Speaker 1: The tempers of the citizens of Marblehead, Massachusetts, were about
Speaker 1: to boil over. By the seventeen seventies, the town was
Speaker 1: home to five thousand people, making it one of the
Speaker 1: largest and richest fishing ports in the colonies, but a
Speaker 1: stark economic divide had appeared between those who owned fishing
Speaker 1: boats and those who worked on them. Things only got
Speaker 1: worse after a fisherman's wife fell ill after washing his clothes.
Speaker 1: At the time, some thought that she had been poisoned,
Speaker 1: but after the rest of the household started to show
Speaker 1: the same symptoms, folks started to fearfully whisper about the
Speaker 1: potential real cause, smallpox, and soon more rumors spread, as
Speaker 1: did the infection. The town officials move quickly, creating an
Speaker 1: inspection committee and limiting the movement to from and around
Speaker 1: the town. Houses where disease appeared were guarded, and those
Speaker 1: who got sick were taken away for quarantine, and, in
Speaker 1: a fit of truly paranoid behavior, all dogs in town
Speaker 1: were ordered to be killed for fear that they might
Speaker 1: be responsible for spreading the disease. The first five people
Speaker 1: to succumb to smallpox were buried across the harbor on
Speaker 1: a spit of land known as Marblehead Neck, but soon
Speaker 1: there were too many to be safely and efficiently transported.
Speaker 1: Town officials were looking for answers. Decades earlier, a smallpox
Speaker 1: inoculation had been developed. It was proposed that a private
Speaker 1: inoculation hospital could be built on nearby cat Island. There,
Speaker 1: people would be inoculated and remain during their infectious post
Speaker 1: inoculation quarantine period. And while this seemed to be a
Speaker 1: promising solution, in reality it was far from perfect. The
Speaker 1: price of treatment was often beyond the reach of many
Speaker 1: in the colonies, including most of these fishermen and their families.
Speaker 1: Protection was so close and yet so far. The proposal
Speaker 1: for this hospital made the working class majority of Marblehead uneasy.
Speaker 1: For those who couldn't afford services, the chances that they
Speaker 1: would accidentally contray the disease from hospital clients and die
Speaker 1: seemed very high. Town hall meetings went back and forth.
Speaker 1: The building started, then it stopped, it then started again,
Speaker 1: and disregarding the wishes of a community at large, the
Speaker 1: hospital finally opened its doors on October sixteenth of seventeen
Speaker 1: seventy three, and staff welcomed in several hundred patients who
Speaker 1: would all stay there for thirty days. These first patients
Speaker 1: were mostly wealthy outsiders and treated their stay as a vacation,
Speaker 1: contrary to their directives to remain inside for their contagious period.
Speaker 1: They could be seen sunning and boating and playing lawn
Speaker 1: games outside. For the humble townsfolk who lived and worked
Speaker 1: the cold waters in rocky coastline of Marblehead, it was
Speaker 1: all too much. By the time the third batch of
Speaker 1: paying clients was inoculated on December fifteenth, tensions in town
Speaker 1: had reached a boiling point, and when that group of
Speaker 1: patients was discharged back into town, fury erupted. On January
Speaker 1: twelfth of seventeen seventy four, a hospital boat was set
Speaker 1: on fire in the harbor Whek. Later, four folks were
Speaker 1: caught stealing bedclothes from the hospital, potentially an act of
Speaker 1: sabotage by intentional contamination of their town, for which the
Speaker 1: hospital would be blamed and ideally shut down. They were
Speaker 1: soon tarred and feathered as punishment, but that didn't do
Speaker 1: much to quell the tensions. Two weeks later, on January
Speaker 1: twenty eighth, another group of men rode out to the
Speaker 1: hospital and set it on fire. The town watched it
Speaker 1: burn to the ground. Everything was destroyed, and no sooner
Speaker 1: had the smoldering ceased did the perpetrators get caught. But
Speaker 1: their supporters were many, and all were deeply enthusiastic, marching
Speaker 1: the few miles down to Salem and demanding their release.
Speaker 1: The jailer was overpowered and the sheriff gave up, letting
Speaker 1: the men go free. Though their enemy was a common one,
Speaker 1: the town split apart. Eventually, Marblehead's sickness and rupture would heal,
Speaker 1: and the story would become swept under the tides of history.
Speaker 1: Humans have always been at war with disease, although it's
Speaker 1: only been in the past one hundred years or so
Speaker 1: that we've had a better understanding of how it all works.
Speaker 1: For as long as our bodies have been battlegrounds, there
Speaker 1: have been those on the front lines working to win
Speaker 1: the war. I'm Aaron Mankie, and welcome to bedside, manners.
Speaker 1: For as long as we've occupied bodies, we've needed to
Speaker 1: heal them. We move through this life hoping to live
Speaker 1: well and free from pain, but obstacles are inevitable. We're
Speaker 1: all going to get some bumps and bruises and maybe
Speaker 1: things that are far worse along the way, and when
Speaker 1: that happens, we look to people who know how to
Speaker 1: take care of us. Historically, healing traditions have been passed
Speaker 1: from person to person, generation to generation through things like families, communities,
Speaker 1: and continents. We have long looked to healers throughout human history.
Speaker 1: The healer held a special place in the heart of
Speaker 1: the community. Historically, they used natural materials available to them.
Speaker 1: Flora and fauna were used to create decoctions and selves,
Speaker 1: tinctures and teas. Spiritual and manual therapies came into play too.
Speaker 1: They were considered good and wise, the bearers of tradition
Speaker 1: and culture, and we know that these positions were often
Speaker 1: held by women. Myths and legends from across the world
Speaker 1: often center women at the heart of life and death.
Speaker 1: To create, to destroy, and in the case of our
Speaker 1: story today, to repair. It was a revered and mighty power,
Speaker 1: and one that came to be feared by those who
Speaker 1: wanted some power of their own. As Western Europe colonized
Speaker 1: the globe, they took aim to vilify traditions that weren't
Speaker 1: their own. They had to find ways to justify their
Speaker 1: ruthless and violent expansion. Accounts of these places were frequently
Speaker 1: distorted and diminished in their quest for extermination. These included
Speaker 1: how a place healed its people and the community's reverence
Speaker 1: for those doing this work. Women and what they knew
Speaker 1: were seen as threats to the conquering powers, but the
Speaker 1: danger for healers didn't remain abroad. Back home, women started
Speaker 1: to be targeted by their own officials, neighbors, and even
Speaker 1: family members. The Malleus Maleficarum, a title that literally means
Speaker 1: the Hammer of the Witches, was written in the mid
Speaker 1: fourteen hundreds by a German Catholic clergyman named Heinrich Kramer.
Speaker 1: He set out to record everything that he thought he
Speaker 1: and other scholars knew about demonology. What he accomplished instead
Speaker 1: was to set off the deadliest witch hunt in the
Speaker 1: history of the world. In his book, he suggested that
Speaker 1: a charge of sorcery should be equivalent to the legal
Speaker 1: charge of heresy and to be executed as such. He
Speaker 1: laid out different ways to extract confessions from the accused
Speaker 1: using torture. For example, he spoke of the clear and
Speaker 1: present danger of witchcraft and gave the public ways to
Speaker 1: sniff out a witch in their midst. According to his book,
Speaker 1: there were three different classes of witches, those who harm,
Speaker 1: those who can harm and heal, and those who can
Speaker 1: only heal. The link was cemented and the results were deadly.
Speaker 1: Scores of people across Europe were accused and executed for
Speaker 1: witchcraft during the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries. Sources very wildly,
Speaker 1: but scholars today believe between fifty thousand and eighty thousand
Speaker 1: people were killed, and yes, while men did die, they
Speaker 1: were less frequently the victims of religious and social scrutiny.
Speaker 1: Even still, healing traditions lived on even under the threat
Speaker 1: of death. The keepers of this knowledge continued to pass
Speaker 1: down their traditions and to work with their community, even
Speaker 1: if now their practices were inextricably linked with malevolent, ungodly forces.
Speaker 1: As centuries on European doctrine moved away from the home
Speaker 1: and degree granting physicians colleges were created. Healing became less
Speaker 1: about traditional knowledge and more about leveraging wealth and social
Speaker 1: connections to gain acceptance into medical schools, which function similarly
Speaker 1: to social clubs. In fact, many of these newly minted
Speaker 1: physicians would go an entire career without so much as
Speaker 1: touching a human body. SEMy physicians went to great lengths
Speaker 1: to distinguish themselves from country doctors and folk healers. They
Speaker 1: dismissed traditional healing practices, even if their own, such as leeching, bleeding,
Speaker 1: and treating patients with any number of poisonous compounds, were
Speaker 1: barbaric at best and deadly at worst. Women, of course,
Speaker 1: were long left out of these opportunities to professionalize alongside men.
Speaker 1: In the early twentieth century, though, a socially sanctioned avenue
Speaker 1: for care appeared for women who could pay for the privilege.
Speaker 1: They could go to nursing school and earn their degrees
Speaker 1: and stripes. Far from holding a place of reverence, though,
Speaker 1: it was thought that women who entered into this field
Speaker 1: into the workforce were desperate and impoverished. Nursing was far
Speaker 1: from being viewed as an honorable vocation. But that is
Speaker 1: until one woman came along and changed the tide of
Speaker 1: public opinion. Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy, on
Speaker 1: May twelfth of eighteen twenty. She inherited a British family
Speaker 1: of wealth and status, as well as their liberal humanitarian
Speaker 1: outlook on the world. Her grandfather was an abolitionist who
Speaker 1: sat in the House of Commons, while her father, William,
Speaker 1: had fought for parliament reform and other various social causes.
Speaker 1: As a child, Florence and her sister Francis received a
Speaker 1: fine education. They studied everything from history and literature to
Speaker 1: math and philosophy. At a young age, it was clear
Speaker 1: that Florence possessed a mind that saw the world through
Speaker 1: gathering data. She loved charts and graphs, filling notebooks with
Speaker 1: notes and numbers, and collecting informational pamphlets. Through the course
Speaker 1: of her family's European travels, Florence had hope for her future,
Speaker 1: and in February of eighteen thirty seven, she had a vision.
Speaker 1: That was when she believed she had received a revelation
Speaker 1: from God. In her telling, Florence was directed to live
Speaker 1: her life in service to others. She began paying visits
Speaker 1: to the sick and the infirm and learned of care work,
Speaker 1: but to be a nurse at this moment was seen
Speaker 1: as grunt work, the vocation of women with lower social standing.
Speaker 1: Women of Florence's class and upbringing were bound by ideals
Speaker 1: of domesticity, the grime and grudge of hospital wards were
Speaker 1: wholly unsuitable for their delicate constitutions. For many in her
Speaker 1: peer group, they were expected to marry, well, have children,
Speaker 1: and stay home. This was the height of the good life,
Speaker 1: or so she was told. Florence, though, didn't want to
Speaker 1: be put in this box. She fought against the conventions
Speaker 1: of her station, even turning down a marriage proposal. So
Speaker 1: she set out to become a nurse and publicly declared
Speaker 1: her intent to do so. She began to travel, spending
Speaker 1: time with different hospitals, healers, and teachers to learn about
Speaker 1: the craft. She journeyed throughout Europe, studying both hospital systems
Speaker 1: and patient care, and as her experience grew, so too
Speaker 1: did her network of professional contacts, establishing a long list
Speaker 1: of personal champions as a well bred englishwoman, though the
Speaker 1: latter would become indispensable to affecting systematic change. Her parents, though,
Speaker 1: were appalled at her career choice. By eighteen fifty she
Speaker 1: had enrolled in nursing school in Germany. Despite their protests.
Speaker 1: By eighteen fifty three, her father relented. He would allow
Speaker 1: Florence to do as she wished, and even afforded her
Speaker 1: an allowance to do it. His blessing and financial commitment
Speaker 1: to Florence came at a pivotal moment.
Speaker 2: You see.
Speaker 1: In eighteen fifty three, the Crimean War began. After months
Speaker 1: of escalating tension, Russia and the Ottoman Empire went to
Speaker 1: war and soon brought their allies into the fray. Back
Speaker 1: in England, the day to day realities of the war
Speaker 1: were broadcast in a new novel way. An underwater cable
Speaker 1: from Crimea to England allowed news to reach in the
Speaker 1: span of a few hours. It was one of the
Speaker 1: first wars to be documented extensively by journalists. The British
Speaker 1: general public saw what was happening. The death toll was
Speaker 1: high and the barracks were filthy. The troop's care was
Speaker 1: being mismanaged, as evidenced by ever climbing mortality rates. In
Speaker 1: eighteen fifty four, Florence received another message. This time it
Speaker 1: wasn't to call for God, but a letter from England's
Speaker 1: Secretary of War asking her to assemble a team of
Speaker 1: nurses and head to the front lines in Turkey. Wounded
Speaker 1: British soldiers were dying in the field hospitals, and they
Speaker 1: wanted her help. By mid October, she committed herself to
Speaker 1: the project. Within a week, she had assembled a team
Speaker 1: of thirty eight nurses and left for the front. On
Speaker 1: November fourth, they arrived at Scutari, the British Army barracks
Speaker 1: in Istanbul. They had been allocated to the British Army
Speaker 1: for the duration of the war and had been converted
Speaker 1: into a temporary military hospital. The main British camp was
Speaker 1: across the Black Sea, almost three hundred and fifty miles
Speaker 1: away in Crimea. They quickly got to work alongside medical officers,
Speaker 1: assessing the situation and attending to the wounded. The medical
Speaker 1: men originally didn't want the women there and felt undermined
Speaker 1: by their presence, but they also needed the help. What
Speaker 1: Florence and her team saw at the barracks was utter
Speaker 1: square piles of sewage on the floor, in claustrophobic wards,
Speaker 1: men's weeping, gangerous wounds, filled with maggots, foul smelling, soiled
Speaker 1: bed linens and bandages, and rotting food. This moment would
Speaker 1: be approving ground for her. Everything that she had been
Speaker 1: studying for had been leading her to this, so she
Speaker 1: turned to face it with grace and ferocity. The changes
Speaker 1: to the barracks were swift. Florence and her team brought
Speaker 1: muscle and money. Soon new life was breathed into the space.
Speaker 1: New windows were installed, floors were refinished, and large bath
Speaker 1: tubs were brought in and kept fresh and warm for
Speaker 1: tired men. Fresh linens were always made available, and there
Speaker 1: were finally enough beds. But conditions weren't sparkling. They were
Speaker 1: far better than before. Some of Florence's handpick nurses left,
Speaker 1: but more continued to arrive. For the soldiers, the kindly
Speaker 1: faces of these women were a welcome sight. There was
Speaker 1: finally enough care to go around. The ounce of Florence
Speaker 1: and her team began appearing in newspapers back in England.
Speaker 1: Coverage was effusive and poetic, painting her to be both
Speaker 1: a savior and saint on the front lines. Through these stories,
Speaker 1: the public's opinion about the field of nursing began to shift.
Speaker 1: You can think about Florence as something of an influencer.
Speaker 1: She took something decidedly uncool and made it admirable. Nursing
Speaker 1: was no longer seen as simple menial labor. It was
Speaker 1: something valorous. She brought respectability to the women who were
Speaker 1: already doing the work, and for wealthy women cloistered at
Speaker 1: home due to society's expectations of them, nursing proved to
Speaker 1: be a socially acceptable vehicle for escape. The papers wrote
Speaker 1: about the Lady with the Lamp, a specter that feels
Speaker 1: almost mythological in its design. It was reported that Florence
Speaker 1: worked upwards of twenty hours a day, but relieved all
Speaker 1: of her nurses at eight p m. She would make
Speaker 1: nightly rounds her oil lamp, moving slowly and steadily through
Speaker 1: the barracks, a welcome sight for all who lingered there.
Speaker 1: But even still, men continued to perish. In fact, during
Speaker 1: Florence and her team's first winter at Scutari, over four
Speaker 1: thousand soldiers died, with a death toll of about forty
Speaker 1: two percent. Florence insisted that these deaths could be attributed
Speaker 1: to inadequate nutrition and supplies, and pressed for more support
Speaker 1: from the government. As the working conditions at Scutari began
Speaker 1: to improve, Florence was able to take leave and tour
Speaker 1: other hospitals treating other wounded men. But while she was
Speaker 1: in Crimea, she fell dangerously ill with a high fever
Speaker 1: When she was well enough to travel again, she returned
Speaker 1: to Scutari, where she became one of the patients attended
Speaker 1: to by her own nursing staff. She recovered and returned
Speaker 1: her sick bed to someone else. By March of eighteen
Speaker 1: fifty six, peace had come to the region. She stayed
Speaker 1: for a few more months, returning home to England in
Speaker 1: August of that year. She was welcomed home with open
Speaker 1: arms and hailed as a national hero. She had become
Speaker 1: an icon during the time she was away, and the
Speaker 1: British public wanted to celebrate her, but Florence just wanted
Speaker 1: to rest. She had contracted brucellosis on the front, its
Speaker 1: lingering flew like effects haunting her attempts to return to
Speaker 1: a normal life. Her work, though, wasn't done. Florence had
Speaker 1: amassed a huge body of data while she was working
Speaker 1: at Scutari and planned to present it to the Royal
Speaker 1: Commission on the Health of that Army. When she finally
Speaker 1: finished compiling all of her notes, though she realized that
Speaker 1: something had gone terribly wrong. She could now more fully
Speaker 1: understand what had happened at the barracks. The soldiers hadn't
Speaker 1: died due to malnutrition or lack of resources, as she
Speaker 1: had originally believed, but from communicable diseases such as typhoid
Speaker 1: and dysentery. She concluded that the huge death tolls under
Speaker 1: her care were a result of poor sanitation and her
Speaker 1: own ignorance about hygiene protocols. Yes, they had cleaner surroundings
Speaker 1: than when she arrived, but that hadn't been enough. Florence
Speaker 1: knew what she had to do next. She presented her
Speaker 1: findings with shame, with vigor, and with a new solution.
Speaker 1: She began to campaign for public health and worked to
Speaker 1: educate hospitals in her orbit about better sanitation practices. Florence
Speaker 1: was determined to write what had gone so wrong. She
Speaker 1: now realized that so much of what had killed these
Speaker 1: men could have been prevented, and she was determined to
Speaker 1: never let it happen again. Florence looked ahead to life
Speaker 1: after the war and determined what she wished to do next.
Speaker 1: She had become a public figure, a national hero, and
Speaker 1: a respected figure in the field of healthcare. Eyes looked
Speaker 1: toward her, and she undoubtedly felt the weight of expectation.
Speaker 1: Florence published her report and, pulling on her established relationships
Speaker 1: within the government helped to open an Army medical college
Speaker 1: in eighteen fifty nine, a military hospital in eighteen sixty one,
Speaker 1: and a permanent Army Sanitary Commission. In eighteen sixty two,
Speaker 1: a national fund in her name was established for the
Speaker 1: purpose of founding a training school for nurses. This was
Speaker 1: the only recognition of her services that she would publicly accept.
Speaker 1: By eighteen sixty the Nightingale School and Home for Nurses
Speaker 1: was established. The first class graduated five years later and
Speaker 1: they haven't stopped since. The school, now part of King's College, London,
Speaker 1: is still around to this very day. Although the infections
Speaker 1: that she picked up during the war would become chronic,
Speaker 1: she campaigned tirelessly for reform. During the American Civil War,
Speaker 1: she was frequently contacted for advice on how to manage
Speaker 1: field hospitals. She worked with India's army on their sanitation problems.
Speaker 1: She went on to train medics in the Franco Prussian
Speaker 1: War and even trained Linda Richards, the first woman who
Speaker 1: would become a certified nurse in the United States. Florence
Speaker 1: Nightingale died at age ninety on August thirteenth of nineteen
Speaker 1: ten in London, and although she was offered a burial
Speaker 1: place in Westminster Abbey. Her final resting place is far
Speaker 1: more humble. She's buried in a churchyard with a headstone
Speaker 1: that simply has her initials and dates of her birth
Speaker 1: and death. Her legacy extends beyond her long life, and
Speaker 1: her influence has stood the test of time. The character
Speaker 1: that was created in the popular wartime press cemented Florence
Speaker 1: in the public's imagination. Today, she's remembered most strikingly as
Speaker 1: that lady with the lamp, but the bulk of her career,
Speaker 1: which covers some of her most important work, took place
Speaker 1: in the decades after she returned home from war. Florence
Speaker 1: is a picture of civility in a moment that was
Speaker 1: far from civilized and proved to be an attractive distraction
Speaker 1: from the true nature of the army's complete mismanagement of
Speaker 1: the war. And she was also deeply human, far from perfect,
Speaker 1: and partial to beliefs that would be controversial today. We
Speaker 1: remember the symbol, the icon that is Florence. The real
Speaker 1: changes that Florence brought were fueled by flesh and blood humanity,
Speaker 1: first by addressing the shortcomings of others, and then by
Speaker 1: committing the remainder of her life to rectify hers. Florence
Speaker 1: couldn't heal her own chronic illness, nor could she undo
Speaker 1: the choices that were made in Scutari, but she did
Speaker 1: what she could for decades afterward, and the field of
Speaker 1: nursing around the globe has never been the same. Care
Speaker 1: work is powerful. It takes a special kind of person
Speaker 1: to dig deep into the trenches of human suffering, and
Speaker 1: for those folks we are grateful, but we're not quite
Speaker 1: done just yet. If you stick around through this brief
Speaker 1: sponsor break, my teammate Robin Minister, will tell you one
Speaker 1: more story about another healer finding their place in the world.
Speaker 2: You could say that Mary was a healer by birthright.
Speaker 2: Her mother was a master of folk medicine with those
Speaker 2: in Jamaica referred to as a doctress. She'd a practice
Speaker 2: based in hygiene and herbs and a working understanding of
Speaker 2: tropical diseases and basic surgery. Before she won her freedom
Speaker 2: and moved to Kingston, she nursed fellow enslaved people on
Speaker 2: a nearby sugar plantation. Mary inherited her mother's wisdom and practices,
Speaker 2: and she also had spirit. Her father had been in
Speaker 2: the Scottish Army, which gave her a life of more
Speaker 2: social mobility than she otherwise might have had. He had
Speaker 2: traversed the seas, and this wanderlust is what she inherited
Speaker 2: from him. As a teenager, she traveled twice to England
Speaker 2: and around the Caribbean. She eventually married and stayed so
Speaker 2: for eight years until her husband passed away. She would
Speaker 2: go on to live her life as a single woman,
Speaker 2: focusing her efforts on designing and pursuing a life she
Speaker 2: had only dreamt of as a child. By eighteen fifty,
Speaker 2: at the outbreak of a cholera epidemic in Kingston, she
Speaker 2: found herself utilizing the healing arts that she had learned
Speaker 2: from her mother, and by eighteen fifty two she was
Speaker 2: living and working with her brother in Panama and once
Speaker 2: again had a chance to serve the sick as the
Speaker 2: country was rocked by a cholera outbreak. She traveled to
Speaker 2: London the following year and stumbled across a newspaper headline
Speaker 2: that would change the course of her life. She learned
Speaker 2: about the Crimean War and was termed to travel to
Speaker 2: the front and offer her services. She was dismayed though,
Speaker 2: when her offers were rejected by British authorities and Florence
Speaker 2: Nightingale herself. She decided to pay her own way, though
Speaker 2: she was told there were no nursing vacancies and no
Speaker 2: need for her services. As to why this happened, well,
Speaker 2: it's still debated by scholars today. Some insist that Mary
Speaker 2: Suekole wasn't qualified. Others say it was because she didn't
Speaker 2: go through the accepted application channels. Others believed it was
Speaker 2: outright racism. She was certainly hurt, but she wasn't going
Speaker 2: to be dissuaded. Tapping into her other skill set, hospitality
Speaker 2: and mercantilism, she made her way to Scutari, where she
Speaker 2: opened a restaurant for wounded and sick men. Here they
Speaker 2: would find respite for being transported to the hospital for care.
Speaker 2: For this work, she was herald as a hero, appearing
Speaker 2: in newspapers alongside Florence Nightingale, being called the mother of
Speaker 2: the Army and Mother Sekul. Even Florence softened to her
Speaker 2: appearance on the battlefront, recognizing her contributions to the care
Speaker 2: and morale of the soldiers. When a peace treaty was
Speaker 2: finally signed in March thirtieth eighteen fifty six, the troops
Speaker 2: began to funnel out. She would be one of the
Speaker 2: last to leave Crimea, staying until the last possible moment
Speaker 2: to sol off all parts of her business. This endeavor
Speaker 2: was unsuccessful and she returned to London penniless. She didn't
Speaker 2: fade into obscurity, though, you see. Her reputation grew and
Speaker 2: her fans amassed. Countless lives were touched by her care,
Speaker 2: and it was now time for her to receive some
Speaker 2: in kind. In eighteen fifty seven, forty thousand people attended
Speaker 2: a four day fundraising gallet to help her get back
Speaker 2: on her feet. Queen Victoria and her family established the
Speaker 2: Sea Coal Fund to ensure she live out the rest
Speaker 2: of her days in comfort. On the one hundredth anniversary
Speaker 2: of the Crimean War, the Jamaican Nurses Association named their
Speaker 2: headquarters the Merry Sea Coull House. She was also posthumously
Speaker 2: awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit in nineteen ninety one.
Speaker 2: Across Upon in England, a painting of her now hangs
Speaker 2: in the National Portrait Gallery. She was voted the greatest
Speaker 2: Black Britain in a two thousand and four poll. Today,
Speaker 2: a statue of her stands at Saint Thomas's Hospital, former
Speaker 2: site of the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery.
Speaker 2: Nearby is a statue of Florence herself, and while some
Speaker 2: mostly staunch defenders of Florence's work and detractors of Mary's,
Speaker 2: have been irked by this proximity, what has proven to
Speaker 2: be true is that there's room enough in this world
Speaker 2: for two heroes, and should we be so lucky to
Speaker 2: find more in our.
Speaker 1: Midst Grimm and Mild Presents Bedside Manners was executive produced
Speaker 1: by Aaron Manke and narrated by Aaron Manke and Robinminitter.
Speaker 1: Writing for this season was provided by Robin Miniter, with
Speaker 1: research by Sam Alberty, Taylor Haggerdorn and Robin Miniter. Production
Speaker 1: assistants was provided by Josh Thain, Jesse Funk, Alex Williams,
Speaker 1: and Matt Frederick. You can learn more about this show,
Speaker 1: the Grim and Mild team and all the other podcasts
Speaker 1: that we make over at Grimandmild dot com, and as always,
Speaker 1: thanks for listen.
Speaker 2: The name