1 00:00:05,360 --> 00:00:09,000 Speaker 1: The tempers of the citizens of Marblehead, Massachusetts, were about 2 00:00:09,039 --> 00:00:12,079 Speaker 1: to boil over. By the seventeen seventies, the town was 3 00:00:12,119 --> 00:00:14,760 Speaker 1: home to five thousand people, making it one of the 4 00:00:14,840 --> 00:00:18,239 Speaker 1: largest and richest fishing ports in the colonies, but a 5 00:00:18,320 --> 00:00:21,599 Speaker 1: stark economic divide had appeared between those who owned fishing 6 00:00:21,640 --> 00:00:25,079 Speaker 1: boats and those who worked on them. Things only got 7 00:00:25,079 --> 00:00:28,840 Speaker 1: worse after a fisherman's wife fell ill after washing his clothes. 8 00:00:29,120 --> 00:00:31,600 Speaker 1: At the time, some thought that she had been poisoned, 9 00:00:31,760 --> 00:00:34,120 Speaker 1: but after the rest of the household started to show 10 00:00:34,159 --> 00:00:37,760 Speaker 1: the same symptoms, folks started to fearfully whisper about the 11 00:00:37,800 --> 00:00:43,200 Speaker 1: potential real cause, smallpox, and soon more rumors spread, as 12 00:00:43,240 --> 00:00:46,720 Speaker 1: did the infection. The town officials move quickly, creating an 13 00:00:46,720 --> 00:00:50,600 Speaker 1: inspection committee and limiting the movement to from and around 14 00:00:50,640 --> 00:00:54,240 Speaker 1: the town. Houses where disease appeared were guarded, and those 15 00:00:54,240 --> 00:00:57,240 Speaker 1: who got sick were taken away for quarantine, and, in 16 00:00:57,280 --> 00:01:00,840 Speaker 1: a fit of truly paranoid behavior, all dogs in town 17 00:01:00,920 --> 00:01:03,360 Speaker 1: were ordered to be killed for fear that they might 18 00:01:03,400 --> 00:01:07,679 Speaker 1: be responsible for spreading the disease. The first five people 19 00:01:07,720 --> 00:01:10,679 Speaker 1: to succumb to smallpox were buried across the harbor on 20 00:01:10,760 --> 00:01:13,800 Speaker 1: a spit of land known as Marblehead Neck, but soon 21 00:01:13,800 --> 00:01:17,120 Speaker 1: there were too many to be safely and efficiently transported. 22 00:01:17,480 --> 00:01:21,560 Speaker 1: Town officials were looking for answers. Decades earlier, a smallpox 23 00:01:21,560 --> 00:01:25,000 Speaker 1: inoculation had been developed. It was proposed that a private 24 00:01:25,000 --> 00:01:28,800 Speaker 1: inoculation hospital could be built on nearby cat Island. There, 25 00:01:28,920 --> 00:01:33,120 Speaker 1: people would be inoculated and remain during their infectious post 26 00:01:33,120 --> 00:01:36,319 Speaker 1: inoculation quarantine period. And while this seemed to be a 27 00:01:36,360 --> 00:01:40,120 Speaker 1: promising solution, in reality it was far from perfect. The 28 00:01:40,160 --> 00:01:42,720 Speaker 1: price of treatment was often beyond the reach of many 29 00:01:42,800 --> 00:01:46,480 Speaker 1: in the colonies, including most of these fishermen and their families. 30 00:01:46,680 --> 00:01:51,400 Speaker 1: Protection was so close and yet so far. The proposal 31 00:01:51,480 --> 00:01:55,640 Speaker 1: for this hospital made the working class majority of Marblehead uneasy. 32 00:01:56,000 --> 00:01:58,840 Speaker 1: For those who couldn't afford services, the chances that they 33 00:01:58,840 --> 00:02:02,360 Speaker 1: would accidentally contray the disease from hospital clients and die 34 00:02:02,560 --> 00:02:06,200 Speaker 1: seemed very high. Town hall meetings went back and forth. 35 00:02:06,440 --> 00:02:09,519 Speaker 1: The building started, then it stopped, it then started again, 36 00:02:09,639 --> 00:02:12,480 Speaker 1: and disregarding the wishes of a community at large, the 37 00:02:12,520 --> 00:02:16,440 Speaker 1: hospital finally opened its doors on October sixteenth of seventeen 38 00:02:16,520 --> 00:02:20,320 Speaker 1: seventy three, and staff welcomed in several hundred patients who 39 00:02:20,320 --> 00:02:23,360 Speaker 1: would all stay there for thirty days. These first patients 40 00:02:23,400 --> 00:02:27,200 Speaker 1: were mostly wealthy outsiders and treated their stay as a vacation, 41 00:02:27,720 --> 00:02:31,519 Speaker 1: contrary to their directives to remain inside for their contagious period. 42 00:02:31,840 --> 00:02:35,000 Speaker 1: They could be seen sunning and boating and playing lawn 43 00:02:35,040 --> 00:02:38,320 Speaker 1: games outside. For the humble townsfolk who lived and worked 44 00:02:38,320 --> 00:02:41,280 Speaker 1: the cold waters in rocky coastline of Marblehead, it was 45 00:02:41,320 --> 00:02:43,760 Speaker 1: all too much. By the time the third batch of 46 00:02:43,800 --> 00:02:47,720 Speaker 1: paying clients was inoculated on December fifteenth, tensions in town 47 00:02:47,760 --> 00:02:50,480 Speaker 1: had reached a boiling point, and when that group of 48 00:02:50,520 --> 00:02:55,000 Speaker 1: patients was discharged back into town, fury erupted. On January 49 00:02:55,080 --> 00:02:58,280 Speaker 1: twelfth of seventeen seventy four, a hospital boat was set 50 00:02:58,320 --> 00:03:01,120 Speaker 1: on fire in the harbor Whek. Later, four folks were 51 00:03:01,160 --> 00:03:04,600 Speaker 1: caught stealing bedclothes from the hospital, potentially an act of 52 00:03:04,600 --> 00:03:08,560 Speaker 1: sabotage by intentional contamination of their town, for which the 53 00:03:08,600 --> 00:03:11,720 Speaker 1: hospital would be blamed and ideally shut down. They were 54 00:03:11,760 --> 00:03:14,920 Speaker 1: soon tarred and feathered as punishment, but that didn't do 55 00:03:15,000 --> 00:03:18,080 Speaker 1: much to quell the tensions. Two weeks later, on January 56 00:03:18,080 --> 00:03:20,560 Speaker 1: twenty eighth, another group of men rode out to the 57 00:03:20,600 --> 00:03:23,360 Speaker 1: hospital and set it on fire. The town watched it 58 00:03:23,400 --> 00:03:27,000 Speaker 1: burn to the ground. Everything was destroyed, and no sooner 59 00:03:27,040 --> 00:03:31,160 Speaker 1: had the smoldering ceased did the perpetrators get caught. But 60 00:03:31,200 --> 00:03:35,320 Speaker 1: their supporters were many, and all were deeply enthusiastic, marching 61 00:03:35,400 --> 00:03:38,280 Speaker 1: the few miles down to Salem and demanding their release. 62 00:03:38,600 --> 00:03:41,600 Speaker 1: The jailer was overpowered and the sheriff gave up, letting 63 00:03:41,600 --> 00:03:44,720 Speaker 1: the men go free. Though their enemy was a common one, 64 00:03:44,840 --> 00:03:49,640 Speaker 1: the town split apart. Eventually, Marblehead's sickness and rupture would heal, 65 00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:53,080 Speaker 1: and the story would become swept under the tides of history. 66 00:03:53,560 --> 00:03:56,800 Speaker 1: Humans have always been at war with disease, although it's 67 00:03:56,920 --> 00:03:59,120 Speaker 1: only been in the past one hundred years or so 68 00:03:59,520 --> 00:04:02,280 Speaker 1: that we've had a better understanding of how it all works. 69 00:04:02,600 --> 00:04:05,480 Speaker 1: For as long as our bodies have been battlegrounds, there 70 00:04:05,480 --> 00:04:08,720 Speaker 1: have been those on the front lines working to win 71 00:04:08,800 --> 00:04:20,480 Speaker 1: the war. I'm Aaron Mankie, and welcome to bedside, manners. 72 00:04:23,040 --> 00:04:26,000 Speaker 1: For as long as we've occupied bodies, we've needed to 73 00:04:26,000 --> 00:04:28,680 Speaker 1: heal them. We move through this life hoping to live 74 00:04:28,760 --> 00:04:32,520 Speaker 1: well and free from pain, but obstacles are inevitable. We're 75 00:04:32,520 --> 00:04:35,159 Speaker 1: all going to get some bumps and bruises and maybe 76 00:04:35,160 --> 00:04:37,960 Speaker 1: things that are far worse along the way, and when 77 00:04:37,960 --> 00:04:39,919 Speaker 1: that happens, we look to people who know how to 78 00:04:39,960 --> 00:04:43,520 Speaker 1: take care of us. Historically, healing traditions have been passed 79 00:04:43,560 --> 00:04:48,960 Speaker 1: from person to person, generation to generation through things like families, communities, 80 00:04:48,960 --> 00:04:53,560 Speaker 1: and continents. We have long looked to healers throughout human history. 81 00:04:53,560 --> 00:04:55,760 Speaker 1: The healer held a special place in the heart of 82 00:04:55,760 --> 00:04:59,760 Speaker 1: the community. Historically, they used natural materials available to them. 83 00:05:00,040 --> 00:05:03,160 Speaker 1: Flora and fauna were used to create decoctions and selves, 84 00:05:03,320 --> 00:05:07,680 Speaker 1: tinctures and teas. Spiritual and manual therapies came into play too. 85 00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:11,200 Speaker 1: They were considered good and wise, the bearers of tradition 86 00:05:11,480 --> 00:05:14,680 Speaker 1: and culture, and we know that these positions were often 87 00:05:14,720 --> 00:05:18,479 Speaker 1: held by women. Myths and legends from across the world 88 00:05:18,520 --> 00:05:20,919 Speaker 1: often center women at the heart of life and death. 89 00:05:21,240 --> 00:05:23,880 Speaker 1: To create, to destroy, and in the case of our 90 00:05:23,920 --> 00:05:27,839 Speaker 1: story today, to repair. It was a revered and mighty power, 91 00:05:28,040 --> 00:05:29,960 Speaker 1: and one that came to be feared by those who 92 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:33,839 Speaker 1: wanted some power of their own. As Western Europe colonized 93 00:05:33,880 --> 00:05:37,200 Speaker 1: the globe, they took aim to vilify traditions that weren't 94 00:05:37,200 --> 00:05:40,200 Speaker 1: their own. They had to find ways to justify their 95 00:05:40,360 --> 00:05:44,600 Speaker 1: ruthless and violent expansion. Accounts of these places were frequently 96 00:05:44,640 --> 00:05:48,880 Speaker 1: distorted and diminished in their quest for extermination. These included 97 00:05:49,080 --> 00:05:52,480 Speaker 1: how a place healed its people and the community's reverence 98 00:05:52,560 --> 00:05:55,640 Speaker 1: for those doing this work. Women and what they knew 99 00:05:55,760 --> 00:05:58,839 Speaker 1: were seen as threats to the conquering powers, but the 100 00:05:58,920 --> 00:06:03,000 Speaker 1: danger for healers didn't remain abroad. Back home, women started 101 00:06:03,040 --> 00:06:06,159 Speaker 1: to be targeted by their own officials, neighbors, and even 102 00:06:06,240 --> 00:06:10,760 Speaker 1: family members. The Malleus Maleficarum, a title that literally means 103 00:06:10,800 --> 00:06:13,320 Speaker 1: the Hammer of the Witches, was written in the mid 104 00:06:13,360 --> 00:06:17,360 Speaker 1: fourteen hundreds by a German Catholic clergyman named Heinrich Kramer. 105 00:06:17,760 --> 00:06:20,240 Speaker 1: He set out to record everything that he thought he 106 00:06:20,360 --> 00:06:24,760 Speaker 1: and other scholars knew about demonology. What he accomplished instead 107 00:06:25,120 --> 00:06:27,680 Speaker 1: was to set off the deadliest witch hunt in the 108 00:06:27,760 --> 00:06:31,320 Speaker 1: history of the world. In his book, he suggested that 109 00:06:31,360 --> 00:06:34,440 Speaker 1: a charge of sorcery should be equivalent to the legal 110 00:06:34,520 --> 00:06:37,880 Speaker 1: charge of heresy and to be executed as such. He 111 00:06:37,960 --> 00:06:41,000 Speaker 1: laid out different ways to extract confessions from the accused 112 00:06:41,320 --> 00:06:44,320 Speaker 1: using torture. For example, he spoke of the clear and 113 00:06:44,400 --> 00:06:47,560 Speaker 1: present danger of witchcraft and gave the public ways to 114 00:06:47,600 --> 00:06:50,880 Speaker 1: sniff out a witch in their midst. According to his book, 115 00:06:51,080 --> 00:06:54,599 Speaker 1: there were three different classes of witches, those who harm, 116 00:06:54,760 --> 00:06:57,560 Speaker 1: those who can harm and heal, and those who can 117 00:06:57,560 --> 00:07:01,680 Speaker 1: only heal. The link was cemented and the results were deadly. 118 00:07:02,400 --> 00:07:05,680 Speaker 1: Scores of people across Europe were accused and executed for 119 00:07:05,720 --> 00:07:10,040 Speaker 1: witchcraft during the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries. Sources very wildly, 120 00:07:10,240 --> 00:07:13,520 Speaker 1: but scholars today believe between fifty thousand and eighty thousand 121 00:07:13,520 --> 00:07:16,640 Speaker 1: people were killed, and yes, while men did die, they 122 00:07:16,640 --> 00:07:20,160 Speaker 1: were less frequently the victims of religious and social scrutiny. 123 00:07:20,680 --> 00:07:24,119 Speaker 1: Even still, healing traditions lived on even under the threat 124 00:07:24,200 --> 00:07:27,160 Speaker 1: of death. The keepers of this knowledge continued to pass 125 00:07:27,200 --> 00:07:30,280 Speaker 1: down their traditions and to work with their community, even 126 00:07:30,320 --> 00:07:35,240 Speaker 1: if now their practices were inextricably linked with malevolent, ungodly forces. 127 00:07:35,680 --> 00:07:38,920 Speaker 1: As centuries on European doctrine moved away from the home 128 00:07:39,240 --> 00:07:43,560 Speaker 1: and degree granting physicians colleges were created. Healing became less 129 00:07:43,560 --> 00:07:47,200 Speaker 1: about traditional knowledge and more about leveraging wealth and social 130 00:07:47,200 --> 00:07:51,320 Speaker 1: connections to gain acceptance into medical schools, which function similarly 131 00:07:51,400 --> 00:07:54,560 Speaker 1: to social clubs. In fact, many of these newly minted 132 00:07:54,600 --> 00:07:57,640 Speaker 1: physicians would go an entire career without so much as 133 00:07:57,760 --> 00:08:01,720 Speaker 1: touching a human body. SEMy physicians went to great lengths 134 00:08:01,760 --> 00:08:05,600 Speaker 1: to distinguish themselves from country doctors and folk healers. They 135 00:08:05,640 --> 00:08:10,520 Speaker 1: dismissed traditional healing practices, even if their own, such as leeching, bleeding, 136 00:08:10,760 --> 00:08:14,320 Speaker 1: and treating patients with any number of poisonous compounds, were 137 00:08:14,440 --> 00:08:18,640 Speaker 1: barbaric at best and deadly at worst. Women, of course, 138 00:08:18,720 --> 00:08:23,040 Speaker 1: were long left out of these opportunities to professionalize alongside men. 139 00:08:23,360 --> 00:08:26,960 Speaker 1: In the early twentieth century, though, a socially sanctioned avenue 140 00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:30,280 Speaker 1: for care appeared for women who could pay for the privilege. 141 00:08:30,440 --> 00:08:33,319 Speaker 1: They could go to nursing school and earn their degrees 142 00:08:33,360 --> 00:08:36,640 Speaker 1: and stripes. Far from holding a place of reverence, though, 143 00:08:36,880 --> 00:08:39,040 Speaker 1: it was thought that women who entered into this field 144 00:08:39,160 --> 00:08:43,680 Speaker 1: into the workforce were desperate and impoverished. Nursing was far 145 00:08:43,720 --> 00:08:47,040 Speaker 1: from being viewed as an honorable vocation. But that is 146 00:08:47,480 --> 00:08:51,320 Speaker 1: until one woman came along and changed the tide of 147 00:08:51,360 --> 00:09:01,400 Speaker 1: public opinion. Florence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy, on 148 00:09:01,520 --> 00:09:05,160 Speaker 1: May twelfth of eighteen twenty. She inherited a British family 149 00:09:05,240 --> 00:09:08,800 Speaker 1: of wealth and status, as well as their liberal humanitarian 150 00:09:08,800 --> 00:09:12,240 Speaker 1: outlook on the world. Her grandfather was an abolitionist who 151 00:09:12,280 --> 00:09:14,960 Speaker 1: sat in the House of Commons, while her father, William, 152 00:09:15,040 --> 00:09:18,800 Speaker 1: had fought for parliament reform and other various social causes. 153 00:09:19,240 --> 00:09:22,240 Speaker 1: As a child, Florence and her sister Francis received a 154 00:09:22,320 --> 00:09:26,360 Speaker 1: fine education. They studied everything from history and literature to 155 00:09:26,520 --> 00:09:29,520 Speaker 1: math and philosophy. At a young age, it was clear 156 00:09:29,559 --> 00:09:32,120 Speaker 1: that Florence possessed a mind that saw the world through 157 00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:36,160 Speaker 1: gathering data. She loved charts and graphs, filling notebooks with 158 00:09:36,440 --> 00:09:40,360 Speaker 1: notes and numbers, and collecting informational pamphlets. Through the course 159 00:09:40,400 --> 00:09:44,480 Speaker 1: of her family's European travels, Florence had hope for her future, 160 00:09:44,800 --> 00:09:47,720 Speaker 1: and in February of eighteen thirty seven, she had a vision. 161 00:09:48,080 --> 00:09:50,679 Speaker 1: That was when she believed she had received a revelation 162 00:09:50,800 --> 00:09:54,080 Speaker 1: from God. In her telling, Florence was directed to live 163 00:09:54,160 --> 00:09:57,760 Speaker 1: her life in service to others. She began paying visits 164 00:09:57,800 --> 00:10:00,800 Speaker 1: to the sick and the infirm and learned of care work, 165 00:10:01,040 --> 00:10:02,840 Speaker 1: but to be a nurse at this moment was seen 166 00:10:02,880 --> 00:10:06,240 Speaker 1: as grunt work, the vocation of women with lower social standing. 167 00:10:06,559 --> 00:10:09,880 Speaker 1: Women of Florence's class and upbringing were bound by ideals 168 00:10:09,920 --> 00:10:13,679 Speaker 1: of domesticity, the grime and grudge of hospital wards were 169 00:10:13,720 --> 00:10:18,280 Speaker 1: wholly unsuitable for their delicate constitutions. For many in her 170 00:10:18,320 --> 00:10:21,680 Speaker 1: peer group, they were expected to marry, well, have children, 171 00:10:21,920 --> 00:10:24,880 Speaker 1: and stay home. This was the height of the good life, 172 00:10:25,040 --> 00:10:28,200 Speaker 1: or so she was told. Florence, though, didn't want to 173 00:10:28,240 --> 00:10:31,320 Speaker 1: be put in this box. She fought against the conventions 174 00:10:31,320 --> 00:10:35,000 Speaker 1: of her station, even turning down a marriage proposal. So 175 00:10:35,040 --> 00:10:38,160 Speaker 1: she set out to become a nurse and publicly declared 176 00:10:38,160 --> 00:10:41,800 Speaker 1: her intent to do so. She began to travel, spending 177 00:10:41,800 --> 00:10:45,240 Speaker 1: time with different hospitals, healers, and teachers to learn about 178 00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:49,240 Speaker 1: the craft. She journeyed throughout Europe, studying both hospital systems 179 00:10:49,280 --> 00:10:52,679 Speaker 1: and patient care, and as her experience grew, so too 180 00:10:52,760 --> 00:10:56,720 Speaker 1: did her network of professional contacts, establishing a long list 181 00:10:56,800 --> 00:11:00,120 Speaker 1: of personal champions as a well bred englishwoman, though the 182 00:11:00,240 --> 00:11:05,080 Speaker 1: latter would become indispensable to affecting systematic change. Her parents, though, 183 00:11:05,200 --> 00:11:08,400 Speaker 1: were appalled at her career choice. By eighteen fifty she 184 00:11:08,440 --> 00:11:11,880 Speaker 1: had enrolled in nursing school in Germany. Despite their protests. 185 00:11:12,080 --> 00:11:15,560 Speaker 1: By eighteen fifty three, her father relented. He would allow 186 00:11:15,600 --> 00:11:18,160 Speaker 1: Florence to do as she wished, and even afforded her 187 00:11:18,240 --> 00:11:21,720 Speaker 1: an allowance to do it. His blessing and financial commitment 188 00:11:21,760 --> 00:11:23,839 Speaker 1: to Florence came at a pivotal moment. 189 00:11:24,240 --> 00:11:24,600 Speaker 2: You see. 190 00:11:24,640 --> 00:11:28,280 Speaker 1: In eighteen fifty three, the Crimean War began. After months 191 00:11:28,320 --> 00:11:31,640 Speaker 1: of escalating tension, Russia and the Ottoman Empire went to 192 00:11:31,720 --> 00:11:35,040 Speaker 1: war and soon brought their allies into the fray. Back 193 00:11:35,080 --> 00:11:37,360 Speaker 1: in England, the day to day realities of the war 194 00:11:37,400 --> 00:11:40,920 Speaker 1: were broadcast in a new novel way. An underwater cable 195 00:11:40,960 --> 00:11:43,800 Speaker 1: from Crimea to England allowed news to reach in the 196 00:11:43,840 --> 00:11:45,840 Speaker 1: span of a few hours. It was one of the 197 00:11:45,880 --> 00:11:50,440 Speaker 1: first wars to be documented extensively by journalists. The British 198 00:11:50,480 --> 00:11:53,319 Speaker 1: general public saw what was happening. The death toll was 199 00:11:53,400 --> 00:11:56,080 Speaker 1: high and the barracks were filthy. The troop's care was 200 00:11:56,120 --> 00:12:00,280 Speaker 1: being mismanaged, as evidenced by ever climbing mortality rates. In 201 00:12:00,320 --> 00:12:03,920 Speaker 1: eighteen fifty four, Florence received another message. This time it 202 00:12:04,080 --> 00:12:06,480 Speaker 1: wasn't to call for God, but a letter from England's 203 00:12:06,520 --> 00:12:09,720 Speaker 1: Secretary of War asking her to assemble a team of 204 00:12:09,800 --> 00:12:13,120 Speaker 1: nurses and head to the front lines in Turkey. Wounded 205 00:12:13,120 --> 00:12:16,040 Speaker 1: British soldiers were dying in the field hospitals, and they 206 00:12:16,040 --> 00:12:19,120 Speaker 1: wanted her help. By mid October, she committed herself to 207 00:12:19,160 --> 00:12:21,720 Speaker 1: the project. Within a week, she had assembled a team 208 00:12:21,800 --> 00:12:25,560 Speaker 1: of thirty eight nurses and left for the front. On 209 00:12:25,640 --> 00:12:29,360 Speaker 1: November fourth, they arrived at Scutari, the British Army barracks 210 00:12:29,400 --> 00:12:32,559 Speaker 1: in Istanbul. They had been allocated to the British Army 211 00:12:32,559 --> 00:12:35,040 Speaker 1: for the duration of the war and had been converted 212 00:12:35,080 --> 00:12:38,800 Speaker 1: into a temporary military hospital. The main British camp was 213 00:12:38,800 --> 00:12:41,920 Speaker 1: across the Black Sea, almost three hundred and fifty miles 214 00:12:41,960 --> 00:12:46,359 Speaker 1: away in Crimea. They quickly got to work alongside medical officers, 215 00:12:46,600 --> 00:12:50,040 Speaker 1: assessing the situation and attending to the wounded. The medical 216 00:12:50,080 --> 00:12:53,719 Speaker 1: men originally didn't want the women there and felt undermined 217 00:12:53,760 --> 00:12:57,000 Speaker 1: by their presence, but they also needed the help. What 218 00:12:57,120 --> 00:12:59,640 Speaker 1: Florence and her team saw at the barracks was utter 219 00:12:59,679 --> 00:13:03,840 Speaker 1: square piles of sewage on the floor, in claustrophobic wards, 220 00:13:04,080 --> 00:13:08,679 Speaker 1: men's weeping, gangerous wounds, filled with maggots, foul smelling, soiled 221 00:13:08,720 --> 00:13:12,760 Speaker 1: bed linens and bandages, and rotting food. This moment would 222 00:13:12,760 --> 00:13:15,520 Speaker 1: be approving ground for her. Everything that she had been 223 00:13:15,559 --> 00:13:18,839 Speaker 1: studying for had been leading her to this, so she 224 00:13:18,960 --> 00:13:26,960 Speaker 1: turned to face it with grace and ferocity. The changes 225 00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:29,800 Speaker 1: to the barracks were swift. Florence and her team brought 226 00:13:29,880 --> 00:13:33,200 Speaker 1: muscle and money. Soon new life was breathed into the space. 227 00:13:33,400 --> 00:13:36,720 Speaker 1: New windows were installed, floors were refinished, and large bath 228 00:13:36,760 --> 00:13:39,000 Speaker 1: tubs were brought in and kept fresh and warm for 229 00:13:39,120 --> 00:13:42,760 Speaker 1: tired men. Fresh linens were always made available, and there 230 00:13:42,760 --> 00:13:46,640 Speaker 1: were finally enough beds. But conditions weren't sparkling. They were 231 00:13:46,640 --> 00:13:50,679 Speaker 1: far better than before. Some of Florence's handpick nurses left, 232 00:13:50,840 --> 00:13:54,200 Speaker 1: but more continued to arrive. For the soldiers, the kindly 233 00:13:54,280 --> 00:13:57,080 Speaker 1: faces of these women were a welcome sight. There was 234 00:13:57,120 --> 00:14:00,720 Speaker 1: finally enough care to go around. The ounce of Florence 235 00:14:00,720 --> 00:14:03,600 Speaker 1: and her team began appearing in newspapers back in England. 236 00:14:04,000 --> 00:14:07,680 Speaker 1: Coverage was effusive and poetic, painting her to be both 237 00:14:07,720 --> 00:14:11,200 Speaker 1: a savior and saint on the front lines. Through these stories, 238 00:14:11,400 --> 00:14:15,040 Speaker 1: the public's opinion about the field of nursing began to shift. 239 00:14:15,559 --> 00:14:18,679 Speaker 1: You can think about Florence as something of an influencer. 240 00:14:18,880 --> 00:14:23,000 Speaker 1: She took something decidedly uncool and made it admirable. Nursing 241 00:14:23,080 --> 00:14:25,960 Speaker 1: was no longer seen as simple menial labor. It was 242 00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:29,400 Speaker 1: something valorous. She brought respectability to the women who were 243 00:14:29,440 --> 00:14:32,720 Speaker 1: already doing the work, and for wealthy women cloistered at 244 00:14:32,720 --> 00:14:36,360 Speaker 1: home due to society's expectations of them, nursing proved to 245 00:14:36,400 --> 00:14:40,080 Speaker 1: be a socially acceptable vehicle for escape. The papers wrote 246 00:14:40,120 --> 00:14:43,200 Speaker 1: about the Lady with the Lamp, a specter that feels 247 00:14:43,240 --> 00:14:46,840 Speaker 1: almost mythological in its design. It was reported that Florence 248 00:14:46,840 --> 00:14:50,280 Speaker 1: worked upwards of twenty hours a day, but relieved all 249 00:14:50,320 --> 00:14:52,760 Speaker 1: of her nurses at eight p m. She would make 250 00:14:52,840 --> 00:14:56,320 Speaker 1: nightly rounds her oil lamp, moving slowly and steadily through 251 00:14:56,320 --> 00:14:59,440 Speaker 1: the barracks, a welcome sight for all who lingered there. 252 00:15:00,040 --> 00:15:03,320 Speaker 1: But even still, men continued to perish. In fact, during 253 00:15:03,400 --> 00:15:06,720 Speaker 1: Florence and her team's first winter at Scutari, over four 254 00:15:06,800 --> 00:15:10,040 Speaker 1: thousand soldiers died, with a death toll of about forty 255 00:15:10,080 --> 00:15:13,680 Speaker 1: two percent. Florence insisted that these deaths could be attributed 256 00:15:13,720 --> 00:15:17,320 Speaker 1: to inadequate nutrition and supplies, and pressed for more support 257 00:15:17,320 --> 00:15:20,920 Speaker 1: from the government. As the working conditions at Scutari began 258 00:15:20,960 --> 00:15:23,760 Speaker 1: to improve, Florence was able to take leave and tour 259 00:15:23,840 --> 00:15:27,160 Speaker 1: other hospitals treating other wounded men. But while she was 260 00:15:27,240 --> 00:15:30,360 Speaker 1: in Crimea, she fell dangerously ill with a high fever 261 00:15:30,760 --> 00:15:33,440 Speaker 1: When she was well enough to travel again, she returned 262 00:15:33,440 --> 00:15:36,880 Speaker 1: to Scutari, where she became one of the patients attended 263 00:15:36,880 --> 00:15:40,360 Speaker 1: to by her own nursing staff. She recovered and returned 264 00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:43,760 Speaker 1: her sick bed to someone else. By March of eighteen 265 00:15:43,840 --> 00:15:46,720 Speaker 1: fifty six, peace had come to the region. She stayed 266 00:15:46,720 --> 00:15:49,160 Speaker 1: for a few more months, returning home to England in 267 00:15:49,200 --> 00:15:51,920 Speaker 1: August of that year. She was welcomed home with open 268 00:15:52,040 --> 00:15:55,480 Speaker 1: arms and hailed as a national hero. She had become 269 00:15:55,560 --> 00:15:58,040 Speaker 1: an icon during the time she was away, and the 270 00:15:58,040 --> 00:16:01,480 Speaker 1: British public wanted to celebrate her, but Florence just wanted 271 00:16:01,520 --> 00:16:05,160 Speaker 1: to rest. She had contracted brucellosis on the front, its 272 00:16:05,320 --> 00:16:08,480 Speaker 1: lingering flew like effects haunting her attempts to return to 273 00:16:08,520 --> 00:16:12,440 Speaker 1: a normal life. Her work, though, wasn't done. Florence had 274 00:16:12,440 --> 00:16:14,960 Speaker 1: amassed a huge body of data while she was working 275 00:16:15,000 --> 00:16:17,720 Speaker 1: at Scutari and planned to present it to the Royal 276 00:16:17,720 --> 00:16:20,920 Speaker 1: Commission on the Health of that Army. When she finally 277 00:16:20,920 --> 00:16:23,640 Speaker 1: finished compiling all of her notes, though she realized that 278 00:16:23,720 --> 00:16:26,760 Speaker 1: something had gone terribly wrong. She could now more fully 279 00:16:26,920 --> 00:16:30,240 Speaker 1: understand what had happened at the barracks. The soldiers hadn't 280 00:16:30,280 --> 00:16:33,480 Speaker 1: died due to malnutrition or lack of resources, as she 281 00:16:33,520 --> 00:16:37,800 Speaker 1: had originally believed, but from communicable diseases such as typhoid 282 00:16:37,840 --> 00:16:41,280 Speaker 1: and dysentery. She concluded that the huge death tolls under 283 00:16:41,280 --> 00:16:44,480 Speaker 1: her care were a result of poor sanitation and her 284 00:16:44,480 --> 00:16:48,840 Speaker 1: own ignorance about hygiene protocols. Yes, they had cleaner surroundings 285 00:16:48,840 --> 00:16:52,280 Speaker 1: than when she arrived, but that hadn't been enough. Florence 286 00:16:52,360 --> 00:16:55,240 Speaker 1: knew what she had to do next. She presented her 287 00:16:55,240 --> 00:16:58,480 Speaker 1: findings with shame, with vigor, and with a new solution. 288 00:16:58,960 --> 00:17:01,800 Speaker 1: She began to campaign for public health and worked to 289 00:17:01,960 --> 00:17:06,960 Speaker 1: educate hospitals in her orbit about better sanitation practices. Florence 290 00:17:07,040 --> 00:17:09,760 Speaker 1: was determined to write what had gone so wrong. She 291 00:17:09,840 --> 00:17:12,080 Speaker 1: now realized that so much of what had killed these 292 00:17:12,119 --> 00:17:16,199 Speaker 1: men could have been prevented, and she was determined to 293 00:17:16,359 --> 00:17:27,080 Speaker 1: never let it happen again. Florence looked ahead to life 294 00:17:27,200 --> 00:17:30,080 Speaker 1: after the war and determined what she wished to do next. 295 00:17:30,359 --> 00:17:33,200 Speaker 1: She had become a public figure, a national hero, and 296 00:17:33,320 --> 00:17:36,640 Speaker 1: a respected figure in the field of healthcare. Eyes looked 297 00:17:36,640 --> 00:17:40,040 Speaker 1: toward her, and she undoubtedly felt the weight of expectation. 298 00:17:40,720 --> 00:17:44,800 Speaker 1: Florence published her report and, pulling on her established relationships 299 00:17:44,840 --> 00:17:48,080 Speaker 1: within the government helped to open an Army medical college 300 00:17:48,080 --> 00:17:51,920 Speaker 1: in eighteen fifty nine, a military hospital in eighteen sixty one, 301 00:17:52,119 --> 00:17:56,040 Speaker 1: and a permanent Army Sanitary Commission. In eighteen sixty two, 302 00:17:56,119 --> 00:17:59,040 Speaker 1: a national fund in her name was established for the 303 00:17:59,040 --> 00:18:02,320 Speaker 1: purpose of founding a training school for nurses. This was 304 00:18:02,359 --> 00:18:05,800 Speaker 1: the only recognition of her services that she would publicly accept. 305 00:18:06,160 --> 00:18:09,720 Speaker 1: By eighteen sixty the Nightingale School and Home for Nurses 306 00:18:09,880 --> 00:18:13,280 Speaker 1: was established. The first class graduated five years later and 307 00:18:13,320 --> 00:18:17,399 Speaker 1: they haven't stopped since. The school, now part of King's College, London, 308 00:18:17,880 --> 00:18:21,399 Speaker 1: is still around to this very day. Although the infections 309 00:18:21,440 --> 00:18:23,600 Speaker 1: that she picked up during the war would become chronic, 310 00:18:23,720 --> 00:18:27,760 Speaker 1: she campaigned tirelessly for reform. During the American Civil War, 311 00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:30,879 Speaker 1: she was frequently contacted for advice on how to manage 312 00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:35,159 Speaker 1: field hospitals. She worked with India's army on their sanitation problems. 313 00:18:35,359 --> 00:18:38,040 Speaker 1: She went on to train medics in the Franco Prussian 314 00:18:38,080 --> 00:18:41,160 Speaker 1: War and even trained Linda Richards, the first woman who 315 00:18:41,160 --> 00:18:44,919 Speaker 1: would become a certified nurse in the United States. Florence 316 00:18:45,040 --> 00:18:48,760 Speaker 1: Nightingale died at age ninety on August thirteenth of nineteen 317 00:18:48,840 --> 00:18:51,760 Speaker 1: ten in London, and although she was offered a burial 318 00:18:51,760 --> 00:18:55,120 Speaker 1: place in Westminster Abbey. Her final resting place is far 319 00:18:55,160 --> 00:18:58,400 Speaker 1: more humble. She's buried in a churchyard with a headstone 320 00:18:58,400 --> 00:19:01,080 Speaker 1: that simply has her initials and dates of her birth 321 00:19:01,400 --> 00:19:05,159 Speaker 1: and death. Her legacy extends beyond her long life, and 322 00:19:05,240 --> 00:19:08,280 Speaker 1: her influence has stood the test of time. The character 323 00:19:08,320 --> 00:19:11,800 Speaker 1: that was created in the popular wartime press cemented Florence 324 00:19:11,920 --> 00:19:15,760 Speaker 1: in the public's imagination. Today, she's remembered most strikingly as 325 00:19:15,800 --> 00:19:18,719 Speaker 1: that lady with the lamp, but the bulk of her career, 326 00:19:18,960 --> 00:19:22,200 Speaker 1: which covers some of her most important work, took place 327 00:19:22,240 --> 00:19:25,920 Speaker 1: in the decades after she returned home from war. Florence 328 00:19:26,040 --> 00:19:28,520 Speaker 1: is a picture of civility in a moment that was 329 00:19:28,600 --> 00:19:32,000 Speaker 1: far from civilized and proved to be an attractive distraction 330 00:19:32,119 --> 00:19:35,240 Speaker 1: from the true nature of the army's complete mismanagement of 331 00:19:35,240 --> 00:19:39,040 Speaker 1: the war. And she was also deeply human, far from perfect, 332 00:19:39,119 --> 00:19:42,639 Speaker 1: and partial to beliefs that would be controversial today. We 333 00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:46,840 Speaker 1: remember the symbol, the icon that is Florence. The real 334 00:19:46,920 --> 00:19:50,639 Speaker 1: changes that Florence brought were fueled by flesh and blood humanity, 335 00:19:51,040 --> 00:19:54,360 Speaker 1: first by addressing the shortcomings of others, and then by 336 00:19:54,359 --> 00:19:58,760 Speaker 1: committing the remainder of her life to rectify hers. Florence 337 00:19:58,760 --> 00:20:01,840 Speaker 1: couldn't heal her own chronic illness, nor could she undo 338 00:20:01,880 --> 00:20:04,760 Speaker 1: the choices that were made in Scutari, but she did 339 00:20:04,800 --> 00:20:07,720 Speaker 1: what she could for decades afterward, and the field of 340 00:20:07,800 --> 00:20:17,640 Speaker 1: nursing around the globe has never been the same. Care 341 00:20:17,720 --> 00:20:20,760 Speaker 1: work is powerful. It takes a special kind of person 342 00:20:20,840 --> 00:20:23,600 Speaker 1: to dig deep into the trenches of human suffering, and 343 00:20:23,680 --> 00:20:26,880 Speaker 1: for those folks we are grateful, but we're not quite 344 00:20:26,960 --> 00:20:29,280 Speaker 1: done just yet. If you stick around through this brief 345 00:20:29,280 --> 00:20:32,359 Speaker 1: sponsor break, my teammate Robin Minister, will tell you one 346 00:20:32,440 --> 00:20:37,520 Speaker 1: more story about another healer finding their place in the world. 347 00:20:42,480 --> 00:20:44,880 Speaker 2: You could say that Mary was a healer by birthright. 348 00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:48,000 Speaker 2: Her mother was a master of folk medicine with those 349 00:20:48,040 --> 00:20:51,480 Speaker 2: in Jamaica referred to as a doctress. She'd a practice 350 00:20:51,520 --> 00:20:54,600 Speaker 2: based in hygiene and herbs and a working understanding of 351 00:20:54,600 --> 00:20:58,439 Speaker 2: tropical diseases and basic surgery. Before she won her freedom 352 00:20:58,440 --> 00:21:01,119 Speaker 2: and moved to Kingston, she nursed fellow enslaved people on 353 00:21:01,119 --> 00:21:05,760 Speaker 2: a nearby sugar plantation. Mary inherited her mother's wisdom and practices, 354 00:21:06,160 --> 00:21:08,600 Speaker 2: and she also had spirit. Her father had been in 355 00:21:08,640 --> 00:21:10,800 Speaker 2: the Scottish Army, which gave her a life of more 356 00:21:10,840 --> 00:21:14,000 Speaker 2: social mobility than she otherwise might have had. He had 357 00:21:14,000 --> 00:21:17,000 Speaker 2: traversed the seas, and this wanderlust is what she inherited 358 00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:20,159 Speaker 2: from him. As a teenager, she traveled twice to England 359 00:21:20,160 --> 00:21:23,159 Speaker 2: and around the Caribbean. She eventually married and stayed so 360 00:21:23,280 --> 00:21:26,240 Speaker 2: for eight years until her husband passed away. She would 361 00:21:26,280 --> 00:21:28,159 Speaker 2: go on to live her life as a single woman, 362 00:21:28,320 --> 00:21:31,040 Speaker 2: focusing her efforts on designing and pursuing a life she 363 00:21:31,080 --> 00:21:34,479 Speaker 2: had only dreamt of as a child. By eighteen fifty, 364 00:21:34,560 --> 00:21:37,479 Speaker 2: at the outbreak of a cholera epidemic in Kingston, she 365 00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:40,360 Speaker 2: found herself utilizing the healing arts that she had learned 366 00:21:40,400 --> 00:21:43,199 Speaker 2: from her mother, and by eighteen fifty two she was 367 00:21:43,240 --> 00:21:45,800 Speaker 2: living and working with her brother in Panama and once 368 00:21:45,840 --> 00:21:48,000 Speaker 2: again had a chance to serve the sick as the 369 00:21:48,040 --> 00:21:51,399 Speaker 2: country was rocked by a cholera outbreak. She traveled to 370 00:21:51,440 --> 00:21:54,400 Speaker 2: London the following year and stumbled across a newspaper headline 371 00:21:54,480 --> 00:21:57,640 Speaker 2: that would change the course of her life. She learned 372 00:21:57,680 --> 00:21:59,840 Speaker 2: about the Crimean War and was termed to travel to 373 00:21:59,880 --> 00:22:03,200 Speaker 2: the front and offer her services. She was dismayed though, 374 00:22:03,240 --> 00:22:06,119 Speaker 2: when her offers were rejected by British authorities and Florence 375 00:22:06,200 --> 00:22:10,040 Speaker 2: Nightingale herself. She decided to pay her own way, though 376 00:22:10,080 --> 00:22:12,479 Speaker 2: she was told there were no nursing vacancies and no 377 00:22:12,600 --> 00:22:15,919 Speaker 2: need for her services. As to why this happened, well, 378 00:22:16,040 --> 00:22:19,359 Speaker 2: it's still debated by scholars today. Some insist that Mary 379 00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:22,800 Speaker 2: Suekole wasn't qualified. Others say it was because she didn't 380 00:22:22,800 --> 00:22:26,320 Speaker 2: go through the accepted application channels. Others believed it was 381 00:22:26,359 --> 00:22:30,000 Speaker 2: outright racism. She was certainly hurt, but she wasn't going 382 00:22:30,040 --> 00:22:33,760 Speaker 2: to be dissuaded. Tapping into her other skill set, hospitality 383 00:22:33,760 --> 00:22:37,080 Speaker 2: and mercantilism, she made her way to Scutari, where she 384 00:22:37,119 --> 00:22:40,240 Speaker 2: opened a restaurant for wounded and sick men. Here they 385 00:22:40,280 --> 00:22:43,320 Speaker 2: would find respite for being transported to the hospital for care. 386 00:22:44,000 --> 00:22:46,400 Speaker 2: For this work, she was herald as a hero, appearing 387 00:22:46,400 --> 00:22:49,879 Speaker 2: in newspapers alongside Florence Nightingale, being called the mother of 388 00:22:49,920 --> 00:22:53,600 Speaker 2: the Army and Mother Sekul. Even Florence softened to her 389 00:22:53,600 --> 00:22:57,040 Speaker 2: appearance on the battlefront, recognizing her contributions to the care 390 00:22:57,160 --> 00:23:00,120 Speaker 2: and morale of the soldiers. When a peace treaty was 391 00:23:00,119 --> 00:23:03,439 Speaker 2: finally signed in March thirtieth eighteen fifty six, the troops 392 00:23:03,440 --> 00:23:05,920 Speaker 2: began to funnel out. She would be one of the 393 00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:08,880 Speaker 2: last to leave Crimea, staying until the last possible moment 394 00:23:09,000 --> 00:23:11,879 Speaker 2: to sol off all parts of her business. This endeavor 395 00:23:11,920 --> 00:23:16,000 Speaker 2: was unsuccessful and she returned to London penniless. She didn't 396 00:23:16,000 --> 00:23:19,359 Speaker 2: fade into obscurity, though, you see. Her reputation grew and 397 00:23:19,400 --> 00:23:22,880 Speaker 2: her fans amassed. Countless lives were touched by her care, 398 00:23:23,280 --> 00:23:24,879 Speaker 2: and it was now time for her to receive some 399 00:23:25,119 --> 00:23:29,200 Speaker 2: in kind. In eighteen fifty seven, forty thousand people attended 400 00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:31,520 Speaker 2: a four day fundraising gallet to help her get back 401 00:23:31,520 --> 00:23:34,399 Speaker 2: on her feet. Queen Victoria and her family established the 402 00:23:34,440 --> 00:23:36,600 Speaker 2: Sea Coal Fund to ensure she live out the rest 403 00:23:36,640 --> 00:23:39,440 Speaker 2: of her days in comfort. On the one hundredth anniversary 404 00:23:39,440 --> 00:23:42,679 Speaker 2: of the Crimean War, the Jamaican Nurses Association named their 405 00:23:42,720 --> 00:23:46,920 Speaker 2: headquarters the Merry Sea Coull House. She was also posthumously 406 00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:49,680 Speaker 2: awarded the Jamaican Order of Merit in nineteen ninety one. 407 00:23:50,200 --> 00:23:52,680 Speaker 2: Across Upon in England, a painting of her now hangs 408 00:23:52,680 --> 00:23:56,040 Speaker 2: in the National Portrait Gallery. She was voted the greatest 409 00:23:56,040 --> 00:23:59,119 Speaker 2: Black Britain in a two thousand and four poll. Today, 410 00:23:59,240 --> 00:24:02,520 Speaker 2: a statue of her stands at Saint Thomas's Hospital, former 411 00:24:02,600 --> 00:24:06,040 Speaker 2: site of the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery. 412 00:24:06,480 --> 00:24:09,520 Speaker 2: Nearby is a statue of Florence herself, and while some 413 00:24:09,960 --> 00:24:13,440 Speaker 2: mostly staunch defenders of Florence's work and detractors of Mary's, 414 00:24:13,800 --> 00:24:16,800 Speaker 2: have been irked by this proximity, what has proven to 415 00:24:16,840 --> 00:24:19,199 Speaker 2: be true is that there's room enough in this world 416 00:24:19,560 --> 00:24:23,520 Speaker 2: for two heroes, and should we be so lucky to 417 00:24:23,600 --> 00:24:25,000 Speaker 2: find more in our. 418 00:24:24,920 --> 00:24:31,960 Speaker 1: Midst Grimm and Mild Presents Bedside Manners was executive produced 419 00:24:31,960 --> 00:24:35,720 Speaker 1: by Aaron Manke and narrated by Aaron Manke and Robinminitter. 420 00:24:36,200 --> 00:24:39,480 Speaker 1: Writing for this season was provided by Robin Miniter, with 421 00:24:39,640 --> 00:24:44,120 Speaker 1: research by Sam Alberty, Taylor Haggerdorn and Robin Miniter. Production 422 00:24:44,240 --> 00:24:48,639 Speaker 1: assistants was provided by Josh Thain, Jesse Funk, Alex Williams, 423 00:24:48,880 --> 00:24:51,760 Speaker 1: and Matt Frederick. You can learn more about this show, 424 00:24:51,880 --> 00:24:54,520 Speaker 1: the Grim and Mild team and all the other podcasts 425 00:24:54,520 --> 00:24:58,960 Speaker 1: that we make over at Grimandmild dot com, and as always, 426 00:24:59,359 --> 00:25:00,000 Speaker 1: thanks for listen. 427 00:25:00,040 --> 00:25:00,360 Speaker 2: The name