1 00:00:11,119 --> 00:00:15,880 Speaker 1: Giles Corey was furious, partly at himself, but mostly at 2 00:00:15,880 --> 00:00:19,159 Speaker 1: the rest of the community. He had let slip a 3 00:00:19,160 --> 00:00:22,320 Speaker 1: small piece of information about his wife Martha's past, and 4 00:00:22,520 --> 00:00:26,120 Speaker 1: now that had snowballed into a massive attack on her character, 5 00:00:26,840 --> 00:00:30,480 Speaker 1: and he was going to stop it. Martha and Giles 6 00:00:30,520 --> 00:00:33,360 Speaker 1: Corey hadn't been married for a long time, and he 7 00:00:33,400 --> 00:00:37,159 Speaker 1: wasn't even her first husband, although that wasn't unusual in 8 00:00:37,360 --> 00:00:40,240 Speaker 1: a day and age when people died often and quickly 9 00:00:40,360 --> 00:00:44,360 Speaker 1: from any manner of illness. No, her first husband had 10 00:00:44,400 --> 00:00:47,519 Speaker 1: been a man named Henry rich and together they had 11 00:00:47,600 --> 00:00:52,240 Speaker 1: raised one son named Thomas. But Martha had a secret. 12 00:00:52,960 --> 00:00:56,240 Speaker 1: She had another son, one that was born three years 13 00:00:56,320 --> 00:01:01,360 Speaker 1: before her marriage to Henry rich In, born out of wedlock, 14 00:01:01,480 --> 00:01:05,120 Speaker 1: mind you, and fathered by a local slave. And while 15 00:01:05,240 --> 00:01:08,680 Speaker 1: she and Henry raised Thomas, their white and proper son, 16 00:01:08,959 --> 00:01:12,600 Speaker 1: inside the Rown home, this older son, Ben, lived in 17 00:01:12,680 --> 00:01:15,600 Speaker 1: a local boarding house where Martha would visit each day 18 00:01:15,640 --> 00:01:19,119 Speaker 1: and see to his needs. So when the very first 19 00:01:19,200 --> 00:01:23,480 Speaker 1: examinations took place back in early March and Tituba, Sarah 20 00:01:23,480 --> 00:01:26,920 Speaker 1: Good and Sarah Osborne were dragged into the meeting house 21 00:01:26,920 --> 00:01:30,800 Speaker 1: to account for the accusations leveled against them. Jiles Corey 22 00:01:30,959 --> 00:01:33,039 Speaker 1: knew that it was only a matter of time before 23 00:01:33,080 --> 00:01:36,600 Speaker 1: they came for his wife. Witch Hunts always began with 24 00:01:36,640 --> 00:01:41,240 Speaker 1: the outsiders and the rule breakers, after all, So he 25 00:01:41,360 --> 00:01:44,360 Speaker 1: stormed out of his house that very same day, ready 26 00:01:44,400 --> 00:01:46,920 Speaker 1: to go defend his wife's name in the meeting house 27 00:01:46,959 --> 00:01:50,720 Speaker 1: if it ever crossed someone's lips. He was an outspoken man, 28 00:01:51,080 --> 00:01:54,280 Speaker 1: known to be rough and cantankerous, and he was not 29 00:01:54,360 --> 00:01:56,520 Speaker 1: about to let his wife be thrown into the mix. 30 00:01:57,960 --> 00:02:01,320 Speaker 1: Martha rushed out to stop him. They worked well together 31 00:02:01,480 --> 00:02:04,120 Speaker 1: as a couple because she was just as strong willed 32 00:02:04,160 --> 00:02:07,040 Speaker 1: as he was. While he was grabbing whatever he might 33 00:02:07,080 --> 00:02:09,360 Speaker 1: need for his ride to the meeting house, she was 34 00:02:09,520 --> 00:02:13,040 Speaker 1: unbuckling his saddle. When it was loose, she tossed it 35 00:02:13,080 --> 00:02:17,560 Speaker 1: into the dirt. That was months ago. The little storm 36 00:02:17,600 --> 00:02:20,200 Speaker 1: that had blown in back in late winter had blossomed 37 00:02:20,240 --> 00:02:23,960 Speaker 1: into a September tempest, and it was threatening to devastate 38 00:02:24,000 --> 00:02:28,240 Speaker 1: countless lives in Salem. But this time Giles Corey wasn't 39 00:02:28,280 --> 00:02:30,720 Speaker 1: able to stomp out of his house and saddle his 40 00:02:30,800 --> 00:02:34,040 Speaker 1: horse for another ride to the meeting house. He couldn't 41 00:02:34,520 --> 00:02:37,680 Speaker 1: because he was in jail, along with a fresh crop 42 00:02:37,720 --> 00:02:41,720 Speaker 1: of newcomers, each with their own cloud of accusations hovering 43 00:02:41,840 --> 00:02:47,520 Speaker 1: over them. On the upside, Giles was finally reunited with Martha. 44 00:02:48,080 --> 00:02:50,560 Speaker 1: But that's about all the silver lining I can find. 45 00:02:51,040 --> 00:02:54,200 Speaker 1: Anything else hinted at a darker future. The Court of 46 00:02:54,320 --> 00:02:57,919 Speaker 1: Oyer and Terminer had already met three times, and each 47 00:02:57,960 --> 00:03:02,000 Speaker 1: time had ended with the sentencing and execution of almost 48 00:03:02,040 --> 00:03:05,680 Speaker 1: everyone involved. The Corey's names were on the list for 49 00:03:05,720 --> 00:03:08,600 Speaker 1: the fourth session, and even though their trial had yet 50 00:03:08,639 --> 00:03:11,600 Speaker 1: to begin, they already knew how it would end, with 51 00:03:11,720 --> 00:03:15,440 Speaker 1: countless whispers and rumors swirling around them and no one 52 00:03:15,560 --> 00:03:18,680 Speaker 1: willing to step forward and defend them. They could see 53 00:03:18,840 --> 00:03:23,520 Speaker 1: no other way out, but that doesn't mean they wouldn't try. 54 00:03:25,560 --> 00:04:03,000 Speaker 1: This is unobscured. I'm Aaron Manky. As August gave way 55 00:04:03,040 --> 00:04:07,480 Speaker 1: to September, the wreckage of the trials was already beyond unbearable. 56 00:04:07,920 --> 00:04:11,280 Speaker 1: Eleven people had been executed for the crime of witchcraft, 57 00:04:11,480 --> 00:04:15,040 Speaker 1: and others had died in jail waiting for justice. One 58 00:04:15,200 --> 00:04:17,640 Speaker 1: didn't have to look far to see the effects of 59 00:04:17,640 --> 00:04:21,800 Speaker 1: the trials. I can't help but wonder if many were 60 00:04:21,800 --> 00:04:25,479 Speaker 1: full of regret for remaining silent. Silence in the face 61 00:04:25,520 --> 00:04:28,120 Speaker 1: of injustice has a way of acting like a stamp 62 00:04:28,160 --> 00:04:31,359 Speaker 1: of approval. What was happening there in Salem must have 63 00:04:31,360 --> 00:04:34,679 Speaker 1: felt less and less like justice with each passing day. 64 00:04:35,080 --> 00:04:37,440 Speaker 1: Some of the people in the community had to have 65 00:04:37,440 --> 00:04:41,640 Speaker 1: been worried the magistrates and their supporters, However, they didn't 66 00:04:41,640 --> 00:04:45,039 Speaker 1: see it that way. The King and Queen of Hell 67 00:04:45,320 --> 00:04:48,320 Speaker 1: had been defeated, and they had new leads for yet 68 00:04:48,360 --> 00:04:51,520 Speaker 1: more witches hidden within their community and the wider area. 69 00:04:52,040 --> 00:04:55,719 Speaker 1: Samuel Wardwell, the andover man who had defended himself against 70 00:04:55,800 --> 00:05:00,000 Speaker 1: accusations that he had somehow bewitched Joseph Ballard's wife Elizabeth, 71 00:05:00,480 --> 00:05:03,960 Speaker 1: was arrested and thrown in jail, and the rumors were 72 00:05:03,960 --> 00:05:09,880 Speaker 1: pretty damning. Wardwell had a reputation for fortune telling and divination, 73 00:05:10,200 --> 00:05:13,200 Speaker 1: to activities that many people viewed as the skills of 74 00:05:13,200 --> 00:05:16,279 Speaker 1: a witch. He was proud of these skills too, and 75 00:05:16,320 --> 00:05:19,920 Speaker 1: bragged about them freely. He once shouted the devil take 76 00:05:20,000 --> 00:05:22,880 Speaker 1: you at another farmer who allowed his cattle to graze 77 00:05:22,880 --> 00:05:26,280 Speaker 1: on his land, and he even admitted to being baptized 78 00:05:26,320 --> 00:05:29,440 Speaker 1: by the devil himself in a local river, being careful 79 00:05:29,560 --> 00:05:33,880 Speaker 1: to wash away every bit of his earlier Christian baptism. 80 00:05:33,920 --> 00:05:37,799 Speaker 1: So yeah, while many had already died and the community 81 00:05:37,880 --> 00:05:41,440 Speaker 1: was writhing with unease and remorse, their fear was just 82 00:05:41,520 --> 00:05:44,760 Speaker 1: a little bit stronger, and their superstitions were still in 83 00:05:44,760 --> 00:05:47,760 Speaker 1: the driver's seat. After all, how could you pump the 84 00:05:47,760 --> 00:05:51,279 Speaker 1: brakes when someone confesses to signing the Devil's book and 85 00:05:51,320 --> 00:05:54,919 Speaker 1: doing his evil work. That and over branch of the 86 00:05:54,920 --> 00:05:57,840 Speaker 1: witchcraft trials had become a monster of its own too, 87 00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:01,720 Speaker 1: so many new accusations him to light that the magistrates 88 00:06:01,720 --> 00:06:05,280 Speaker 1: in Salem set up a separate examination location right there 89 00:06:05,320 --> 00:06:08,920 Speaker 1: in and Over. Anyone found worthy of participating in the 90 00:06:08,960 --> 00:06:11,800 Speaker 1: official oyer and Termina or trial would then be carted 91 00:06:11,839 --> 00:06:14,000 Speaker 1: off to one of the many area jails who were 92 00:06:14,040 --> 00:06:18,359 Speaker 1: helping Salem out. And the Oyer and Terminer was about 93 00:06:18,360 --> 00:06:21,880 Speaker 1: to resume for its fourth session beginning on September six, 94 00:06:22,080 --> 00:06:24,760 Speaker 1: a new wave of accused would begin stepping into the 95 00:06:24,760 --> 00:06:28,239 Speaker 1: courtroom to stand before the magistrates and make their case. 96 00:06:29,120 --> 00:06:32,240 Speaker 1: One of those, of course, was Martha Corey, who had 97 00:06:32,279 --> 00:06:36,040 Speaker 1: been in jail longer than anyone else, but another was 98 00:06:36,120 --> 00:06:40,880 Speaker 1: a local woman named Alice Parker. Alice was the husband 99 00:06:40,880 --> 00:06:43,679 Speaker 1: of John Parker, who worked as a fisherman just south 100 00:06:43,760 --> 00:06:46,760 Speaker 1: of what's referred to as Salem Neck, a peninsula of 101 00:06:46,880 --> 00:06:49,919 Speaker 1: land that pushes northeast from the rest of the city. 102 00:06:50,040 --> 00:06:52,600 Speaker 1: They rented a home there near the water, and, like 103 00:06:52,680 --> 00:06:55,080 Speaker 1: a lot of people in town, did their best to 104 00:06:55,320 --> 00:06:59,719 Speaker 1: just survive. Alice, though, was prone to seizures that were 105 00:06:59,720 --> 00:07:03,360 Speaker 1: refer to as catalepsy, a medical condition that was well 106 00:07:03,400 --> 00:07:06,120 Speaker 1: known at the time. Those who suffered from it would 107 00:07:06,120 --> 00:07:09,840 Speaker 1: have seizures that resulted in their bodies becoming rigid and unmoving, 108 00:07:10,200 --> 00:07:12,760 Speaker 1: while they would appear to everyone else as if they 109 00:07:12,800 --> 00:07:16,240 Speaker 1: were asleep or unconscious. In a community frightened by a 110 00:07:16,320 --> 00:07:21,000 Speaker 1: rash of witchcraft stories, though Alice Parker made people uncomfortable, 111 00:07:22,640 --> 00:07:25,000 Speaker 1: it didn't help that she had a bit of a temper. 112 00:07:25,640 --> 00:07:28,400 Speaker 1: One of her neighbors was the Warren family, whose daughter 113 00:07:28,480 --> 00:07:30,600 Speaker 1: Mary had become a well known member of the group 114 00:07:30,640 --> 00:07:33,840 Speaker 1: of afflicted girls doing much of the finger pointing, and 115 00:07:33,960 --> 00:07:37,320 Speaker 1: years before Alice had caused a scene at their home. 116 00:07:38,960 --> 00:07:41,280 Speaker 1: With her husband out on the water much of the time, 117 00:07:41,480 --> 00:07:44,360 Speaker 1: Alice had asked Mary Warren's father to help harvest the 118 00:07:44,400 --> 00:07:47,520 Speaker 1: grass on her meadow. He agreed to help but when 119 00:07:47,520 --> 00:07:50,800 Speaker 1: the time came around, he never showed up. So Alice 120 00:07:50,800 --> 00:07:54,000 Speaker 1: paid them a visit and shouted at him, using threatening 121 00:07:54,040 --> 00:07:57,600 Speaker 1: words that seemed to take roots and hold on. And 122 00:07:57,680 --> 00:08:02,040 Speaker 1: Mary Warren remembered those words. She remembered them when her 123 00:08:02,080 --> 00:08:05,680 Speaker 1: sister became ill and lost her hearing. She remembered them 124 00:08:05,720 --> 00:08:08,960 Speaker 1: when her mother became sick and died. She remembered them 125 00:08:08,960 --> 00:08:12,880 Speaker 1: when her father also died. Even after leaving her childhood 126 00:08:12,920 --> 00:08:15,360 Speaker 1: home and moving in with the Proctors as a helper, 127 00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:20,880 Speaker 1: she remembered those words. So when Alice Parker entered the 128 00:08:20,920 --> 00:08:24,720 Speaker 1: courtroom to hear the charges against her, those charges included 129 00:08:24,720 --> 00:08:28,520 Speaker 1: a description of that encounter years before and the detailing 130 00:08:28,640 --> 00:08:32,080 Speaker 1: of the fallout from that curse. According to Mary Warren, 131 00:08:32,400 --> 00:08:36,280 Speaker 1: her entire family had been destroyed because of Alice Parker's 132 00:08:36,360 --> 00:08:40,480 Speaker 1: powers as a witch, and that was enough for the magistrates. 133 00:08:41,040 --> 00:08:45,240 Speaker 1: The jury considered the evidence and then returned with a verdict. 134 00:08:46,360 --> 00:08:51,080 Speaker 1: Alice Parker was guilty of witchcraft, but she wouldn't be 135 00:08:51,160 --> 00:08:59,920 Speaker 1: the last. Others stood before the court that week as well. 136 00:09:00,440 --> 00:09:04,240 Speaker 1: After Alice Parker's conviction, Mary ste had her turn, hearing 137 00:09:04,240 --> 00:09:09,560 Speaker 1: the accusations and speaking for herself. Mary Esty, if you remember, 138 00:09:09,960 --> 00:09:13,440 Speaker 1: was the sister to Rebecca Nurse and Sarah Klois. And 139 00:09:13,480 --> 00:09:16,720 Speaker 1: while Sarah would have her own trial soon enough, Rebecca 140 00:09:16,880 --> 00:09:20,160 Speaker 1: was already dead, executed for the very same crime for 141 00:09:20,240 --> 00:09:23,400 Speaker 1: which her sister Mary now stood trial. And I can't 142 00:09:23,440 --> 00:09:27,880 Speaker 1: imagine Mary not being acutely aware of that, still in mourning, 143 00:09:28,240 --> 00:09:32,640 Speaker 1: she was about to follow in her sister's footsteps. It 144 00:09:32,760 --> 00:09:36,040 Speaker 1: was to be expected, I suppose. Part of the evidence 145 00:09:36,080 --> 00:09:38,840 Speaker 1: that led to Rebecca's conviction was the fact that her mother, 146 00:09:39,120 --> 00:09:42,719 Speaker 1: Johanna Town, had been accused of witchcraft. Seeing as how 147 00:09:42,760 --> 00:09:46,560 Speaker 1: Rebecca and Mary shared that dark lineage, the court already 148 00:09:46,600 --> 00:09:49,120 Speaker 1: had a head start. Added to this was the fact 149 00:09:49,120 --> 00:09:52,360 Speaker 1: that Mary ste had worked tirelessly to defend her sister, 150 00:09:52,840 --> 00:09:55,520 Speaker 1: something that made sense to a court that believed one 151 00:09:55,559 --> 00:10:01,280 Speaker 1: which would gladly support another. There was more. Mary was 152 00:10:01,320 --> 00:10:04,800 Speaker 1: the wife of tops Field farmer Isaac ste and mother 153 00:10:04,920 --> 00:10:08,160 Speaker 1: of twelve children, Being much younger than her sister, she 154 00:10:08,240 --> 00:10:10,440 Speaker 1: was in her late fifties at the time of the trial. 155 00:10:10,840 --> 00:10:14,600 Speaker 1: But that's where the differences stopped. Mary and her husband 156 00:10:14,600 --> 00:10:17,719 Speaker 1: were just as connected to the wealthy Porter family and 157 00:10:17,960 --> 00:10:21,200 Speaker 1: just as hounded by accusations from the afflicted girls in 158 00:10:21,200 --> 00:10:25,760 Speaker 1: the area. Eight different men stood before the court that day, 159 00:10:26,040 --> 00:10:29,480 Speaker 1: validated the stories of Mercy Lewis, who claimed that Mary 160 00:10:29,640 --> 00:10:34,160 Speaker 1: ste had attacked her in spectral form. But remember, Rebecca 161 00:10:34,280 --> 00:10:38,040 Speaker 1: Nurse had come prepared, armed with a petition. She had 162 00:10:38,120 --> 00:10:41,080 Speaker 1: used her position and connections to reach for more help 163 00:10:41,320 --> 00:10:45,119 Speaker 1: than most people could have managed, and here in early September, 164 00:10:45,600 --> 00:10:49,320 Speaker 1: her sister Mary did the same. Not only did she 165 00:10:49,360 --> 00:10:51,920 Speaker 1: show up for her trial with a signed petition in hand, 166 00:10:52,240 --> 00:10:55,320 Speaker 1: but she also came with statements from her jailer swearing 167 00:10:55,400 --> 00:10:58,880 Speaker 1: to her good behavior and character. They spoke of her 168 00:10:58,960 --> 00:11:03,560 Speaker 1: unblemished reputation of Christianity, but all of it failed to 169 00:11:03,640 --> 00:11:07,040 Speaker 1: sway a jury and court of magistrates who were frightened 170 00:11:07,040 --> 00:11:11,600 Speaker 1: by the claims of the afflicted Mary Esty. Like her sister, Rebecca, 171 00:11:12,679 --> 00:11:17,200 Speaker 1: was convicted after her. The court handled the case of 172 00:11:17,240 --> 00:11:20,760 Speaker 1: seventy year old Mary Bradbury. She wasn't a local to 173 00:11:20,800 --> 00:11:23,560 Speaker 1: the area, having been brought south all the way from 174 00:11:23,559 --> 00:11:27,600 Speaker 1: Salisbury coastal town up near the border of modern Massachusetts 175 00:11:27,600 --> 00:11:31,320 Speaker 1: in New Hampshire. But Bradbury was a fighter and would 176 00:11:31,400 --> 00:11:35,720 Speaker 1: give the courts another challenge. Her husband was the wealthy 177 00:11:35,760 --> 00:11:40,000 Speaker 1: and respected Captain Thomas Bradbury, grand nephew of the Archbishop 178 00:11:40,000 --> 00:11:45,120 Speaker 1: of Canterbury, militia officer, and local magistrate and judge. These 179 00:11:45,120 --> 00:11:48,520 Speaker 1: were powerful connections and that's exactly what Mary would need 180 00:11:48,559 --> 00:11:52,600 Speaker 1: to defeat the charges against her. But those connections were 181 00:11:52,640 --> 00:11:56,960 Speaker 1: also a handicap. You see, the Puritan didn't care for 182 00:11:57,000 --> 00:12:00,959 Speaker 1: the Anglican Church, which meant that Thomas's great called the Archbishop, 183 00:12:01,240 --> 00:12:04,120 Speaker 1: was about as evil as one person could get. And 184 00:12:04,200 --> 00:12:07,840 Speaker 1: Thomas had friends who were Royalists, those who supported the 185 00:12:07,880 --> 00:12:11,280 Speaker 1: Anglican king. These were connections that had gone a long 186 00:12:11,320 --> 00:12:14,720 Speaker 1: way toward helping Thomas and Mary advanced through life, but 187 00:12:14,760 --> 00:12:18,719 Speaker 1: now they were going to hold them back. Mary had 188 00:12:18,720 --> 00:12:22,200 Speaker 1: the added problem of having prior accusations of witchcraft in 189 00:12:22,240 --> 00:12:26,120 Speaker 1: her past. While she had never been formally charged, those 190 00:12:26,160 --> 00:12:28,640 Speaker 1: old stories had more weight to them in light of 191 00:12:28,679 --> 00:12:32,800 Speaker 1: the new rumors. Many of the afflicted girls, including Ann Putnam, 192 00:12:33,000 --> 00:12:36,280 Speaker 1: Elizabeth Hubbard and Mary Warren, all claimed to have been 193 00:12:36,280 --> 00:12:39,240 Speaker 1: attacked by her that year, and all of their stories 194 00:12:39,280 --> 00:12:45,040 Speaker 1: helped the Attorney General deliver yet another conviction. More quickly 195 00:12:45,080 --> 00:12:49,200 Speaker 1: followed after Mary Bradberry and Mary sty the court convicted 196 00:12:49,240 --> 00:12:53,040 Speaker 1: Samuel Wardwell and Ann Foster of Andover, along with Anne's daughter, 197 00:12:53,160 --> 00:12:57,120 Speaker 1: Mary Lacey, and Abigail Hobbs. The teenage girl who had 198 00:12:57,160 --> 00:12:59,880 Speaker 1: returned from Maine with stories of the devil and claims 199 00:12:59,880 --> 00:13:02,760 Speaker 1: of witchcraft, found herself on the wrong end of the 200 00:13:02,800 --> 00:13:05,800 Speaker 1: game she had started. Yes, her claims had put a 201 00:13:05,880 --> 00:13:08,360 Speaker 1: lot of other people in jail, but they had also 202 00:13:08,400 --> 00:13:14,040 Speaker 1: earned her a conviction. When Samuel Wardwell learned that three 203 00:13:14,040 --> 00:13:18,520 Speaker 1: other confessed witches and Foster, Mary Lacey, and Abigail Hobbs 204 00:13:18,800 --> 00:13:21,880 Speaker 1: were all sentenced to death by hanging, he had a 205 00:13:22,000 --> 00:13:25,440 Speaker 1: change of heart. Maybe it was the realization that no 206 00:13:25,880 --> 00:13:29,559 Speaker 1: confessing to witchcraft was not the guaranteed ticket to safety 207 00:13:29,640 --> 00:13:32,080 Speaker 1: that he had assumed it would be. Maybe it was 208 00:13:32,120 --> 00:13:35,600 Speaker 1: just the impending doom of the hangman's noose. Neither way, 209 00:13:35,640 --> 00:13:41,280 Speaker 1: he recanted his claims. It didn't work. On Thursday September, 210 00:13:42,120 --> 00:13:45,560 Speaker 1: the court handpicked eight individuals from the fresh crop of 211 00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:48,720 Speaker 1: convicted witches and carted them off to the site of 212 00:13:48,720 --> 00:13:54,680 Speaker 1: their execution. Those eight were Martha Corey, Mary st Alice Parker, 213 00:13:54,720 --> 00:13:57,960 Speaker 1: and Samuel Wardwell, along with some that we know much 214 00:13:58,080 --> 00:14:04,520 Speaker 1: less about and Beauty Wilma Red and Margaret Scott. The 215 00:14:04,600 --> 00:14:08,120 Speaker 1: only account of their execution is from Robert Caliph, the 216 00:14:08,160 --> 00:14:10,720 Speaker 1: Boston merchant, who had written down an account of the 217 00:14:10,800 --> 00:14:14,920 Speaker 1: previous execution as well. According to Caliph, it was a 218 00:14:14,960 --> 00:14:19,280 Speaker 1: somber scene, with much weeping and heartfelt goodbyes from the victims. 219 00:14:20,280 --> 00:14:24,040 Speaker 1: The Salem town minister, Nicholas Noyce, however, was one of 220 00:14:24,040 --> 00:14:27,640 Speaker 1: the few to appear unmoved by the occasion. What a 221 00:14:27,760 --> 00:14:30,240 Speaker 1: sad thing it is to see, he was said to 222 00:14:30,280 --> 00:14:34,920 Speaker 1: have announced, without remorse, eight firebrands of hell hanging there 223 00:14:36,440 --> 00:14:41,120 Speaker 1: sad Indeed, one by one the eight victims were pushed 224 00:14:41,120 --> 00:14:45,320 Speaker 1: off the ladder, and one by one they perished at 225 00:14:45,320 --> 00:14:54,400 Speaker 1: the end of the rope. But not Mary Bradbury. No, 226 00:14:54,600 --> 00:14:57,600 Speaker 1: she didn't go to the gallows for a very simple reason. 227 00:14:58,400 --> 00:15:01,560 Speaker 1: She escaped. Then, As hard as it might be to believe, 228 00:15:02,080 --> 00:15:06,320 Speaker 1: she wasn't the only one. It's not hard to imagine why. Really, 229 00:15:06,640 --> 00:15:08,680 Speaker 1: if you and I have been living in Salem at 230 00:15:08,680 --> 00:15:11,080 Speaker 1: the time of the witchcraft trials, any one of us 231 00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:14,120 Speaker 1: might have felt just nervous enough about the direction things 232 00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:19,040 Speaker 1: were headed to consider running away. Sure, the accusations had 233 00:15:19,080 --> 00:15:22,000 Speaker 1: first been thrown at the outsiders, and the others in 234 00:15:22,040 --> 00:15:26,200 Speaker 1: their community. But week by week, month by month, those 235 00:15:26,240 --> 00:15:32,120 Speaker 1: old norms were crumbling by September. Of anyone was fair game, 236 00:15:32,440 --> 00:15:37,240 Speaker 1: poor or rich, alone or well connected, religious outsider or 237 00:15:37,360 --> 00:15:40,880 Speaker 1: full member. In the Puritan Church, if you lived and breathed, 238 00:15:41,240 --> 00:15:45,320 Speaker 1: there was a chance you might be accused, never mind 239 00:15:45,320 --> 00:15:47,800 Speaker 1: the fact that the trials had clearly been guided by 240 00:15:47,840 --> 00:15:52,800 Speaker 1: passion and fear rather than logic and fact. To most observers, 241 00:15:53,000 --> 00:15:56,800 Speaker 1: and especially those who had gone through the examination process 242 00:15:56,800 --> 00:15:59,960 Speaker 1: and the Oyer and Terminer trial, there was very little 243 00:16:00,040 --> 00:16:03,520 Speaker 1: night at the end of the tunnel. So the Bradberry's 244 00:16:03,560 --> 00:16:06,480 Speaker 1: got creative. They were at the end of their rope, 245 00:16:06,520 --> 00:16:10,800 Speaker 1: and with Mary's conviction and sentencing, things felt urgent. Many 246 00:16:10,880 --> 00:16:15,680 Speaker 1: people had simply accepted their fate, but not Mary's family. Instead, 247 00:16:16,040 --> 00:16:19,760 Speaker 1: they broke her out. Here's historian Mary Beth Norton to 248 00:16:20,040 --> 00:16:24,560 Speaker 1: explain how well if you pay attention to where they are, 249 00:16:24,720 --> 00:16:27,480 Speaker 1: remember there are a lot of people in jail. They're 250 00:16:27,520 --> 00:16:30,960 Speaker 1: not just in Salem. The jail in Salem is too 251 00:16:31,000 --> 00:16:33,120 Speaker 1: small to hold them all. The jail in Salem Town, 252 00:16:33,160 --> 00:16:35,320 Speaker 1: as we're talking about, there's too small to hold them all. 253 00:16:35,720 --> 00:16:39,000 Speaker 1: So they've been scattered around other places. And it happens 254 00:16:39,040 --> 00:16:41,840 Speaker 1: that a lot of the leading people who are accused 255 00:16:41,840 --> 00:16:44,840 Speaker 1: of being which is are sent to Boston. And I 256 00:16:44,880 --> 00:16:47,320 Speaker 1: am convinced that the Boston jailer had his hand out 257 00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:50,720 Speaker 1: for bribes, and that it was from the Boston jail 258 00:16:50,800 --> 00:16:55,000 Speaker 1: that a lot of these people escaped. It's not written 259 00:16:55,000 --> 00:17:00,320 Speaker 1: down anywhere, but he basically took money to let will go. 260 00:17:00,640 --> 00:17:03,040 Speaker 1: I think there's no question um in my mind. There's 261 00:17:03,080 --> 00:17:05,760 Speaker 1: no question my mind that he was. He was bribable 262 00:17:06,040 --> 00:17:09,880 Speaker 1: and probably earned a pretty penny from letting all these 263 00:17:09,920 --> 00:17:14,040 Speaker 1: wealthy people go, one of them being my very own ancestor, 264 00:17:15,160 --> 00:17:19,719 Speaker 1: Mary Bradberry, who was held and suddenly managed to escape. 265 00:17:19,880 --> 00:17:25,280 Speaker 1: Guess what, she had a wealthy husband. Another escapeee was 266 00:17:25,359 --> 00:17:28,160 Speaker 1: Captain John Alden, if you don't remember, he was one 267 00:17:28,200 --> 00:17:31,119 Speaker 1: of the arrests in late May. In fact, his arrest 268 00:17:31,160 --> 00:17:34,160 Speaker 1: happened so quickly that they wrote the arrest warrant after 269 00:17:34,280 --> 00:17:37,919 Speaker 1: he was in custody, because nothing says we're running this 270 00:17:38,040 --> 00:17:41,919 Speaker 1: thing entirely by the book, like breaking basic rules like 271 00:17:42,040 --> 00:17:45,760 Speaker 1: having a warrant for his suspect's arrest. Since that arrest, 272 00:17:45,800 --> 00:17:49,240 Speaker 1: Alden had spent fifteen weeks in a Boston jail, waiting 273 00:17:49,280 --> 00:17:52,400 Speaker 1: for his turn to stand trial before the Oyer and Terminator. 274 00:17:52,960 --> 00:17:55,640 Speaker 1: From the jail, he would have heard the news week 275 00:17:55,720 --> 00:18:00,280 Speaker 1: by week of each new trial, conviction, and execution. His 276 00:18:00,359 --> 00:18:03,439 Speaker 1: own approaching death was like the beating of a drum, 277 00:18:03,480 --> 00:18:07,159 Speaker 1: growing louder and more intense with each new day. And 278 00:18:07,200 --> 00:18:11,879 Speaker 1: then George Burrows was executed. Alden had served in the 279 00:18:11,920 --> 00:18:14,959 Speaker 1: militia on the main Frontier, where Burrows had been a minister. 280 00:18:15,560 --> 00:18:17,920 Speaker 1: The men had known each other, and that made the 281 00:18:17,960 --> 00:18:21,920 Speaker 1: minister's execution personal. If the court could not stop at 282 00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:26,360 Speaker 1: convicting a frontier fighting minister, how could John Alden expect 283 00:18:26,400 --> 00:18:30,440 Speaker 1: anything less for himself as a result. Sometime towards the 284 00:18:30,520 --> 00:18:36,879 Speaker 1: end of August, Captain John Alden vanished. That's the how, 285 00:18:37,000 --> 00:18:39,720 Speaker 1: But what about the why? Where did Alden and the 286 00:18:39,760 --> 00:18:43,159 Speaker 1: Bradberries get the idea in the first place. Well, it 287 00:18:43,200 --> 00:18:45,840 Speaker 1: turns out we might have one of the local ministers 288 00:18:45,880 --> 00:18:49,120 Speaker 1: to blame for that, and not just anyone, none other 289 00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:53,520 Speaker 1: than Samuel Willard. Willard, if you remember, was the minister 290 00:18:53,640 --> 00:18:56,440 Speaker 1: of Boston's Third Church, where three of the Oyer and 291 00:18:56,560 --> 00:19:01,400 Speaker 1: Terminer judges were members. Samuel Sewell Peter Sergeant, and wait 292 00:19:01,520 --> 00:19:04,560 Speaker 1: Still Winthrop. Early on, he had preached from the pulpit 293 00:19:04,600 --> 00:19:07,600 Speaker 1: about the need to be sober and vigilant as they 294 00:19:07,640 --> 00:19:10,760 Speaker 1: began their spiritual mettle with the devil. But as time 295 00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:14,639 Speaker 1: went on that changed. Maybe it had to do with 296 00:19:14,680 --> 00:19:18,000 Speaker 1: how the magistrates handled that group letter written by many 297 00:19:18,040 --> 00:19:21,800 Speaker 1: of the local ministers called the Return of Several Ministers. 298 00:19:22,320 --> 00:19:25,160 Speaker 1: Their purpose had been to warn and guide the government, 299 00:19:25,560 --> 00:19:29,400 Speaker 1: but instead their words were twisted and used as justification 300 00:19:29,600 --> 00:19:33,879 Speaker 1: for many of the injustices that followed. Samuel Willard wasn't 301 00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:36,080 Speaker 1: the type of man who would handle that sort of 302 00:19:36,160 --> 00:19:42,280 Speaker 1: misrepresentation well, so he spoke out. But he wasn't disconnected 303 00:19:42,280 --> 00:19:45,359 Speaker 1: from the trials. In fact, Willard was tangled up in 304 00:19:45,440 --> 00:19:48,840 Speaker 1: it thanks to friendships and family. He was a close 305 00:19:48,880 --> 00:19:52,240 Speaker 1: friend of Captain John Alden, and his own brother, Simon, 306 00:19:52,440 --> 00:19:55,680 Speaker 1: was a lieutenant in the militia who testified against the 307 00:19:55,760 --> 00:20:00,879 Speaker 1: recently executed George Burrows. It's interesting to point out something else. 308 00:20:01,400 --> 00:20:05,400 Speaker 1: Burrows had been executed on August nineteen. Two days later, 309 00:20:05,680 --> 00:20:10,679 Speaker 1: on August Willard stood before his congregation and preached on 310 00:20:10,920 --> 00:20:16,399 Speaker 1: Matthew Chapter ten, verse twenty three, Across Town inside Boston's 311 00:20:16,400 --> 00:20:21,480 Speaker 1: first church minister, Joshua Moody, taught the exact same Bible passage. 312 00:20:22,119 --> 00:20:26,840 Speaker 1: What exactly does that specific verse say they that are 313 00:20:26,920 --> 00:20:38,720 Speaker 1: persecuted in one city let them flee to another? It 314 00:20:38,880 --> 00:20:42,280 Speaker 1: was hard to ignore the obvious. Granted, some people might 315 00:20:42,320 --> 00:20:44,840 Speaker 1: have just assumed that Willard and Moody were preaching from 316 00:20:44,840 --> 00:20:47,320 Speaker 1: a passage of scripture that they had both agreed upon 317 00:20:47,520 --> 00:20:50,840 Speaker 1: at their last Thursday lecture meeting. But if you were 318 00:20:50,920 --> 00:20:54,200 Speaker 1: deep in the tragic events personally, it was far from 319 00:20:54,200 --> 00:20:58,600 Speaker 1: a coincidence. And those people noticed. Two of the people 320 00:20:58,680 --> 00:21:02,040 Speaker 1: sitting in church that morning were Philip and Mary English. 321 00:21:02,080 --> 00:21:05,280 Speaker 1: They were a power couple and quite possibly the wealthiest 322 00:21:05,320 --> 00:21:09,000 Speaker 1: citizens of Salem Town. Philip was a merchant who was 323 00:21:09,040 --> 00:21:13,000 Speaker 1: known to be impulsive, generous, and optimistic. He had arrived 324 00:21:13,040 --> 00:21:16,159 Speaker 1: in Salem in the sixteen seventies and quickly began to 325 00:21:16,240 --> 00:21:21,000 Speaker 1: grow his business empire. Early on, he formed a business 326 00:21:21,040 --> 00:21:25,280 Speaker 1: partnership with another already established merchant. In the process, he 327 00:21:25,359 --> 00:21:28,000 Speaker 1: fell in love with that man's daughter, Mary, and in 328 00:21:28,080 --> 00:21:32,280 Speaker 1: sixteen seventy five the couple were married. By sixteen ninety two, 329 00:21:32,320 --> 00:21:35,400 Speaker 1: Mary was around forty years old and a full member 330 00:21:35,440 --> 00:21:39,480 Speaker 1: in the Salem Town Church, well respected among her peers. 331 00:21:39,480 --> 00:21:42,159 Speaker 1: She was even the manager of the business for her 332 00:21:42,240 --> 00:21:45,240 Speaker 1: husband whenever he was away or at sea, and proved 333 00:21:45,240 --> 00:21:48,280 Speaker 1: herself to be every bit his equal. She was a 334 00:21:48,280 --> 00:21:53,240 Speaker 1: powerful figure in her own right. Philip did well for 335 00:21:53,320 --> 00:21:56,360 Speaker 1: himself over the years he served on juries and then 336 00:21:56,400 --> 00:21:59,679 Speaker 1: as a constable in sixteen eighty two. Nearly all of 337 00:21:59,680 --> 00:22:03,640 Speaker 1: the man registrates of six ninety two new Philip English 338 00:22:03,680 --> 00:22:07,240 Speaker 1: from those many official appearances in court, but also from 339 00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:11,680 Speaker 1: his business reputation. He was dripping with wealth, and those 340 00:22:11,720 --> 00:22:16,280 Speaker 1: men couldn't help but notice that English was so rich 341 00:22:16,440 --> 00:22:19,000 Speaker 1: that by six eighty three he was able to build 342 00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:22,320 Speaker 1: the largest mansion in the city of Salem. Remember this 343 00:22:22,400 --> 00:22:24,280 Speaker 1: was a time when most people lived in a one 344 00:22:24,359 --> 00:22:27,919 Speaker 1: room home, with the occasional two room house in the neighborhood. 345 00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:32,480 Speaker 1: Philip's Great House, as people called it, was an exercise 346 00:22:32,640 --> 00:22:37,800 Speaker 1: in opulence. But Philip English had a secret. I'll let 347 00:22:37,880 --> 00:22:42,439 Speaker 1: historian Emerson Baker clew you in. He's from the Channel Islands. 348 00:22:42,560 --> 00:22:45,720 Speaker 1: His first language is French. He comes over here as 349 00:22:45,760 --> 00:22:51,720 Speaker 1: Philip langlais not Philip English. Philip was an outsider. He 350 00:22:51,760 --> 00:22:55,480 Speaker 1: spoke the language of the evil Catholic French and identified 351 00:22:55,520 --> 00:22:59,080 Speaker 1: as an Anglican, not a Puritan. He tried to hide it, 352 00:22:59,200 --> 00:23:02,520 Speaker 1: as the change and his surname might suggest, but most 353 00:23:02,600 --> 00:23:06,800 Speaker 1: likely not well enough. Eventually the truth slipped out, and 354 00:23:06,880 --> 00:23:09,480 Speaker 1: for as successful as his wife, Mary turned out to be, 355 00:23:10,080 --> 00:23:14,520 Speaker 1: not everyone liked her either. Here's historian Marilyn k. Roach. 356 00:23:15,280 --> 00:23:18,720 Speaker 1: Marry English was the richest woman in Salem. Her father 357 00:23:18,800 --> 00:23:21,040 Speaker 1: had been a merchant who was lost at sea, and 358 00:23:21,119 --> 00:23:24,720 Speaker 1: she married his business partner, Philip English, who was from 359 00:23:24,720 --> 00:23:27,640 Speaker 1: the Isle of Jersey and had more of a French culture. 360 00:23:28,080 --> 00:23:31,640 Speaker 1: Some people, at least according to descendants, thought she put 361 00:23:31,680 --> 00:23:36,800 Speaker 1: on airs, but class and status and the responsibilities of 362 00:23:37,040 --> 00:23:41,399 Speaker 1: class were big in those days, not like now. But 363 00:23:41,720 --> 00:23:45,160 Speaker 1: she was accused even though she was a full member 364 00:23:45,160 --> 00:23:49,360 Speaker 1: of the Salem Church in town. The stories tell us 365 00:23:49,440 --> 00:23:51,920 Speaker 1: they came for the english Is in the dead of night. 366 00:23:52,560 --> 00:23:55,520 Speaker 1: Of course, they had a warrant, and behind it was 367 00:23:55,680 --> 00:23:59,280 Speaker 1: a whole slew of accusations. Mary's mother had once been 368 00:23:59,280 --> 00:24:02,840 Speaker 1: accused of which craft, making her a prime suspect. Some 369 00:24:03,000 --> 00:24:06,560 Speaker 1: of the afflicted girls, including Annie Putnam and Mercy Lewis, 370 00:24:06,840 --> 00:24:12,240 Speaker 1: even claimed to have seen Mary Specter visit and torment them. 371 00:24:12,240 --> 00:24:15,920 Speaker 1: The warrant had been issued on April and included other 372 00:24:16,040 --> 00:24:19,359 Speaker 1: names as well, names we should all recognize by now, 373 00:24:19,880 --> 00:24:24,920 Speaker 1: Mary Esty, Sarah Wild's, Abigail Hobb's parents, William and Deliverance, 374 00:24:25,280 --> 00:24:29,080 Speaker 1: all of whom work harded off to jail. By early September, 375 00:24:29,119 --> 00:24:32,119 Speaker 1: some of them would have been executed, and that obvious 376 00:24:32,119 --> 00:24:34,840 Speaker 1: fate hovered over all the rest like a dark cloud. 377 00:24:36,160 --> 00:24:39,119 Speaker 1: Most people settled in for a long stay in jail. 378 00:24:39,560 --> 00:24:41,760 Speaker 1: But I need to take your mental image of a 379 00:24:41,840 --> 00:24:45,159 Speaker 1: jail and throw it out the window. Here's historian and 380 00:24:45,280 --> 00:24:50,760 Speaker 1: Salem archivist Richard Trask. If you were rich, you would 381 00:24:50,760 --> 00:24:53,680 Speaker 1: treated differently, and you could take care of yourself much 382 00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:56,760 Speaker 1: better in jail, because in jail you had to pay 383 00:24:56,800 --> 00:24:59,680 Speaker 1: for your own fees. If you wanted to eat them 384 00:24:59,760 --> 00:25:02,560 Speaker 1: might have been a common pot in which you could partake. 385 00:25:02,960 --> 00:25:05,440 Speaker 1: But if you wanted to eat often your family brought 386 00:25:05,520 --> 00:25:08,200 Speaker 1: to the food. They'd bring you a fresh straw, so 387 00:25:08,280 --> 00:25:10,920 Speaker 1: that you would have a mattress that would have fresh 388 00:25:10,920 --> 00:25:13,719 Speaker 1: straw in it. He wanted a stool so you didn't 389 00:25:13,960 --> 00:25:16,880 Speaker 1: go on the cold ground all the time. That could 390 00:25:16,880 --> 00:25:20,399 Speaker 1: be brought in. Of course, Philip English could pay for 391 00:25:20,480 --> 00:25:24,119 Speaker 1: anything his wife Mary might need in jail. Money has 392 00:25:24,160 --> 00:25:26,679 Speaker 1: always been the same as power, and he used it 393 00:25:26,720 --> 00:25:29,440 Speaker 1: to give her a better experience. But when the next 394 00:25:29,520 --> 00:25:32,440 Speaker 1: round of warrants went out in early May, Philip's own 395 00:25:32,520 --> 00:25:35,960 Speaker 1: name was listed among the new suspects. Rather than caring 396 00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:38,480 Speaker 1: for his wife from the outside of a jail, he 397 00:25:38,560 --> 00:25:43,080 Speaker 1: was moved inside to sit beside her. Actually, his arrest 398 00:25:43,200 --> 00:25:45,639 Speaker 1: took a bit of time. The warrant was issued in 399 00:25:45,640 --> 00:25:49,920 Speaker 1: early May, but he couldn't be found anywhere in Salem Town. Finally, 400 00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:53,480 Speaker 1: a woman named Susannah Sheldon came forward and claimed to 401 00:25:53,480 --> 00:25:56,720 Speaker 1: have seen Philip Specter heading to Boston on a mission 402 00:25:56,760 --> 00:26:01,440 Speaker 1: to kill Governor Phipps, so a marshal was sent after him. 403 00:26:01,480 --> 00:26:04,119 Speaker 1: They finally found Philip English hiding in the home of 404 00:26:04,119 --> 00:26:07,480 Speaker 1: a friend in Boston. Legend says that they found him 405 00:26:07,520 --> 00:26:10,159 Speaker 1: in the dirty laundry, where he'd been hiding off and 406 00:26:10,200 --> 00:26:14,360 Speaker 1: on for weeks. Once united in jail, though Philip flexed 407 00:26:14,400 --> 00:26:17,720 Speaker 1: his political muscles to have himself and his wife freed 408 00:26:17,800 --> 00:26:21,800 Speaker 1: from the horrid conditions. They paid their massive four thousand 409 00:26:21,840 --> 00:26:26,000 Speaker 1: pound bond and were set free on house arrest for context, 410 00:26:26,280 --> 00:26:30,320 Speaker 1: Reverend Samuel Parris in Salem Village earned an average salary 411 00:26:30,400 --> 00:26:34,160 Speaker 1: of just sixty pounds a year. So yeah, the English 412 00:26:34,200 --> 00:26:37,240 Speaker 1: family were stinking rich. And then they got back to 413 00:26:37,320 --> 00:26:40,160 Speaker 1: normal life as best they could. They went for walks 414 00:26:40,280 --> 00:26:43,320 Speaker 1: under the supervision of a jailer, They saw their daughter, 415 00:26:43,840 --> 00:26:47,879 Speaker 1: and they traveled around Boston. Oh and they went to 416 00:26:47,960 --> 00:26:51,240 Speaker 1: church too, which, of course is where they heard the 417 00:26:51,280 --> 00:26:55,520 Speaker 1: sermon on August nine that suggested running away. A short 418 00:26:55,520 --> 00:27:00,399 Speaker 1: while later, Philip and Mary English disappeared. They headed for 419 00:27:00,480 --> 00:27:03,440 Speaker 1: New York, but in doing so left four of their 420 00:27:03,480 --> 00:27:07,399 Speaker 1: five children under the care of friends in Boston. The 421 00:27:07,520 --> 00:27:10,919 Speaker 1: hangman would be very busy in the coming weeks, but 422 00:27:11,000 --> 00:27:13,719 Speaker 1: it seemed as if money and power had afforded the 423 00:27:13,720 --> 00:27:17,120 Speaker 1: English as a chance to do something very few might 424 00:27:17,200 --> 00:27:21,480 Speaker 1: even dream of. They slipped the noose and lived to 425 00:27:21,520 --> 00:27:29,480 Speaker 1: tell about it. There were more escapes, of course. One 426 00:27:29,480 --> 00:27:31,399 Speaker 1: of the other married couples to make a run for 427 00:27:31,440 --> 00:27:35,360 Speaker 1: it was Nathaniel and Elizabeth Carey. They lived in Charlestown 428 00:27:35,520 --> 00:27:38,680 Speaker 1: rather than Salem, but we're pulled into the Salem trials 429 00:27:38,680 --> 00:27:41,719 Speaker 1: on May when Nathaniel got word that his wife had 430 00:27:41,760 --> 00:27:44,919 Speaker 1: been accused. So the couple headed north to clear the 431 00:27:44,960 --> 00:27:49,680 Speaker 1: matter up. Looking back, that wasn't the smartest decision. They 432 00:27:49,680 --> 00:27:52,639 Speaker 1: were probably expecting to arrive in Salem and find a normal, 433 00:27:52,960 --> 00:27:57,040 Speaker 1: ordinary trial in progress, where logic and reason ruled the day. 434 00:27:57,560 --> 00:28:00,679 Speaker 1: But we know better, don't we. We're aware of the 435 00:28:00,720 --> 00:28:04,480 Speaker 1: bias and disregard for simple logic. If we had been 436 00:28:04,600 --> 00:28:08,680 Speaker 1: in Charlestown that day, in any one of us would 437 00:28:08,680 --> 00:28:13,280 Speaker 1: have shouted for them to stay away from Salem. While 438 00:28:13,320 --> 00:28:16,159 Speaker 1: they watched the first examinations of the morning, some of 439 00:28:16,200 --> 00:28:18,879 Speaker 1: the afflicted girls took notice of them and asked for 440 00:28:18,920 --> 00:28:22,400 Speaker 1: their names. In the afternoon session, one of those afflicted 441 00:28:22,440 --> 00:28:25,720 Speaker 1: girls fell into a series of fits and then pointed 442 00:28:25,760 --> 00:28:28,640 Speaker 1: to Elizabeth Carey as the witch who was attacking her. 443 00:28:29,160 --> 00:28:33,120 Speaker 1: She was immediately taken into custody and arrest warrant was drafted, 444 00:28:33,560 --> 00:28:36,960 Speaker 1: and then she was brought to the front of the courtroom. 445 00:28:37,080 --> 00:28:40,680 Speaker 1: Nathaniel tried to help her. He requested permission to stand 446 00:28:40,680 --> 00:28:44,680 Speaker 1: beside her and hold her hand, but was denied. Even 447 00:28:44,720 --> 00:28:47,720 Speaker 1: when she told the judges that she felt faint and overwhelmed, 448 00:28:47,960 --> 00:28:51,120 Speaker 1: they refused to let her husband help her. All he 449 00:28:51,240 --> 00:28:54,240 Speaker 1: was ever allowed to do was wipe away the tears 450 00:28:54,520 --> 00:28:58,920 Speaker 1: from her eyes. You can imagine how her examination went. 451 00:28:59,440 --> 00:29:03,320 Speaker 1: Stories were told by the afflicted girls. Witnesses came forward 452 00:29:03,360 --> 00:29:08,200 Speaker 1: who said Elizabeth Carey's specter appeared and tormented them. Nathaniel 453 00:29:08,240 --> 00:29:12,680 Speaker 1: objected and disrupted the proceedings more than once, overwhelmed with 454 00:29:12,800 --> 00:29:17,920 Speaker 1: frustration at what he referred to as inhuman dealings. It 455 00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:21,720 Speaker 1: didn't work. Elizabeth was thrown in jail, and so Nathaniel 456 00:29:21,720 --> 00:29:23,960 Speaker 1: request did she at least be moved to a jail 457 00:29:24,000 --> 00:29:27,680 Speaker 1: closer to Charleston so he could better care for her. Instead, 458 00:29:28,080 --> 00:29:31,880 Speaker 1: the magistrates instructed the jailer to put Elizabeth in leg irons. 459 00:29:32,360 --> 00:29:36,000 Speaker 1: The situation had been so unexpected and moved so quickly 460 00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:40,520 Speaker 1: that she practically collapsed under the stress, even having convulsions 461 00:29:40,560 --> 00:29:42,520 Speaker 1: in the jail due to the trauma of it all. 462 00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:47,560 Speaker 1: We don't know how, but Nathaniel somehow managed to organize 463 00:29:47,600 --> 00:29:51,080 Speaker 1: his wife's escape from the Boston jail. Maybe he paid 464 00:29:51,120 --> 00:29:55,000 Speaker 1: off the jailer it's entirely possible, or maybe someone slipped 465 00:29:55,080 --> 00:29:57,960 Speaker 1: him a key to her chains. However it happened. She 466 00:29:58,160 --> 00:30:00,800 Speaker 1: headed south at the end of July and stopped in 467 00:30:00,880 --> 00:30:05,160 Speaker 1: Rhode Island to wait for Nathaniel to join her. Once reunited, 468 00:30:05,200 --> 00:30:07,600 Speaker 1: the couple continued on until they arrived in New York, 469 00:30:07,680 --> 00:30:10,600 Speaker 1: where Governor Benjamin Fletcher was said to have welcomed them 470 00:30:10,600 --> 00:30:13,680 Speaker 1: in and given them refuge. New York was where the 471 00:30:13,680 --> 00:30:16,480 Speaker 1: English Is would go as well and others from Salem 472 00:30:16,560 --> 00:30:19,440 Speaker 1: to In a lot of ways, the former Dutch settlement 473 00:30:19,560 --> 00:30:23,000 Speaker 1: and it's more open minded culture made the colony something 474 00:30:23,040 --> 00:30:28,440 Speaker 1: of a sanctuary city, and it saved lives. There were 475 00:30:28,480 --> 00:30:32,640 Speaker 1: others too. Daniel Andrew was a bricklayer and builder who 476 00:30:32,720 --> 00:30:35,240 Speaker 1: was connected to many of the wealthy powerful men in 477 00:30:35,280 --> 00:30:38,320 Speaker 1: Salem Town. He was joined by marriage to the Porter 478 00:30:38,480 --> 00:30:41,560 Speaker 1: clan and lived in Salem Village, where he owned large 479 00:30:41,600 --> 00:30:44,760 Speaker 1: tracts of land. He also held the position of Deputy 480 00:30:44,840 --> 00:30:48,400 Speaker 1: of the Massachusetts General Court for a while until Hawthorne 481 00:30:48,440 --> 00:30:52,560 Speaker 1: and Corwin took that over. He was accused of witchcraft 482 00:30:52,640 --> 00:30:57,960 Speaker 1: on May fifte and skipped town almost immediately. Unlike John Willard, 483 00:30:58,000 --> 00:31:00,720 Speaker 1: who had fled town only to be captured farther west, 484 00:31:01,120 --> 00:31:05,880 Speaker 1: Daniel Andrew made it to safety. Yet another to escape 485 00:31:05,960 --> 00:31:10,160 Speaker 1: was George Jacobs Jr. We've already met his father, George Senior, 486 00:31:10,200 --> 00:31:14,120 Speaker 1: who was executed on August nine, alongside George Burrows and 487 00:31:14,160 --> 00:31:18,440 Speaker 1: the others. George Jr. Rented property from Daniel Andrew and 488 00:31:18,600 --> 00:31:21,200 Speaker 1: was married to his sister. He was also close to 489 00:31:21,200 --> 00:31:24,440 Speaker 1: the Klois family, but Sarah Klois was in jail awaiting 490 00:31:24,480 --> 00:31:28,360 Speaker 1: her own trial. Life had suddenly become very tense and 491 00:31:28,520 --> 00:31:33,840 Speaker 1: uncomfortable for George Jacobs Jr. So he ran. Today we 492 00:31:33,880 --> 00:31:36,200 Speaker 1: still have a letter that his daughter, Margaret wrote to 493 00:31:36,280 --> 00:31:39,080 Speaker 1: him on August We don't know if it was ever 494 00:31:39,160 --> 00:31:41,840 Speaker 1: actually delivered to George, but it tells of how she 495 00:31:41,960 --> 00:31:45,680 Speaker 1: was forced to confess against her grandfather, George Senior, and 496 00:31:45,800 --> 00:31:48,840 Speaker 1: that it broke her heart. She begs her father to 497 00:31:48,920 --> 00:31:51,920 Speaker 1: pray for her, and then closes the letter by stating 498 00:31:51,960 --> 00:31:55,360 Speaker 1: that God knows how soon I shall be put to death, 499 00:31:55,800 --> 00:31:58,880 Speaker 1: and that she looked forward to a joyful and happy 500 00:31:58,960 --> 00:32:04,720 Speaker 1: meeting in heaven. Historians today have no idea where Daniel 501 00:32:04,720 --> 00:32:08,720 Speaker 1: Andrew and George Jacobs Jr. Found shelter, but their stories 502 00:32:08,760 --> 00:32:11,640 Speaker 1: tell us something important about the culture they lived in 503 00:32:11,960 --> 00:32:15,600 Speaker 1: and how similar it is to our own world today. 504 00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:17,840 Speaker 1: That when it comes to the mocking nations of power, 505 00:32:18,440 --> 00:32:21,840 Speaker 1: who you know is often more important than what you 506 00:32:21,920 --> 00:32:26,640 Speaker 1: know that money and status, those elusive tools of the elite, 507 00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:30,280 Speaker 1: are useful in avoiding the power of the law, and 508 00:32:30,400 --> 00:32:35,200 Speaker 1: that ultimately, while some people's connections might save them, vast 509 00:32:35,280 --> 00:32:40,520 Speaker 1: majority faced a less hopeful truth. Who you know could 510 00:32:40,560 --> 00:32:50,080 Speaker 1: get you killed. Giles Corey didn't have Daniel Andrews quick 511 00:32:50,120 --> 00:32:53,920 Speaker 1: thinking or the money and friends of Mary and Philip English. 512 00:32:54,160 --> 00:32:58,080 Speaker 1: He didn't have John Alden's military background or Thomas Bradford's 513 00:32:58,120 --> 00:33:02,760 Speaker 1: connected family. He was a rough spoken, quarrelsome eighty one 514 00:33:02,840 --> 00:33:06,160 Speaker 1: year old farmer with a bad reputation, and there would 515 00:33:06,160 --> 00:33:10,080 Speaker 1: be no escape for him. It's not that he didn't 516 00:33:10,120 --> 00:33:14,560 Speaker 1: contribute to that reputation himself. One historian records that Corey 517 00:33:14,720 --> 00:33:18,520 Speaker 1: was given to vile language. He was often in arguments 518 00:33:18,600 --> 00:33:21,360 Speaker 1: with his neighbors and on more than one occasion referred 519 00:33:21,360 --> 00:33:25,720 Speaker 1: to them as damned, devilish rogues. Some records portray him 520 00:33:25,720 --> 00:33:29,040 Speaker 1: as a thief, claiming he stole things he felt he deserved, 521 00:33:29,120 --> 00:33:33,320 Speaker 1: such as tools or bushels of neighbors apples. He'd lived 522 00:33:33,320 --> 00:33:36,560 Speaker 1: in the community there for decades but had no friends 523 00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:40,600 Speaker 1: to show for it. Giles Corey was a hard man 524 00:33:40,640 --> 00:33:43,920 Speaker 1: to like. He was also on the bad side of 525 00:33:43,960 --> 00:33:47,800 Speaker 1: the Salem Village Minister Samuel Paris, a staunch supporter of 526 00:33:47,840 --> 00:33:52,240 Speaker 1: the witch trial proceedings. Remember the Halfway Covenant, that agreement 527 00:33:52,320 --> 00:33:54,840 Speaker 1: amongst some of the Puritan churches to allow people to 528 00:33:54,920 --> 00:33:59,480 Speaker 1: become full members without the traditional strict requirements. Well, that 529 00:33:59,600 --> 00:34:02,840 Speaker 1: comes in to play here too. As a reminder, here's 530 00:34:02,880 --> 00:34:05,920 Speaker 1: Emerson Baker to explain to us exactly why that was 531 00:34:05,960 --> 00:34:10,440 Speaker 1: frustrating to Reverend Paris. The Corries used that loophole. Giles 532 00:34:10,480 --> 00:34:13,680 Speaker 1: Corey becomes a member of the Salem Town Church and 533 00:34:13,719 --> 00:34:16,640 Speaker 1: even though they say, basically despite his his reprobate past, 534 00:34:17,080 --> 00:34:19,600 Speaker 1: he's acknowledged his past as a center and we accept 535 00:34:19,640 --> 00:34:22,400 Speaker 1: him into our fellowship, into our covenant. So then imagine, 536 00:34:22,640 --> 00:34:25,160 Speaker 1: here's this fellow who people know to be who he is, 537 00:34:25,520 --> 00:34:27,600 Speaker 1: and he's sitting right there and partaking of the Lord 538 00:34:27,680 --> 00:34:30,279 Speaker 1: suffer with the other members of the Salem Village Church 539 00:34:30,560 --> 00:34:32,920 Speaker 1: because as a member of the Salem Town Church, you 540 00:34:32,960 --> 00:34:38,320 Speaker 1: can attend and you have full rights really to receive communion. Really, 541 00:34:38,480 --> 00:34:42,680 Speaker 1: isn't that interesting? This trophy hunting, social climbing wife who 542 00:34:42,719 --> 00:34:45,360 Speaker 1: claims she's a gospel woman, and look how she managed 543 00:34:45,400 --> 00:34:50,000 Speaker 1: to get her husband, Giles Corey, arsonist, beater of servants. 544 00:34:50,320 --> 00:34:52,920 Speaker 1: We've managed to get him into the church. Something's wrong here. 545 00:34:53,760 --> 00:34:57,400 Speaker 1: But it was worse than that. Almost two decades earlier, 546 00:34:57,560 --> 00:35:01,919 Speaker 1: in six seventy five, Giles Corey had murdered his farm hand, 547 00:35:02,080 --> 00:35:05,000 Speaker 1: Jacob Gooddale. The young man was reputed to be a 548 00:35:05,040 --> 00:35:08,319 Speaker 1: bit dimwitted, as they would say referring to someone with 549 00:35:08,400 --> 00:35:13,520 Speaker 1: a mental disability, and that slowness frustrated Corey. One afternoon, 550 00:35:13,640 --> 00:35:16,960 Speaker 1: he lost his temper and beat Gooddale so severely that 551 00:35:17,040 --> 00:35:20,600 Speaker 1: he died a couple of days later. The trial would 552 00:35:20,640 --> 00:35:23,960 Speaker 1: be a frustrating mess if it happened today. The coroner 553 00:35:24,120 --> 00:35:27,360 Speaker 1: ruled his death a murder, meaning he wouldn't have died 554 00:35:27,400 --> 00:35:31,000 Speaker 1: if Giles Corey hadn't beaten him so violently. And yet 555 00:35:31,280 --> 00:35:34,400 Speaker 1: during the trial a number of other locals came forward 556 00:35:34,440 --> 00:35:37,600 Speaker 1: to admit that they too had beaten Gooddale at some 557 00:35:37,680 --> 00:35:42,000 Speaker 1: point in the past. Corey, no longer an outlier, was 558 00:35:42,160 --> 00:35:46,080 Speaker 1: led off with nothing more than a fine. It was 559 00:35:46,320 --> 00:35:48,879 Speaker 1: hard to love a man like that. The fine might 560 00:35:48,920 --> 00:35:50,920 Speaker 1: have been paid, but there was no denying there was 561 00:35:50,960 --> 00:35:54,040 Speaker 1: blood on his hands, and the community would never view 562 00:35:54,120 --> 00:35:57,440 Speaker 1: him the same way. Again. Not only was he outspoken 563 00:35:57,520 --> 00:36:00,400 Speaker 1: and angry, but now there was proof that his anchor 564 00:36:00,480 --> 00:36:05,040 Speaker 1: could boil over into murder. Understandably, people kept an eye 565 00:36:05,120 --> 00:36:09,360 Speaker 1: on Giles Corey, so when his wife, Martha, the Queen 566 00:36:09,440 --> 00:36:13,399 Speaker 1: of Hell, was arrested in April, everyone assumed Giles would 567 00:36:13,400 --> 00:36:16,560 Speaker 1: soon follow her to jail. When it happened, and he 568 00:36:16,640 --> 00:36:20,319 Speaker 1: was brought before the magistrates for his initial examination. They 569 00:36:20,400 --> 00:36:23,120 Speaker 1: say Corey was tight lipped and quick to fight back 570 00:36:23,440 --> 00:36:26,680 Speaker 1: while they threw accusations at him. He wasn't shy about 571 00:36:26,680 --> 00:36:31,040 Speaker 1: how ridiculous they sounded. He hardly knew what a warlock was, 572 00:36:31,280 --> 00:36:34,680 Speaker 1: he said, and now Abigail Hobbs was insisting he was one. 573 00:36:35,160 --> 00:36:38,480 Speaker 1: According to Mercy Lewis, he was a dreadful wizard. His 574 00:36:38,520 --> 00:36:42,280 Speaker 1: wife's reputation was used against him, as was his past behavior. 575 00:36:42,680 --> 00:36:45,000 Speaker 1: They brought in neighbors to paint him as a liar 576 00:36:45,160 --> 00:36:49,120 Speaker 1: and a wicked man. And sure, Giles Corey wasn't well 577 00:36:49,160 --> 00:36:52,680 Speaker 1: behaved or well loved, but none of that amounted to witchcraft. 578 00:36:53,719 --> 00:36:56,960 Speaker 1: But that didn't matter. Logic wasn't the fuel that ran 579 00:36:57,000 --> 00:37:00,400 Speaker 1: the engine of the witchcraft trials. No, it was upheld 580 00:37:00,480 --> 00:37:04,160 Speaker 1: by religious intolerance. And a fear of being accused by others. 581 00:37:04,719 --> 00:37:07,400 Speaker 1: Better to point a finger at someone else than to 582 00:37:07,480 --> 00:37:11,239 Speaker 1: have a finger pointed at you. So Giles Corey, the 583 00:37:11,360 --> 00:37:14,080 Speaker 1: loud and abusive farmer with a foul mouth and a 584 00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:18,920 Speaker 1: murder charge on his record, went to jail. Over the 585 00:37:18,960 --> 00:37:21,640 Speaker 1: months that followed, he sat in a jail cell with 586 00:37:21,719 --> 00:37:25,160 Speaker 1: his wife Martha. He followed her from Boston to her 587 00:37:25,200 --> 00:37:29,240 Speaker 1: own Oyer and Terminator trial in Salem Town. He watched 588 00:37:29,320 --> 00:37:33,040 Speaker 1: as she was convicted of witchcraft and given the death sentence. 589 00:37:33,680 --> 00:37:36,480 Speaker 1: He listened as he was told of her execution on 590 00:37:36,600 --> 00:37:40,120 Speaker 1: August nineteen. He was all enough to take the wind 591 00:37:40,239 --> 00:37:44,960 Speaker 1: out of anyone's sale, but not Giles Corey. There was 592 00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:48,160 Speaker 1: plenty of strength left in him, and in the coming 593 00:37:48,280 --> 00:37:51,319 Speaker 1: days he would show just how ready he was to 594 00:37:51,360 --> 00:38:04,040 Speaker 1: do battle. His fight was far from over. He wasn't 595 00:38:04,080 --> 00:38:07,080 Speaker 1: an easy defendant. In the first week of September, the 596 00:38:07,120 --> 00:38:09,840 Speaker 1: authorities brought Giles Corey to sail In Town to stand 597 00:38:09,840 --> 00:38:12,400 Speaker 1: trial in the newest session of the Oyer and Terminer, 598 00:38:12,640 --> 00:38:16,960 Speaker 1: but nothing went according to plan. When asked, as every 599 00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:19,680 Speaker 1: other defendant had been, asked, how he would like to 600 00:38:19,719 --> 00:38:23,040 Speaker 1: be tried, he didn't give the scripted answer of by 601 00:38:23,120 --> 00:38:28,120 Speaker 1: God and my country. Instead, he stood silent and unspoken. 602 00:38:28,880 --> 00:38:33,400 Speaker 1: It's what the English called standing mute. Frustrated, the judges 603 00:38:33,440 --> 00:38:35,480 Speaker 1: sent him back to jail for a while while they 604 00:38:35,520 --> 00:38:38,960 Speaker 1: handled the other cases. They needed time to research how 605 00:38:38,960 --> 00:38:42,120 Speaker 1: to handle someone who refused to speak in their own defense, 606 00:38:42,600 --> 00:38:44,600 Speaker 1: and by the time Corey was brought back on the 607 00:38:44,640 --> 00:38:49,160 Speaker 1: final day of the trial, they had two options. The 608 00:38:49,200 --> 00:38:51,520 Speaker 1: first was a precedent from a New York trial a 609 00:38:51,600 --> 00:38:55,240 Speaker 1: previous year, where a leader of a rebellious faction refused 610 00:38:55,239 --> 00:38:58,719 Speaker 1: to speak. The court there simply declared him guilty and 611 00:38:58,840 --> 00:39:03,360 Speaker 1: executed him. But English law recommended a different approach, the 612 00:39:03,480 --> 00:39:06,640 Speaker 1: use of what they called strong and hard punishment to 613 00:39:06,840 --> 00:39:13,040 Speaker 1: compel a reply from the defendant torture. On Sunday, September eight, 614 00:39:13,680 --> 00:39:17,440 Speaker 1: the day before his scheduled punishment, Corey was visited in 615 00:39:17,520 --> 00:39:22,239 Speaker 1: jail by representatives of the Salem Town Church, who excommunicated 616 00:39:22,320 --> 00:39:25,920 Speaker 1: him for his refusal to stand trial. Other members of 617 00:39:25,960 --> 00:39:28,799 Speaker 1: the church visited him as well, attempting to change his 618 00:39:28,920 --> 00:39:32,200 Speaker 1: mind and convince him to take the less stubborn road. 619 00:39:32,800 --> 00:39:35,560 Speaker 1: But that's not the type of man Giles Corey was. 620 00:39:37,040 --> 00:39:41,160 Speaker 1: The following day, Monday, September nine, he was led out 621 00:39:41,200 --> 00:39:44,560 Speaker 1: of the Salem jail to an open pasture across the street. 622 00:39:45,280 --> 00:39:49,440 Speaker 1: One contemporary account describes the day as dry and windy. 623 00:39:49,640 --> 00:39:52,680 Speaker 1: The sky might very well have been blue and beautiful 624 00:39:52,760 --> 00:39:55,600 Speaker 1: above them, but there was a darkness in the air. 625 00:39:56,440 --> 00:40:01,400 Speaker 1: Everyone gathered around to watch would have felt it. Corey 626 00:40:01,520 --> 00:40:04,800 Speaker 1: was placed on the ground, face up, and then flat 627 00:40:04,880 --> 00:40:09,200 Speaker 1: boards were set across his body, forming a platform. Then 628 00:40:09,960 --> 00:40:13,440 Speaker 1: one by one, a series of heavy stones were placed 629 00:40:13,480 --> 00:40:17,879 Speaker 1: on the boards. Robert Califf, that Salem merchant who left 630 00:40:17,960 --> 00:40:20,120 Speaker 1: us with some of the best private records of the 631 00:40:20,160 --> 00:40:23,759 Speaker 1: executions of Salem victims, was on hand that day to 632 00:40:23,840 --> 00:40:27,320 Speaker 1: watch as the pile of stones grew larger and larger. 633 00:40:28,760 --> 00:40:33,000 Speaker 1: This was torture, plain and simple. The basic idea was 634 00:40:33,040 --> 00:40:35,680 Speaker 1: the same as the neck and heels technique used on 635 00:40:35,760 --> 00:40:40,200 Speaker 1: the carrier teenagers Richard and Andrew use pain to make 636 00:40:40,239 --> 00:40:43,960 Speaker 1: them talk, but it didn't seem to work here. Later 637 00:40:44,000 --> 00:40:47,680 Speaker 1: that evening, Judge Samuel Sewell would record three simple words 638 00:40:47,719 --> 00:40:53,560 Speaker 1: in his journal. Corey kept silent, which meant that the 639 00:40:53,600 --> 00:40:57,880 Speaker 1: weight kept adding up. Stone after stone was placed on 640 00:40:57,960 --> 00:41:02,200 Speaker 1: his chest, putting immense pressure on the elderly man's body. 641 00:41:02,480 --> 00:41:05,160 Speaker 1: In theory, there was time for him to answer and 642 00:41:05,360 --> 00:41:08,640 Speaker 1: the torture, but at some point they would pass the 643 00:41:08,680 --> 00:41:11,520 Speaker 1: point of no return. The damage that was being done 644 00:41:11,560 --> 00:41:17,160 Speaker 1: to him was irreparable. In the end, Corey did speak, 645 00:41:17,640 --> 00:41:21,320 Speaker 1: but it wasn't to confess. With a weight of hundreds 646 00:41:21,360 --> 00:41:24,719 Speaker 1: of pounds of stones on his chest, the old farmer 647 00:41:24,760 --> 00:41:28,640 Speaker 1: managed to draw enough breath to utter one final insult 648 00:41:29,920 --> 00:41:34,040 Speaker 1: more weight. He said, I can't help it smile at 649 00:41:34,040 --> 00:41:38,880 Speaker 1: how frustrated that must have made the judges feel. Robert 650 00:41:38,920 --> 00:41:44,440 Speaker 1: Califf describes Corey's final moments in graphic detail, tongue being 651 00:41:44,520 --> 00:41:48,120 Speaker 1: pressed out of his mouth. He wrote, the sheriff with 652 00:41:48,200 --> 00:41:51,720 Speaker 1: his cane forced it in again when he was dying. 653 00:41:53,600 --> 00:41:57,640 Speaker 1: It was the first execution by pressing in the history 654 00:41:57,840 --> 00:42:02,840 Speaker 1: of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and thankfully it would also 655 00:42:02,920 --> 00:42:09,200 Speaker 1: be the last. That's it for this week's episode of Unobscured. 656 00:42:09,760 --> 00:42:13,040 Speaker 1: Stick around after this short sponsor break for a preview 657 00:42:13,160 --> 00:42:19,120 Speaker 1: of what's in store for next week. Next time on Unobscured, 658 00:42:20,719 --> 00:42:23,800 Speaker 1: this was the mess that Phipps discovered when he returned 659 00:42:23,800 --> 00:42:27,120 Speaker 1: from Maine. People were having their land and property ripped 660 00:42:27,160 --> 00:42:29,920 Speaker 1: out of their hands seemingly left and right, and the 661 00:42:29,960 --> 00:42:34,280 Speaker 1: community was beginning to rumble with discontent, and so word 662 00:42:34,360 --> 00:42:38,200 Speaker 1: was spreading about it. So Phipps did something to stop 663 00:42:38,200 --> 00:42:41,759 Speaker 1: it all. No, not the seizure of property, but the 664 00:42:41,760 --> 00:42:44,840 Speaker 1: spreading of the news. He declared an embargo on the 665 00:42:44,880 --> 00:42:49,000 Speaker 1: public writing about the trials in their entirety, prohibiting anyone 666 00:42:49,160 --> 00:42:54,040 Speaker 1: from publishing news or information about what was happening. Phipps, 667 00:42:54,080 --> 00:42:57,400 Speaker 1: the rough spoken gold digger who preferred victory lapse to 668 00:42:57,520 --> 00:43:01,799 Speaker 1: actually doing work, declared the press to be illegitimate and 669 00:43:01,880 --> 00:43:06,760 Speaker 1: shut it down. But as everyone knows, you can't stop 670 00:43:06,800 --> 00:44:04,480 Speaker 1: the signal. Unobscured was created and written by me Aaron 671 00:44:04,520 --> 00:44:07,960 Speaker 1: Mankey and produced by Matt Frederick and Alex Williams in 672 00:44:08,080 --> 00:44:11,680 Speaker 1: partnership with How Stuff Works, with research by Carl Nellis 673 00:44:11,719 --> 00:44:15,480 Speaker 1: and original music by Chad Lawson. Learn more about our 674 00:44:15,560 --> 00:44:20,759 Speaker 1: contributing historians, further reading material, resource archive and links to 675 00:44:20,800 --> 00:44:26,080 Speaker 1: our other shows at History unobscured dot com. Until next time, 676 00:44:26,880 --> 00:44:27,800 Speaker 1: thanks for listening.