Speaker 1: And we continue with our American stories and up next well,
Speaker 1: one of our favorite regular subjects American history. Doctor Benjamin
Speaker 1: Rush is America's forgotten founding father. His signature on the
Speaker 1: Declaration of Independence comes immediately before that other famous Benjamin,
Speaker 1: and that of course would be Benjamin Franklin. The fruits
Speaker 1: of Rush's underlying faith is the story though, that we're
Speaker 1: about to hear from a prolific founding father's biographer, Harlow
Speaker 1: Giles Hunger. Harlowe is a New York Times bestselling author
Speaker 1: of twenty eight books, including Doctor Benjamin Rush, The Founding
Speaker 1: Father Who Healed a Wounded Nation. He's also a former
Speaker 1: Distinguished Visiting Fellow in American History at George Washington's Mount Vernon.
Speaker 1: Let's take a listen.
Speaker 2: Doctor Benjamin Rush was one of the most important of
Speaker 2: our founding fathers in many ways the most important. George
Speaker 2: Washington was unquestionably the father of our political and military structure,
Speaker 2: and Alexander Hamilton fathered our economic structure. But it was
Speaker 2: doctor Benjamin Rush who fathered our social structure. He was
Speaker 2: the only doctor with a medical school degree who signed
Speaker 2: the Declaration of Independence, and with his signature, he began
Speaker 2: a lifelong struggle for abolition of slavery, for women's rights,
Speaker 2: for a ban on child labor. He fought for establishment
Speaker 2: of universal, free public education. He was first to advocate
Speaker 2: temperate use of alcohol and opposed tobacco use. He demanded
Speaker 2: that other doctors treat the poor as well as the
Speaker 2: rich African Americans as well as whites. Doctors wouldn't treat
Speaker 2: African Americans. Then he founded two great schools of higher
Speaker 2: education in Pennsylvania, Dickinson University in Carlisle and Franklin College
Speaker 2: now known as Franklin and Marshall College. And he saved
Speaker 2: his alma Mada, Princeton College from oblivion after British troops
Speaker 2: burned it down. Just after the young doctor rush One
Speaker 2: appointment to Philadelphia Hospital as it was called, then he
Speaker 2: discovered a basement filled with starving human beings chained to walls,
Speaker 2: lying in their own filths, moaning, groaning, some with infected sores.
Speaker 2: Rush stormed into the hospital doctor's office and demanded their
Speaker 2: release and transfer into clean hospital rooms. He agreed to
Speaker 2: take personal custody of them and to care for them,
Speaker 2: and then forced the hospital board eventually to add a
Speaker 2: wing to the hospital to house them. Little by little,
Speaker 2: he saw most of them improved dramatically as he talked
Speaker 2: to them, listened to what they had to say, learned
Speaker 2: their interests, and introduced a range of recreational activities, arts
Speaker 2: and grafts, and what we now call physical therapy and
Speaker 2: occupational therapy. In listening to them, he developed a treatment
Speaker 2: he called talk therapy what we now call psychotherapy, and
Speaker 2: that led to the release of the majority of them
Speaker 2: into civilian life. It was a miracle, a revolution in
Speaker 2: the treatment of the mentally ill, which has not changed
Speaker 2: since the beginnings of civilization. And this was fifty years
Speaker 2: before Sigmund Freud was even born. Doctor Benjamin rush Not
Speaker 2: Sigmund Freud discovered psychotherapy and other therapies for the mentally
Speaker 2: ill a century before Freud started writing about psychoanalysis. The
Speaker 2: American Psychiatric Association recognized Russia's great achievements by putting his
Speaker 2: image on their official seal and designating him Father of
Speaker 2: American Psychiatry. Now, Russia's deep concern for the human condition
Speaker 2: included an equally deep love of individual liberty, which is
Speaker 2: why he served in the Second Continental Congress and signed
Speaker 2: the Declaration of independence, but he was not interested in
Speaker 2: a career in politics. He loved being a doctor, treating
Speaker 2: and curing the ill, and he wanted to heal the
Speaker 2: injured and cure the sixth. So after signing the Declaration
Speaker 2: of Independence, he galloped out of Philadelphia and John George
Speaker 2: Washington on the banks of the Delaware opposite Trenton, New Jersey.
Speaker 2: On Christmas night seventeen seventy six, Washington's army staged one
Speaker 2: of the most daring attacks in the Revolutionary War. They
Speaker 2: rode a across the Delaware River through a driving snowstorm
Speaker 2: and overwhelmed a garrison of a thousand Hessian soldiers had dawned.
Speaker 2: As Hessian defenders fired back, some of their bullets inevitably
Speaker 2: hit their marks. One man, unarmed, rushed into battle not
Speaker 2: to fire a shot, but to stem the bleeding. Kneeling
Speaker 2: over the fawn, doctor Benjamin Rush tried something no doctor
Speaker 2: had ever done before, prevent death on the battlefield. Until then,
Speaker 2: armies groutinely left their wounded to die. Everywhere in the world,
Speaker 2: if a soldier could not run, walk, limp, or crawl
Speaker 2: off the battlefield, he was left to die. There were
Speaker 2: no doctors around to help, and there really was no choice.
Speaker 2: There was no such thing as an antiseptic. This majority
Speaker 2: of the badly injured in peace as well as war,
Speaker 2: died from blood poisoning. Except to semia, there was nothing
Speaker 2: anyone could do. Troops couldn't help, Doctors or priests could
Speaker 2: do nothing except prey, and that seldom saved any lives,
Speaker 2: at least here on earth. For doctor Benjamin Rush, however,
Speaker 2: it seemed obscene to let men die fighting and bleeding
Speaker 2: for his country. After fighting ended at Trenton, he demanded
Speaker 2: that Washington set up field hospitals of a sort. Washington
Speaker 2: commandeered nearby houses, and Rush used them as field hospitals
Speaker 2: to form what would later become the Army Medical Corps,
Speaker 2: the first such cores in the world. Rush didn't save
Speaker 2: many of the wounded, of course, there was no way
Speaker 2: he could. Medicine and medical care were still too primitive. Anthesia, aniseptics, antibiotics,
Speaker 2: none of those existed when he went to work trying
Speaker 2: to save a soldier's life. When he had to amputate
Speaker 2: a soldier's limb, he fed the patient whiskey or rum
Speaker 2: and told him to fight on a piece of wood
Speaker 2: as hard as he could while Rush went to work
Speaker 2: with his scalpel. Within a minute or two, most soldiers
Speaker 2: passed out, and infections would later kill at least two
Speaker 2: thirds of them within a few days. But in listening
Speaker 2: to this, remember that anthesia didn't exist. The hollow point needle,
Speaker 2: they weren't invented until eighteen fifty. The stethoscope, blood transfusion,
Speaker 2: even simple aspirin. All of these things were fifty to
Speaker 2: one hundred years in the future when Rush walked onto
Speaker 2: that battlefield at in Trenton. Hospitals, like battlefields, hospitals were
Speaker 2: places where the badly injured or sick went to die.
Speaker 2: He didn't go to a hospital to have them save
Speaker 2: your life. If you were sick, you stayed at home
Speaker 2: and used worthless home remedies. Doctor Benjamin Rush only started
Speaker 2: the scientific revolution in medicine and did not live long
Speaker 2: enough to see any substantial progress in healthcare. But he
Speaker 2: could and did begin the job, and because of his
Speaker 2: status in Philadelphia society, he did live to see some
Speaker 2: of the results of his pioneering efforts. Philadelphia at the
Speaker 2: time was America's political, cultural, and economic center, and the
Speaker 2: signers of the Declaration of Independence were America's richest, most
Speaker 2: powerful men. La Rush was not born to wealth. He
Speaker 2: was a farmer's son. He was superbly well educated. He
Speaker 2: went to Princeton and then to the University of Edinburgh
Speaker 2: Medical School, which was the best medical school in the
Speaker 2: world at the time. He finished his studies in London,
Speaker 2: where Benjamin Franklin introduced him to England's most distinguished thinkers
Speaker 2: and scientists. Although he treated Philadelphia's rich and famous, he
Speaker 2: spent most of his time treating the poor, even African Americans,
Speaker 2: the first Caucasian doctor in America to do so.
Speaker 1: And you're listening to Harlow Giles Unger tell the story
Speaker 1: of doctor Benjamin Rush. And I thought I knew quite
Speaker 1: a bit about Rush, but that medical unit and his
Speaker 1: invention of the idea of a medical corps. I had
Speaker 1: no idea that this was his way of volunteering in
Speaker 1: our fight against the British. What a revolutionary on so
Speaker 1: many fronts, from the abolition movement to women's suffrage and more.
Speaker 1: This remarkable story one they're not teaching for certain in
Speaker 1: schools across this country. The story of doctor Benjamin Rush
Speaker 1: continues here on our American stories, and we continue with
Speaker 1: our American stories and with author Harlowe Giles Hunger and
Speaker 1: he has written a terrific book about the life of
Speaker 1: Benjamin Rush, called Doctor Benjamin Rush, the Founding Father who
Speaker 1: healed a wounded Nation. Let's pick up when we last
Speaker 1: left off.
Speaker 2: Doctors North, Southeast, and West refused even to consider treating
Speaker 2: African Americans at the time, nor did many of them
Speaker 2: consider treating the poor. The poor were in cities at least,
Speaker 2: were dirty, They smelled, They couldn't read or write. The
Speaker 2: slums they lived in had no water, no sewers. Conditions
Speaker 2: were horrible in the slums of America's cities. No one
Speaker 2: who called himself a doctor, even quacks willingly set foot
Speaker 2: in the slums, wanted anything to do with those who
Speaker 2: lived there, except doctor Benjamin Rush. Listen to Rush as
Speaker 2: he describes his daily rounds. I led a life of
Speaker 2: constant labor. I led a life in which my shop
Speaker 2: was crowded with the poor in the morning and at
Speaker 2: meal times. And I visited nearly every street and alley
Speaker 2: in the city every day. Often have I ascended the
Speaker 2: upper story of huts by a ladder. I had to
Speaker 2: sit on beds. There were no chairs, I risked not
Speaker 2: only taking their disease, but being infected by vermin. I
Speaker 2: seldom went to bed before twelve o'clock. Again, those are
Speaker 2: the words of doctor Benjamin Rush when he was not
Speaker 2: treating patients, though he haunted the Pennsylvania State Assembly demanding
Speaker 2: social res aimed directly or indirectly at improving the health
Speaker 2: of the city's population. Every social advance that he demanded
Speaker 2: was tied to health. He was the first to call
Speaker 2: for public sanitation. He wanted to sweep away the garbage,
Speaker 2: the sewage, and stagnant water, all of which he believed
Speaker 2: promoted disease. But science being what it was, he had
Speaker 2: no way of proving it and had to struggle with recalciprant,
Speaker 2: city and state officials to get them to higher street cleaners.
Speaker 2: And the way he convinced them was not by telling
Speaker 2: them how dirty the city was. He showed them how
Speaker 2: they and the city and the state would profit economically
Speaker 2: by cleaning the streets. He championed abolition of slavery, and
Speaker 2: as president of the Abolish Society, he naturally decried the
Speaker 2: cruelties of slavery. But the only way he could convince
Speaker 2: Pennsylvania legislators to abolish slavery was to show them how
Speaker 2: the state would benefit economically by freeing African Americans to
Speaker 2: make greater contributions to society. In seventeen eighty he succeeded,
Speaker 2: and the Pennsylvania Assembly passed the first state law in
Speaker 2: America banning slavery. But Rush didn't stop there. He was
Speaker 2: distressed by the condition of free blocks in Philadelphia. He
Speaker 2: walked directly into their midst to treat them and their
Speaker 2: children medically. He was the first white doctor in America
Speaker 2: to do so, and after winning their trust, he urged
Speaker 2: them to build their own African American church, the first
Speaker 2: such church in America. Raised funds to build that church.
Speaker 2: He joined its parishioners at its dedication. When people don't
Speaker 2: realize that founding fathers did not invent slavery when they
Speaker 2: were born, the slaves were already on the land almost
Speaker 2: a century actually, Virginia tobacco growers, the great plantation owners
Speaker 2: at the turn of the eighteenth century early seventeen hundreds,
Speaker 2: petitioned Queen Anne to stop sending slaves there. The slave
Speaker 2: population in the so called Sugar Islands at the time
Speaker 2: in the Caribbean had grown so large that they just
Speaker 2: couldn't absorb anymore slaves. But slavery slave trading had become
Speaker 2: a huge proportion of the British government's income, so they
Speaker 2: just arbitrarily started dumping slaves off the ships in Virginia
Speaker 2: for the plantation owners. And they didn't want them. They
Speaker 2: petitioned Queen Anne to not send any more slaves. Number one,
Speaker 2: they were illiterate. Number two, they couldn't speak English. And
Speaker 2: number three, tobacco planting, picking and harvesting and curing is
Speaker 2: a skilled trade. It takes a lot of knowledge to
Speaker 2: do that carefully and do it properly. Queen Ann wouldn't listen.
Speaker 2: She needed those revenues, so she just kept sending slave
Speaker 2: ships over here. Well, that generation plantation owner died, Another
Speaker 2: generation grew up and died, And now we get to
Speaker 2: the generation of our founding fathers, Jefferson, Washington and the others.
Speaker 2: And they're born on lands in which by law, by
Speaker 2: British law and subsequently early American laws, slaves were not
Speaker 2: human beings. They were property, and they were as much
Speaker 2: a part of each property as they were as trees were.
Speaker 2: And you did not have the right you could go
Speaker 2: to jail if you freed your slaves. Period. So it
Speaker 2: wasn't until they were in their adult years that men
Speaker 2: like Washington and quite a few others saw the cruelty
Speaker 2: of slavery, the immorality of it, all the evils of slavery,
Speaker 2: and try to figure out a way around the law. Well,
Speaker 2: they didn't have control of they didn't have majorities in
Speaker 2: the state assemblies, but they couldn't do anything under British law.
Speaker 2: After the Revolution, they had a former government. First of all,
Speaker 2: during the Confederation, each state was independent from the others.
Speaker 2: That lasted until seventeen eighty nine. Now you have a
Speaker 2: federal government. They had other things to do right away.
Speaker 2: They had to set up an executive branch, they had
Speaker 2: to set up a judiciary, and that took years. Meanwhile,
Speaker 2: people like Washington were looking into the law and they
Speaker 2: found a way around the law. But the only way
Speaker 2: around it was in your last will and testament that
Speaker 2: superseded the law, the written law of every state. And
Speaker 2: that's why Washington and his spouse Martha Free there emancipated
Speaker 2: their slaves under Washington's will, and Richard Henry Lee did
Speaker 2: many many Southern leaders did the same thing, and that's
Speaker 2: all they could do under the law at that time.
Speaker 2: At the time, there was an army of quacks calling
Speaker 2: themselves doctors, who rode into every town and village across
Speaker 2: America selling patent medicines. All of them were nothing more
Speaker 2: than fruit flavored with or rum that cured patients by
Speaker 2: rendering them senselessly drunk and oblivious to their illnesses their injuries.
Speaker 2: He charged them with killing their patients rather than curing them.
Speaker 2: He called for a law restricting the use of the
Speaker 2: title doctor to graduates of recognized medical schools or to
Speaker 2: those who had served apprenticeships, which was common in those days,
Speaker 2: apprenticeships with other doctors.
Speaker 1: And you're listening to Harlowe Giles Unger, who's the author
Speaker 1: of Doctor Benjamin Rush, The Founding Father who Healed a
Speaker 1: Wounded Nation. He is also a former Distinguished Visiting Fellow
Speaker 1: in American History at George Washington's Mount Vernon. If you're
Speaker 1: ever in Washington, d c. Give yourself an extra day
Speaker 1: and a half and go to Mount Vernon and then
Speaker 1: go to Montpellier and to Course Jefferson's home Monticello in Charlottesville.
Speaker 1: It's about an hour and a half due south, and
Speaker 1: you'll see the residences of these great founders. It's a
Speaker 1: beautiful field trip for a family, going through the beautiful
Speaker 1: mountain country of Virginia and through Albermole County itself, which
Speaker 1: is one of the most beautiful counties.
Speaker 2: In the country.
Speaker 1: The story of doctor Benjamin Rush, and my goodness, what
Speaker 1: a beauty continues here on our American stories, and we
Speaker 1: continue with our American stories and with Harlow Giles Hunger
Speaker 1: as he continues to unpack the story of founding father,
Speaker 1: doctor Benjamin Rush and his reforms and accomplishments in the
Speaker 1: medical industry. Let's continue with Harlow Hunger.
Speaker 2: He wrote the first Code of Ethics for doctors, which
Speaker 2: was still in effect in a manner until the Second
Speaker 2: World War. And he wrote an even more important work
Speaker 2: called Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind.
Speaker 2: It was the first English language work written on psychiatry.
Speaker 2: It became the basic textbook for studies in psychiatry in
Speaker 2: America for the next century until the beginning of the
Speaker 2: twentieth century. That work was so remarkable that, as I
Speaker 2: said before, the American Psychiatric Association put his image on
Speaker 2: its official seal, and placed a bronze plot on his grave,
Speaker 2: declaring him father of American psychiatry to this day. I
Speaker 2: don't know why the world celebrates Freud instead of doctor
Speaker 2: Benjamin Rush. I didn't mention that he was a great teacher,
Speaker 2: a professor of medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School,
Speaker 2: and a professor of chemistry. He wrote the first American
Speaker 2: chemistry book. He trained more than three thousand doctors, real
Speaker 2: doctors with MD degrees, and there's still more. I told
Speaker 2: you he was father of American psychiatry, but I didn't
Speaker 2: tell you that he was also father of and you'll
Speaker 2: never guess this, the father of American veterinary medicine. In
Speaker 2: eighteen oh seven, he delivered a lecture then published a
Speaker 2: pamphlet on the medical care of domestic animals. It was
Speaker 2: the first such work ever published in America. The idea
Speaker 2: came to him years earlier, after he had finished his
Speaker 2: medical studies in England. He went to Paris, and it
Speaker 2: was in Paris that he visited what was then the
Speaker 2: world's first school of veterinary medicine. It had been founded
Speaker 2: to combat a cattle plague, but its efforts eventually improved
Speaker 2: the quality of animal life so much that farmer revenues
Speaker 2: began shooting up. In seventeen ninety five, Rush went to Washington,
Speaker 2: who was a great farmer, Franklin, who wasn't a farmer,
Speaker 2: but he was a brilliant scientist, and formed a group
Speaker 2: of others to form a society to promote the development
Speaker 2: of veterinary medicine in America, with Rush writing a pamphlet
Speaker 2: citing the benefits of veterinary medicine to farmers and to
Speaker 2: the nation's agriculture. At the time, ninety five percent of
Speaker 2: Americans lived or worked or owned farms. Why doesn't America
Speaker 2: celebrate this great founding father. Well, America doesn't really celebrate
Speaker 2: any founding fathers anymore. The memories of both Washington and
Speaker 2: Lincoln have been subsumed by shopping on what's now called
Speaker 2: President's Day, that he noise both of them. But to
Speaker 2: answer my own question about Rush statehood, Apart from the
Speaker 2: fact that few Americans study or learn any American history anymore,
Speaker 2: the fact is that doctor Benjamin Rush, America's greatest physician
Speaker 2: at the time of the Revolution, the father of modern
Speaker 2: American medical practice, knew next to nothing about treating the sick.
Speaker 2: No one did. No one did anyway in the world.
Speaker 2: Nobody knew how to treat the sick. For centuries from
Speaker 2: the time of ancient Greece, doctors and almost everyone else
Speaker 2: on earth believed that all human illnesses resulted from poisons
Speaker 2: that traveled in the air and collected in body fluids,
Speaker 2: in the blood and in the gastro intestinal tract. And
Speaker 2: the remedy seemed drain the body of its poisons by
Speaker 2: draining as much as possible of its fluids, and you'll
Speaker 2: get rid of the illness. Emptying the gut was simple
Speaker 2: with laxatives. Rush can talk to a laxative that became
Speaker 2: known as thunderbolts. You can use your imagination as to
Speaker 2: why after emptying the gut, that left the vascular system. Well,
Speaker 2: you couldn't empty the people's blood without killing them. Indeed,
Speaker 2: that's exactly what happened to George Washington. At his insistence,
Speaker 2: he made the doctors keep bleeding him to cure he
Speaker 2: had a throat infection, to cure his infection, and then
Speaker 2: he finally died because they just bled him to death.
Speaker 2: Rush and most doctors were sensible enough to limit bleeding
Speaker 2: to between one and two pints a day, about ten
Speaker 2: to twenty percent of the patient and th reservoir of blood.
Speaker 2: That's usually not enough to send a patient into shock,
Speaker 2: but it is enough to make the patient feel a
Speaker 2: lightheaded and less aware of their pain and discomfort. And
Speaker 2: they felt that way, especially so when a founding father,
Speaker 2: a doctor like Benjamin Rush, who inspired all in his
Speaker 2: patients when he promised them they'd feel better tomorrow. But
Speaker 2: bleeding had no effect at all on the underlying interest.
Speaker 2: In twenty four hours, the body itself replaced the blood
Speaker 2: it lost, and many patients went on to die of
Speaker 2: the real disease. In August and September of seventeen ninety three,
Speaker 2: the worst yellow fever epidemic in American history crushed Philadelphia.
Speaker 2: It claimed more than five thousand people lives, more than
Speaker 2: ten percent of the population of the city. Only Rush
Speaker 2: and four other brave physician remained. Most people fled. Only
Speaker 2: Rush and four other physicians remained to treat the stricken
Speaker 2: with purge and bleed, treatments that accomplished nothing well. The
Speaker 2: Russian The other doctors believed they saved many lives. Those
Speaker 2: who survived purge and bleed treatments. Either would have survived
Speaker 2: the disease without bleeding or purging, or they didn't have
Speaker 2: yellow fever to begin with and they simply got better.
Speaker 2: So many people died, however, that critics, a few of
Speaker 2: them other doctors from other cities, assailed Rush. One critic
Speaker 2: a vicious British journalist who hated all things American and
Speaker 2: had no knowledge of science or medicine. He called Russia
Speaker 2: butcher and killer in the newspaper he published, for the
Speaker 2: first time in his life, the radiant ring of light
Speaker 2: that seemed to hover above Russians sainted head dimmed for
Speaker 2: the first time in his life, he seemed mortal. So
Speaker 2: stung by the attacks by this journalist, he went into
Speaker 2: court and sued the journalist for libel. Although he won
Speaker 2: the case, his appearance in a courtroom and the public
Speaker 2: airing of such vile epithets butcher, leech and others, even
Speaker 2: by an ignorant journalist, tarnished the Rush name and left
Speaker 2: him somewhat broken. Celebrated throughout his life as one whom
Speaker 2: God had placed on earth to heal a sick Rush
Speaker 2: now left the courtroom five thousand dollars richer, but deeply wounded.
Speaker 2: He gave his award to charity, and in eighteen hundred
Speaker 2: closed his medical practice and retreated to his country home
Speaker 2: to update earlier editions of his various books and published works.
Speaker 2: He never practiced medicine again. He died in eighteen thirteen
Speaker 2: and lies in Philadelphia's Christ Church burial ground, near his
Speaker 2: dear friend Benjamin Franklin. But without that flame of fame
Speaker 2: that illuminates Franklin's grave, Rush deserves more. Thomas Jefferson said
Speaker 2: he knew no one among the founding fathers more benevolent,
Speaker 2: and these are Jefferson's words, no one more benevolent, more learned,
Speaker 2: of finer genius, or more honest than doctor Benjamin Rush.
Speaker 2: John Adams agreed. He said that as a man of science,
Speaker 2: letters tastes sense, patriotism, morality taken altogether, Rush has not
Speaker 2: left his equal in America or the world. I agree
Speaker 2: and hope my book will give this great American patriot,
Speaker 2: doctor Benjamin Rush, the recognition he so deserves.
Speaker 1: And great job is always by Greg Hangler getting us
Speaker 1: this story and producing it in a special thanks to
Speaker 1: Harlow Giles Hunger. Again, his book is Doctor Benjamin Rush,
Speaker 1: the founding father who healed a wounded nation, and what
Speaker 1: a story, the father of modern day psychiatry, the only
Speaker 1: MD who signed the Declaration, He started essentially the Army
Speaker 1: Medical Corps, and also in the end brought veterinary medicine
Speaker 1: to America and the improvement in the end of our
Speaker 1: agricultural economy. And by the way, it was very wise
Speaker 1: of him to sell it as that as a benefit,
Speaker 1: a public benefit of public good, and very wise to
Speaker 1: do that as well. On how to treat the poor
Speaker 1: and sanitary concerns. One of the first people in this
Speaker 1: country to think about public sanitation, and all of his
Speaker 1: kind of storytelling always is available here on our American Stories.
Speaker 1: It's what we do. Folks bring stories like doctor Benjamin
Speaker 1: Rush to you with unapologetic pride here on our American Stories.