28:24,480
Speaker 6: So you can have a wormhole without a black hole

603
00:28:24,680 --> 00:28:25,720
Speaker 6: or a white hole.

604
00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:29,200
Speaker 1: In theory, you can. It requires something sort of special,

605
00:28:29,560 --> 00:28:32,439
Speaker 1: like to make this connection between two points in space,

606
00:28:32,800 --> 00:28:35,639
Speaker 1: you need some kind of weird matter. Like. Remember the

607
00:28:35,640 --> 00:28:38,600
Speaker 1: way general relativity works is it says, if you have

608
00:28:38,800 --> 00:28:41,840
Speaker 1: a configuration of matter and energy, it will tell you

609
00:28:42,120 --> 00:28:44,920
Speaker 1: how space bends. Now, if you want space to bend

610
00:28:44,960 --> 00:28:48,239
Speaker 1: in a certain way, general relativity doesn't necessarily tell you,

611
00:28:48,320 --> 00:28:51,560
Speaker 1: like what mass and energy configuration you need to make

612
00:28:51,720 --> 00:28:54,040
Speaker 1: in order for that to happen. But people have figured

613
00:28:54,040 --> 00:28:56,760
Speaker 1: it out a few solutions, and one solution for just

614
00:28:56,760 --> 00:29:00,000
Speaker 1: a normal vanilla wormhole all by itself in space require

615
00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:01,640
Speaker 1: wire is something that we don't know if it exists

616
00:29:01,680 --> 00:29:05,400
Speaker 1: in the universe. It requires having something with negative mass,

617
00:29:05,720 --> 00:29:08,239
Speaker 1: like particles that don't have mass like you and I,

618
00:29:08,480 --> 00:29:11,760
Speaker 1: but have negative mass. This is called exotic matter, and

619
00:29:11,800 --> 00:29:14,160
Speaker 1: you'd need those to create this connection and to keep

620
00:29:14,200 --> 00:29:15,959
Speaker 1: it open to keep it from collapsing.

621
00:29:16,680 --> 00:29:18,800
Speaker 6: I see. So to make a wormhole like, it's not

622
00:29:18,960 --> 00:29:21,959
Speaker 6: just like a magic reconnection of space or magic like

623
00:29:22,040 --> 00:29:24,560
Speaker 6: I don't know, rewiring of space it's like you really

624
00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:27,160
Speaker 6: have to bend the space that we have in order

625
00:29:27,200 --> 00:29:30,040
Speaker 6: for these too far away points to bend so much

626
00:29:30,200 --> 00:29:31,360
Speaker 6: they actually touch each other.

627
00:29:31,520 --> 00:29:33,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, and you need some weird kind of matter to

628
00:29:33,720 --> 00:29:35,800
Speaker 1: keep that connection there for space to not just like

629
00:29:36,040 --> 00:29:38,479
Speaker 1: snap back to where it was before. You need some

630
00:29:38,560 --> 00:29:40,800
Speaker 1: weird kind of matter that has a property we've never

631
00:29:40,880 --> 00:29:44,320
Speaker 1: seen before that it's like repulsive gravity. You know, like

632
00:29:44,360 --> 00:29:47,920
Speaker 1: everything that we've seen has mass, and gravity is always attractive.

633
00:29:47,960 --> 00:29:51,200
Speaker 1: It pulls things towards itself. You never see gravity pushing

634
00:29:51,280 --> 00:29:54,520
Speaker 1: things away. And so here you'd create this wormhole, and

635
00:29:54,560 --> 00:29:56,600
Speaker 1: then you need to put something in it to keep

636
00:29:56,600 --> 00:29:59,200
Speaker 1: the wormhole from collapsing, which normally would just like fall

637
00:29:59,240 --> 00:30:01,680
Speaker 1: apart and snap back to where it was here. To

638
00:30:01,800 --> 00:30:04,760
Speaker 1: keep that tunnel, to keep that tube that connects the

639
00:30:04,800 --> 00:30:07,400
Speaker 1: two points in space open, you need to put something

640
00:30:07,480 --> 00:30:10,720
Speaker 1: in there that like repels space, that pushes it away.

641
00:30:11,120 --> 00:30:14,040
Speaker 1: So that would be like some sort of negative mass object,

642
00:30:14,160 --> 00:30:15,960
Speaker 1: like a particle with negative mass.

643
00:30:16,160 --> 00:30:18,000
Speaker 6: But I guess how would this even work? Like I'm

644
00:30:18,000 --> 00:30:21,320
Speaker 6: here and I gather a bunch of this imaginary mass

645
00:30:21,440 --> 00:30:23,680
Speaker 6: that we haven't discovered yet, and then I want to

646
00:30:23,720 --> 00:30:26,560
Speaker 6: connect a wormhole to Alpha Centaury. Does someone in Alpha

647
00:30:26,560 --> 00:30:29,480
Speaker 6: Centauri need to also be doing that and then somehow

648
00:30:29,480 --> 00:30:32,959
Speaker 6: we connect somehow or do I, you know, build up

649
00:30:32,960 --> 00:30:36,880
Speaker 6: this massive with negative mass and then somehow that opens

650
00:30:36,920 --> 00:30:40,760
Speaker 6: a portal into two Alpha centaur Like, what's the instruction

651
00:30:40,840 --> 00:30:41,640
Speaker 6: manual here, Daniel?

652
00:30:41,680 --> 00:30:43,560
Speaker 1: As far as I know, there is no instruction manual.

653
00:30:43,880 --> 00:30:47,040
Speaker 1: All we have is if there were a wormhole, how

654
00:30:47,040 --> 00:30:49,480
Speaker 1: would you keep it open? There's no recipe for, like,

655
00:30:49,560 --> 00:30:51,720
Speaker 1: how do you go from a universe without a wormhole

656
00:30:51,880 --> 00:30:55,240
Speaker 1: to a universe with a wormhole? Step by step instructions

657
00:30:55,440 --> 00:30:58,840
Speaker 1: for your favorite cartoonist slash engineer that we do not have,

658
00:30:59,400 --> 00:31:01,240
Speaker 1: you know, And that's that's a whole other question, you know,

659
00:31:01,280 --> 00:31:04,280
Speaker 1: like you might discover, Okay, here's a solution that lets

660
00:31:04,280 --> 00:31:06,440
Speaker 1: two black holes orbit each other. Cool. How do I

661
00:31:06,520 --> 00:31:08,680
Speaker 1: make two black holes and get them into orbit is

662
00:31:08,680 --> 00:31:11,200
Speaker 1: a totally separate problem. So what we've done is we

663
00:31:11,240 --> 00:31:14,120
Speaker 1: figured out, you know, can this solution happen? Is it

664
00:31:14,160 --> 00:31:17,480
Speaker 1: theoretically possible to do? We haven't figured out at all,

665
00:31:17,600 --> 00:31:20,120
Speaker 1: like how to actually assemble that in our universe?

666
00:31:20,320 --> 00:31:23,440
Speaker 6: Yeah, I guess that would be the trick, right, That

667
00:31:23,440 --> 00:31:25,280
Speaker 6: would be the most interesting part is how do you

668
00:31:25,320 --> 00:31:27,000
Speaker 6: control these wormholes exactly?

669
00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:30,640
Speaker 1: And so you know, adding to our instruction manual for supervillains,

670
00:31:30,760 --> 00:31:33,160
Speaker 1: we do not yet have a recipe for supervillains out

671
00:31:33,160 --> 00:31:35,440
Speaker 1: there who want to create a portal between here and

672
00:31:35,480 --> 00:31:38,760
Speaker 1: the sun, for example, and you know, channel super hot

673
00:31:38,800 --> 00:31:39,760
Speaker 1: plasma as a weapon.

674
00:31:40,120 --> 00:31:41,920
Speaker 6: All what you're saying for you physicists. But if you

675
00:31:41,920 --> 00:31:44,200
Speaker 6: want to equate physicists to supervillains, goheat.

676
00:31:44,440 --> 00:31:46,640
Speaker 1: We are the lackeys of supervillains. You know, we are

677
00:31:46,720 --> 00:31:48,840
Speaker 1: creating tools they use to destroy the world.

678
00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:54,200
Speaker 6: Oh, you're the minions exactly if you wear overalls also, and.

679
00:31:54,840 --> 00:31:57,080
Speaker 1: Monopoles only in the lab. Only in the lab.

680
00:31:57,200 --> 00:31:58,520
Speaker 6: I guess what you're saying is we don't know how

681
00:31:58,520 --> 00:32:00,880
Speaker 6: to make a wormhole. But the question I guess we're

682
00:32:00,920 --> 00:32:03,720
Speaker 6: tackling today is that if there are wormholes out there,

683
00:32:03,760 --> 00:32:05,880
Speaker 6: how would we even find them? All right, So then

684
00:32:05,920 --> 00:32:07,320
Speaker 6: how do we detect the wormhole?

685
00:32:07,400 --> 00:32:09,360
Speaker 1: Well, it depends on the kind of wormhole we're talking about.

686
00:32:09,720 --> 00:32:12,040
Speaker 1: Let's talk about first the simplest kind of wormhole, which

687
00:32:12,080 --> 00:32:14,680
Speaker 1: is just like a connection between two points in space.

688
00:32:14,920 --> 00:32:18,040
Speaker 1: These things would not be that easy to see because

689
00:32:18,080 --> 00:32:21,000
Speaker 1: there's nothing like around them necessarily, they're just like a

690
00:32:21,040 --> 00:32:25,040
Speaker 1: connection between here and there, So they're not like directly visible.

691
00:32:25,080 --> 00:32:27,760
Speaker 1: They're just like this fold in space. So you would

692
00:32:27,840 --> 00:32:29,760
Speaker 1: have to see them only because you see something like

693
00:32:29,880 --> 00:32:32,200
Speaker 1: go in or something come out, or you see like

694
00:32:32,440 --> 00:32:35,480
Speaker 1: the distortion they have on things behind them.

695
00:32:35,640 --> 00:32:35,760
Speaker 13: Right.

696
00:32:35,800 --> 00:32:39,160
Speaker 1: It's sort of like can you see a transparent lens

697
00:32:39,520 --> 00:32:43,080
Speaker 1: The material itself is invisible, but it has an effect

698
00:32:43,120 --> 00:32:45,120
Speaker 1: on the light going through it. Then you can tell

699
00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:48,160
Speaker 1: something is there without directly seeing it, right.

700
00:32:48,240 --> 00:32:50,720
Speaker 6: And the other problem is that they might be super small. Right.

701
00:32:50,920 --> 00:32:54,800
Speaker 6: The theory doesn't predict giant wormholes. It predicts tiny little wormholes.

702
00:32:54,880 --> 00:32:57,520
Speaker 1: The theory allows for super tiny wormholes like ten to

703
00:32:57,560 --> 00:33:00,880
Speaker 1: the minus thirty five meters you know, plank scales wormholes,

704
00:33:01,160 --> 00:33:04,520
Speaker 1: but it also allows for larger wormholes that potentially you

705
00:33:04,520 --> 00:33:06,280
Speaker 1: could even send a person through.

706
00:33:06,360 --> 00:33:09,320
Speaker 6: Okay, now we're cooking, but you're saying they wouldn't be

707
00:33:09,360 --> 00:33:11,280
Speaker 6: easy to see because it's sort of like, how do

708
00:33:11,320 --> 00:33:13,400
Speaker 6: you see a hole in space? Right? Like, it would

709
00:33:13,480 --> 00:33:15,080
Speaker 6: just sort of look like it's sort of like if

710
00:33:15,120 --> 00:33:17,320
Speaker 6: you put a TV out in space with a picture

711
00:33:17,360 --> 00:33:19,760
Speaker 6: of more stars, it would be hard to tell it's there.

712
00:33:19,880 --> 00:33:22,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, and so what you need to do is see

713
00:33:22,120 --> 00:33:24,320
Speaker 1: some sort of inconsistency, right like if you had a

714
00:33:24,360 --> 00:33:26,560
Speaker 1: TV out in space but an image of stars on

715
00:33:26,600 --> 00:33:29,120
Speaker 1: it and you changed your angle, then the image would

716
00:33:29,160 --> 00:33:31,560
Speaker 1: no longer be appropriate. Or if the stars behind it

717
00:33:31,560 --> 00:33:34,040
Speaker 1: were moving and the image didn't catch up, then you

718
00:33:34,080 --> 00:33:36,840
Speaker 1: would see this like inconsistency between the image you're looking

719
00:33:36,880 --> 00:33:39,520
Speaker 1: at and what's in the background. And that's what you

720
00:33:39,640 --> 00:33:42,520
Speaker 1: need to spot a wormhole because wormhole would in theory,

721
00:33:42,600 --> 00:33:45,480
Speaker 1: be sending you light and information from a different part

722
00:33:45,520 --> 00:33:47,800
Speaker 1: of the universe. And so as you look at the wormhole,

723
00:33:47,800 --> 00:33:51,600
Speaker 1: you're looking at stars whose light has come through the wormhole,

724
00:33:51,680 --> 00:33:54,360
Speaker 1: So you're looking at another part of the universe. So

725
00:33:54,400 --> 00:33:57,880
Speaker 1: you need to somehow identify the boundary, right to know

726
00:33:57,960 --> 00:33:59,719
Speaker 1: that the stars you're looking at in the center are

727
00:33:59,800 --> 00:34:02,240
Speaker 1: the other part of the universe connected by the wormhole,

728
00:34:02,320 --> 00:34:05,360
Speaker 1: and the stars outside this circle are you know, in

729
00:34:05,440 --> 00:34:08,520
Speaker 1: your local neighborhood, and to see like a discontinuity.

730
00:34:08,560 --> 00:34:10,160
Speaker 6: But I think what you're saying is that a wormhole

731
00:34:10,200 --> 00:34:13,280
Speaker 6: wouldn't have any substance to it, right, Like they wouldn't

732
00:34:13,360 --> 00:34:15,880
Speaker 6: you be bumping into things, or it wouldn't be exerting

733
00:34:15,880 --> 00:34:18,319
Speaker 6: gravity on the things around it. Would just have to

734
00:34:18,360 --> 00:34:21,399
Speaker 6: look for, like you said, some kind of inconsistency, or

735
00:34:21,440 --> 00:34:23,880
Speaker 6: maybe see like a row of space tourists trying to

736
00:34:23,920 --> 00:34:24,320
Speaker 6: get into it.

737
00:34:24,960 --> 00:34:27,319
Speaker 1: Yeah, a pure wormhole that's not like part of a

738
00:34:27,320 --> 00:34:29,759
Speaker 1: black hole white hole system or connected to black holes

739
00:34:29,760 --> 00:34:33,279
Speaker 1: in any other way, would have no strong gravitational effects. So,

740
00:34:33,320 --> 00:34:36,560
Speaker 1: you know, like black holes also technically invisible. You can't

741
00:34:36,600 --> 00:34:39,160
Speaker 1: see them directly, but you can spot them because they

742
00:34:39,200 --> 00:34:41,360
Speaker 1: suck stuff up and they have these accretion disks of

743
00:34:41,440 --> 00:34:44,160
Speaker 1: matter glowing red hot from the friction and the crazy

744
00:34:44,160 --> 00:34:47,520
Speaker 1: intense gravity. Wormholes don't have that. They don't necessarily have

745
00:34:47,680 --> 00:34:50,560
Speaker 1: any strong gravity around them. They're not slurping stuff up,

746
00:34:50,640 --> 00:34:53,680
Speaker 1: and so there are no accretion disks to identify. So

747
00:34:53,719 --> 00:34:56,640
Speaker 1: it's just sort of like seeing a very clear lens

748
00:34:56,760 --> 00:35:00,120
Speaker 1: out in space distorting things. Yeah, or space tourists. That's

749
00:35:00,160 --> 00:35:02,160
Speaker 1: another great way coming out of the subway.

750
00:35:02,239 --> 00:35:04,319
Speaker 6: Yeah, you can see all the space rats scurrying in.

751
00:35:05,960 --> 00:35:08,840
Speaker 1: Do you think space rats eat space pizza?

752
00:35:09,239 --> 00:35:12,879
Speaker 6: Well, if there are no space worms, maybe, I guess

753
00:35:12,880 --> 00:35:15,600
Speaker 6: would a wormhole glow, you know, and the movies that

754
00:35:15,640 --> 00:35:18,680
Speaker 6: the wormholes always glow. They look like glowing, you know,

755
00:35:18,800 --> 00:35:22,840
Speaker 6: circles or something. Would a wormhole because of this magic

756
00:35:23,080 --> 00:35:27,319
Speaker 6: energy with negative mass, would somehow glow or emit radiation.

757
00:35:27,160 --> 00:35:29,320
Speaker 1: We don't think, So, we don't think the pure wormholes

758
00:35:29,360 --> 00:35:32,279
Speaker 1: would emit any radiation. A wormhole that's part of a

759
00:35:32,320 --> 00:35:34,960
Speaker 1: black hole white hole system, then yeah, it would look

760
00:35:35,080 --> 00:35:37,480
Speaker 1: just like a black hole on one side, and so

761
00:35:37,520 --> 00:35:39,680
Speaker 1: you wouldn't necessarily be able to tell it's a wormhole,

762
00:35:40,160 --> 00:35:41,880
Speaker 1: but it would look just like a black hole. And

763
00:35:41,880 --> 00:35:44,800
Speaker 1: black holes do emit a lot of radiation again because

764
00:35:44,840 --> 00:35:47,640
Speaker 1: of the stuff that's around the black hole, the intensely

765
00:35:47,719 --> 00:35:50,239
Speaker 1: high temperature gas that's emitting a lot of light. And

766
00:35:50,280 --> 00:35:52,440
Speaker 1: so we see black holes throughout the universe that are

767
00:35:52,440 --> 00:35:55,960
Speaker 1: called quasars because they emit this crazy radiation. But the

768
00:35:56,000 --> 00:35:59,640
Speaker 1: pure wormhole wouldn't emit any radiation necessarily. But a wormhole

769
00:35:59,640 --> 00:36:02,280
Speaker 1: that's part of a black hole system might.

770
00:36:02,280 --> 00:36:04,439
Speaker 6: Right, What about one that is part of a white

771
00:36:04,480 --> 00:36:07,600
Speaker 6: hole black hole system? When don't we see stuff coming

772
00:36:07,600 --> 00:36:10,360
Speaker 6: out of the white hole like constantly, Like that's the

773
00:36:10,440 --> 00:36:12,120
Speaker 6: wonder where all this energy is coming from?

774
00:36:12,200 --> 00:36:14,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, if you see a white hole, then you're basically

775
00:36:14,120 --> 00:36:17,200
Speaker 1: already seeing a wormhole, because a white hole doesn't just

776
00:36:17,239 --> 00:36:20,480
Speaker 1: like generate random stuff, It emits stuff that came through

777
00:36:20,520 --> 00:36:23,920
Speaker 1: the black hole side. So it's a black hole wormhole

778
00:36:24,080 --> 00:36:26,560
Speaker 1: white hole situation. So if you see a white hole,

779
00:36:26,600 --> 00:36:29,000
Speaker 1: then you're also discovering a wormhole, because it's a connection

780
00:36:29,080 --> 00:36:32,120
Speaker 1: between those two points in space, connected by the singularity

781
00:36:32,160 --> 00:36:34,000
Speaker 1: at the heart of the black hole and this weird

782
00:36:34,040 --> 00:36:36,080
Speaker 1: heart of the white hole. But remember, white holes, we

783
00:36:36,080 --> 00:36:38,880
Speaker 1: don't even know if those actually exist. They're a very

784
00:36:38,920 --> 00:36:42,279
Speaker 1: fuzzy theoretical object. People aren't even sure, you know what

785
00:36:42,400 --> 00:36:43,920
Speaker 1: to make of them in the theory.

786
00:36:44,320 --> 00:36:47,359
Speaker 6: I see, So all white holes are wormholes, but not

787
00:36:47,440 --> 00:36:48,759
Speaker 6: all wormholes are white holes.

788
00:36:48,880 --> 00:36:52,880
Speaker 1: That's right, Yeah, exactly, the taxonomy of holes, whole ononomy.

789
00:36:53,000 --> 00:36:56,000
Speaker 1: It's the holy trinity there, or I guess we're doing holography. Yeah,

790
00:36:56,120 --> 00:36:58,560
Speaker 1: and that's the whole truth, all right. So then what's

791
00:36:58,600 --> 00:37:00,919
Speaker 1: another way that we could detect a wormhole? Do they

792
00:37:01,440 --> 00:37:03,799
Speaker 1: bend space time in a particular way that we could

793
00:37:03,800 --> 00:37:07,280
Speaker 1: maybe see evidence of People think that it might be possible,

794
00:37:07,440 --> 00:37:10,239
Speaker 1: And I was reading this crazy paper where somebody was

795
00:37:10,239 --> 00:37:14,520
Speaker 1: suggesting an experiment to detect wormholes. Because you're right, the wormholes,

796
00:37:14,560 --> 00:37:17,200
Speaker 1: they do bend space. Right, in order to connect space

797
00:37:17,239 --> 00:37:20,279
Speaker 1: here with space somewhere else, you're talking about space being bent,

798
00:37:20,360 --> 00:37:22,920
Speaker 1: and space can never be discontinuous. You can't just have

799
00:37:22,960 --> 00:37:25,160
Speaker 1: like a boundary where space is doing one thing here

800
00:37:25,239 --> 00:37:28,400
Speaker 1: and then something totally different on the other side of it.

801
00:37:28,440 --> 00:37:31,760
Speaker 1: Space is always smooth, right, So to have a connection

802
00:37:31,880 --> 00:37:34,800
Speaker 1: between here and somewhere else, space has to be bending,

803
00:37:34,800 --> 00:37:37,040
Speaker 1: which means it's going to be bending the most at

804
00:37:37,080 --> 00:37:39,719
Speaker 1: the actual wormhole and then less and less as you

805
00:37:39,800 --> 00:37:42,080
Speaker 1: go away. But it can't be like a kink there

806
00:37:42,120 --> 00:37:44,399
Speaker 1: in space. And so people think that maybe you could

807
00:37:44,440 --> 00:37:48,239
Speaker 1: detect wormholes by detecting this bending of space before you

808
00:37:48,280 --> 00:37:50,319
Speaker 1: actually fall in. You don't have to go to the

809
00:37:50,360 --> 00:37:53,080
Speaker 1: wormhole and throw something in. You could see that there's

810
00:37:53,120 --> 00:37:56,960
Speaker 1: a wormhole nearby. It's like a nearby wormhole detector. By

811
00:37:57,000 --> 00:37:59,280
Speaker 1: measuring this bending of space.

812
00:38:00,239 --> 00:38:01,919
Speaker 6: There are no kinky wormholes.

813
00:38:01,920 --> 00:38:04,600
Speaker 1: What you're saying, not in this podcast.

814
00:38:04,640 --> 00:38:06,480
Speaker 6: That's right. This is the safer word.

815
00:38:06,640 --> 00:38:09,200
Speaker 1: But you know, everything out there that has mass also

816
00:38:09,239 --> 00:38:11,640
Speaker 1: bend space, like the Sun bends space, and the Earth

817
00:38:11,680 --> 00:38:14,280
Speaker 1: bends space, and you bend space. So in this paper

818
00:38:14,280 --> 00:38:16,560
Speaker 1: they talk about how to tell if the bending of

819
00:38:16,560 --> 00:38:20,120
Speaker 1: space you're measuring is due to wormholes or due to

820
00:38:20,200 --> 00:38:23,960
Speaker 1: just like the normal bending of space from everyday objects.

821
00:38:23,480 --> 00:38:25,879
Speaker 6: Because I guess every day objects would bend it due

822
00:38:25,920 --> 00:38:29,600
Speaker 6: to gravity, but a wormhole would be bending it because

823
00:38:29,640 --> 00:38:30,800
Speaker 6: of something totally different.

824
00:38:31,040 --> 00:38:34,319
Speaker 1: Yeah, it has negative repulsive gravity inside it to keep

825
00:38:34,360 --> 00:38:36,839
Speaker 1: it open, and so the shape of the bending would

826
00:38:36,840 --> 00:38:39,719
Speaker 1: be a little bit different, and specifically it would be

827
00:38:39,760 --> 00:38:42,080
Speaker 1: different in a way that light passes through it a

828
00:38:42,120 --> 00:38:44,680
Speaker 1: little bit differently. When light travels through space, it doesn't

829
00:38:44,719 --> 00:38:48,280
Speaker 1: just wiggle, it also spins right. Light is actually a vector.

830
00:38:48,320 --> 00:38:51,040
Speaker 1: For those of you into the math of the electromagnetic field,

831
00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:52,960
Speaker 1: there's this phase it has and it can be like

832
00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:55,920
Speaker 1: polarized in one way or polarized in another way, or

833
00:38:55,960 --> 00:38:59,000
Speaker 1: linearly polarized or whatever. There's this extra bit of information

834
00:38:59,080 --> 00:39:01,239
Speaker 1: that light is always cared with it, and so in

835
00:39:01,239 --> 00:39:04,040
Speaker 1: this experiment they think that if a wormhole is nearby,

836
00:39:04,120 --> 00:39:07,120
Speaker 1: it would change how light propagates through that space. So

837
00:39:07,120 --> 00:39:10,280
Speaker 1: what you need are like two satellites flying through space

838
00:39:10,520 --> 00:39:13,160
Speaker 1: shooting laser beams back and forth at each other and

839
00:39:13,239 --> 00:39:16,360
Speaker 1: constantly measuring those laser beams to see if the phase

840
00:39:16,400 --> 00:39:18,520
Speaker 1: of the light has changed in a way that suggests

841
00:39:18,680 --> 00:39:20,120
Speaker 1: that there's a wormhole nearby.

842
00:39:20,400 --> 00:39:23,319
Speaker 6: Whoa, And then these two satellites would have to scan

843
00:39:23,440 --> 00:39:26,360
Speaker 6: the entire universe to find a wormhole, right.

844
00:39:26,600 --> 00:39:29,440
Speaker 1: Well, they would be sensitive to wormholes nearby, and so

845
00:39:29,480 --> 00:39:32,000
Speaker 1: it's sort of like your nose, right you can sniff

846
00:39:32,480 --> 00:39:35,040
Speaker 1: and tell, like somebody's eating a cinnamon roll, you can't

847
00:39:35,080 --> 00:39:38,160
Speaker 1: necessarily tell where it is. And if you walk around

848
00:39:38,239 --> 00:39:40,720
Speaker 1: and the smell gets stronger, you can tell you're getting closer,

849
00:39:40,800 --> 00:39:42,719
Speaker 1: and if the smell gets weaker, you can tell you're

850
00:39:42,719 --> 00:39:45,000
Speaker 1: getting further. So this would operate the same way. They

851
00:39:45,040 --> 00:39:48,560
Speaker 1: can sort of tell how close are you to a wormhole,

852
00:39:48,840 --> 00:39:50,440
Speaker 1: and then as they drift around, they can tell if

853
00:39:50,440 --> 00:39:52,960
Speaker 1: they're getting closer or further. So, yeah, they'd have to

854
00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:54,680
Speaker 1: sort of like you know, you'd have to send lots

855
00:39:54,680 --> 00:39:57,240
Speaker 1: of these things out just floating out through space, hoping

856
00:39:57,280 --> 00:39:58,920
Speaker 1: that one of them finds one, and then you can

857
00:39:58,960 --> 00:40:00,400
Speaker 1: sort of like zoom in on it.

858
00:40:00,440 --> 00:40:04,200
Speaker 6: Would it bend space that much? Like would the radius?

859
00:40:04,239 --> 00:40:07,080
Speaker 6: Would the range of effect be so large that you

860
00:40:07,080 --> 00:40:09,040
Speaker 6: could add this as actually feasible.

861
00:40:08,680 --> 00:40:11,240
Speaker 1: Well, it depends on the size of the wormhole. Bigger

862
00:40:11,280 --> 00:40:15,360
Speaker 1: wormholes easier to find, smaller wormholes harder to find. Fortunately,

863
00:40:15,400 --> 00:40:18,000
Speaker 1: we're interested in bigger wormholes, but then again, we also

864
00:40:18,080 --> 00:40:21,080
Speaker 1: think bigger wormholes probably rarer. So you know, this is

865
00:40:21,080 --> 00:40:25,160
Speaker 1: a very exploratory idea, you know, concept, Is it actually practical.

866
00:40:25,200 --> 00:40:28,120
Speaker 1: Should somebody spend these billions of dollars building these satellites

867
00:40:28,120 --> 00:40:30,640
Speaker 1: and send them out to space. No, but it's sort

868
00:40:30,640 --> 00:40:34,320
Speaker 1: of theoretically showing that it might be possible to detect

869
00:40:34,400 --> 00:40:35,440
Speaker 1: a nearby wormhole.

870
00:40:35,880 --> 00:40:38,000
Speaker 6: Interesting. Did you just say physics is not practical?

871
00:40:38,239 --> 00:40:42,000
Speaker 1: I just said physics is not practical, exactly if you

872
00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:44,279
Speaker 1: were looking to explore the universe and maybe have no

873
00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:46,960
Speaker 1: impact on humanity, come join us.

874
00:40:46,960 --> 00:40:49,680
Speaker 6: All right. So that's maybe one way that we could

875
00:40:49,760 --> 00:40:55,040
Speaker 6: see wormhole is through their effects on space, whether it's

876
00:40:55,080 --> 00:40:57,960
Speaker 6: maybe mini stuff, or maybe we can send satellites to

877
00:40:58,080 --> 00:41:00,040
Speaker 6: go look for them. So let's get into weather. And

878
00:41:00,080 --> 00:41:02,800
Speaker 6: now we have seen any out there in space? Maybe

879
00:41:02,840 --> 00:41:06,360
Speaker 6: we have or not. But first let's take another a

880
00:41:06,440 --> 00:41:06,879
Speaker 6: quick break.

881
00:41:11,120 --> 00:41:12,919
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

882
00:41:13,040 --> 00:41:16,160
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

883
00:41:16,239 --> 00:41:20,280
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

884
00:41:20,320 --> 00:41:22,920
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are US Dairy

885
00:41:22,960 --> 00:41:27,239
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

886
00:41:27,280 --> 00:41:29,879
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887
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Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

888
00:41:32,280 --> 00:41:36,520
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

889
00:41:36,560 --> 00:41:39,640
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

890
00:41:39,719 --> 00:41:43,160
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

891
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892
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893
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894
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Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

895
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Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone, know

896
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897
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898
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899
00:42:07,640 --> 00:42:09,879
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900
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Speaker 3: Hi, I'm David Eagleman from the podcast Inner Cosmos, which

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902
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903
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904
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Speaker 6: In our heads.

905
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913
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916
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918
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960
00:45:20,280 --> 00:45:23,680
Speaker 6: All right, we're looking for wormholes, Daniel, because I guess

961
00:45:23,719 --> 00:45:25,200
Speaker 6: we're eager to get to the other side of the

962
00:45:25,200 --> 00:45:28,239
Speaker 6: galaxy somehow. And the question is how do we find them?

963
00:45:28,280 --> 00:45:29,640
Speaker 6: How do you spot them? How do you know you've

964
00:45:29,640 --> 00:45:31,480
Speaker 6: found one? And we talked about a few ways that

965
00:45:31,520 --> 00:45:34,160
Speaker 6: you could do that, but have we found any?

966
00:45:34,560 --> 00:45:37,360
Speaker 1: So far, we have not identified any wormholes. We have

967
00:45:37,480 --> 00:45:42,480
Speaker 1: exactly zero positively identified wormholes on our list, and you know,

968
00:45:42,600 --> 00:45:45,640
Speaker 1: we don't even necessarily know that we've seen any black holes.

969
00:45:45,640 --> 00:45:47,840
Speaker 1: If you listen to the last episode about dark stars,

970
00:45:47,880 --> 00:45:50,680
Speaker 1: we're not even one hundred percent sure about those, So

971
00:45:50,760 --> 00:45:53,520
Speaker 1: it would be pretty amazing if we had any wormholes

972
00:45:53,600 --> 00:45:54,160
Speaker 1: on our list.

973
00:45:54,320 --> 00:45:57,160
Speaker 6: I guess the question is have we been looking for wormholes?

974
00:45:57,200 --> 00:45:59,200
Speaker 1: I've been looking for wormholes. I thought you were looking. Also,

975
00:45:59,200 --> 00:46:01,400
Speaker 1: are you telling me this whole time you've been doing nothing.

976
00:46:02,239 --> 00:46:05,120
Speaker 6: I was looking for other kinds of holes, legal loopholes,

977
00:46:05,360 --> 00:46:07,960
Speaker 6: and you know holes in logic.

978
00:46:08,440 --> 00:46:12,520
Speaker 1: No, we have been, as a species collectively all been

979
00:46:12,600 --> 00:46:16,000
Speaker 1: looking for wormholes. Not by sending out these crazy satellites,

980
00:46:16,040 --> 00:46:18,480
Speaker 1: but by doing what we talked about earlier, looking for

981
00:46:18,560 --> 00:46:21,480
Speaker 1: distortions in space. Because we're good at this, we could

982
00:46:21,560 --> 00:46:25,640
Speaker 1: actually tell if there are invisible things floating in space

983
00:46:25,840 --> 00:46:29,080
Speaker 1: distorting the path of light. This is one way, for example,

984
00:46:29,120 --> 00:46:31,759
Speaker 1: we know that dark matter is out there. Dark matter

985
00:46:31,800 --> 00:46:35,200
Speaker 1: is some invisible kind of matter that has gravity and

986
00:46:35,239 --> 00:46:38,439
Speaker 1: so changes the curvature of space and bends light as

987
00:46:38,440 --> 00:46:41,960
Speaker 1: it passes through. So even though dark matter itself is invisible,

988
00:46:42,000 --> 00:46:44,480
Speaker 1: we can see its effect on light by seeing this

989
00:46:44,640 --> 00:46:48,880
Speaker 1: gravitational lensing. And so we've done something similar for looking

990
00:46:48,880 --> 00:46:52,080
Speaker 1: for wormholes. We've asked if there was a wormhole between

991
00:46:52,160 --> 00:46:56,000
Speaker 1: us and this very bright quasar out there, what impact

992
00:46:56,000 --> 00:46:58,600
Speaker 1: would it have on that light? How would it look different?

993
00:46:58,760 --> 00:47:00,640
Speaker 1: And then let's look to see if we can find

994
00:47:00,680 --> 00:47:03,520
Speaker 1: any quasars that are distorted in just that way.

995
00:47:04,040 --> 00:47:07,759
Speaker 6: Interesting. So there are physicists out there like whose portfolio

996
00:47:07,760 --> 00:47:10,600
Speaker 6: include looking for wormholes. It's not just like we're looking

997
00:47:10,640 --> 00:47:13,359
Speaker 6: for weird things out there, it's like they're actually hunting them.

998
00:47:13,400 --> 00:47:15,400
Speaker 1: They're actually hunting them. There's a fun paper from an

999
00:47:15,400 --> 00:47:19,560
Speaker 1: astronomical survey the LSST, that very specifically did this. You know,

1000
00:47:19,600 --> 00:47:21,839
Speaker 1: they have a huge data set of looking at big

1001
00:47:21,920 --> 00:47:24,400
Speaker 1: patches of the sky for a long time, and so

1002
00:47:24,480 --> 00:47:26,799
Speaker 1: they can look through that data set and ask like,

1003
00:47:27,040 --> 00:47:29,759
Speaker 1: are there any objects in here which look like they've

1004
00:47:29,800 --> 00:47:33,440
Speaker 1: been distorted by wormholes? And so that's very helpful. If

1005
00:47:33,440 --> 00:47:35,359
Speaker 1: you can come up with a specific prediction to say

1006
00:47:35,440 --> 00:47:37,759
Speaker 1: a wormhole would look like this, it would distort the

1007
00:47:37,800 --> 00:47:40,319
Speaker 1: life from this galaxy in this way, then you can

1008
00:47:40,400 --> 00:47:42,240
Speaker 1: hunt for that signature in the sky.

1009
00:47:42,520 --> 00:47:42,840
Speaker 10: Hmmm.

1010
00:47:43,040 --> 00:47:46,480
Speaker 6: Interesting. So you said that they do that by looking

1011
00:47:46,520 --> 00:47:49,920
Speaker 6: at quasars. They've looked at fifty thousand quasars and they

1012
00:47:49,920 --> 00:47:52,120
Speaker 6: look to see if the life from those quasars is

1013
00:47:52,160 --> 00:47:55,440
Speaker 6: somehow distorted in a special way that only a wormhole

1014
00:47:55,600 --> 00:47:56,279
Speaker 6: might distort it.

1015
00:47:56,520 --> 00:47:59,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, because remember wormholes have this negative mass, and so

1016
00:47:59,440 --> 00:48:02,319
Speaker 1: they have a different diferent kind of curvature or space than,

1017
00:48:02,360 --> 00:48:05,080
Speaker 1: for example, dark matter or something else. So we see

1018
00:48:05,200 --> 00:48:07,400
Speaker 1: lots of distortion out there in the sky due to

1019
00:48:07,480 --> 00:48:10,479
Speaker 1: dark matter and other things which distort space in one way,

1020
00:48:10,560 --> 00:48:13,200
Speaker 1: but wormholes would have a very distinctive signature in how

1021
00:48:13,239 --> 00:48:15,239
Speaker 1: they bend space. And you're right, they look through this

1022
00:48:15,320 --> 00:48:19,840
Speaker 1: catalog of fifty thousand quasars, which is mind blowing already

1023
00:48:19,840 --> 00:48:24,000
Speaker 1: because that means that's fifty thousand galaxies, each with a

1024
00:48:24,080 --> 00:48:27,480
Speaker 1: super massive black hole at its center, sending us an

1025
00:48:27,520 --> 00:48:32,080
Speaker 1: incredible beam of light across billions and billions of light years. Right, Like,

1026
00:48:32,400 --> 00:48:34,560
Speaker 1: just imagine hold that picture in your mind for a

1027
00:48:34,600 --> 00:48:37,680
Speaker 1: moment of like the Earth being pinioned by these beams

1028
00:48:37,680 --> 00:48:40,440
Speaker 1: of light coming from all over the universe. And now

1029
00:48:40,480 --> 00:48:42,600
Speaker 1: we're asking whether those beams of light have been like

1030
00:48:42,640 --> 00:48:45,120
Speaker 1: tweaked in any tiny little way, so there might be

1031
00:48:45,160 --> 00:48:48,520
Speaker 1: a wormhole along that line between us and one of

1032
00:48:48,520 --> 00:48:49,879
Speaker 1: those distant quasars.

1033
00:48:49,960 --> 00:48:52,200
Speaker 6: Interesting so I guess, how do we expect the light

1034
00:48:52,239 --> 00:48:54,600
Speaker 6: to be different if it had gone through or near

1035
00:48:54,719 --> 00:48:57,560
Speaker 6: a wormhole on its way here. Like, you know, if

1036
00:48:57,560 --> 00:48:59,799
Speaker 6: it goes through negative mass, does it get lighter? Does

1037
00:48:59,880 --> 00:49:00,680
Speaker 6: light get lighter?

1038
00:49:00,680 --> 00:49:02,600
Speaker 1: Well, you know, if it goes through dark matter, then

1039
00:49:02,600 --> 00:49:04,759
Speaker 1: it gets sort of like focused. Like dark matter acts

1040
00:49:04,800 --> 00:49:07,719
Speaker 1: like a lens, and it can make very specific distortions.

1041
00:49:07,920 --> 00:49:09,560
Speaker 1: And so we have these codes that allow us to

1042
00:49:09,600 --> 00:49:12,000
Speaker 1: do calculations. It's not something we can write down with

1043
00:49:12,000 --> 00:49:14,560
Speaker 1: pencil and paper because general relativity is so complicated, but

1044
00:49:14,600 --> 00:49:16,520
Speaker 1: we have these computer codes that allow us to do

1045
00:49:16,600 --> 00:49:19,560
Speaker 1: calculations and predict what pattern it would have. You know,

1046
00:49:19,719 --> 00:49:21,480
Speaker 1: just the same way you can say if I shine

1047
00:49:21,480 --> 00:49:24,080
Speaker 1: a light through a concave lens, it's going to make

1048
00:49:24,120 --> 00:49:25,960
Speaker 1: one image. Well, if you shine a light through a

1049
00:49:25,960 --> 00:49:28,880
Speaker 1: convex lens, it's going to make a totally different image.

1050
00:49:29,000 --> 00:49:31,400
Speaker 1: And so that's sort of the same relationship between what

1051
00:49:31,560 --> 00:49:34,360
Speaker 1: dark matter and a wormhole would do to a quasar.

1052
00:49:34,440 --> 00:49:36,360
Speaker 1: Then we definitely have a different pattern. It doesn't just

1053
00:49:36,520 --> 00:49:38,680
Speaker 1: like bend the light out and spread it out. It

1054
00:49:38,680 --> 00:49:41,200
Speaker 1: also twists it in a weird way because, as we

1055
00:49:41,239 --> 00:49:44,480
Speaker 1: said before, it changes the electromagnetic phase of the light.

1056
00:49:44,680 --> 00:49:47,160
Speaker 6: So is that what we're looking for, looking for changes

1057
00:49:47,200 --> 00:49:49,840
Speaker 6: in the light itself, or also in addition to that

1058
00:49:49,880 --> 00:49:51,720
Speaker 6: we're looking for this lensing effect.

1059
00:49:51,800 --> 00:49:54,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, we're looking for both, but this survey in particular

1060
00:49:54,719 --> 00:49:56,520
Speaker 1: was mostly looking for these lensing effects.

1061
00:49:56,600 --> 00:49:59,960
Speaker 6: All right, So then we haven't seen any wormholes even

1062
00:50:00,040 --> 00:50:02,239
Speaker 6: that we've looked at fifty thousand quasars. But that, I

1063
00:50:02,239 --> 00:50:04,120
Speaker 6: guess that doesn't mean that there aren't out there, right.

1064
00:50:04,280 --> 00:50:05,960
Speaker 1: That doesn't mean they're not out there. It means that

1065
00:50:06,040 --> 00:50:07,880
Speaker 1: we didn't see any, right, And you can't prove a

1066
00:50:07,920 --> 00:50:10,560
Speaker 1: negative because there could be just one and just didn't

1067
00:50:10,600 --> 00:50:13,719
Speaker 1: happen tocross this meme from a quasar to Earth. So

1068
00:50:13,760 --> 00:50:16,200
Speaker 1: it's certainly possible that they're still out there, or there

1069
00:50:16,239 --> 00:50:18,040
Speaker 1: could be lots of them and they just didn't cross

1070
00:50:18,080 --> 00:50:20,600
Speaker 1: these beams. What you can do when you don't see

1071
00:50:20,600 --> 00:50:22,520
Speaker 1: one is you can set a limit on how many

1072
00:50:22,600 --> 00:50:25,640
Speaker 1: there could be. You to say, well, if wormholes were everywhere,

1073
00:50:25,800 --> 00:50:27,520
Speaker 1: we would have seen them. So what we can do

1074
00:50:27,640 --> 00:50:30,400
Speaker 1: is rule out the universe being like totally jam packed

1075
00:50:30,440 --> 00:50:33,799
Speaker 1: with wormholes. And that's not nothing, right, That is definitely information.

1076
00:50:34,080 --> 00:50:36,000
Speaker 1: It means that if there are wormholes out there. You

1077
00:50:36,040 --> 00:50:38,239
Speaker 1: have to explain why none of them have ever like

1078
00:50:38,320 --> 00:50:41,120
Speaker 1: tripped one of these like lasers between the quasar and us.

1079
00:50:41,320 --> 00:50:44,400
Speaker 6: Hmm, I guess if this light is coming from another galaxy,

1080
00:50:44,440 --> 00:50:48,880
Speaker 6: isn't it mostly empty space between here and other galaxies? Like,

1081
00:50:49,080 --> 00:50:51,840
Speaker 6: did we expect to find wormholes in the middle of nowhere?

1082
00:50:52,080 --> 00:50:54,439
Speaker 1: We don't know where to expect to find wormholes, but yeah,

1083
00:50:54,480 --> 00:50:56,759
Speaker 1: it is mostly empty space between here and there. But

1084
00:50:56,800 --> 00:50:59,680
Speaker 1: it also passes through the galaxy, right, Like, our galaxy

1085
00:51:00,120 --> 00:51:02,600
Speaker 1: is fairly thick, and so for the light to get

1086
00:51:02,600 --> 00:51:04,920
Speaker 1: here from another galaxy, it has to pass a significant

1087
00:51:04,960 --> 00:51:07,719
Speaker 1: fraction of the way through our galaxy as well. So

1088
00:51:07,760 --> 00:51:10,320
Speaker 1: you really are exploring lots of different kinds of space

1089
00:51:10,640 --> 00:51:11,840
Speaker 1: when you look at quasars.

1090
00:51:11,920 --> 00:51:13,920
Speaker 6: All right, we haven't seen any, but there is sort

1091
00:51:13,920 --> 00:51:16,239
Speaker 6: of a theory, right you were telling me about a

1092
00:51:16,320 --> 00:51:18,759
Speaker 6: black hole there might be really close to us.

1093
00:51:18,800 --> 00:51:21,359
Speaker 1: Yeah, if you saw the movie Contact, then you know

1094
00:51:21,400 --> 00:51:25,719
Speaker 1: in that movie Contact, there's this like network of wormholes

1095
00:51:25,800 --> 00:51:28,400
Speaker 1: that connect galaxies. And I think, aren't they like at

1096
00:51:28,400 --> 00:51:30,880
Speaker 1: the center of the galaxy where the black hole the

1097
00:51:30,880 --> 00:51:33,760
Speaker 1: center of the galaxy is actually opening into a wormhole?

1098
00:51:33,920 --> 00:51:36,000
Speaker 1: Network that lets you go all around the universe. I

1099
00:51:36,000 --> 00:51:38,319
Speaker 1: don't remember the details of that movie well enough, but

1100
00:51:38,480 --> 00:51:40,640
Speaker 1: there are people out there who are asking that question

1101
00:51:40,760 --> 00:51:43,840
Speaker 1: about the black hole at the center of our galaxy.

1102
00:51:43,880 --> 00:51:46,360
Speaker 1: They're wondering, it's a black hole, but is it also

1103
00:51:46,680 --> 00:51:47,520
Speaker 1: maybe a.

1104
00:51:47,480 --> 00:51:50,440
Speaker 6: Wormhole, or at least the entrance to a wormhole, right, because

1105
00:51:50,440 --> 00:51:52,480
Speaker 6: if it's a black hole, it can be the exit

1106
00:51:52,520 --> 00:51:53,239
Speaker 6: of a wormhole.

1107
00:51:53,320 --> 00:51:56,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, this is one very particular kind of idea where

1108
00:51:56,600 --> 00:51:59,520
Speaker 1: it might be a pair of black holes that have

1109
00:51:59,640 --> 00:52:03,120
Speaker 1: their singularities overlapped, so they're connected by a wormhole, but

1110
00:52:03,160 --> 00:52:06,640
Speaker 1: the wormhole itself might be slightly bigger than the black holes,

1111
00:52:07,000 --> 00:52:10,040
Speaker 1: so the black holes are sort of like inside the wormhole,

1112
00:52:10,400 --> 00:52:13,200
Speaker 1: allowing some stuff to come out, sort of sneaking around

1113
00:52:13,280 --> 00:52:16,040
Speaker 1: the black holes. So this is a weird black hole

1114
00:52:16,080 --> 00:52:18,920
Speaker 1: wormhole combination idea. Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa.

1115
00:52:18,960 --> 00:52:21,359
Speaker 6: I think you just took a jump there. So you're

1116
00:52:21,360 --> 00:52:22,920
Speaker 6: saying that the black hole at the center of our

1117
00:52:22,960 --> 00:52:25,280
Speaker 6: galaxy might actually be two black holes.

1118
00:52:25,360 --> 00:52:27,279
Speaker 1: Yeah, the black hole the center of our galaxy might

1119
00:52:27,320 --> 00:52:30,760
Speaker 1: be connected to another black hole somewhere else in the universe,

1120
00:52:31,120 --> 00:52:33,239
Speaker 1: and the two might be sort of like connected by

1121
00:52:33,280 --> 00:52:36,440
Speaker 1: this wormhole which is big enough to have the black

1122
00:52:36,440 --> 00:52:39,799
Speaker 1: holes connected, but also for other stuff to get through

1123
00:52:39,800 --> 00:52:42,280
Speaker 1: the wormhole without falling into the black hole.

1124
00:52:42,719 --> 00:52:44,319
Speaker 6: Oh, I see what you're saying. So this is the

1125
00:52:44,360 --> 00:52:47,600
Speaker 6: regular type of wormhole that doesn't start in a black hole.

1126
00:52:47,760 --> 00:52:51,840
Speaker 6: You're just saying that there might be a wormhole next

1127
00:52:51,880 --> 00:52:54,560
Speaker 6: to or sort of enveloping the black hole the center

1128
00:52:54,560 --> 00:52:56,320
Speaker 6: of our galaxy. This is like a mega wormhole.

1129
00:52:56,400 --> 00:52:58,280
Speaker 1: This would be a mega wormhole exactly.

1130
00:52:58,360 --> 00:53:01,280
Speaker 6: This is like a dune size worm and at.

1131
00:53:01,120 --> 00:53:04,600
Speaker 1: Its throat right, its throat is larger than this black

1132
00:53:04,600 --> 00:53:06,239
Speaker 1: hole in the center of the milky Way. But the

1133
00:53:06,280 --> 00:53:09,560
Speaker 1: black hole is like sitting at the mouth of the wormhole,

1134
00:53:09,719 --> 00:53:12,560
Speaker 1: but not completely blocking it, so that the wormhole is

1135
00:53:12,560 --> 00:53:15,480
Speaker 1: not totally inside the black hole. It's sort of like

1136
00:53:15,640 --> 00:53:18,440
Speaker 1: a basketball fits through a hoop, right, the basketball is

1137
00:53:18,520 --> 00:53:21,520
Speaker 1: smaller than the hoop. So now imagine, right, the black

1138
00:53:21,520 --> 00:53:24,360
Speaker 1: holes like the basketball and the wormholes like the basketball hoop.

1139
00:53:24,600 --> 00:53:26,960
Speaker 6: Interesting, and then just on the other side of the

1140
00:53:27,000 --> 00:53:30,440
Speaker 6: wormhole is maybe another black hole in another galaxy or

1141
00:53:30,520 --> 00:53:31,080
Speaker 6: somewhere else.

1142
00:53:31,280 --> 00:53:34,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, another black hole in probably in another galaxy. Because

1143
00:53:34,560 --> 00:53:37,000
Speaker 1: these super massive black holes tend to only form at

1144
00:53:37,000 --> 00:53:39,200
Speaker 1: the hearts of galaxies. But we don't know until we

1145
00:53:39,239 --> 00:53:41,080
Speaker 1: send our favorite cartoonists.

1146
00:53:40,560 --> 00:53:43,080
Speaker 6: In right, or our favorite physicists.

1147
00:53:42,520 --> 00:53:46,120
Speaker 1: Or our least favorite cartoonist either one.

1148
00:53:46,840 --> 00:53:50,320
Speaker 6: Yeah, let's take a vote. But this is a crazy idea, Danil.

1149
00:53:50,320 --> 00:53:52,440
Speaker 6: Why would people think this is what's happening.

1150
00:53:52,560 --> 00:53:55,200
Speaker 1: I don't know that anybody thinks it's what's happening. But

1151
00:53:55,239 --> 00:53:58,880
Speaker 1: some people wrote a paper asking if this was what's happening,

1152
00:53:59,160 --> 00:54:01,680
Speaker 1: how could we fire it out? And seat of like

1153
00:54:01,800 --> 00:54:04,400
Speaker 1: trying to work out the mathematics of if you could

1154
00:54:04,440 --> 00:54:06,920
Speaker 1: tell if there was a wormhole there, which I think

1155
00:54:07,040 --> 00:54:08,840
Speaker 1: is really fun to think about, you know, like, what

1156
00:54:08,960 --> 00:54:11,560
Speaker 1: are we capable of discovering in the universe, if the

1157
00:54:11,640 --> 00:54:13,759
Speaker 1: universe was this way or that way, how could we

1158
00:54:13,840 --> 00:54:16,560
Speaker 1: tell the difference. It's a really fun mental exercise. And

1159
00:54:16,600 --> 00:54:18,920
Speaker 1: so this paper is a little bit out there, but

1160
00:54:19,120 --> 00:54:20,239
Speaker 1: I enjoyed reading it.

1161
00:54:20,239 --> 00:54:22,640
Speaker 6: It's like, here's something that could be true because we

1162
00:54:22,800 --> 00:54:25,760
Speaker 6: just haven't seen that closely to the center of our galaxy.

1163
00:54:26,160 --> 00:54:31,200
Speaker 6: What if there's a ginormous wormhole connecting our black hole

1164
00:54:31,239 --> 00:54:33,160
Speaker 6: to another black hole in another galaxy.

1165
00:54:33,239 --> 00:54:35,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, and it could just be a bunch of physicists

1166
00:54:35,080 --> 00:54:38,040
Speaker 1: watch Contact and then had an argument afterwards about whether

1167
00:54:38,040 --> 00:54:40,239
Speaker 1: that could actually be possible, and somebody came up with

1168
00:54:40,280 --> 00:54:42,560
Speaker 1: this idea. They're like, wait, what if there's a black

1169
00:54:42,600 --> 00:54:45,520
Speaker 1: hole inside a big wormhole? And somebody else said, you

1170
00:54:45,560 --> 00:54:47,160
Speaker 1: know what, that might be true. I bet I could

1171
00:54:47,160 --> 00:54:49,280
Speaker 1: write a paper about it. You know. That's how watching

1172
00:54:49,320 --> 00:54:52,360
Speaker 1: science fiction and smoking banana peels leads to real progress

1173
00:54:52,360 --> 00:54:52,840
Speaker 1: in science.

1174
00:54:53,560 --> 00:54:58,160
Speaker 6: I wouldn't recommend that in general smoking anything sounds kind

1175
00:54:58,160 --> 00:55:00,719
Speaker 6: of dangerous, But then what would the ramifictions be, Like,

1176
00:55:00,719 --> 00:55:03,080
Speaker 6: what would be the consequences? Right? That means that our

1177
00:55:03,760 --> 00:55:06,560
Speaker 6: galaxy is connected to another galaxy, so we could maybe

1178
00:55:06,600 --> 00:55:07,880
Speaker 6: travel to that other galaxy.

1179
00:55:07,960 --> 00:55:10,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, absolutely, if you could get close enough to this

1180
00:55:10,719 --> 00:55:13,399
Speaker 1: black hole without getting shredded. I remember we talked about

1181
00:55:13,440 --> 00:55:16,520
Speaker 1: how big black holes are actually easier to get close to.

1182
00:55:16,760 --> 00:55:19,000
Speaker 1: People out there are aware that even if you're near

1183
00:55:19,040 --> 00:55:21,359
Speaker 1: a black hole without going inside it, there's very very

1184
00:55:21,400 --> 00:55:24,120
Speaker 1: strong gravity that could pull you apart because the tidal

1185
00:55:24,160 --> 00:55:28,439
Speaker 1: forces spaghetification. That's actually less of a concern near very

1186
00:55:28,480 --> 00:55:31,799
Speaker 1: big black holes because their event horizons are so far

1187
00:55:31,960 --> 00:55:34,640
Speaker 1: from the core that the title forces actually aren't strong

1188
00:55:34,760 --> 00:55:37,400
Speaker 1: enough to tear you apart. So if it really is

1189
00:55:37,440 --> 00:55:41,239
Speaker 1: a wormhole surrounding these black holes, then yes, potentially we

1190
00:55:41,280 --> 00:55:44,239
Speaker 1: could send something through it and travel the galaxy. The

1191
00:55:44,320 --> 00:55:46,360
Speaker 1: question is, how could we figure out if there's a

1192
00:55:46,360 --> 00:55:49,239
Speaker 1: wormhole there without dropping somebody inside.

1193
00:55:49,320 --> 00:55:52,680
Speaker 6: Well, a physicists aren't somebody, so you know. But so,

1194
00:55:52,760 --> 00:55:54,879
Speaker 6: what's the theory here that there's a whole bunch of

1195
00:55:55,200 --> 00:55:57,719
Speaker 6: negative mass at the center of our galaxy creating a

1196
00:55:57,719 --> 00:56:00,000
Speaker 6: wormhole near our black hole somehow?

1197
00:56:00,440 --> 00:56:02,160
Speaker 1: And they don't have a theory for how this wormhole

1198
00:56:02,200 --> 00:56:05,680
Speaker 1: got formed or even what's holding it open. They're just presuming, like,

1199
00:56:05,760 --> 00:56:08,799
Speaker 1: if there's a wormhole there, how could we tell? And

1200
00:56:08,880 --> 00:56:10,960
Speaker 1: so they played this mental game and they realized, well,

1201
00:56:11,000 --> 00:56:14,000
Speaker 1: you know, if there's a wormhole here, that means that

1202
00:56:14,080 --> 00:56:18,680
Speaker 1: information can pass through from that galaxy to our galaxy, Like, yeah,

1203
00:56:18,800 --> 00:56:20,960
Speaker 1: I can jump in and go to the other galaxy.

1204
00:56:21,000 --> 00:56:24,680
Speaker 1: But also things information can pass through the wormhole because

1205
00:56:24,680 --> 00:56:27,719
Speaker 1: the throat is larger than the black hole, right, And

1206
00:56:27,760 --> 00:56:29,759
Speaker 1: so to go from the other galaxy to hear you

1207
00:56:29,840 --> 00:56:32,120
Speaker 1: just need to pass through the wormhole and like avoid

1208
00:56:32,160 --> 00:56:35,960
Speaker 1: the black holes. And that information is potentially including things

1209
00:56:36,000 --> 00:56:38,759
Speaker 1: like gravity so if there's a black hole on the

1210
00:56:38,840 --> 00:56:42,800
Speaker 1: other side, and there are stars orbiting that black hole,

1211
00:56:43,400 --> 00:56:46,400
Speaker 1: then as those stars orbit the black hole, we should

1212
00:56:46,400 --> 00:56:49,319
Speaker 1: be able to feel the gravitational pull of stars on

1213
00:56:49,480 --> 00:56:54,040
Speaker 1: the other side of the wormhole affecting things on this side.

1214
00:56:54,160 --> 00:56:57,640
Speaker 6: WHOA, yeah, I guess the wormhole is just connecting space.

1215
00:56:57,880 --> 00:57:00,719
Speaker 6: It would transmit gravity too, right. So if like you

1216
00:57:00,760 --> 00:57:03,640
Speaker 6: see the orbit of the stars around our black hole

1217
00:57:03,800 --> 00:57:08,280
Speaker 6: somehow being kind of wobbly or skewed, maybe there's something

1218
00:57:08,640 --> 00:57:10,880
Speaker 6: sucking sucking them through the wormhole.

1219
00:57:11,000 --> 00:57:13,239
Speaker 1: Yeah, And we happen to have a great way to

1220
00:57:13,280 --> 00:57:16,600
Speaker 1: test this because there's a star that passes very very

1221
00:57:16,640 --> 00:57:19,040
Speaker 1: close to the black hole the center of our galaxy.

1222
00:57:19,080 --> 00:57:21,560
Speaker 1: It's called S two, and it whips around that black

1223
00:57:21,600 --> 00:57:24,240
Speaker 1: hole once every sixteen years, and we're able to calculate

1224
00:57:24,280 --> 00:57:27,080
Speaker 1: its orbit very very precisely. And so if it goes

1225
00:57:27,160 --> 00:57:30,000
Speaker 1: off orbit, if it's like skews or jitters a little bit,

1226
00:57:30,320 --> 00:57:33,720
Speaker 1: that might be evidence that there's something tugging on it

1227
00:57:33,760 --> 00:57:35,600
Speaker 1: from the other side of the wormhole.

1228
00:57:35,720 --> 00:57:37,680
Speaker 6: That's wild. It sounds like a great scheme to get

1229
00:57:37,720 --> 00:57:38,840
Speaker 6: funding for sixteen years.

1230
00:57:40,600 --> 00:57:43,760
Speaker 1: It's wild. It's also you know, a fun theoretical idea,

1231
00:57:43,800 --> 00:57:47,280
Speaker 1: but experimentally might not be practical because in order to

1232
00:57:47,360 --> 00:57:50,520
Speaker 1: conclude that the star is being wiggled by something on

1233
00:57:50,560 --> 00:57:53,280
Speaker 1: the other side of this hypothetical wormhole, you have to

1234
00:57:53,280 --> 00:57:55,880
Speaker 1: be able to count for everything else that might also

1235
00:57:55,960 --> 00:57:58,479
Speaker 1: be wiggling it on our side of the wormhole, which

1236
00:57:58,520 --> 00:58:00,760
Speaker 1: means you need to know the position and location and

1237
00:58:00,840 --> 00:58:05,200
Speaker 1: velocity of every other gravitational object nearby. And that's a

1238
00:58:05,280 --> 00:58:07,320
Speaker 1: hard area to map out. It's very close to the

1239
00:58:07,320 --> 00:58:09,680
Speaker 1: center of the galaxy. There's a lot of gas and

1240
00:58:09,800 --> 00:58:12,520
Speaker 1: dust there, and so you need to know everything else

1241
00:58:12,680 --> 00:58:15,520
Speaker 1: very very precisely to conclude that something invisible through a

1242
00:58:15,520 --> 00:58:17,439
Speaker 1: wormhole is also tugging on this star.

1243
00:58:17,600 --> 00:58:19,600
Speaker 6: And even if it does wiggle, it would be wiggle

1244
00:58:20,240 --> 00:58:21,760
Speaker 6: like a super tiny amount, right.

1245
00:58:21,840 --> 00:58:24,680
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, We're talking like a millionth of a meter

1246
00:58:24,800 --> 00:58:28,160
Speaker 1: per second squared would be the change of the acceleration

1247
00:58:28,280 --> 00:58:31,040
Speaker 1: on this star from some stars on the other side

1248
00:58:31,040 --> 00:58:34,240
Speaker 1: of this wormhole. So you need very very precise measurements

1249
00:58:34,280 --> 00:58:37,040
Speaker 1: of this star and very precise measurements of everything else

1250
00:58:37,040 --> 00:58:39,800
Speaker 1: affecting this star. So it's not something we can do today.

1251
00:58:40,240 --> 00:58:42,200
Speaker 6: And I can, but wouldn't I guess it cost that much.

1252
00:58:42,280 --> 00:58:43,520
Speaker 6: You just have to look at the stars to see

1253
00:58:43,520 --> 00:58:44,640
Speaker 6: if it wiggles a little bit.

1254
00:58:44,720 --> 00:58:46,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And that's the kind of thing we want

1255
00:58:46,560 --> 00:58:48,960
Speaker 1: to do. Anyway. We're studying these black holes and measuring

1256
00:58:49,000 --> 00:58:51,439
Speaker 1: the trajectory of stars that go around it and asking

1257
00:58:51,520 --> 00:58:54,520
Speaker 1: all sorts of questions about numerical general relativity. So it's

1258
00:58:54,520 --> 00:58:58,120
Speaker 1: definitely something we want anyways, detailed information about the path

1259
00:58:58,160 --> 00:58:59,640
Speaker 1: of stars around black holes.

1260
00:58:59,680 --> 00:59:02,400
Speaker 6: And if there is a wormhole there, it's still pretty

1261
00:59:02,440 --> 00:59:04,640
Speaker 6: far away from here, right, Like, I probably would never

1262
00:59:04,680 --> 00:59:06,560
Speaker 6: be able to jump into it even if I wanted to,

1263
00:59:07,160 --> 00:59:10,080
Speaker 6: because it's still like tens of thousands of light years away, right.

1264
00:59:10,040 --> 00:59:12,040
Speaker 1: Yeah, the center of the galaxy is not that close,

1265
00:59:12,120 --> 00:59:14,000
Speaker 1: which we should be grateful for because the center of

1266
00:59:14,040 --> 00:59:17,000
Speaker 1: the galaxy is not a very hospitable place. There's intense

1267
00:59:17,120 --> 00:59:20,160
Speaker 1: radiation from all the processes at the center of the galaxy,

1268
00:59:20,360 --> 00:59:22,280
Speaker 1: so we wouldn't be able to survive for very long

1269
00:59:22,720 --> 00:59:25,400
Speaker 1: even just because of that radiation. So yeah, not something

1270
00:59:25,400 --> 00:59:27,800
Speaker 1: to worry about. If aliens are passing through that wormhole,

1271
00:59:27,920 --> 00:59:30,120
Speaker 1: they're still really really far away.

1272
00:59:30,000 --> 00:59:32,800
Speaker 6: And possibly getting shredded too, right, I mean, it's sort

1273
00:59:32,800 --> 00:59:35,400
Speaker 6: of hard to go around a couple of black holes.

1274
00:59:35,520 --> 00:59:38,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, well, I'm not an expert on alien biology, but

1275
00:59:38,040 --> 00:59:41,320
Speaker 1: I imagine it's possible for them to survive nearby these

1276
00:59:41,320 --> 00:59:44,280
Speaker 1: big black holes, because remember, big black holes are safer

1277
00:59:44,320 --> 00:59:46,120
Speaker 1: to be nearer than small black holes.

1278
00:59:46,920 --> 00:59:49,800
Speaker 6: All right, well, I guess that sort of answers our question.

1279
00:59:50,160 --> 00:59:52,800
Speaker 6: How do you spot a wormhole? You look close to

1280
00:59:52,960 --> 00:59:55,680
Speaker 6: the distortions it makes to the rest of the universe,

1281
00:59:55,720 --> 00:59:58,360
Speaker 6: because they would distort things in very specific ways.

1282
00:59:58,440 --> 01:00:01,240
Speaker 1: That's right. They're not going to jump out advertise themselves,

1283
01:00:01,240 --> 01:00:03,760
Speaker 1: but if they are out there, they will have subtle

1284
01:00:03,760 --> 01:00:06,320
Speaker 1: effects on the way light travels, the way particles move

1285
01:00:06,400 --> 01:00:09,080
Speaker 1: through space, and you know, somebody might jump out of

1286
01:00:09,080 --> 01:00:11,360
Speaker 1: it and say, hey, help me out, I got questions

1287
01:00:11,360 --> 01:00:11,959
Speaker 1: about Earth.

1288
01:00:12,080 --> 01:00:15,800
Speaker 6: Hopefully it's a cartoonists, an alien cartoonists, because they're just

1289
01:00:15,800 --> 01:00:16,440
Speaker 6: more fun, you know.

1290
01:00:16,680 --> 01:00:18,720
Speaker 1: I see. So, when we're sending people in, you want

1291
01:00:18,760 --> 01:00:21,160
Speaker 1: to throw in physicists. But when aliens are sending people in,

1292
01:00:21,200 --> 01:00:22,640
Speaker 1: you're hoping they throw the cartoonists.

1293
01:00:22,720 --> 01:00:25,320
Speaker 6: See, yes, yes, because they're aliens.

1294
01:00:25,440 --> 01:00:28,040
Speaker 1: You know, maybe in the alien planet, physicists are the

1295
01:00:28,080 --> 01:00:28,560
Speaker 1: most fun.

1296
01:00:28,760 --> 01:00:33,640
Speaker 6: Hmmm, right right, yeah, But then you know that's theoretically impossible, then.

1297
01:00:35,080 --> 01:00:36,840
Speaker 1: I'm going to work on a theory to disappropiate it.

1298
01:00:37,080 --> 01:00:41,800
Speaker 6: Yeah, why not? You can look for impossible wormholes. Why

1299
01:00:41,840 --> 01:00:43,600
Speaker 6: not look for impossible physics humor.

1300
01:00:43,680 --> 01:00:45,480
Speaker 1: You got to set your sites high in science.

1301
01:00:45,560 --> 01:00:49,240
Speaker 6: You can win that Nobel Prize in humor. All right, Well,

1302
01:00:49,280 --> 01:00:51,480
Speaker 6: we hope you enjoyed that. And I guess the next

1303
01:00:51,480 --> 01:00:53,400
Speaker 6: time you look up at this guy, you have to

1304
01:00:53,440 --> 01:00:56,800
Speaker 6: wonder a little bit. Are we looking maybe at a wormhole?

1305
01:00:56,840 --> 01:00:59,160
Speaker 6: And is that star you're looking at maybe actually a

1306
01:00:59,200 --> 01:01:01,680
Speaker 6: star in an whole other part of the universe. Thanks

1307
01:01:01,720 --> 01:01:03,439
Speaker 6: for joining us, See you next time.

1308
01:01:11,360 --> 01:01:14,160
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain

1309
01:01:14,200 --> 01:01:18,200
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

1310
01:01:18,240 --> 01:01:22,880
Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever

1311
01:01:22,960 --> 01:01:36,120
Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows. When you pop a

1312
01:01:36,120 --> 01:01:38,440
Speaker 1: piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably not thinking

1313
01:01:38,440 --> 01:01:41,360
Speaker 1: about the environmental impact. But the people in the dairy

1314
01:01:41,360 --> 01:01:44,520
Speaker 1: industry are. That's why they're working hard every day to

1315
01:01:44,560 --> 01:01:47,600
Speaker 1: find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and

1316
01:01:47,720 --> 01:01:51,560
Speaker 1: drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is us dairy tackling

1317
01:01:51,600 --> 01:01:55,360
Speaker 1: greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic digestors to turn the

1318
01:01:55,400 --> 01:01:59,640
Speaker 1: methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

1319
01:01:59,800 --> 01:02:03,080
Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit you as dairy dot COM's Last

1320
01:02:03,120 --> 01:02:04,760
Speaker 1: Sustainability to learn more.

1321
01:02:05,720 --> 01:02:09,280
Speaker 3: Hi, I'm David Eagleman from the podcast Inner Cosmos, which

1322
01:02:09,320 --> 01:02:12,280
Speaker 3: recently hit the number one science podcast in America. I

1323
01:02:12,360 --> 01:02:16,080
Speaker 3: mean neuroscientists at Stanford, and I've spent my career exploring

1324
01:02:16,160 --> 01:02:19,400
Speaker 3: the three pound universe in our heads. Join me weekly

1325
01:02:19,560 --> 01:02:23,000
Speaker 3: to explore the relationship between your brain and your life.

1326
01:02:23,080 --> 01:02:26,120
Speaker 3: Because the more we know about what's running under the hood,

1327
01:02:26,400 --> 01:02:29,960
Speaker 3: better we can steer our lives. Listen to Inner Cosmos

1328
01:02:29,960 --> 01:02:33,360
Speaker 3: with David Eagleman on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts or

1329
01:02:33,400 --> 01:02:35,000
Speaker 3: wherever you get your podcasts.

1330
01:02:35,640 --> 01:02:38,000
Speaker 2: Guess what, Well, what's that Mago. I've been trying to.

1331
01:02:38,000 --> 01:02:40,480
Speaker 4: Write a promo for our podcast, Part Time Genius, but

1332
01:02:40,720 --> 01:02:43,160
Speaker 4: even though we've done over two hundred and fifty episodes,

1333
01:02:43,320 --> 01:02:45,720
Speaker 4: we don't really talk about murders or cults.

1334
01:02:45,840 --> 01:02:48,240
Speaker 5: I mean, we did just cover the Illuminati of cheese,

1335
01:02:48,280 --> 01:02:50,480
Speaker 5: so I feel like that makes us pretty edgy. We

1336
01:02:50,520 --> 01:02:53,760
Speaker 5: also solve mysteries like how Chinese is your Chinese food?

1337
01:02:53,880 --> 01:02:54,880
Speaker 2: And how do.

1338
01:02:54,680 --> 01:02:57,440
Speaker 5: Dollar stores make money? And then of course can you

1339
01:02:57,600 --> 01:02:58,640
Speaker 5: game a dog show?

1340
01:02:58,920 --> 01:03:01,240
Speaker 2: So what you're saying is everyone should be listening.

1341
01:03:01,600 --> 01:03:04,000
Speaker 5: Listen to part Time Genius on the iHeartRadio app or

1342
01:03:04,000 --> 01:03:05,440
Speaker 5: wherever you get your podcasts.