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Speaker 1: At the end of twenty nineteen and into twenty twenty,

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Speaker 1: massive bushfires ravaged Australia in what became known as Black Summer.

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Speaker 2: You know, you look outside at ten o'clock in the

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Speaker 2: morning and it would be a black sky and the sun,

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Speaker 2: if you could say, the sun would kind of be

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Speaker 2: like a red dot. It's just such an extreme amount

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Speaker 2: of smoke.

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Speaker 1: We hear a lot about the huge economic cost of

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Speaker 1: wildfires like this that are growing in frequency and size

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Speaker 1: across the globe. Just look at a place like California.

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Speaker 1: Homes destroyed, people's lives turned upside down. But the Australia

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Speaker 1: disaster is now three years later, awakened officials around the

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Speaker 1: world to another toll that's been harder to pin down.

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Speaker 1: I'm Westkasova today on the Big Take Bloomberg reporters Amy

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Speaker 1: Bainbridge and Angus Whitley on the elusive health hazards of wildfire,

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Speaker 1: especially on children.

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Speaker 2: The fires raged across eastern Australia for months on end.

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Speaker 2: They generated so much smoke they engulfed farmland, towns, twenty

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Speaker 2: four million hectares of land, the area equivalent to half

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Speaker 2: of California. It was just such a huge event.

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Speaker 3: Just the scale of them was something that well most

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Speaker 3: of Australia had never experienced before. And also because it

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Speaker 3: touched so much of the population, you know, by some

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Speaker 3: master it's eighty percent of the population. That there weren't

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Speaker 3: many people who weren't affected. And it really brought something

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Speaker 3: that maybe had had in the past, been something that

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Speaker 3: affected rural areas of Australia or remote communities. It brought

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Speaker 3: these fires into the city. People in the city were

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Speaker 3: suffering from smoke effects as well. You know, more than

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Speaker 3: thirty people directly died in the fires, you know, an

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Speaker 3: estimated four hundred and fifty on most people indirectly dying

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Speaker 3: from the forest. It was a tragic season that just

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Speaker 3: went on and on and on.

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Speaker 4: It was awful to live through.

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Speaker 3: We wanted to go out and see what the long

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Speaker 3: term effects of this fire were. We knew that it

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Speaker 3: had devastating consequences in the immediate aftermath, but something that

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Speaker 3: long and that severe, we thought, well, three years after

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Speaker 3: the event, what is that done to people who lived

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Speaker 3: through that, and particularly what is it done to the kids,

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Speaker 3: the really young kids at the time who were breathing

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Speaker 3: in that smoke, and also the mothers who were pregnant

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Speaker 3: at the time, who were breathing in that smoke and

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Speaker 3: directly feeding that into their unborn children. So Aim and

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Speaker 3: I went at and tried to find the mothers and

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Speaker 3: the kids who were affected, and the results were terrifying

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Speaker 3: in some respects, and it kind of surprised us what

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Speaker 3: the kind of symptoms people were suffering.

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Speaker 2: A lot of the women that we spoke to, they're

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Speaker 2: still very traumatized when you talk about that event. At

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Speaker 2: the time, a lot of women say now reflecting they

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Speaker 2: weren't really equipped to stay out of the smoke to

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Speaker 2: try and prevent breathing those toxic particles into their bodies.

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Speaker 2: We were told that masks, which of course were all

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Speaker 2: now very familiar with, that the time was so hard

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Speaker 2: to access, trying to keep smoke out of your house

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Speaker 2: by blocking underdoors with wet towels, putting towels over fans

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Speaker 2: and things like that. People just couldn't stop breathing in

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Speaker 2: this smoke. And this lasted for weeks and weeks on end,

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Speaker 2: And that, of course went to the question the Angus

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Speaker 2: and I had was around this acute exposure. What happens

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Speaker 2: to your body? What can be the medium and long

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Speaker 2: term consequences of breathing in smoke in an event like that,

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Speaker 2: And once we started looking around, we realized that there

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Speaker 2: was a lot of literature on long term air pollution,

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Speaker 2: but there's some emerging research on the impact of breathing

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Speaker 2: in wildfire smoke, and that's kind of what we zeroed

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Speaker 2: in on.

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Speaker 3: What we discovered was that the bush far or wildfire

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Speaker 3: smoke contains hundreds of different ingredients and a lot of

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Speaker 3: poisonous gases. You can imagine, it just burns through everything.

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Speaker 3: It's not a control blaze burning one particular type of fuel.

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Speaker 3: It burns through vehicles, It burns through houses, building materials,

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Speaker 3: and a thing that might be toxic in the house

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Speaker 3: goes up and smoke as best OFSS, bricks, concrete. There's

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Speaker 3: lots of really toxic substances. And what we discovered was

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Speaker 3: that doctors and academics are really focused in on this

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Speaker 3: tiny particular matter PM two point five in particular, which

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Speaker 3: it's full of little pieces of matter which are so

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Speaker 3: small that far too small to sea with the naked eye,

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Speaker 3: of far smaller than the width of the human hair.

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Speaker 1: And PM two point five is how scientists describe the

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Speaker 1: particulate matter in pollution or in wildfire smoke that lodges

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Speaker 1: in the lungs.

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Speaker 3: That's right, so small it penetrates your lungs, can even

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Speaker 3: enter the blood stream, and of course once it's in

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Speaker 3: your bloodstream, it can do all sorts of damage to

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Speaker 3: different organs. And that's really the matter that does the damage.

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Speaker 3: There's PM two point five in ambient air pollution, but

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Speaker 3: wildfaretmoke is particularly concentrated.

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Speaker 1: And what is the difference between wildfire smoke and just

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Speaker 1: air pollution.

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Speaker 3: Well, ambient air pollution is something that most of the

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Speaker 3: world deals with, you know, according to the World Health Organization,

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Speaker 3: almost everybody is breathing in some kind of polluted air

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Speaker 3: at some point.

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Speaker 4: But wildfast smoke is traditionally.

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Speaker 3: Very elevated for short periods of time at PM two

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Speaker 3: point five levels shoot off the scale. And at some

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Speaker 3: point during Black Summer in Australia, levels were ten times

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Speaker 3: more than safe levels in Australia, so it was very elevated.

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Speaker 3: And I think what marked Black Summer at was just

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Speaker 3: the longevity of the burning. Usually these things last a

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Speaker 3: few days. Black Summer burned for weeks and weeks and

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Speaker 3: nineteen weeks on end in some areas. So I think

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Speaker 3: that's what academics and people really interested in, Well, what

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Speaker 3: does that do to the body. You haven't seen that

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Speaker 3: kind of duration of polluted air, not in our lifetime anyway.

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Speaker 2: Fay Johnston, who's kind of like a world renowned researcher

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Speaker 2: on wildfire smoke, and she's based in Tasmania, in our

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Speaker 2: southern state of Australia, so she's been studying this for

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Speaker 2: twenty years and she kind of describes it as like

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Speaker 2: this toxic mix of harmful gases, including nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide.

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Speaker 5: So when I'm talking about particles suspended in the air,

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Speaker 5: they can range from great big bits of dust that

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Speaker 5: you can see or ash from a fire, right down

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Speaker 5: to nanoparticle sized bits of carbon or other things.

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Speaker 6: The tinier the particle, the more it gets into your system.

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Speaker 6: So anything smaller than a size of two and a

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Speaker 6: half micrometers micrometer is one thousandth of a millimeter, so

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Speaker 6: it's really really tiny. Anything smaller than two point five

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Speaker 6: will enter into your lungs and can cross into your

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Speaker 6: bloodstream or so we offer talk about PM two point

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Speaker 6: five as one marker of particles and that's that smaller

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Speaker 6: size class, and that's the one most studied for health.

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Speaker 5: Any kind of combustion.

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Speaker 6: Will give off a lot of particles and a lot

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Speaker 6: of PM two point five. And when you're burning wood

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Speaker 6: or bushfires, that kind of we call it biomass combustion,

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Speaker 6: that generates a lot of PM two point five and

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Speaker 6: fast smaller size classes. So it's a really important source

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Speaker 6: of harmful particles in the air.

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Speaker 4: So when you.

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Speaker 6: Breathe, particles in your body will react to it like

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Speaker 6: it reacts to any hazards, and it will activate your

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Speaker 6: stress responses and your immune responses, just like if you've

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Speaker 6: got pneumonia or if you've got to burn, your body

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Speaker 6: reacts to the stress or the threat, and it does

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Speaker 6: that in a whole lot of ways.

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Speaker 2: And the other thing to think about amongst all this

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Speaker 2: is your underlying predisposition, the genetic factors that contribute to

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Speaker 2: you as a person, and what this kind of vision

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Speaker 2: might activate in your system, and then therefore what the

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Speaker 2: medium and long term consequences might be.

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Speaker 3: What Fay told us was that if you are a

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Speaker 3: healthy person, maybe you could withstand several days of elevated

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Speaker 3: PM two point five. But if you were perhaps just

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Speaker 3: susceptible to asthma. The same dose might trigger some long

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Speaker 3: term consequences in your own body, So it would have

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Speaker 3: different effects to different people, and you mayn't even know

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Speaker 3: that you're susceptible to it. Almost in that respect, it's

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Speaker 3: a bit of a lottery as to what it might

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Speaker 3: do to you. Obviously, if you're already suffering from asthma,

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Speaker 3: you're predisposed to it, there's a chance it might affect

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Speaker 3: you worse. But there are so many unanswered questions the

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Speaker 3: mothers were grappling with. Did the smoke lead directly to

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Speaker 3: my child symptoms? Could I have done more? Is there

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Speaker 3: a direct link between what I'm seeing in my child

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Speaker 3: now and those days where I perhaps breathing in the

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Speaker 3: smoke without a mask at the time. And there is

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Speaker 3: a hole in the academic research at the moment that

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Speaker 3: medics and researchers are racing to fill.

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Speaker 1: And you decided to concentrate on children. Why is that?

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Speaker 2: We were aware that there was quite a major research

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Speaker 2: study happening in the state of New South Wales that

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Speaker 2: was trying to find out some answers around the medium

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Speaker 2: and long term health impacts of black Summer. It's called

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Speaker 2: the Mother and Child twenty twenty study, and it's conducted

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Speaker 2: by a group of well known, high profile researchers who

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Speaker 2: know what they're doing. Basically, we were really interested to

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Speaker 2: find out why they wanted to know this. One of

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Speaker 2: the first things we did was connect with a general

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Speaker 2: practitioner who works in a rural area, runs a very

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Speaker 2: large clinic in southern New South Wales northern Victoria, kind

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Speaker 2: of in this border region, and she had given evidence

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Speaker 2: to a Senate committee hearing about the outcomes of black

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Speaker 2: Summer in terms of the smoke inhalation, and we started

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Speaker 2: with her and I just remember my first conversation with her,

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Speaker 2: and this was towards the end of last year, but

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Speaker 2: being kind of blown away by the sorts of things

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Speaker 2: she told us she witnessed at the time, and she

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Speaker 2: had really grave fears that no one was really doing

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Speaker 2: much about what happens when the next emergency invariably comes.

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Speaker 1: And that doctor's name is Rebecca McGough and here she

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Speaker 1: is talking to you.

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Speaker 7: There was one particular case that really made me set

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Speaker 7: up and start to take notice of this whole issue,

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Speaker 7: and it was a woman who baby was born early

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Speaker 7: the baby was born smaller.

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Speaker 8: But what really.

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Speaker 7: Struck me was her comments about her placenta, and she

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Speaker 7: was told that her placenta looked like she'd been a

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Speaker 7: smoker pacadet smoker. And the midwives were all around a

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Speaker 7: circle looking at this placenta. They took photos of it,

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Speaker 7: and they said.

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Speaker 8: You're a smoker, and she denied it. She said, I've

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Speaker 8: never smoked in my life.

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Speaker 3: And another mother described her a placenter's being gritty.

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Speaker 7: A normal placenta is pink and fleshy, and it looks healthy.

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Speaker 7: A disease percenter has a lot of gray in it

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Speaker 7: and chalky white bits and parts of it that look

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Speaker 7: at what we call friable or a bit fragile, like

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Speaker 7: breaking away. The presenter is the most important thing to

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Speaker 7: keep the baby growing, so it is the powerhouse, so

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Speaker 7: it nourishes the baby.

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Speaker 8: It's the pathway, the portal between.

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Speaker 7: What the mother breeds in and what she eats, and

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Speaker 7: how that all that good nourishment is passed on to

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Speaker 7: the baby viole the percenta and the babies we know.

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Speaker 3: We also spoke to some doctors at the time, two

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Speaker 3: obstetricians who also described similar kind of experiences. But there

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Speaker 3: was one particular doctor, Michael Holland, who was a roving

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Speaker 3: obstetrician in Dan, south of Sydney, and he describes seeing

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Speaker 3: three still berths in an era that would ordinarily have

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Speaker 3: three hundred berths in a year, and that is very unusual,

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Speaker 3: he told us.

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Speaker 4: And that's either a coincidence or it's attributed to something.

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Speaker 1: After the break, A mother describes the effects she believes

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Speaker 1: breathing smoke had on her child.

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Speaker 3: There was one boy, Colt, who was the son of

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Speaker 3: one woman that we spoke to Dan and Allighan, about.

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Speaker 4: Four hours south of Sydney. The fires rolled in in.

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Speaker 3: Early twenty twenty and he's still on breathing medication.

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Speaker 1: Dan Night, and you spoke to Colt's mother, Casey Douglas.

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Speaker 9: I just remember I pulled him under my shirt and

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Speaker 9: I had him here and I was trying to just

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Speaker 9: shelter him from the smoke. But looking outside at the

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Speaker 9: glass windows, the smoke was just in. No matter how

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Speaker 9: many all the windows were shut, the smoke was still

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Speaker 9: coming in under the door. He was a healthy one

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Speaker 9: year old before the smoke, and the smoke was present,

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Speaker 9: but Colt didn't get bad until it was so close

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Speaker 9: to us.

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Speaker 3: There are the kids who perhaps not on regular medication now,

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Speaker 3: but had used ventaline or breathing medication at some point

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Speaker 3: in the preceding period. It's a medication to help you breathe.

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Speaker 3: It's essentially a relaxant. It opens up the airways and

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Speaker 3: makes it easier to breathe. One of the key subjects

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Speaker 3: that we spoke to for our story Colt, little boy

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Speaker 3: who was one at the time, and his mother described

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Speaker 3: to us how when he first took it in the

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Speaker 3: days after the far almost immediately he started to breathe

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Speaker 3: more easily.

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Speaker 9: No one's quick to link anything to the fires here,

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Speaker 9: but yeah, I know in my heart that the breathing

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Speaker 9: issues happened straight after the fires, if not during. He's

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Speaker 9: now on an asthma plan for his preschool and he

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Speaker 9: has a preventer in the morning and in her at night.

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Speaker 9: And if he doesn't have that prevenna, he has a

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Speaker 9: really bad day. And he can hardly run around the

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Speaker 9: poor thing without wheezing and being out of breath and puff.

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Speaker 9: So it's taken a toll on him for sure. And yeah,

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Speaker 9: I feel for him because he'll be most likely on

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Speaker 9: vinolin for the rest of his life.

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Speaker 3: There was a woman we interviewed in a beautiful coastal

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Speaker 3: town called Tura Beach, which is south of Sydney, and

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Speaker 3: Emma and I drove down to meet a mother called

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Speaker 3: Jan Spears who was worried about her daughter Mia.

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Speaker 1: And that's the woman we heard about earlier who believed

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Speaker 1: her placenta had been damaged by wildfire smoke.

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Speaker 3: We spoke to her in her home and she was

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Speaker 3: just reeling off all the specialists in MIA's medical team

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Speaker 3: who were attending to her. There was a physiotherapist, there

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Speaker 3: was an occupational therapist, there was a speech therapist, there

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Speaker 3: was a pediatric neurologist trying to figure out what was

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Speaker 3: wrong with Mian. And Jen had had gone through this

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Speaker 3: intense period of smoke exposure.

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Speaker 4: She had as referred.

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Speaker 3: To earlier, she had gone through this sort of five

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Speaker 3: or six week period of intense smoke.

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Speaker 4: She tried escaping to Canberra. The smoke was actually worse

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Speaker 4: than camera.

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Speaker 3: She came back home and Tura Beach was really one

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Speaker 3: of those places that was almost sort of surrounded. It

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Speaker 3: was ambushed, if you like, by while far and they

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Speaker 3: didn't see the sun for weeks and there was smoke

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Speaker 3: all over the house. And this was when Jem was

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Speaker 3: pregnant with Mia. And it should be said that doctors

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Speaker 3: haven't connected MIA's symptoms with that smoke exposure, but it's

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Speaker 3: something that preys on Jen. And Mia missed her milestones,

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Speaker 3: developmental milestone, she was slow to eat solids. She was

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Speaker 3: born three weeks early because her growth had plateaued in

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Speaker 3: the womb. And again according to the midwives, MIA's placenta

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Speaker 3: was partly caulcif it was blackened as if Jen had

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Speaker 3: been a heavy smoker. And then subsequently Amir didn't crawl

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Speaker 3: until after her first birthday.

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Speaker 4: And she has hip.

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Speaker 3: Dysplasia, which is the medical term for a hip socket

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Speaker 3: that doesn't fully cover the ball portion of the upper

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Speaker 3: thigh bone. So really worrying symptoms that doctors haven't yet

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Speaker 3: connected to the smoke exposure. But then Jen is wondering,

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Speaker 3: you know, was it due to those few weeks of

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Speaker 3: smoke exposure.

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Speaker 4: Do we need to do things differently?

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Speaker 3: And she said she was talking to us, so no

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Speaker 3: one else in her position had to go through the

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Speaker 3: same experience again, So it's that gap in knowledge that

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Speaker 3: we spoke about earlier. That's really sort of weighing on

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Speaker 3: these mothers as well.

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Speaker 1: Amy, our doctor is able to draw connections between the

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Speaker 1: fires and these sorts of physical ailments that aren't just

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Speaker 1: breathing difficulties that you might naturally associate with in ailing smoke.

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Speaker 2: We asked these of the general practitioner Rebecca McGowan as well.

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Speaker 2: She is part of a number of lobby groups on

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Speaker 2: the vironment. She said that doctors are often very pushed

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Speaker 2: for time and it can be harder to get to

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Speaker 2: those bigger picture issues, but she's also confident that there

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Speaker 2: is an increasing awareness that there may be a link

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Speaker 2: and the only thing that's really going to help with

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Speaker 2: this is gathering more data and really putting it firmly

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Speaker 2: on the agenda to give practitioners more confidence when they're

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Speaker 2: dealing with these kinds of cases.

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Speaker 7: It was estimated that in Sydney at the height of

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Speaker 7: the black summer smoke and the fires, that it would

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Speaker 7: be walking around Sydney would be equivalent to smoking thirty

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Speaker 7: seven cigarettes in one day, and that was actually closer

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Speaker 7: so closer to the fires, it would be more than that.

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Speaker 8: So we have that data for the last seventy years.

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Speaker 7: On what smoking looks like in a woman pregnant woman,

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Speaker 7: so we can extrapolate a little bit. We're not just

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Speaker 7: blind blind with this. We do have some scientific information.

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Speaker 1: What do we know about the wide bread health effects

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Speaker 1: of the fires in Australia overall?

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Speaker 3: This is the key question. We know what it did

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Speaker 3: to people at the time. There's good data and the

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Speaker 3: immediate aftermath of higher presentations to emergency departments for cardiovascular complaints,

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Speaker 3: for ventil in prescriptions, for breathing difficulties, so all that

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Speaker 3: data is immediately available. What we don't know is what

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Speaker 3: it's done to people like now three years after the event.

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Speaker 3: And as Amy says that mother and Child twenty twenties

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Speaker 3: is a key study. But what's also key is that

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Speaker 3: these kind of studies go on and on and keep

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Speaker 3: looking at the kids as they progress into school through school,

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Speaker 3: and I think only then where you get a really

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Speaker 3: good picture of what bush forestmoke exposure does to you

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Speaker 3: during your key growth period as a child and into adulthood.

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Speaker 3: And there are previous studies in the US not particularly

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Speaker 3: focused on brig frostmoke, but more on generic air pollution.

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Speaker 3: For instance, there was a key study in the US

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Speaker 3: that started in the nineteen nineties was a study in

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Speaker 3: the University of California that traced a cohort of several

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Speaker 3: thousand kids through school in areas that were exposed to

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Speaker 3: air pollution, and they found that once a kid reaches eighteen,

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Speaker 3: any kind of damage that they've sustained to their lung

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Speaker 3: development is really.

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Speaker 4: Unlikely to be reversed.

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Speaker 3: So there were indicators in the past about what generic

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Speaker 3: air pollution does to children, but nothing really that pointed

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Speaker 3: to long term effects of wildfastmok in particular.

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Speaker 4: I think that's what people are wrestling with.

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Speaker 3: Now, as wildfare has a projected become more common, more severe,

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Speaker 3: longer lasting. The wider picture, there are countries that will

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Speaker 3: be impacted by wildfire smoke that haven't been impacted while

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Speaker 3: I smoke to such a degree in the future, as

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Speaker 3: the climate continues to warm.

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Speaker 1: When we come back, what's the plan for a future

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Speaker 1: with more wildfires and more smoke.

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Speaker 2: We know that meteorologists are warning bushfires are going to

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Speaker 2: become more frequent and destructive, and this whole problem is

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Speaker 2: just becoming to be tweet ignore. Already it's costing as

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Speaker 2: much as thirty six billion dollars a year in the

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Speaker 2: US alone. Meteorologists say that, you know, bushfires, wildfires are

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Speaker 2: going to become more frequent and more destructive as temperatures

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Speaker 2: continue to rise, and we already know that long term

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Speaker 2: health problems are just going to add to that bill.

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Speaker 2: And something that people repeatedly raised to us mothers as

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Speaker 2: well is the economic productivity that comes out of that too,

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Speaker 2: Like women who have to take longer off work to

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Speaker 2: care for their children, do they need to spend more

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Speaker 2: time helping with developmental delays and things like that. So

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Speaker 2: there is some real economic consequences as well. We also

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Speaker 2: know that there are places around the world experiencing wildfires

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Speaker 2: that have never previously burned because of the changing climate.

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Speaker 2: So in many ways it's putting all communities on their

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Speaker 2: toes as they learn about what could potentially lie ahead.

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Speaker 3: It was a really good United Nations Environment Program report

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Speaker 3: on wildfires, and that pointed to a lot of the

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Speaker 3: fires that were burning around the world that we hadn't

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Speaker 3: seen before. I think that they said in twenty twenty

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Speaker 3: fires in the Russian Arctic, for instance, burn tens of

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Speaker 3: millions of factors, and they'd been earlier.

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Speaker 4: Blazers in Alaska in Greenland and Canada, and I think

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Speaker 4: most warring.

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Speaker 3: And this was statistic that really struck me was that

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Speaker 3: these kind of catastrophes like Black Summer are almost sixty

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Speaker 3: percent more likely to happen this century as the climate warns.

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Speaker 3: And I think whereas California has experienced eight of its

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Speaker 3: ten largest fars on record in just the past five years,

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Speaker 3: which might tell you something. And we've had fires in

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Speaker 3: suburbs of major cities as well, like Athens Boulder in Colorado.

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Speaker 3: So I guess that's the pattern that's emerging.

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Speaker 1: What is Australia doing to try to protect people's health

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Speaker 1: the next time around in a way that they couldn't

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Speaker 1: anticipate before.

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Speaker 3: There was a key inquiry straight after the bush fires

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Speaker 3: the Black Summer into what happened, how we could approach

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Speaker 3: the next disaster better, and Royal Commission into the Black

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Speaker 3: Summer and that came out with eighty recommendations, including improving

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Speaker 3: air quality indication, improving the flow of information to people

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Speaker 3: in fire spots, working with the indigenous community to work

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Speaker 3: out how to manage the land better. Some of those

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Speaker 3: have been actioned, some of them haven't. And certainly that

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Speaker 3: there's a better network of air quality monitors that they're

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Speaker 3: in place, but some of the recommendations that we hear

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Speaker 3: from academics and doctors go a bit further, like subsidized

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Speaker 3: air purifiers for instance, for people who are particularly vulnerable,

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Speaker 3: for pregnant mothers, good supply of masks for pregnant mothers,

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Speaker 3: maybe even evacuation plans for pregnant mothers and vulnerable and kids,

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Speaker 3: like putting them at the head of the queue. So

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Speaker 3: there are steps that you can take that go further

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Speaker 3: than better information, better monitoring, better land management, but it's

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Speaker 3: not clear that those are being immediately actioned.

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Speaker 1: Our worldwide organizations like the w h O or the

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Speaker 1: UN trying to get together to figure out how to

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Speaker 1: get their arms around this problem.

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Speaker 2: In the next few months, we expect the World Health

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Speaker 2: Organization to release a major evidence review of this issue,

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Speaker 2: so hopefully bringing together all that we know, and we

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Speaker 2: have spoken to doctor Mary Prinicki, who is a scientist

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Speaker 2: at Stanford who worked on that evidence review. She has

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Speaker 2: said that it's going to make a number of recommendations

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Speaker 2: globally for countries, so we do know that there is

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Speaker 2: some action on this. We also know more locally here

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Speaker 2: that one of the doctors that we interviewed, who has

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Speaker 2: since been elected to parliamentary office, is going to put

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Speaker 2: smoke related research high on the agenda. He's now the

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Speaker 2: Parliamentary Secretary in New South Wales, doctor Michael Hollands. So

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Speaker 2: there's things happening globally and there is a push here

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Speaker 2: locally as well to try and get a bit of

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Speaker 2: traction on this issue and if anything, helped communities prepare

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Speaker 2: for the next disaster when it invariably does come.

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Speaker 1: Amy Angus, thanks so much for speaking with me today.

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Speaker 1: Garcia is our engineer. Our original music was composed by

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Speaker 1: Leo Sidrin, I'm West Kasova. We'll be back on Monday

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Speaker 1: with another big take. Have a great weekend.