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Speaker 1: Hey, in this current heat wave, is South Pasadena feeling

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Speaker 1: hot or not?

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Speaker 2: You mean the temperature, the housing market, or the people.

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Speaker 1: Oh, I'm endlessly curious. I want to know about all

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Speaker 1: of it.

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Speaker 2: It's hot in all accounts. House prices are through the roof,

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Speaker 2: temperature is really hot, and the people I think are

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Speaker 2: pretty hot.

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Speaker 1: Are you guys like in danger of melting into a

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Speaker 1: puddle of hotness?

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Speaker 2: Yeah, it's like a big volcano out here.

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Speaker 1: So where is the epicenter? From? Where is all this

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Speaker 1: hotness flowing?

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Speaker 2: I'm not giving you my home address, man, it's too hot. Hi.

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Speaker 2: I'm horham and cartoonist and the author of Oliver's Great

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Speaker 2: Big Universe.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor

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Speaker 1: at UC Irvine, and I totally dig the heat.

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Speaker 2: You like the heat?

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Speaker 1: Oh? Absolutely, I'm a desert person. Heat and dry air

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Speaker 1: is my jam. You and lizards, Me and lizards, exactly. Lizards, Snow,

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Speaker 1: what's up? Man? You don't see lizards in Chicago in

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Speaker 1: the winter for a reason. It's miserable.

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Speaker 2: Well, maybe they just don't like deep dish pizza.

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Speaker 1: I'm pretty sure there were no lizards in Chicago like

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Speaker 1: five hundred years ago, before pizza was even invented.

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Speaker 2: I'm pretty sure there were dinosaurs in Chicago five hundred

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Speaker 2: million years ago.

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Speaker 1: But you know, it's not miserable for people who love

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Speaker 1: the snow, and I'm just not one of those people.

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Speaker 2: Your snow snow fan, It's a slippery subject. Ooh, an

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Speaker 2: icy reception there from Daniel Whitson. But anyways, welcome for

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Speaker 2: our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe, a production

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Speaker 2: of iHeartRadio.

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Speaker 1: In which we treat the universe with a warm heart

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Speaker 1: and an open mind. We try to soak up all

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Speaker 1: of the information that's coming to us from the distant

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Speaker 1: cosmos and from our nearby star to get an understanding

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Speaker 1: of how everything works, to tell ourselves a mathematical story

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Speaker 1: about how the universe clicks together and operates to make

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Speaker 1: this incredible cosmos that we live in.

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Speaker 2: That's right, because it is a pretty hot universe, full

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Speaker 2: of things going on, things moving about, and a lot

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Speaker 2: of attractive forces going on and repulsive I guess at

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Speaker 2: the same time.

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Speaker 1: I guess hot is pretty relative, though, I mean compared

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Speaker 1: to the history of the universe. We're basically at its

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Speaker 1: coldest moment.

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Speaker 2: Ever, isn't the universe going to get colder?

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Speaker 1: Well, it's the coldest moment so far. Absolutely. The universe

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Speaker 1: just keeps cooling and cooling as it expands, So every

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Speaker 1: moment is the coldest moment we've ever had.

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Speaker 2: But it also means it's hot, the hottest or as

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Speaker 2: pretty hot compared to how cold it's going to get.

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Speaker 1: That's right, We're all getting less and less hot as

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Speaker 1: time goes on.

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Speaker 2: I don't know about all of us. I think I'm

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Speaker 2: aging pretty well.

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Speaker 1: I and Harrison Ford are violating thermodynamics.

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Speaker 2: That's right, that's right, Unlike I guess Keanu Reeves, who's

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Speaker 2: not aging at all.

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Speaker 1: I thought you were about to say he's aging badly.

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Speaker 1: I was holding my breast there.

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Speaker 2: Who No, No, I think the whole universe agrees. Ken

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Speaker 2: Reeves is not aging.

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Speaker 1: He's frozen in time.

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Speaker 2: Somehow, that's true, somehow valiating the loosohis me. He's a

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Speaker 2: lizard too.

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Speaker 1: Let's get him on the podcast and ask his opinion

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Speaker 1: of deep dish pizza.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, well, place a call, especially after we call the lizard.

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Speaker 2: But it is a pretty interesting universe, full of all

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Speaker 2: kinds of things going on, and all kinds of questions

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Speaker 2: to ask about it, which is the job of scientists

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Speaker 2: and also the public and everyday people.

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Speaker 1: It's just part of being human to be curious about

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Speaker 1: the nature of the world we live in. You can't

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Speaker 1: help but ask yourself questions. When you see something, how

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Speaker 1: does that work? How does that connect with this other

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Speaker 1: idea I have? If the universe is microscopically, all these

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Speaker 1: tiny wizzing particles, how does that all come together to

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Speaker 1: make this rock feel hot to me? Right now? There's

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Speaker 1: so many questions we can ask about the nature of

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Speaker 1: the universe, and we want you to ask them because

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Speaker 1: it's a deep part of the joy of being human,

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Speaker 1: and also it literally fuels all of our science. If

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Speaker 1: humanity stop being curious about science, we wouldn't get to

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Speaker 1: do it anymore. So please keep asking questions, or.

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Speaker 2: At least keep funding scientists to ask questions professionally. But yeah,

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Speaker 2: everyone can ask questions.

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Speaker 1: Though everyone can, everyone should, and everyone does ask questions,

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Speaker 1: And on this podcast we encourage you to send us

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Speaker 1: your questions. If you're curious about something you don't understand,

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Speaker 1: please write to us two questions at Danielandjorge dot com.

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Speaker 1: We write back to everybody. We answer everybody's questions, even

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Speaker 1: if it takes one reply or a whole series of emails.

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Speaker 2: That's right. The questions you stand in, we'll get an answer,

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Speaker 2: and sometimes we pick them to be on the podcast

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Speaker 2: because they're so interesting that we think that everyone would

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Speaker 2: be interesting knowing the answered.

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Speaker 1: That's right. And so from the daily on slot of

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Speaker 1: emails froom listeners, I've picked a new batch of questions

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Speaker 1: for us to answer.

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Speaker 2: So to the on the podcast, we'll be tackling listener

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Speaker 2: questions number forty three light Vision and Heat. That sounds

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Speaker 2: like the like an album title. Daniel and Jorra explains

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Speaker 2: the universe, the sound and the fury, Light Vision and Heat.

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Speaker 1: It sounds like our eighties electronic album. Yeah, there you go,

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Speaker 1: pull out that synthesizer. Man, well, or we can just

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Speaker 1: beatbox it. I guess how's your singing voice. I got

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Speaker 1: a baritone. It's out of tune, but I got a baritone.

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Speaker 2: I'll just do the do do Do, Do Do Do.

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Speaker 2: But yeah, we got some awesome questions here today about

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Speaker 2: light vision and heat, about what kinds of particles humans

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Speaker 2: can and might be able to see in the future,

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Speaker 2: about how to vaporize liquid water, and about the spectrum

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Speaker 2: of light. So let's dig into it. Our first question

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Speaker 2: comes from Milo, who's six years old.

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Speaker 3: Hey, guys, I have a question. Could be evolve to

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Speaker 3: see other particles besides photons, like neutrons, produds, and a

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Speaker 3: whole bunch more.

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Speaker 2: Awesome question from a six year old. That's amazing. There's

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Speaker 2: like so many science concepts in that one question. I

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Speaker 2: feel like there's a whole high school curriculum there.

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Speaker 1: Milo is amazing. Wow. I don't think I knew about neutrons, protons,

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Speaker 1: and a whole bunch more when I was six years old.

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Speaker 2: I don't think I was pondering the evolution of human

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Speaker 2: sensory organs at six years old.

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Speaker 1: I felt like neutrons, protons, and a whole bunch more

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Speaker 1: should be like a breakfast cereal that Milo invents.

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Speaker 2: Neutrino's already sounds like a breakfast cereal.

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Speaker 1: Name neutrinos, Like, do you take your neutrinos with milk?

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Speaker 2: Yeah? Yeah, Well I'm kind of neutral to it. Oat milk,

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Speaker 2: soy milk? You all charge to say?

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Speaker 1: It seems like something you need is just a tiny

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Speaker 1: little sip of right, Nobody has a big bowl of neutrinos,

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Speaker 1: just like a little espresso shot of neutrinos to start

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Speaker 1: your day.

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Speaker 2: It depends on your diet, I guess. But yeah, it's

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Speaker 2: an interesting question, and let's break it down here. So

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Speaker 2: Milo wants to know could people evolve to see other

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Speaker 2: particles besides photons? Other particles like neutrons, protons, and a

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Speaker 2: bunch more.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a really cool question. And he starts with seeing, right,

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Speaker 1: can we see other particles besides photons? And he's right

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Speaker 1: that technically what we're seeing are photons. Like when you

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Speaker 1: look out at the view in front of you, you're

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Speaker 1: getting light bounced off of the rocks and the trees

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Speaker 1: and the grass and the water. Different wavelengths are coming

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Speaker 1: and hitting your eyes and making up that vision that

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Speaker 1: you see. So when you see, it's the photons around

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Speaker 1: you that you are most directly seeing.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, and how does that work? I guess The photon

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Speaker 2: enters your eye and it hits the H receptor cones

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Speaker 2: in the back of your eye, and then that creates

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Speaker 2: a brain signal.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, there are these amazing proteins inside the rods and

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Speaker 1: cones of your eyeball which respond to various frequencies of light,

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Speaker 1: Like flip a switch, they change their configuration and that

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Speaker 1: generates a signal which goes down the optic nerve and

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Speaker 1: then your brain interprets it as a certain color or

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Speaker 1: brightness or darkness. And we did a fun podcast episode

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Speaker 1: about like the amazing ability of the human eye to

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Speaker 1: see a single individ jewel photon. There are these incredible

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Speaker 1: experiments they did. We verified that the human eye can

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Speaker 1: detect a single photon at a time.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, it's pretty amazing, But I guess those only respond

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Speaker 2: to photons, right, which is light, Like if you shoot

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Speaker 2: it with another kind of particle, would it create Is

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Speaker 2: it possible that it can create a signal that you

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Speaker 2: might detect.

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Speaker 1: So probably not. If one of those proteins got hit

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Speaker 1: by a proton or a neutron or something, it wouldn't

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Speaker 1: react the same way and give you that signal. But

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Speaker 1: remember that those rods and cones are embedded kind of

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Speaker 1: deep in your eye. You have to get all the

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Speaker 1: way through like the lens and the fluid and all

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Speaker 1: that stuff to the back of the eyeball. So if

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Speaker 1: a proton hit those rods and cones directly, you probably

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Speaker 1: wouldn't see it. But another question is what would happen

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Speaker 1: if you shot a single proton or neutron into your eyeball?

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Speaker 1: Would you then see it? And the answer to that

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Speaker 1: is probably yes. What what do you mean, Well, a

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Speaker 1: proton and a neutron will not just pass through your eyeball.

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Speaker 1: It will interact when the material in your eyeball. Protons

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Speaker 1: and neutrons are made out of quarks. The stuff in

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Speaker 1: your eyeball is made out of quarks. So protons and

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Speaker 1: newton will not just pass through your eyeball. It's like

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Speaker 1: throwing a tennis ball at a rock wall, right, It's

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Speaker 1: either going to bounce off or it's going to smash through.

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Speaker 1: And when it smashes through, it's going to break open

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Speaker 1: those particles, and it's going to create all sorts of

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Speaker 1: showers of particles, including photons.

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Speaker 2: So you might see like a flash of light as

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Speaker 2: a proton enters your eye, maybe hit some of the

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Speaker 2: water inside of your eyeball, and then it creates like

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Speaker 2: a little light spark exactly.

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Speaker 1: And so you can argue about whether you're technically seeing

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Speaker 1: the proton because the rods and cones themselves are not

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Speaker 1: interacting with the proton, but the proton is causing a

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Speaker 1: shower of particles, some of which are photons, And that's

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Speaker 1: actually how we see protons. Like at the large hadron collider,

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Speaker 1: you create a proton and the collision you don't see

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Speaker 1: the proton directly smashes into these layers of steel or

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Speaker 1: depleted uranium and then creates showers of particles which we

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Speaker 1: then can see mostly the photons that are created.

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Speaker 2: MM. So you have like a little particle collider in

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Speaker 2: your eye, large eye collider.

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Speaker 1: I'm not recommending anybody shoot protons at their eyeball, but

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Speaker 1: I'm saying if it did happen, you probably would see

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Speaker 1: a flash if there's high enough energy. If you just

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Speaker 1: like very gently throw a proton at your eyeball, it'll

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Speaker 1: just bounce off the same way like a tennis ball

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Speaker 1: will bounce off of a wall. But a bullet shooting

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Speaker 1: really hard will penetrate in. And so it just depends

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Speaker 1: on the energy of the proton, you.

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Speaker 2: Mean, like the speed of it, Like it has to

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Speaker 2: be going fast enough for you to maybe be able

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Speaker 2: to see a proton or neutron exactly.

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Speaker 1: If it's going really slow, it's just going to bounce off,

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Speaker 1: and the same is true of a neutron. A neutron

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Speaker 1: is also a little bag of quarks. If you shoot

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Speaker 1: in a very high energy at your eyeball, it'll create

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Speaker 1: little flashes of light inside your eyeball and you'll see them.

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Speaker 2: But it's also I think not good, right, if you

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Speaker 2: shoot a bunch of protons into your eye's gonna kill

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Speaker 2: your eyes, isn't it.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, these are mini bullets, right, You're shooting tiny bullets

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Speaker 1: at eyeballs. Not something we recommend. I mean I'm answering

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Speaker 1: the question, would you see it? The answer is yes,

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Speaker 1: not should you do it? Bad? Answer is definitely no.

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Speaker 1: Do not do this experiment.

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Speaker 2: Like, for example, when astronauts are out there in space

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Speaker 2: in your orbit, I mean, they need a lot of

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Speaker 2: shielding in the space station just because of things like

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Speaker 2: protons and neutrons raining down on them, right, Like, those

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Speaker 2: are not good to be hit with.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. Cosmic rays are nothing but high energy particles

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Speaker 1: in space, usually produced by the Sun or from other stars,

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Speaker 1: et cetera. Those are high energy electrons or protons, et cetera.

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Speaker 1: And yeah, you don't want to get hit by those.

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Speaker 1: Those are tiny bullets. And they can pass through your

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Speaker 1: body and cause all sorts of damage. They can wreck

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Speaker 1: your DNA, they can deposit energy, all sorts of stuff.

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Speaker 1: And that's true any particle that has the strong force,

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Speaker 1: meaning it's made of quarks, or any particle that has electromagnetism. Right,

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Speaker 1: you're shoot an electron at your eyeball, the same kind

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Speaker 1: of stuff is going to happen. It's going to generate

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Speaker 1: photons as it interacts with your eyeball, and that's true

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Speaker 1: of basically any particle we know about except neutrinos.

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Speaker 2: Well, wait, electrons. Electrons might possibly activate one of your

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Speaker 2: eye sensors, right, eyrods or cones, couldn't they because they

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Speaker 2: sort of work electrically.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's going to be one step removed because the

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Speaker 1: way an electron would interact with it is by emitting

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Speaker 1: a photon and so to the photon more directly that

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Speaker 1: you're seeing. And when an electron enters a medium like that,

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Speaker 1: it slows down or changes direction, and to do so,

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Speaker 1: it emits photons. So electrons will also create showers of

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Speaker 1: photons when they hit something, and that again happens at

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Speaker 1: particle colliders. We produce very high energy electrons, and they

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Speaker 1: create these showers of photons, which then produce more electrons,

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Speaker 1: which produce more photons. And you start out with like

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Speaker 1: one high energy particle, you end up with like a

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Speaker 1: billion lower energy photons.

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Speaker 2: But could an electron maybe make it all the way

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Speaker 2: to the back of your eye and hit one of

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Speaker 2: your eye sensors and then flip the switch.

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Speaker 1: An electron could make it all the way back to

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Speaker 1: your eye and hit one of those proteins. But those

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Speaker 1: proteins are very sensitive, right, They're designed to respond only

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Speaker 1: to certain frequencies of light, which is how you can

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Speaker 1: tell the difference between green and red and blue because

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Speaker 1: some sensors have flipped and other sensors have not flipped.

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Speaker 1: So a random electron banging into it, I don't know

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Speaker 1: what's going to happen. It's sort of like asking, like,

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Speaker 1: what poem would you type if you randomly mashed them

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Speaker 1: the keyboard, Like, I don't know.

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Speaker 2: And we can see electron poetry. That's what I got from.

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Speaker 1: Now.

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Speaker 2: I'm just kidding you saying you might see an occasional

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Speaker 2: electron directly, but it's not likely.

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Speaker 1: Maybe, yeah, mostly you would see an electron if it

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Speaker 1: creates photons in your eyeball, which it would if it's

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Speaker 1: moving at high speed through the medium of your eyeball,

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Speaker 1: it will be creating photons as it interacts with atomic

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Speaker 1: electrons and atomic nuclei.

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Speaker 2: All right, now, what about my list question a second

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Speaker 2: part of the question which asked about a bunch of

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Speaker 2: more particles, but about all the other particles.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, so the other particles are ones that don't have

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Speaker 1: electromagnetic or strong interactions, and so far that list is

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Speaker 1: just neutrinos, so it might also include dark matter eventually. Right, So,

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Speaker 1: like you can ask, could we evolve to detect neutrinos? Well,

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Speaker 1: in principle, it is possible to detect neutrinos. It's just

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Speaker 1: that neutrinos are very very hard to detect. There's lots

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Speaker 1: of them all over the place, but they interact very

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Speaker 1: very rarely. So, for example, in order to detect the

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Speaker 1: existence of neutrinos in the first place, they had to

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Speaker 1: set up these instruments that have like one hundred thousand

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Speaker 1: gallons of special fluid just to detect a few neutrinos

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Speaker 1: a week. When there's like trillions and trillions of them

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Speaker 1: passing through. That means that the physics is there for

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Speaker 1: materials to interact with neutrinos, which means you could evolve

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Speaker 1: a body part to do it, but it would have

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Speaker 1: to be enormous.

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Speaker 2: Well, what happens when I feel like your eyeball is

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Speaker 2: sort of like one of these water detectors, right, like

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Speaker 2: liquid detectors, right, I mean it is technically possible for

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Speaker 2: a neutrino, because we're getting showered with them by the

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Speaker 2: billions trillions, it is possible for one of them to

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Speaker 2: interact with the maybe a water molecule inside your eye

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Speaker 2: and generate some photons, right, But.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's totally possible in that sense. Yes, your eyeball

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Speaker 1: can see neutrinos indirectly the same way you can see electrons.

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Speaker 1: Like a neutrino passing through your eyeball could give an

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Speaker 1: electron a little kick, and that electron could then generate

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Speaker 1: some photons, or give an atomic nucleus a kick and

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Speaker 1: break it apart, or that nucleus could viberate and rotate

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Speaker 1: and then emit a photon. So yeah, indirectly, neutrinos can

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Speaker 1: deposit their energy inside the stuff in your eyeball and

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Speaker 1: then you could see it. It's just that it's much

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Speaker 1: less likely. Like you shoot an electron at your eyeball,

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Speaker 1: you're almost definitely going to see every individual single electron.

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Speaker 1: You shoot a neutrino at your eyeball, you have like

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Speaker 1: a one in a gazillion chance of seeing it.

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Speaker 2: Mm, So you can detake neutrino's, just not all of them,

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Speaker 2: I guess, Or it's very unlikely for you to detect

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Speaker 2: the neutrino.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, if you wanted to, like use neutrino vision, if

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Speaker 1: you wanted to have a reliable neutrino sense, you'd have

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Speaker 1: to evolve some kind of eyeball that was either very

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Speaker 1: very very large, you know, we're talking like swimming pool

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Speaker 1: size tanks of liquid, or very very very dense, so

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Speaker 1: the neutrino's had a harder time getting through. It seems

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Speaker 1: pretty impractical unless you know you're enormous.

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Speaker 2: Or maybe you just don't need to detect all of them, right,

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Speaker 2: like night vision.

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Speaker 1: Well, I think in the case of night vision, you

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Speaker 1: are detecting those photons. You're super sensitive to individual ones

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Speaker 1: because they're so rare. But you're right, we don't need

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Speaker 1: to necessarily detect all of them. I guess it depends

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Speaker 1: on what you want to do, Like what are neutrinos

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Speaker 1: useful for? What can you know about the universe if

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Speaker 1: you could see neutrinos.

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Speaker 2: That's an interesting question. What would happen if you could,

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Speaker 2: would you have like X ray vision kind.

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Speaker 1: Of Well, you know, if you could see neutrinos, then

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Speaker 1: you could see the Sun during the nighttime because you

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Speaker 1: could look through the Earth and see the neutrinos because

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Speaker 1: they pass almost entirely unscathed through the Earth. And people

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Speaker 1: have done this, They've built neutrino telescopes and point to

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Speaker 1: them at the Earth at nighttime and you can see

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Speaker 1: the Sun. So you can like verify the sun is

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Speaker 1: still there during nighttime. If that's the kind of thing

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Speaker 1: you worry about, well.

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Speaker 2: Like the sun would be underneath your feet.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, so I guess in principle you could prove that

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Speaker 1: the sun will rise tomorrow. If you had neutrino eyebolves.

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Speaker 2: You could predict when the sun will rise.

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Speaker 1: Well.

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Speaker 2: I feel like that's a big part of Milo's question,

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Speaker 2: which is like could people evolve to see these particles?

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Speaker 2: To evolve something, it has to be kind of useful

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Speaker 2: to evolution, right to the species otherwise life wouldn't bother

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Speaker 2: getting that.

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Speaker 1: Ability exactly, and developing new bits costs energy, and so

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Speaker 1: it has to have some sort of benefit. It's interesting

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Speaker 1: to think about that, though, because I think that life

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Speaker 1: on Earth existed for hundreds of millions of years before

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Speaker 1: any of it was photosensitive. Right, we'd be like bathed

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Speaker 1: in photons and totally blind to them. Where I'm talking

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Speaker 1: about our microbial ancestors before anybody evolved it. In the

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Speaker 1: same way that like, there was no ability to hear

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Speaker 1: sounds for hundreds of millions of years before hearing evolved,

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Speaker 1: So it could take a long time even for things

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Speaker 1: that seem obvious and have huge benefits. In the case

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Speaker 1: of neutrinos like p I can't hardly even think of

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Speaker 1: a benefit. Like it's not going to help you find

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Speaker 1: food or evade hunters. Maybe you could help you, like

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Speaker 1: see through a mountain to see if there are caves

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Speaker 1: in there where you could like build a home. I'm

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Speaker 1: really reaching for the application of neutrino eyeballs.

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Speaker 2: Well, it sounds like having X ray vision would be useful, right,

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Speaker 2: like if there's a predator hiding behind a tree or something.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, but you're going to see right through the predator

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Speaker 1: and through the tree.

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Speaker 2: But you would see maybe a hint of the predator

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Speaker 2: behind the tree, couldn't you sort of how X rays.

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Speaker 1: Work if the predator and the tree had like different

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Speaker 1: sensitivities to neutrinos, But both of them are going to

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Speaker 1: be like totally invisible to neutrinos, so you're not gonna

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Speaker 1: be able to see it. I mean, you could see

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Speaker 1: a predator if they were like generating neutrinos. Oh. You

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Speaker 1: know what you could do is you could detect nuclear

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Speaker 1: reactors all over the world, right because those generating neutrinos.

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Speaker 2: Oh, well, there you go.

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Speaker 1: You could detect atomic bombs going off that kind of stuff.

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Speaker 2: I'm not sure seeing it before it happens is going

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Speaker 2: to really help you once see if you're that close

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Speaker 2: to an atomic bomb.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and atomic bombs not famously subtle anyway, So.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, you would see it and feel it in

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Speaker 2: other ways.

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Speaker 1: But it would be super cool and it's fascinating that

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Speaker 1: there is all this stuff going on in the universe

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Speaker 1: right around us that we don't have senses to it. I

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Speaker 1: feel like that's sort of what Milo is reaching for.

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Speaker 1: It's like he wants to know more about what's out

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Speaker 1: there in the universe. He wants to see more, he

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Speaker 1: wants to experience more of these things about the universe.

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Speaker 1: And I totally get that, Like I feel the same way.

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Speaker 1: I want to know what's out there. I feel like

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Speaker 1: we can only see this tiny slipper of what's really

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Speaker 1: happening in the universe.

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Speaker 2: Hmmm, that's like you need to evolve, Daniel.

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Speaker 1: It's either that or get frozen in time like Keanu

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Speaker 1: Reeves that can't decide.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, how do you know? Caneries can't see na tree is?

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Speaker 2: Maybe lizards can see the tree is?

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Speaker 1: His career is sort of like an atomic bomb. That's true.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, he keeps blowing up all right. Well, I think

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Speaker 2: that answers Mila's question. Could people evolve to see other

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Speaker 2: particles besides photons? The answer is yes, technically you could,

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Speaker 2: and you have sort of in a way you can

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Speaker 2: sense with your eyes. You can send particles like high

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Speaker 2: speed protons and neutrons and electrons. You can see those

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Speaker 2: with your eyeballs right now if they shoot into your eyes. Again,

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Speaker 2: not recommend it, but you can't do it, and you

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Speaker 2: can maybe even imagine evolving your eye in some way

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Speaker 2: that you are more sensitive to those things, right, yeah, absolutely,

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Speaker 2: all right, Well, thanks for the question, Mila. Let's get

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Speaker 2: to some of these other questions about vaporizing water and

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Speaker 2: also this spectrum of light. But first let's take a

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Speaker 2: quick break.

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Speaker 1: All right.

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Speaker 2: We're answering listener questions here today, and we have some

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Speaker 2: awesome questions about light, vision and heat. It's getting pretty

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Speaker 2: hard in here.

440
00:20:24,200 --> 00:20:26,840
Speaker 1: It's funny. I usually try to group these questions by topic,

441
00:20:26,920 --> 00:20:29,360
Speaker 1: but these just came in right one after another. There's

442
00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:32,360
Speaker 1: sort of people are just naturally thinking about these things

443
00:20:32,400 --> 00:20:34,080
Speaker 1: at the same time around the world or something.

444
00:20:34,160 --> 00:20:35,920
Speaker 2: It's a hard topic. All right. Well, let's get to

445
00:20:35,960 --> 00:20:38,880
Speaker 2: our next question, which comes from Mark from the UK.

446
00:20:39,119 --> 00:20:41,200
Speaker 4: Hi, Daniel and Jorge. My name is Mark and I'm

447
00:20:41,200 --> 00:20:45,120
Speaker 4: calling from London, UK. I have a hypothetical question for you.

448
00:20:45,119 --> 00:20:47,399
Speaker 4: Your mission, should you choose to accept it, is to

449
00:20:47,440 --> 00:20:49,880
Speaker 4: melt my one kilogram block of ice in the fastest

450
00:20:49,920 --> 00:20:53,000
Speaker 4: time possible. You can use any existing tools or technology,

451
00:20:53,280 --> 00:20:55,679
Speaker 4: but I'd like one kilogram of liquid water as a

452
00:20:55,680 --> 00:20:58,359
Speaker 4: result of your efforts. So how will you do it,

453
00:20:58,680 --> 00:21:00,720
Speaker 4: how long will it take you? And why can't it

454
00:21:00,760 --> 00:21:03,120
Speaker 4: be done any faster many thanks love the podcast.

455
00:21:03,400 --> 00:21:06,000
Speaker 2: All right, awesome question for Mark. I feel like he's

456
00:21:06,080 --> 00:21:06,720
Speaker 2: challenging us.

457
00:21:06,760 --> 00:21:09,160
Speaker 1: He is, exactly This sounds like more of a question

458
00:21:09,200 --> 00:21:10,639
Speaker 1: for engineers and physicists.

459
00:21:10,880 --> 00:21:13,439
Speaker 2: Hmmm. You mean people who can actually do it.

460
00:21:14,040 --> 00:21:17,280
Speaker 1: People who like have useful skills to solthy real world problems.

461
00:21:18,040 --> 00:21:21,640
Speaker 2: Yeah, I'm with you. I'm not arguing at all. We'll

462
00:21:21,640 --> 00:21:25,480
Speaker 2: have to ask that question at my other podcast, or

463
00:21:25,560 --> 00:21:28,439
Speaker 2: it fixes the universe with engineering.

464
00:21:28,119 --> 00:21:30,320
Speaker 1: Or he melts your ice there you go.

465
00:21:30,640 --> 00:21:33,119
Speaker 2: All right, Well, so the challenge for Mark is to

466
00:21:33,320 --> 00:21:36,959
Speaker 2: take a one kilogram block of ice and melt it

467
00:21:37,040 --> 00:21:40,960
Speaker 2: into liquid water, but just liquid I guess, not a

468
00:21:41,000 --> 00:21:45,840
Speaker 2: liquid water vapor in the fastest way possible. It's like

469
00:21:45,880 --> 00:21:46,280
Speaker 2: a race.

470
00:21:46,560 --> 00:21:49,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, it's a really interesting challenge. You know. The physics,

471
00:21:49,640 --> 00:21:52,560
Speaker 1: or I guess the chemistry underlying it, of course, is

472
00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:55,439
Speaker 1: that you need to get some energy into this ice, right,

473
00:21:55,480 --> 00:21:56,840
Speaker 1: You need to heat it up. You need to get

474
00:21:56,840 --> 00:22:00,320
Speaker 1: those molecules moving so they break those bonds and they

475
00:22:00,320 --> 00:22:03,800
Speaker 1: relax and change phases from solid into liquid. So it's

476
00:22:03,840 --> 00:22:07,600
Speaker 1: all about getting energy into this object as fast as possible.

477
00:22:07,920 --> 00:22:10,439
Speaker 2: Yeah, and the tricky thing is you want to lucify it,

478
00:22:10,520 --> 00:22:11,360
Speaker 2: not vaporize.

479
00:22:11,480 --> 00:22:11,720
Speaker 3: Yeah.

480
00:22:11,800 --> 00:22:14,480
Speaker 1: He started out saying melt, and then I was thinking, hmm, interesting,

481
00:22:14,560 --> 00:22:17,320
Speaker 1: we could just like zap that thing with energy. But

482
00:22:17,359 --> 00:22:19,600
Speaker 1: then he was very specific. He wants to cure hem

483
00:22:19,600 --> 00:22:22,840
Speaker 1: of liquid water, not steam. So you can't just like

484
00:22:23,080 --> 00:22:25,320
Speaker 1: blow up a nuclear bomb next to it because that's

485
00:22:25,320 --> 00:22:26,280
Speaker 1: going to vaporize it.

486
00:22:26,720 --> 00:22:29,040
Speaker 2: So he's thirsty, he doesn't want to son it.

487
00:22:31,680 --> 00:22:33,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, I don't know if he has an actual situation

488
00:22:33,840 --> 00:22:37,240
Speaker 1: where this will improve his life or if he's just

489
00:22:37,320 --> 00:22:38,000
Speaker 1: challenging us.

490
00:22:38,680 --> 00:22:41,479
Speaker 2: Usually people want to freeze water right where right now,

491
00:22:41,520 --> 00:22:43,560
Speaker 2: the problem is that the ice caps are melting, which

492
00:22:43,600 --> 00:22:45,080
Speaker 2: is the opposite problem.

493
00:22:45,640 --> 00:22:46,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, all.

494
00:22:46,800 --> 00:22:49,119
Speaker 2: Right, So you're saying a bomb would not work, Like

495
00:22:49,280 --> 00:22:52,119
Speaker 2: if I explode a bomb, a grenade, a nuclear bomb

496
00:22:52,119 --> 00:22:54,800
Speaker 2: next to a block of ice, that would definitely take

497
00:22:54,800 --> 00:22:57,640
Speaker 2: it away from being solid, but it would maybe take

498
00:22:57,680 --> 00:22:59,680
Speaker 2: it too far and with the vaporize.

499
00:22:59,240 --> 00:23:02,639
Speaker 1: Yeah, essentially overshoot, right, it would deposit an incredible amount

500
00:23:02,640 --> 00:23:05,760
Speaker 1: of energy, vaporize it into fraction of a second. But

501
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:08,080
Speaker 1: it wouldn't be something we could then pass to Mark

502
00:23:08,080 --> 00:23:10,320
Speaker 1: and say here's your kilogram of liquid water. It would

503
00:23:10,359 --> 00:23:12,400
Speaker 1: not only be vaporized, it would be dispersed.

504
00:23:12,520 --> 00:23:14,840
Speaker 2: Wouldn't it just get blown away, like pushed out of

505
00:23:14,840 --> 00:23:15,120
Speaker 2: the way.

506
00:23:15,200 --> 00:23:17,120
Speaker 1: Oh would the block of ice survive.

507
00:23:17,800 --> 00:23:19,520
Speaker 2: Or parts of it? I don't know. I guess it

508
00:23:19,560 --> 00:23:21,800
Speaker 2: depends on how big of the bomb it is.

509
00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:23,800
Speaker 1: It depends on how big the bomb is and how

510
00:23:23,800 --> 00:23:26,040
Speaker 1: close you are to it. But it's definitely going to

511
00:23:26,080 --> 00:23:27,920
Speaker 1: be a fireball and it's going to be a huge

512
00:23:27,960 --> 00:23:31,159
Speaker 1: amount of energy right dumped into it.

513
00:23:31,119 --> 00:23:32,080
Speaker 2: It's uncontrolled.

514
00:23:32,280 --> 00:23:35,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, you're dumping an incredible amount of energy into the air,

515
00:23:35,760 --> 00:23:38,960
Speaker 1: and then that creates this shock wave which travels outwards.

516
00:23:39,080 --> 00:23:41,920
Speaker 1: So it probably would shatter the ice also and dump

517
00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:42,760
Speaker 1: energy into it.

518
00:23:42,920 --> 00:23:45,920
Speaker 2: All Right, so a bomb or something explodes. If wouldn't work,

519
00:23:46,080 --> 00:23:48,920
Speaker 2: can we use technology? Can we just take it into microwave?

520
00:23:49,040 --> 00:23:52,960
Speaker 1: Yeah? Microwave is a cool idea because it deposits energy. Right,

521
00:23:53,000 --> 00:23:56,000
Speaker 1: You take the energy, you create this radiation. That radiation

522
00:23:56,160 --> 00:23:58,320
Speaker 1: then gets absorbed by the material and then it heats

523
00:23:58,400 --> 00:24:02,080
Speaker 1: up and it's actually basically good ad heating up. Water

524
00:24:02,240 --> 00:24:05,679
Speaker 1: and molecules like water have these partial electric dipoles, meaning

525
00:24:05,720 --> 00:24:08,159
Speaker 1: that they're like more positively charged in one direction and

526
00:24:08,200 --> 00:24:10,920
Speaker 1: more necularly charge in the other direction, and these get

527
00:24:10,960 --> 00:24:13,439
Speaker 1: like spun around by the waves. The ways go back

528
00:24:13,480 --> 00:24:16,080
Speaker 1: and forth and the molecules spin back and forth. So

529
00:24:16,119 --> 00:24:19,240
Speaker 1: it's actually a very efficient way to heat up liquid water.

530
00:24:19,600 --> 00:24:21,240
Speaker 1: You have a toub of liquid water you put in

531
00:24:21,280 --> 00:24:24,480
Speaker 1: the microwave, it's very very efficient dump that energy into

532
00:24:24,520 --> 00:24:27,800
Speaker 1: the motion. The wiggling of those molecules heat it up. Unfortunately,

533
00:24:27,840 --> 00:24:31,359
Speaker 1: it doesn't work nearly as well for frozen water, which

534
00:24:31,400 --> 00:24:33,359
Speaker 1: is what we're starting with, because in frozen water, the

535
00:24:33,359 --> 00:24:36,280
Speaker 1: molecules can't wiggle, so you can't really get them moving.

536
00:24:36,440 --> 00:24:38,280
Speaker 1: And you might have noticed that you put something frozen

537
00:24:38,280 --> 00:24:40,679
Speaker 1: in the microwave, it takes a long time to defrost it.

538
00:24:40,760 --> 00:24:42,680
Speaker 2: Well, they do sort of wiggle, but they maybe wiggle

539
00:24:42,800 --> 00:24:45,359
Speaker 2: in place, or maybe they don't wiggle as much.

540
00:24:45,520 --> 00:24:48,639
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, they don't wiggle as effectively, which is why

541
00:24:48,720 --> 00:24:51,600
Speaker 1: it's more efficient to put energy into liquid water than

542
00:24:51,680 --> 00:24:54,840
Speaker 1: frozen water using a microwave. So, if your goal is

543
00:24:54,880 --> 00:24:57,639
Speaker 1: to take water from frozen to liquid, a microwave is

544
00:24:57,680 --> 00:24:59,560
Speaker 1: not a very efficient way to do it, but it

545
00:24:59,560 --> 00:25:00,200
Speaker 1: would work.

546
00:25:00,400 --> 00:25:02,760
Speaker 2: It's also kind of uncontrolled, right, like you might be

547
00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:07,200
Speaker 2: turning some of those water molecules into vapor, right, because

548
00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:09,960
Speaker 2: you're just shooting microwaves into it, You're not controlling which

549
00:25:10,040 --> 00:25:11,520
Speaker 2: water molecules get the energy.

550
00:25:11,640 --> 00:25:14,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, you're gonna get hot spots and cold spots, right,

551
00:25:14,640 --> 00:25:16,520
Speaker 1: and so some of it's going to vaporize and other

552
00:25:16,560 --> 00:25:19,040
Speaker 1: pieces are still going to be frozen exactly. Mark is

553
00:25:19,080 --> 00:25:20,680
Speaker 1: not going to be a happy customer.

554
00:25:20,280 --> 00:25:22,840
Speaker 2: All right, So what else can we do to liquefy

555
00:25:22,920 --> 00:25:23,720
Speaker 2: this block of ice?

556
00:25:23,760 --> 00:25:26,280
Speaker 1: So Mark says, we can use any existing technology. So

557
00:25:26,280 --> 00:25:29,040
Speaker 1: I was thinking, let's go basic. Let's like chop this

558
00:25:29,119 --> 00:25:31,680
Speaker 1: thing up, because our goal is to dump a bunch

559
00:25:31,720 --> 00:25:33,600
Speaker 1: of energy into it. And a challenge with the block

560
00:25:33,640 --> 00:25:35,399
Speaker 1: of ice is getting to the core of it. How

561
00:25:35,440 --> 00:25:37,720
Speaker 1: do you heat up the center of it? So I thought, well,

562
00:25:37,760 --> 00:25:40,159
Speaker 1: let's like take this block of ice and chop it

563
00:25:40,200 --> 00:25:41,879
Speaker 1: into a lot of tiny little pieces, and then we

564
00:25:41,880 --> 00:25:44,440
Speaker 1: can just melt those individual pieces by like pouring hot

565
00:25:44,480 --> 00:25:45,160
Speaker 1: water over them.

566
00:25:45,320 --> 00:25:48,200
Speaker 2: Wait, what, you can pour hot water into it?

567
00:25:48,280 --> 00:25:49,840
Speaker 1: Yeah, if you have an ice cube, you can just

568
00:25:49,880 --> 00:25:51,800
Speaker 1: pour hot water onto it and that will melt the

569
00:25:51,840 --> 00:25:52,840
Speaker 1: ice cube. Hmmmm.

570
00:25:53,440 --> 00:25:56,000
Speaker 2: So your strategy would be chop it up and then

571
00:25:56,320 --> 00:25:59,920
Speaker 2: dump it all into a not steaming but still hot

572
00:26:00,119 --> 00:26:00,600
Speaker 2: tub of.

573
00:26:00,520 --> 00:26:05,639
Speaker 1: Water exactly, And if you want it to melt even faster,

574
00:26:05,920 --> 00:26:08,520
Speaker 1: you can even pour a salt water on it, because

575
00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:11,840
Speaker 1: salt water melts at a lower temperature than distilled water.

576
00:26:12,240 --> 00:26:14,080
Speaker 1: I don't know that Mark really wants to drink a

577
00:26:14,160 --> 00:26:17,080
Speaker 1: kilogram of salt water, but that would melt faster.

578
00:26:17,280 --> 00:26:18,560
Speaker 2: Well, I don't know if he wants to drink a

579
00:26:18,560 --> 00:26:21,840
Speaker 2: whole tubful of salt water, that's your plan. I feel

580
00:26:21,880 --> 00:26:24,760
Speaker 2: like you've just multiplied as water, sort of like a

581
00:26:24,800 --> 00:26:26,440
Speaker 2: certain character from the Bible.

582
00:26:26,600 --> 00:26:28,919
Speaker 1: Another option is to sort of take advantage of the

583
00:26:28,960 --> 00:26:32,879
Speaker 1: weird chemistry of water. Water has this weird property that

584
00:26:33,040 --> 00:26:36,640
Speaker 1: ice takes up more volume than liquid water. Right when

585
00:26:36,680 --> 00:26:39,640
Speaker 1: you freeze it, it gets bigger instead of getting smaller,

586
00:26:40,200 --> 00:26:42,560
Speaker 1: and so the opposite effect is cool. When you apply

587
00:26:42,640 --> 00:26:45,840
Speaker 1: pressure to ice, it tends to melt because you're squeezing

588
00:26:45,880 --> 00:26:48,919
Speaker 1: it down to prefer to change phase down to water,

589
00:26:49,040 --> 00:26:50,600
Speaker 1: which takes less volume.

590
00:26:50,680 --> 00:26:52,800
Speaker 2: So you're saying, like, if I just put pressure on

591
00:26:52,840 --> 00:26:54,200
Speaker 2: my block of ice, it will melt.

592
00:26:54,280 --> 00:26:57,240
Speaker 1: The phase diagram of water has this weird angle on it,

593
00:26:57,680 --> 00:27:01,000
Speaker 1: and for some temperatures of ice, if you do increase

594
00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:03,080
Speaker 1: the pressure, it will turn into water.

595
00:27:03,240 --> 00:27:07,879
Speaker 2: So like a regular ice temperature like zero sea, that

596
00:27:07,920 --> 00:27:08,480
Speaker 2: would work.

597
00:27:08,440 --> 00:27:11,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, zero c. If you increase the pressure, it will

598
00:27:11,359 --> 00:27:13,800
Speaker 1: turn into water. It won't increase the temperature, right, Just

599
00:27:13,840 --> 00:27:16,720
Speaker 1: if you just increase the pressure and keep the temperature

600
00:27:16,760 --> 00:27:19,040
Speaker 1: the same, then technically it will be water. And you

601
00:27:19,040 --> 00:27:21,280
Speaker 1: can't really like serve that to mark because as soon

602
00:27:21,280 --> 00:27:22,920
Speaker 1: as you take away the pressure, it's going to turn

603
00:27:22,960 --> 00:27:25,119
Speaker 1: back into an ice cube. But you could deliver it

604
00:27:25,160 --> 00:27:28,280
Speaker 1: to hind a high pressure kilogram of water in some

605
00:27:28,520 --> 00:27:29,400
Speaker 1: intense container.

606
00:27:29,560 --> 00:27:31,480
Speaker 2: Well, what if you just kind of like squeeze it

607
00:27:31,560 --> 00:27:34,280
Speaker 2: between in a vice or something, you know, like a press.

608
00:27:34,720 --> 00:27:37,800
Speaker 2: Wouldn't that just instantly increase the pressure inside the block

609
00:27:37,840 --> 00:27:38,719
Speaker 2: of ice and melt it.

610
00:27:38,960 --> 00:27:41,240
Speaker 1: If you increase it in a press, it's gonna crush it, right,

611
00:27:41,240 --> 00:27:42,400
Speaker 1: You're gonna get crushed ice.

612
00:27:42,680 --> 00:27:45,240
Speaker 2: How much would you have to squeeze it without breaking

613
00:27:45,280 --> 00:27:48,200
Speaker 2: it or to increase the pressure to the melting point.

614
00:27:48,280 --> 00:27:49,720
Speaker 1: It depends a little bit on the temperature, But I

615
00:27:49,760 --> 00:27:51,880
Speaker 1: think the key thing here is you need to maintain

616
00:27:51,960 --> 00:27:54,879
Speaker 1: that pressure. They keep it liquid in an advice. You

617
00:27:54,960 --> 00:27:57,280
Speaker 1: crush it and then it like what falls it down

618
00:27:57,840 --> 00:28:00,320
Speaker 1: and it's no longer like contained so I'm talking about

619
00:28:00,320 --> 00:28:02,960
Speaker 1: like putting it in some like hyper pressure chamber.

620
00:28:03,320 --> 00:28:05,680
Speaker 2: Oh, I see, So you're you're saying putting it inside

621
00:28:05,680 --> 00:28:08,560
Speaker 2: of a tank and then rapidly pour a bunch of

622
00:28:08,840 --> 00:28:12,240
Speaker 2: air into the tank to increase the pressure inside the tank.

623
00:28:12,640 --> 00:28:15,199
Speaker 2: Would that just instantly melt the whole block or what

624
00:28:15,240 --> 00:28:15,720
Speaker 2: would happen?

625
00:28:15,960 --> 00:28:18,000
Speaker 1: I don't think it would melt the whole block instantly.

626
00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:20,320
Speaker 1: I think it would work from the outside in as

627
00:28:20,359 --> 00:28:22,800
Speaker 1: the outer layers are applying pressure to the inner layers.

628
00:28:22,840 --> 00:28:25,200
Speaker 1: So I don't know exactly how fast it would be,

629
00:28:25,440 --> 00:28:27,480
Speaker 1: but it is another way to melt ice.

630
00:28:27,840 --> 00:28:31,080
Speaker 2: Well, so then I guess Mark's question was which is

631
00:28:31,080 --> 00:28:31,840
Speaker 2: the fastest way.

632
00:28:31,920 --> 00:28:33,879
Speaker 1: I think the fastest way is to chop it up

633
00:28:33,880 --> 00:28:36,359
Speaker 1: and grind it and then pour water over it. But

634
00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:39,680
Speaker 1: those are just my impractical physicist ideas. I'm curious to

635
00:28:39,720 --> 00:28:42,960
Speaker 1: hear your thoughts as an actual problem solving engineer.

636
00:28:45,240 --> 00:28:47,560
Speaker 2: I think he asked the question of you, Daniel.

637
00:28:47,360 --> 00:28:47,640
Speaker 5: Not me.

638
00:28:47,880 --> 00:28:50,240
Speaker 1: Okay, well, then my answer is I'll consult with my

639
00:28:50,320 --> 00:28:51,520
Speaker 1: mechanical engineering friend.

640
00:28:52,440 --> 00:28:54,400
Speaker 2: Oh well, then my answer would be, let's try a

641
00:28:54,440 --> 00:28:57,640
Speaker 2: whole bunch of times. Let's see which one is faster. Okay,

642
00:28:58,840 --> 00:29:02,040
Speaker 2: that's that's an engineer with tech.

643
00:29:03,760 --> 00:29:06,160
Speaker 1: Screw first principles. Let's just try all of them.

644
00:29:06,280 --> 00:29:09,680
Speaker 2: Yeah, basically, well, you know, guided by first principles, you'd

645
00:29:09,720 --> 00:29:11,959
Speaker 2: come up with a bunch of different solutions, try them

646
00:29:11,960 --> 00:29:15,120
Speaker 2: out and see which one works faster. So I guess

647
00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:17,480
Speaker 2: the answer is for Mark is give us some money

648
00:29:17,760 --> 00:29:20,479
Speaker 2: and we'll we'll give you an answer. This is going

649
00:29:20,520 --> 00:29:23,560
Speaker 2: to take a lab and some resources here, Mark, because

650
00:29:23,560 --> 00:29:27,560
Speaker 2: our physicist has no clear answer here.

651
00:29:27,680 --> 00:29:29,880
Speaker 1: Or maybe we should crowdsource it. Maybe somebody out there

652
00:29:30,120 --> 00:29:32,680
Speaker 1: has a lab that can do these things and enjoys

653
00:29:32,800 --> 00:29:35,880
Speaker 1: melting ice cubes and has done these experiments. If so,

654
00:29:36,280 --> 00:29:36,920
Speaker 1: get in touch.

655
00:29:37,160 --> 00:29:39,400
Speaker 2: Oh there you go. It could be the latest TikTok trend.

656
00:29:40,240 --> 00:29:42,160
Speaker 2: What's the fastest you can melt the block of ice?

657
00:29:42,240 --> 00:29:44,440
Speaker 2: How big is a kilogram of water of ice?

658
00:29:44,560 --> 00:29:47,200
Speaker 1: A kilogram of water is not very much, right, it's

659
00:29:47,240 --> 00:29:49,480
Speaker 1: a thousand millimeters. It's just a leader of water.

660
00:29:49,600 --> 00:29:52,360
Speaker 2: Mm. Actually, I have figured out the fastest way to

661
00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:54,960
Speaker 2: turn this leader of ice into water.

662
00:29:55,160 --> 00:29:56,440
Speaker 1: For Mark, what's that?

663
00:29:56,560 --> 00:29:58,960
Speaker 2: I would just swap it out, take his block of ice,

664
00:29:59,080 --> 00:30:01,360
Speaker 2: hand him a leader of water. Are done. That's how

665
00:30:01,360 --> 00:30:03,480
Speaker 2: an engineer what's solved this problem.

666
00:30:05,240 --> 00:30:07,560
Speaker 1: We have no shortage of liquid water. Let's just serve

667
00:30:07,600 --> 00:30:08,360
Speaker 1: him up some of it.

668
00:30:08,480 --> 00:30:11,200
Speaker 2: That's right, Yeah, it's instant, an instant solution.

669
00:30:11,840 --> 00:30:12,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, I like it.

670
00:30:12,480 --> 00:30:14,360
Speaker 2: There you go. All right, well I think that answers

671
00:30:14,440 --> 00:30:17,880
Speaker 2: marks question. Let's get to our last question, which is

672
00:30:18,000 --> 00:30:22,120
Speaker 2: about the spectrum of light and heat from the human body.

673
00:30:22,160 --> 00:30:37,080
Speaker 2: But first let's take another quick break. All right, we're

674
00:30:37,120 --> 00:30:39,240
Speaker 2: getting to our last question of the day, and this

675
00:30:39,280 --> 00:30:43,680
Speaker 2: one is pretty interesting. It's about body heat, so things

676
00:30:43,760 --> 00:30:47,000
Speaker 2: might get a little hot. It comes from Elden from Australia.

677
00:30:47,120 --> 00:30:47,400
Speaker 1: Hello.

678
00:30:47,560 --> 00:30:51,360
Speaker 5: My question is about infrared light and heat and how

679
00:30:51,360 --> 00:30:54,360
Speaker 5: they relate to each other. I was taught that light

680
00:30:54,440 --> 00:30:57,520
Speaker 5: comes into the planet as visible light. It's the surface

681
00:30:57,560 --> 00:31:00,280
Speaker 5: of the Earth is absorbed and then reflected as a

682
00:31:00,280 --> 00:31:04,920
Speaker 5: lower energy infrared, which is what causes the greenhouse effect. Now,

683
00:31:04,920 --> 00:31:08,080
Speaker 5: what happens to the excess energy when visible light is

684
00:31:08,120 --> 00:31:10,720
Speaker 5: absorbed by the Earth and then re emitted as the

685
00:31:10,760 --> 00:31:14,680
Speaker 5: lower energy infrared. What happens to the infrared that is

686
00:31:14,720 --> 00:31:17,520
Speaker 5: directly radiated from the Sun. Does it hit the Earth

687
00:31:17,600 --> 00:31:21,640
Speaker 5: and get reflected as a lower energy microwave? Also, if

688
00:31:21,640 --> 00:31:24,200
Speaker 5: you stand in front of a fire, it is giving

689
00:31:24,240 --> 00:31:26,680
Speaker 5: off visible and infrared light, is it giving off any

690
00:31:26,720 --> 00:31:30,440
Speaker 5: other frequencies of light? And what is infrared's relationship with

691
00:31:30,720 --> 00:31:33,880
Speaker 5: the thermal heating of particles from the fire. Does the

692
00:31:33,960 --> 00:31:37,120
Speaker 5: fire's heat come from infrared or the oscillation of air

693
00:31:37,160 --> 00:31:41,640
Speaker 5: particles or maybe both? Why do we feel infrared as heat?

694
00:31:41,920 --> 00:31:44,680
Speaker 5: That's my main question is heat, just how the human

695
00:31:44,680 --> 00:31:49,000
Speaker 5: body sensors infrared. What I'm asking is essentially, how does

696
00:31:49,080 --> 00:31:53,400
Speaker 5: heat relate to infrared? And how does infrared relate to heat?

697
00:31:53,800 --> 00:31:56,240
Speaker 5: I've wondered about this phenomenon since I was a little boy.

698
00:31:57,120 --> 00:32:02,160
Speaker 2: Cheers, all right, awesome question or question from Eldin from Australia.

699
00:32:02,200 --> 00:32:04,680
Speaker 2: I feel like he's not like seven questions in there.

700
00:32:05,080 --> 00:32:08,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, I know Eldon is very curious about about how

701
00:32:08,480 --> 00:32:11,240
Speaker 1: hot he is feeling and whether it's due to infrared

702
00:32:11,320 --> 00:32:11,880
Speaker 1: light or what.

703
00:32:12,560 --> 00:32:14,800
Speaker 2: Yeah, and I've been to Australia and it is pretty

704
00:32:14,800 --> 00:32:18,080
Speaker 2: hot there, and also the people are pretty hot as well.

705
00:32:18,160 --> 00:32:19,960
Speaker 1: And the housing market I hear also.

706
00:32:19,840 --> 00:32:22,480
Speaker 2: Yeah, yeah, and the lizards are pretty big as well.

707
00:32:22,760 --> 00:32:25,160
Speaker 2: So yeah, yeah, I guess that's just maybe a kind

708
00:32:25,160 --> 00:32:27,200
Speaker 2: of a general question about how heat or what we

709
00:32:27,280 --> 00:32:31,680
Speaker 2: interpret this heat is related to infrared and the spectrum

710
00:32:31,680 --> 00:32:32,440
Speaker 2: of light exactly.

711
00:32:32,480 --> 00:32:35,160
Speaker 1: He talks about a lot of different contexts there where

712
00:32:35,240 --> 00:32:38,640
Speaker 1: infrared light is bouncing around and being absorbed and emitted.

713
00:32:38,960 --> 00:32:42,280
Speaker 1: So maybe we should start with what is infrared light anyway?

714
00:32:42,320 --> 00:32:45,080
Speaker 1: What are we talking about? And remember the infrared light

715
00:32:45,320 --> 00:32:47,360
Speaker 1: is just a kind of light. Light comes in lots

716
00:32:47,400 --> 00:32:50,800
Speaker 1: of different wavelengths, from very very long wavelengths to very

717
00:32:50,880 --> 00:32:55,160
Speaker 1: very short wavelengths, and a tiny fraction of that spectrum

718
00:32:55,200 --> 00:32:57,520
Speaker 1: we can see. We call it visible light. And there's

719
00:32:57,560 --> 00:32:59,680
Speaker 1: a lot of wavelengths of light we just can't see.

720
00:33:00,120 --> 00:33:02,280
Speaker 1: A red light, for example, has wavelengths that are too

721
00:33:02,360 --> 00:33:05,480
Speaker 1: long for us to see. Ultraviolet light has wavelengths that

722
00:33:05,520 --> 00:33:08,480
Speaker 1: are too short for us to see. So infrared light,

723
00:33:08,520 --> 00:33:11,800
Speaker 1: in the end is just light with long wavelengths too

724
00:33:11,880 --> 00:33:13,880
Speaker 1: long for us to see with our eyeballs.

725
00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:16,840
Speaker 2: Okay, that's infrared light. How would you define heat?

726
00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:20,480
Speaker 1: So, heat is a very tricky topic because it's used

727
00:33:20,480 --> 00:33:23,120
Speaker 1: in so many ways in so many different contexts. It's

728
00:33:23,160 --> 00:33:25,600
Speaker 1: too hot to handle, it's too hot to handle. You know.

729
00:33:25,640 --> 00:33:28,320
Speaker 1: There's like the colloquial sense of heat, where like you

730
00:33:28,360 --> 00:33:31,360
Speaker 1: are feeling warm, right, you feel like there's energy being

731
00:33:31,400 --> 00:33:33,760
Speaker 1: transferred to you, you're warming up. And then there's like

732
00:33:33,840 --> 00:33:36,880
Speaker 1: the thermodynamic definition of heat, which is maybe not so

733
00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:40,000
Speaker 1: useful because it's physicists using normal sounding words to define

734
00:33:40,000 --> 00:33:45,400
Speaker 1: something very very technical. And in thermodynamics, heat is energy transfer,

735
00:33:45,480 --> 00:33:49,680
Speaker 1: thermal energy transfer between systems that doesn't count as work,

736
00:33:49,840 --> 00:33:53,000
Speaker 1: not something that's like spinning a turbine or lifting something

737
00:33:53,120 --> 00:33:56,640
Speaker 1: up all that other kind of energy transfer they call heat.

738
00:33:57,280 --> 00:33:59,120
Speaker 2: But I think maybe you're getting a little too technical.

739
00:33:59,160 --> 00:34:01,360
Speaker 2: I think maybe you can just replace the word hot,

740
00:34:01,400 --> 00:34:03,160
Speaker 2: like what does it mean for something to be hot?

741
00:34:03,640 --> 00:34:06,040
Speaker 2: It is maybe kind of more of what Eldon is asking.

742
00:34:06,120 --> 00:34:08,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, I don't think Eldon is asking about the details

743
00:34:08,160 --> 00:34:10,479
Speaker 1: of thermodynamics, right, but we do.

744
00:34:10,680 --> 00:34:13,280
Speaker 2: Think he is, but I think he wants to translate

745
00:34:13,360 --> 00:34:14,720
Speaker 2: into everyday terms.

746
00:34:14,880 --> 00:34:17,240
Speaker 1: Yeah, and so you know what we feel as heat

747
00:34:17,400 --> 00:34:21,280
Speaker 1: is energy flowing from like hot objects to cold objects.

748
00:34:21,480 --> 00:34:23,799
Speaker 2: So something that's hot is something that has kind of

749
00:34:23,960 --> 00:34:27,400
Speaker 2: energy is stored in it and how the molecules are moving.

750
00:34:27,640 --> 00:34:29,919
Speaker 1: Heat and temperature are not exactly the same thing, right.

751
00:34:29,960 --> 00:34:33,040
Speaker 1: Temperature is like a measure of how much energy is

752
00:34:33,040 --> 00:34:36,920
Speaker 1: inside something like particles are whizzing around microscopically. If they're

753
00:34:36,920 --> 00:34:39,200
Speaker 1: whizzing around really really fast, the thing is hot. If

754
00:34:39,200 --> 00:34:42,160
Speaker 1: they're whizzing around slowly, then that thing is cold. So

755
00:34:42,200 --> 00:34:44,840
Speaker 1: that's temperature. It's like a property of an object. Heat

756
00:34:44,920 --> 00:34:47,760
Speaker 1: is the flow of energy from one thing to another.

757
00:34:48,000 --> 00:34:49,759
Speaker 1: So you have something that's hot and something that's cold.

758
00:34:49,880 --> 00:34:51,920
Speaker 1: Heat is the flow of energy from the hot thing

759
00:34:52,200 --> 00:34:53,120
Speaker 1: to the cold thing.

760
00:34:53,520 --> 00:34:56,920
Speaker 2: Okay, so you're saying something can be hot but not

761
00:34:57,000 --> 00:34:59,080
Speaker 2: give off a lot of heat, and something can be

762
00:34:59,200 --> 00:35:00,520
Speaker 2: hot and give off a lot of heat.

763
00:35:00,560 --> 00:35:02,319
Speaker 1: Well, it depends a little on the context. Right, you

764
00:35:02,320 --> 00:35:04,800
Speaker 1: have something at one hundred degrees, it's either going to

765
00:35:04,880 --> 00:35:07,319
Speaker 1: absorb energy or give off energy based on what it's

766
00:35:07,360 --> 00:35:09,239
Speaker 1: next to. It's next to something colder, it's going to

767
00:35:09,320 --> 00:35:11,439
Speaker 1: lose energy to If it's next to something hotter, it's

768
00:35:11,440 --> 00:35:13,200
Speaker 1: going to gain energy from it. But I think what

769
00:35:13,280 --> 00:35:16,480
Speaker 1: Eldon is talking about is like things glowing, like you're

770
00:35:16,480 --> 00:35:19,319
Speaker 1: standing next to a fire or you're getting energy from

771
00:35:19,320 --> 00:35:21,400
Speaker 1: the sun. Right, So what he's talking about is like

772
00:35:21,480 --> 00:35:25,640
Speaker 1: things essentially emitting light, because everything out there does emit.

773
00:35:25,760 --> 00:35:28,439
Speaker 1: Like you stand next to a rock, it's emitting light.

774
00:35:28,560 --> 00:35:30,719
Speaker 1: You can't see that light with your eye, but it

775
00:35:30,800 --> 00:35:34,320
Speaker 1: is emitting light. Everything emits light based on its temperature.

776
00:35:34,560 --> 00:35:37,720
Speaker 1: The sun emits light at certain frequencies because it's super

777
00:35:37,800 --> 00:35:40,360
Speaker 1: duper hot, those frequencies of light happen to be visible.

778
00:35:40,880 --> 00:35:44,560
Speaker 1: But everything, your body, the earth, rocks, even tiny dust

779
00:35:44,560 --> 00:35:48,080
Speaker 1: particles in space give off light, just usually at much

780
00:35:48,160 --> 00:35:49,960
Speaker 1: lower frequencies than we can see.

781
00:35:50,040 --> 00:35:53,680
Speaker 2: So I guess you're saying that when something is hot,

782
00:35:53,800 --> 00:35:56,840
Speaker 2: it naturally gives off light. But if it's sort of

783
00:35:56,920 --> 00:35:59,200
Speaker 2: warm and not super duper hot, then most of the

784
00:35:59,320 --> 00:36:02,880
Speaker 2: lights off is in the infrared. That's why we kind

785
00:36:02,920 --> 00:36:06,760
Speaker 2: of associate, at least in our human experience, hot things

786
00:36:06,760 --> 00:36:07,560
Speaker 2: with infrared.

787
00:36:07,680 --> 00:36:11,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, everything glows in infrared. But there's another aspect to this, right,

788
00:36:11,120 --> 00:36:14,560
Speaker 1: which is like how your body responds to these different frequencies.

789
00:36:14,680 --> 00:36:16,080
Speaker 1: I mean, you can see some of them with your

790
00:36:16,080 --> 00:36:18,960
Speaker 1: eyeballs and you can't see other ones, but also the

791
00:36:19,080 --> 00:36:21,680
Speaker 1: impact your body differently, Like if you have a whole

792
00:36:21,680 --> 00:36:24,840
Speaker 1: spectrum of light hitting you, then your body responds differently

793
00:36:24,920 --> 00:36:28,880
Speaker 1: to infrared light and visible light and ultraviolet light, and

794
00:36:28,920 --> 00:36:32,399
Speaker 1: like super duper or high energy photons and infrared light

795
00:36:32,520 --> 00:36:36,120
Speaker 1: actually will make you feel warmer more than those other

796
00:36:36,200 --> 00:36:39,880
Speaker 1: frequencies because it's very good at being absorbed by your body.

797
00:36:39,960 --> 00:36:42,560
Speaker 1: Like we were just talking about with microwaves, your body

798
00:36:42,600 --> 00:36:46,560
Speaker 1: is good at absorbing infrared radiation because it's well matched

799
00:36:46,560 --> 00:36:49,600
Speaker 1: to like the vibrational frequencies of your molecules.

800
00:36:50,719 --> 00:36:52,800
Speaker 2: And so that's I think the connection that Elvin was

801
00:36:52,840 --> 00:36:57,080
Speaker 2: asking about between heat and infrared, which is that what

802
00:36:57,160 --> 00:36:59,800
Speaker 2: we call infrared, which is really just like another frequency

803
00:36:59,800 --> 00:37:01,120
Speaker 2: of a light, but it just happens to be the

804
00:37:01,160 --> 00:37:04,680
Speaker 2: frequency of light that's just beyond our visible spectrum that

805
00:37:04,719 --> 00:37:07,520
Speaker 2: we can see. That range of frequencies is somehow tuned

806
00:37:07,640 --> 00:37:11,200
Speaker 2: to our molecules, just like the microwavease kind of exactly.

807
00:37:11,239 --> 00:37:14,000
Speaker 1: It can penetrate into your body and heat up stuff,

808
00:37:14,080 --> 00:37:15,520
Speaker 1: and you might think we'll hold on a second. And

809
00:37:15,600 --> 00:37:18,360
Speaker 1: the other frequencies of light actually have higher energy, like

810
00:37:18,520 --> 00:37:21,640
Speaker 1: ultraviolet light and blue light has a shorter wavelength and

811
00:37:21,680 --> 00:37:25,000
Speaker 1: a higher energy, right, And it does have more energy,

812
00:37:25,040 --> 00:37:27,319
Speaker 1: that's true, but you don't feel it as heat because

813
00:37:27,360 --> 00:37:30,280
Speaker 1: of how it penetrates your body. UV light is mostly

814
00:37:30,320 --> 00:37:32,960
Speaker 1: absorbed in a very thin outer layer of your skin.

815
00:37:33,160 --> 00:37:35,920
Speaker 1: That's why, for example, UV light will give you a sunburn,

816
00:37:35,960 --> 00:37:38,280
Speaker 1: and as you go even higher an energy like X rays.

817
00:37:38,440 --> 00:37:40,920
Speaker 1: Your body's mostly transparent to X rays. X rays will

818
00:37:40,920 --> 00:37:44,239
Speaker 1: pass through your body without interacting, So even though X

819
00:37:44,320 --> 00:37:47,080
Speaker 1: rays do have more energy, they don't deposit it in

820
00:37:47,120 --> 00:37:50,000
Speaker 1: your body. And even though ultraviolet light does have more

821
00:37:50,120 --> 00:37:53,000
Speaker 1: energy than infrared, you don't feel warm when you're bathed

822
00:37:53,040 --> 00:37:55,320
Speaker 1: in it because it's mostly just like toasting your skin.

823
00:37:55,440 --> 00:37:57,399
Speaker 2: But then if it's toasting your skin, you would feel

824
00:37:57,440 --> 00:37:58,279
Speaker 2: it as heat, wouldn't you.

825
00:37:58,280 --> 00:38:00,000
Speaker 1: Well, you do feel it as heat, sort of indirectly,

826
00:38:00,080 --> 00:38:02,200
Speaker 1: in the way that you're like feel a sunburn. Right.

827
00:38:02,239 --> 00:38:04,520
Speaker 1: You can sit out in the sun and get sunburned,

828
00:38:04,520 --> 00:38:06,840
Speaker 1: but you don't feel it immediately. Your skin is absorbing

829
00:38:06,880 --> 00:38:09,719
Speaker 1: that energy and it is getting damaged, but it's not

830
00:38:09,800 --> 00:38:13,520
Speaker 1: increasing in temperature the same way, right, Whereas like if

831
00:38:13,560 --> 00:38:16,920
Speaker 1: you are bathed in infrared light, then it's actually shaking

832
00:38:16,960 --> 00:38:19,720
Speaker 1: those molecules and making them wiggle. Temperature of your flesh

833
00:38:19,800 --> 00:38:22,480
Speaker 1: goes up, whereas if you're bathed in UV light, it's

834
00:38:22,480 --> 00:38:26,200
Speaker 1: mostly just like doing damage to those cells. And eventually

835
00:38:26,200 --> 00:38:28,560
Speaker 1: you'll feel warm because you'll feel sunburned, and that always

836
00:38:28,560 --> 00:38:31,920
Speaker 1: feels like uncomfortably glowy, but sort of in a different way.

837
00:38:31,840 --> 00:38:35,040
Speaker 2: But in either case, they're depositing energy into your body, right,

838
00:38:35,160 --> 00:38:37,680
Speaker 2: Like both the UV ray and the infrared are both

839
00:38:38,200 --> 00:38:43,040
Speaker 2: depositing energy. Is just that somehow we feel the infrared

840
00:38:43,280 --> 00:38:46,360
Speaker 2: energy light more or it's just your body's more efficient

841
00:38:46,400 --> 00:38:48,160
Speaker 2: at absorbing infrared light.

842
00:38:48,080 --> 00:38:50,880
Speaker 1: And your body is so efficient at absorbing ultraviolet that

843
00:38:50,960 --> 00:38:53,319
Speaker 1: it doesn't even penetrate very far beyond your skin. It

844
00:38:53,320 --> 00:38:56,080
Speaker 1: all gets deposited into your skin. You don't feel it

845
00:38:56,120 --> 00:39:00,640
Speaker 1: immediately as temperature because mostly it's like breaking bonds inside

846
00:39:00,640 --> 00:39:04,280
Speaker 1: your cells and doing all sorts of damage, whereas infrared

847
00:39:04,360 --> 00:39:06,920
Speaker 1: light will penetrate more deeply, but also has a different

848
00:39:06,920 --> 00:39:09,920
Speaker 1: effect on the particles the objects. It makes them rotate

849
00:39:09,960 --> 00:39:12,960
Speaker 1: and spin and vibrate. It doesn't nessally break them down,

850
00:39:13,040 --> 00:39:14,040
Speaker 1: but it heats it up.

851
00:39:14,880 --> 00:39:16,640
Speaker 2: I think you're saying, like, what kinds of light are

852
00:39:16,640 --> 00:39:20,279
Speaker 2: depositing energy on your body? But the UV light it's

853
00:39:20,320 --> 00:39:23,720
Speaker 2: being destructive when it does that, which you don't feel.

854
00:39:23,760 --> 00:39:27,160
Speaker 2: Like your temperature receptors in your skin are not designed

855
00:39:27,160 --> 00:39:30,560
Speaker 2: to feel your cells being destroyed. But the infrared light

856
00:39:31,320 --> 00:39:34,160
Speaker 2: sort of like the microwave, it does kind of shake

857
00:39:34,400 --> 00:39:38,560
Speaker 2: the molecules in your skin, which translates more directly to heat,

858
00:39:38,640 --> 00:39:41,680
Speaker 2: which your heat sensors are tuned to detect exactly.

859
00:39:42,000 --> 00:39:43,799
Speaker 1: And so if you had the option, for example, to

860
00:39:43,840 --> 00:39:46,160
Speaker 1: stand in front of a hundred wat uv bulb or

861
00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:48,840
Speaker 1: one hundred wat infrared bulb and you want it to

862
00:39:48,840 --> 00:39:51,200
Speaker 1: feel warm, you should stand in front of the infrared

863
00:39:51,239 --> 00:39:53,800
Speaker 1: bulb because it's going to more efficiently transfer that energy

864
00:39:53,800 --> 00:39:57,080
Speaker 1: into like the temperature of your flesh. Now, of course,

865
00:39:57,200 --> 00:39:58,920
Speaker 1: you do it too long, and it's going to cook you,

866
00:39:58,960 --> 00:40:01,040
Speaker 1: and you know that's not something we recommend here on

867
00:40:01,080 --> 00:40:01,600
Speaker 1: the podcast.

868
00:40:01,640 --> 00:40:02,520
Speaker 2: That's a little too hot.

869
00:40:02,600 --> 00:40:04,439
Speaker 1: He also was asking me about, like, if you stand

870
00:40:04,480 --> 00:40:07,239
Speaker 1: in front of a fire, what's happening there? And a

871
00:40:07,320 --> 00:40:10,200
Speaker 1: fire is definitely emitting in the infrared, but it's also

872
00:40:10,320 --> 00:40:12,880
Speaker 1: releasing a lot of chemical energy, which is just like

873
00:40:12,960 --> 00:40:15,799
Speaker 1: heating up the molecules of the air, and then those

874
00:40:15,840 --> 00:40:18,719
Speaker 1: molecules of the air are depositing energy in you. And

875
00:40:18,719 --> 00:40:21,719
Speaker 1: that's just like thermodynamic transfer. It's just like if you

876
00:40:21,760 --> 00:40:24,080
Speaker 1: stand next to something warm. In this case, the air

877
00:40:24,200 --> 00:40:27,160
Speaker 1: near you is warm from the fire, then that warm

878
00:40:27,200 --> 00:40:30,960
Speaker 1: air is depositing energy on your body, not by radiating light,

879
00:40:31,120 --> 00:40:33,160
Speaker 1: just by like molecules bouncing off of each other.

880
00:40:33,200 --> 00:40:36,000
Speaker 2: But the fire is also generating visible light, right, Like,

881
00:40:36,239 --> 00:40:38,280
Speaker 2: that's why you can see the fire and it's bright.

882
00:40:38,040 --> 00:40:39,719
Speaker 1: That's right. So the fire is heating you in lots

883
00:40:39,760 --> 00:40:42,160
Speaker 1: of ways. It's like directly heating the air, which is

884
00:40:42,200 --> 00:40:46,080
Speaker 1: heating you up, and it's also emitting light and infrared. Also,

885
00:40:46,440 --> 00:40:49,160
Speaker 1: everything is glowing in the infrared, and the infrared light

886
00:40:49,239 --> 00:40:50,759
Speaker 1: does heat you up as well.

887
00:40:50,719 --> 00:40:52,840
Speaker 2: All right, So then I think to answer the question

888
00:40:53,040 --> 00:40:54,719
Speaker 2: is like, if you have a fire gone in front

889
00:40:54,760 --> 00:40:57,879
Speaker 2: of you, is generating light in the almost the full

890
00:40:57,920 --> 00:41:01,280
Speaker 2: spectrum of light. Some of that and light being given

891
00:41:01,280 --> 00:41:04,000
Speaker 2: off is in the UUV, which is heating you up

892
00:41:04,040 --> 00:41:06,239
Speaker 2: technically destroying the cells in your body, but you're not

893
00:41:06,320 --> 00:41:09,440
Speaker 2: feeling as heat. Some of that light is in the infrared,

894
00:41:09,480 --> 00:41:11,960
Speaker 2: which you do feel as heat because your cells are

895
00:41:12,000 --> 00:41:14,920
Speaker 2: sort of tuned to receive that kind of energy, and

896
00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:17,920
Speaker 2: some of it is being transmitted to the air molecules,

897
00:41:17,960 --> 00:41:20,040
Speaker 2: which you then feel as hot wind.

898
00:41:20,239 --> 00:41:21,680
Speaker 1: And then if you have a very nice fire in

899
00:41:21,719 --> 00:41:24,439
Speaker 1: your backyard, increases the resale value of your house, which

900
00:41:24,520 --> 00:41:25,560
Speaker 1: makes the housing.

901
00:41:25,239 --> 00:41:28,200
Speaker 2: Market hotter, that's right, unless it gets out of control

902
00:41:28,239 --> 00:41:30,440
Speaker 2: and it burns your house, then you're in hot water,

903
00:41:33,120 --> 00:41:35,160
Speaker 2: which marked from the UK might enjoy.

904
00:41:35,280 --> 00:41:36,920
Speaker 1: Yeah. Or if your house is worth nothing, you might

905
00:41:36,960 --> 00:41:39,560
Speaker 1: actually be underwater with your mortgage, which will put out

906
00:41:39,560 --> 00:41:40,239
Speaker 1: the housing market.

907
00:41:40,320 --> 00:41:43,319
Speaker 2: And there you go, at least for your own personal finances.

908
00:41:43,440 --> 00:41:45,800
Speaker 1: But again, do not take real estate or financial advice

909
00:41:45,840 --> 00:41:46,920
Speaker 1: from this podcast.

910
00:41:46,600 --> 00:41:50,359
Speaker 2: Please, that's right, or engineering advice apparently from at least

911
00:41:50,400 --> 00:41:52,879
Speaker 2: half of the podcast. All right, well, those are three

912
00:41:53,000 --> 00:41:57,279
Speaker 2: really interesting questions about light, vision and heat. Thanks to

913
00:41:57,360 --> 00:41:59,680
Speaker 2: all of our listeners who send in their questions and

914
00:41:59,760 --> 00:42:01,080
Speaker 2: share their curiosity with us.

915
00:42:01,120 --> 00:42:04,000
Speaker 1: And thanks to everybody out there who is powering signs

916
00:42:04,040 --> 00:42:07,080
Speaker 1: with their curiosity and text dollars and tax dollars. The

917
00:42:07,120 --> 00:42:11,040
Speaker 1: combined force of everybody's curiosity is what moves everything forward.

918
00:42:11,120 --> 00:42:15,120
Speaker 1: So keep thinking, keep asking questions, keep wondering about the universe.

919
00:42:15,280 --> 00:42:17,000
Speaker 1: We'll figure it out eventually, or.

920
00:42:16,960 --> 00:42:18,399
Speaker 2: At least we'll try a bunch of stuff and see

921
00:42:18,400 --> 00:42:19,000
Speaker 2: which one works.

922
00:42:19,040 --> 00:42:22,080
Speaker 1: We'll sena stary requirements technically, even if not spiritually.

923
00:42:22,200 --> 00:42:24,200
Speaker 2: Well, we hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us,

924
00:42:24,960 --> 00:42:29,040
Speaker 2: See you next time. Hey, it's hoar Hey from the podcast,

925
00:42:29,120 --> 00:42:31,520
Speaker 2: and I'm super excited to announce that my new book,

926
00:42:31,600 --> 00:42:35,000
Speaker 2: Oliver's Great Big Universe, is available to order now.

927
00:42:43,160 --> 00:42:45,960
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening and remember that Daniel and Jorge explain

928
00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:50,000
Speaker 1: the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts

929
00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:54,680
Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio Apple Apple Podcasts, or wherever

930
00:42:54,719 --> 00:43:01,000
Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows.