WEBVTT - Listener Questions 68 0:00:00.080 --> 0:00:03.159 If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It comes 0:00:03.160 --> 0:00:06.400 with the privacy and security you expect from Apple. Plus, 0:00:06.480 --> 0:00:09.119 you earn up to three percent daily cash back on 0:00:09.240 --> 0:00:12.440 every purchase, which can automatically earn interest when you open 0:00:12.480 --> 0:00:15.360 a high yield savings account through Apple Card. Apply for 0:00:15.480 --> 0:00:18.400 Apple Card in the wallet app subject to credit approval. 0:00:18.400 --> 0:00:21.600 Savings is available to Apple Card owners subject to eligibility. 0:00:21.720 --> 0:00:24.360 Apple Card and Savings by Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt 0:00:24.400 --> 0:00:27.240 Lake Sidney Branch, Member FDIC, terms and more at applecard 0:00:27.240 --> 0:00:27.880 dot com. 0:00:28.120 --> 0:00:30.600 Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new 0:00:30.680 --> 0:00:34.360 Black Effect's original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving 0:00:34.400 --> 0:00:37.120 deep into the rich world of black literature. Black Lit 0:00:37.159 --> 0:00:39.279 is for the page turners, for those who listen to 0:00:39.320 --> 0:00:42.239 audiobooks while running errands or at the end of a 0:00:42.240 --> 0:00:42.840 busy day. 0:00:43.000 --> 0:00:44.880 From thought provoking novels. 0:00:44.440 --> 0:00:48.760 To powerful poetry, we'll explore the stories that shape our culture. 0:00:49.000 --> 0:00:52.480 Listen to Black Lit on the Black Effect Podcast Network iHeartRadio, app, 0:00:52.520 --> 0:00:55.400 Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. 0:00:55.440 --> 0:00:58.240 So Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke. 0:00:58.480 --> 0:01:01.720 From tips for healthy living to the latest medical breakthroughs, 0:01:01.920 --> 0:01:05.600 WebMD's Health Discovered podcast keeps you up to date on 0:01:05.640 --> 0:01:09.360 today's most important health issues through in depth conversations with 0:01:09.480 --> 0:01:13.640 experts from across the healthcare community. WebMD reveals how today's 0:01:13.640 --> 0:01:15.880 health news will impact your life tomorrow. 0:01:16.319 --> 0:01:18.600 It's not that people don't know that exercise is healthy, 0:01:18.640 --> 0:01:21.080 it's just that people don't know why it's healthy, and 0:01:21.120 --> 0:01:23.440 we're struggling to try to help people help themselves in 0:01:23.480 --> 0:01:23.880 each other. 0:01:24.400 --> 0:01:27.840 Listen to WebMD Health Discovered on the iHeartRadio app or 0:01:27.880 --> 0:01:29.200 wherever you get your podcasts. 0:01:29.440 --> 0:01:32.600 I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast. 0:01:33.040 --> 0:01:36.640 As the US elections approach, it can feel like we're 0:01:36.640 --> 0:01:40.800 angrier and more divided than ever, But in a new 0:01:40.880 --> 0:01:43.840 copule season of my podcast, I'll Share with the Science 0:01:43.959 --> 0:01:47.760 really shows that we're surprisingly more united than most people think. 0:01:48.040 --> 0:01:50.880 We all know something is wrong in our culture and 0:01:50.960 --> 0:01:53.640 our politics, and that we need to do better and 0:01:53.680 --> 0:01:54.720 that we can be better. 0:01:54.960 --> 0:01:58.760 Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 0:01:58.800 --> 0:01:59.840 listen to podcasts. 0:02:00.680 --> 0:02:02.720 I'm Joe Gatto, I'm Steve Byrne. 0:02:02.800 --> 0:02:03.880 We are two cool moms. 0:02:03.960 --> 0:02:06.320 We certainly are, and guess where we could find us now? 0:02:06.440 --> 0:02:09.280 Oh, I don't know the iHeart podcast network. 0:02:09.280 --> 0:02:09.560 That's right. 0:02:09.600 --> 0:02:13.000 We're an official iHeart podcast and I'm super excited about it. 0:02:13.040 --> 0:02:13.600 I am too. 0:02:13.880 --> 0:02:17.120 I thought Two Cool Moms was such a fun podcast, 0:02:17.160 --> 0:02:20.760 but now it's even more funner and cooler and heartier. 0:02:20.880 --> 0:02:22.080 That's right, it's more eyeheartier. 0:02:22.800 --> 0:02:23.240 I knew it. 0:02:24.200 --> 0:02:25.079 Check your heart rate. 0:02:25.120 --> 0:02:25.880 We're here at iHeart. 0:02:25.960 --> 0:02:27.400 Yeah, you could find us wherever you listen to your 0:02:27.400 --> 0:02:29.400 podcasts or on the iHeartRadio app. 0:02:38.760 --> 0:02:41.880 Hey, Daniel, so, who do you think is going to 0:02:41.960 --> 0:02:44.120 figure out the secrets of the universe? Is there, like 0:02:44.200 --> 0:02:46.840 somebody that you you know, have been keeping your eye on? 0:02:48.040 --> 0:02:51.400 Oh? Man, I wish I knew the answer to that question. 0:02:52.800 --> 0:02:55.280 Well, but like, do you think it's someone we already 0:02:55.320 --> 0:02:58.600 know about, like a smart person like Lisa Randall or 0:02:58.760 --> 0:02:59.200 Ed Witten. 0:03:00.200 --> 0:03:03.840 It could be, but my money is on somebody smart, 0:03:03.880 --> 0:03:08.440 somebody young, maybe somebody who's listening to this podcast right now. 0:03:08.800 --> 0:03:11.720 Whoa so like. How would you feel if it turned 0:03:11.760 --> 0:03:14.600 out that, like the big questions weren't answered by you, 0:03:14.639 --> 0:03:17.480 but you were upstaged by some like ten year old 0:03:17.520 --> 0:03:18.320 after you failed for. 0:03:18.320 --> 0:03:23.079 Decades, after failing for decades, I would be relieved if 0:03:23.120 --> 0:03:25.560 somebody else came along to figure this stuff out for us. 0:03:27.040 --> 0:03:29.760 I feel like that's the right answer. The answer matters 0:03:29.760 --> 0:03:31.240 more than the person love it. 0:03:46.800 --> 0:03:49.840 Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor 0:03:49.960 --> 0:03:52.960 at UC Irvine, and I just desperately want the answers. 0:03:54.280 --> 0:03:57.240 I'm Kelly Wiener Smith. I'm a parasitologist at Race University, 0:03:57.280 --> 0:03:59.840 and I also desperately want the answers, but the questions 0:04:00.080 --> 0:04:01.040 to be about parasites. 0:04:02.360 --> 0:04:05.560 And you're also the Hugo Award winning author of a 0:04:05.600 --> 0:04:07.240 nonfiction book. Congratulations. 0:04:08.600 --> 0:04:11.200 Thanks. I'll try to non scream too loud that the 0:04:11.280 --> 0:04:15.240 trophy arrived, and I am still losing my mind every 0:04:15.240 --> 0:04:17.560 time I look at it. I cannot believe that that happened. 0:04:18.920 --> 0:04:22.560 But I also can believe that Zach didn't prepare an 0:04:22.640 --> 0:04:25.960 acceptance speech, even though the flight to Glasgow takes like 0:04:26.080 --> 0:04:28.839 eight hours. He just assumed we weren't gonna win, so 0:04:28.880 --> 0:04:31.280 he prepared nothing, and I almost killed him. 0:04:31.800 --> 0:04:32.280 Oh wow. 0:04:32.279 --> 0:04:35.880 Well, I'm sure his spontaneous speech was even better than 0:04:35.880 --> 0:04:40.200 anything he could have written. It was fine, but I 0:04:40.200 --> 0:04:42.080 wanted all of you out there to appreciate it. Kelly 0:04:42.160 --> 0:04:44.960 is not just one of the hosts on this podcast, 0:04:45.000 --> 0:04:48.960 but she's actually an award winning best selling science writer, 0:04:49.040 --> 0:04:50.960 so we're grateful to have her here. Thanks very much 0:04:51.000 --> 0:04:51.760 for joining us. 0:04:51.920 --> 0:04:54.080 Oh you're the best. Thanks Daniel, I love being. 0:04:53.920 --> 0:04:57.960 Here and welcome to the podcast. Daniel and Jorge Explain 0:04:58.000 --> 0:05:01.160 the Universe, a production of Iheartrate You in which we 0:05:01.240 --> 0:05:04.440 explore everything about the universe, it's ups and it's downs, 0:05:04.480 --> 0:05:06.720 it's lefts and its rights, the things that wins the 0:05:06.720 --> 0:05:10.320 awards for, and the things that drive physicists crazy. Hopeful 0:05:10.360 --> 0:05:13.400 that somebody young out there will figure it all out. 0:05:13.080 --> 0:05:15.720 For us as soon as possible. Guys, get on. 0:05:15.640 --> 0:05:19.400 It, and as part of that process, we want you 0:05:19.560 --> 0:05:22.640 to be thinking about the nature of the universe. Yes, 0:05:22.680 --> 0:05:24.600 you are relaxing as you fall asleep, or you are 0:05:24.640 --> 0:05:28.159 commuting to work and hoping to be educated and entertained, 0:05:28.520 --> 0:05:31.400 but this podcast also requires you to do some work 0:05:31.440 --> 0:05:33.680 to fit all these ideas into your head and to 0:05:33.920 --> 0:05:37.160 write to us when they don't quite click together. If 0:05:37.200 --> 0:05:39.359 you have a question about the nature of the universe, 0:05:39.440 --> 0:05:41.799 we want to hear it. That's part of the progress 0:05:41.800 --> 0:05:45.119 of science. Everybody out there wondering and thinking and trying 0:05:45.120 --> 0:05:47.920 to figure this stuff out. So please send me your 0:05:47.960 --> 0:05:50.880 questions to questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com. You 0:05:50.960 --> 0:05:54.320 will definitely hear back from us, and sometimes we choose 0:05:54.320 --> 0:05:57.440 those questions to answer or right here on the podcast. 0:05:57.760 --> 0:06:00.240 And sometimes the questions that you get from people new 0:06:00.240 --> 0:06:02.440 to the field are way better than any question you 0:06:02.480 --> 0:06:04.520 get at a department seminar with a bunch of pros 0:06:04.520 --> 0:06:07.520 in the field, because, like you're not constrained by all 0:06:07.520 --> 0:06:09.919 the assumptions that people who have been in the field 0:06:09.920 --> 0:06:12.000 for a while have. So we get some pretty great 0:06:12.080 --> 0:06:13.160 questions from the listeners. 0:06:13.640 --> 0:06:16.599 Yes, absolutely we do, and we get questions that I 0:06:16.720 --> 0:06:20.039 don't anticipate, and so I hope that these questions line 0:06:20.120 --> 0:06:23.520 up with your questions. That these ones we've chosen are 0:06:23.560 --> 0:06:26.320 also questions that other folks out there have and want 0:06:26.360 --> 0:06:28.960 to hear the answer to. So please don't be shy 0:06:29.000 --> 0:06:31.679 if you're thinking of a question, somebody else also wants 0:06:31.720 --> 0:06:34.279 to hear the answer, and I need somebody to write 0:06:34.320 --> 0:06:37.000 in and send it to me, So please don't be shy. 0:06:37.160 --> 0:06:38.719 I love hearing from all of you. 0:06:38.800 --> 0:06:42.560 Please keep Daniel company, guys, And. 0:06:42.560 --> 0:06:50.400 So today on the podcast, we'll be answering listener questions 0:06:50.560 --> 0:06:54.560 number sixty eight who and we are featuring a question 0:06:54.640 --> 0:06:59.000 from a young future physicist, Clara from Germany. So without 0:06:59.040 --> 0:07:01.320 further ado, here's Clara's question. 0:07:01.760 --> 0:07:04.760 Hello and Clara from Germany, twelve years old and you 0:07:04.920 --> 0:07:08.039 listener of your podcast. My question is could it be 0:07:08.120 --> 0:07:11.040 possible that the universe is finite in one direction and 0:07:11.160 --> 0:07:14.480 incident and all the others? Your podcast is just right 0:07:14.520 --> 0:07:18.280 and you two guys can explain so well. Thanks Clara. 0:07:18.560 --> 0:07:21.720 So Daniel, when I was twelve years old, I was 0:07:22.040 --> 0:07:26.080 sequestered in my bedroom listening to Silverchair and playing the 0:07:26.080 --> 0:07:29.000 first three chords to smells like teen Spirit by Nirvana, 0:07:29.040 --> 0:07:31.960 but not bothering to learn any of the rest of 0:07:32.000 --> 0:07:36.560 the song. I was not pondering the nature of the universe. 0:07:36.760 --> 0:07:40.040 So good on you, Clara. What were you doing when 0:07:40.080 --> 0:07:41.000 you were twelve, Daniel. 0:07:41.920 --> 0:07:44.280 I was reading a lot of science fiction and a 0:07:44.280 --> 0:07:46.960 lot of fantasy, and I definitely was pondering the nature 0:07:47.000 --> 0:07:50.440 of the universe. I remember trying to think about whether 0:07:50.680 --> 0:07:54.000 space was in three dimensions everywhere, or maybe parts of 0:07:54.000 --> 0:07:57.520 the universe might have additional dimensions, and really struggling to 0:07:57.520 --> 0:07:59.640 get my mind around what that meant, and what would 0:07:59.680 --> 0:08:02.640 be like to exist in those dimensions? So, yeah, Clara 0:08:02.640 --> 0:08:04.800 and I have a lot in common. Good job, Clara. 0:08:04.920 --> 0:08:07.239 Well some of us are late blossoming nerds, I guess, 0:08:07.320 --> 0:08:12.960 but what we get there eventually. So give us some 0:08:13.040 --> 0:08:16.400 background on what we know about this question so far, Daniel. 0:08:16.400 --> 0:08:19.920 Yeah, Clara's question touches on two really important ideas, and 0:08:19.960 --> 0:08:22.160 she's doing something I love, which is trying to bring 0:08:22.200 --> 0:08:25.840 two ideas together. You know, physics is about unification of 0:08:25.840 --> 0:08:28.960 your understanding. It's not like chemistry where you use this 0:08:29.000 --> 0:08:30.920 equation over here and that equation over there, and it's 0:08:30.920 --> 0:08:33.560 just like these patches of understanding and physics we hope 0:08:33.559 --> 0:08:36.080 to have a complete cloth, you know, to stitch everything 0:08:36.120 --> 0:08:38.520 together into one idea. So it's really important that when 0:08:38.559 --> 0:08:41.400 you hear related ideas, you try to understand how they 0:08:41.400 --> 0:08:43.920 fit together. And that's what she's doing here and here 0:08:44.000 --> 0:08:47.480 the related ideas are about the size and the scope 0:08:47.520 --> 0:08:50.840 of the universe, like is the universe infinite or is 0:08:50.880 --> 0:08:54.480 the universe finite? And when you just imagine space and 0:08:54.480 --> 0:08:56.720 the whole universe, you probably just fill your mind with 0:08:56.800 --> 0:08:59.800 blackness and you imagine that it goes on forever, that 0:08:59.840 --> 0:09:01.960 you you could shoot a laser beam and it would 0:09:01.960 --> 0:09:04.679 just fly on forever and ever until it hits something. 0:09:04.720 --> 0:09:06.920 But if the universe was empty, it would just go 0:09:07.000 --> 0:09:10.720 on forever. You can imagine these like dotted lines of x, y, 0:09:10.760 --> 0:09:14.640 and z dimensions just stretching out to infinity, limited only 0:09:14.720 --> 0:09:18.760 by your imagination. That's an infinite universe. And we don't 0:09:18.840 --> 0:09:22.200 know if the universe is infinite. But such an infinite universe, 0:09:22.200 --> 0:09:24.440 though it's a little bit weird to hold in your mind, 0:09:24.520 --> 0:09:27.199 is actually one of the most natural ideas for how 0:09:27.240 --> 0:09:28.760 the universe might be shaped. 0:09:29.080 --> 0:09:30.720 Is this a question that you think will have an 0:09:30.760 --> 0:09:32.800 answer to in your lifetime or what will we be 0:09:32.880 --> 0:09:36.160 wondering if the universe is finite or infinite three hundred 0:09:36.200 --> 0:09:36.719 years from now. 0:09:37.720 --> 0:09:42.200 Wow? Awesome. It's hard to prove that the universe is 0:09:42.360 --> 0:09:46.040 infinite because if it goes on forever, then you need 0:09:46.080 --> 0:09:49.800 infinite data to prove that. But we might be able 0:09:49.840 --> 0:09:51.760 to prove the opposite. We might be able to prove 0:09:51.800 --> 0:09:54.600 that it's not infinite because you could discover that the 0:09:54.720 --> 0:09:58.480 universe is finite. Because the extent of the universe is 0:09:58.480 --> 0:10:01.600 connected to another question about the shape of the universe, 0:10:02.240 --> 0:10:05.320 like if the universe is flat, and by flat, we 0:10:05.360 --> 0:10:07.640 don't mean like a two D sheet of paper. We 0:10:07.720 --> 0:10:10.640 mean the two parallel lines will not cross. It's a 0:10:10.720 --> 0:10:15.000 three dimensional version of flatness. But if the universe is curved, 0:10:15.160 --> 0:10:18.600 the two parallel lines either diverge or do cross over 0:10:18.679 --> 0:10:21.720 each other, and again curved in three dimensions in a 0:10:21.760 --> 0:10:24.560 sort of general relative physics sort of way. That means 0:10:24.559 --> 0:10:26.839 that the universe could be finite, that it could loop 0:10:26.920 --> 0:10:30.160 around on itself again in a weird three dimensional way, 0:10:30.440 --> 0:10:32.520 not exactly the same way as like the surface of 0:10:32.559 --> 0:10:36.440 a sphere loops around on itself, but in analogy to that. So, 0:10:36.640 --> 0:10:39.839 if we discover that space is curved, that suggests that 0:10:39.920 --> 0:10:43.000 space might be finite, and so we can't prove that 0:10:43.080 --> 0:10:45.480 it's infinite, but we might discover that it is finite. 0:10:45.600 --> 0:10:48.480 WHOA, I feel like I'm lost in thought here. So 0:10:48.520 --> 0:10:50.320 if it's curved, then what's on the other side of 0:10:50.320 --> 0:10:50.760 the curve. 0:10:51.000 --> 0:10:52.839 No, this is a big mental pothole that we should 0:10:52.840 --> 0:10:56.320 totally address, because if you imagine the universe as finite 0:10:56.640 --> 0:10:59.920 and curved, you probably have in your mind something like 0:11:00.120 --> 0:11:01.040 sphere a ball. 0:11:01.160 --> 0:11:03.240 Right, I'm thinking of a donut because I'm hungry. 0:11:03.400 --> 0:11:05.800 All right, it could also be a donut, right, But 0:11:05.840 --> 0:11:08.480 the problem is as soon as you name some object 0:11:08.600 --> 0:11:12.320 like that, you imagine it with its boundaries inside some 0:11:12.480 --> 0:11:15.199 other vast mental space. Like if I close my eyes 0:11:15.240 --> 0:11:18.480 and I think of a donut, it's hovering in some blackness, 0:11:18.920 --> 0:11:22.240 and that's a mistake. I've like sketched around it some 0:11:22.480 --> 0:11:25.600 empty space. But when we talk about the universe as finite, 0:11:25.640 --> 0:11:27.920 we don't mean like there's a bunch of stuff and 0:11:28.000 --> 0:11:31.680 around it is empty space. We mean finite including space. 0:11:31.720 --> 0:11:34.800 I mean that's all there is. Don't sketch anything around it, 0:11:34.920 --> 0:11:38.040 don't fill in that mental space with something. The finite 0:11:38.120 --> 0:11:41.160 universe is limited in size, but it doesn't have an edge, 0:11:41.200 --> 0:11:44.439 a boundary. Every point on it is exactly the same. 0:11:44.480 --> 0:11:47.959 It's very, very difficult to think about. It's very counterintuitive. 0:11:48.240 --> 0:11:50.040 Yeah, I feel like the world is split into people 0:11:50.040 --> 0:11:52.719 who think that that's fun and people who just are 0:11:52.760 --> 0:11:59.079 really frustrated. They might be a different camps there. 0:12:00.160 --> 0:12:02.400 We should get too clear's question, But first we have 0:12:02.440 --> 0:12:03.560 to take a quick break. 0:12:07.600 --> 0:12:10.679 AI might be the most important new computer technology ever. 0:12:10.920 --> 0:12:14.120 It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are 0:12:14.160 --> 0:12:18.360 being invested, so buckle up. The problem is that AI 0:12:18.480 --> 0:12:21.319 needs a lot of speed and processing power, So how 0:12:21.320 --> 0:12:24.480 do you compete without cost spiraling out of control. It's 0:12:24.520 --> 0:12:26.840 time to upgrade to the next generation of the cloud. 0:12:27.160 --> 0:12:32.360 Oracle Cloud Infrastructure or OCI. OCI is a single platform 0:12:32.400 --> 0:12:37.240 for your infrastructure, database, application development, and AI needs. 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Take a free 0:12:56.720 --> 0:13:00.640 test drive of OCI at Oracle dot com slash strategic. 0:13:00.920 --> 0:13:06.199 That's Oracle dot com slash strategic Oracle dot com slash strategic. 0:13:07.160 --> 0:13:09.120 I'm buzs Knight and I'm the host of the Taking 0:13:09.160 --> 0:13:11.400 a Walk podcast music History on. 0:13:11.320 --> 0:13:15.640 Foot John Oates Great songs endured, and I'm very proud 0:13:15.679 --> 0:13:18.000 and happy to know that I was part of something 0:13:18.120 --> 0:13:19.439 that will endure. 0:13:19.559 --> 0:13:23.480 The podcast is an audio diary of insightful conversations with 0:13:23.640 --> 0:13:27.680 musicians and the inside stories behind their music. Russ Kunkle. 0:13:27.760 --> 0:13:30.280 The basic connection that I had with someone that was 0:13:30.320 --> 0:13:31.439 great coming out of. 0:13:31.360 --> 0:13:32.920 The Whiskey was David Crosby. 0:13:33.360 --> 0:13:36.720 David I met David and Steven and Graham kind of 0:13:36.760 --> 0:13:41.560 around the same time, basically through my wife Leah, who 0:13:41.679 --> 0:13:42.840 is Cass Elliott's sister. 0:13:42.960 --> 0:13:46.920 The message of the podcast is simple, honest conversation with 0:13:47.120 --> 0:13:52.520 musicians about the music they create. Mike Campbell of the Heartbreakers. 0:13:51.840 --> 0:13:52.480 It is correct. 0:13:52.559 --> 0:13:53.840 I rarely worked things out. 0:13:53.920 --> 0:13:55.800 I like to go off the cup and try to 0:13:55.840 --> 0:13:57.680 grab things out of the air while you're playing the 0:13:57.760 --> 0:13:59.559 song and try to catch a little magic. 0:13:59.679 --> 0:14:02.839 Listen to the Taken a Walk podcast on the iHeartRadio app, 0:14:02.880 --> 0:14:06.200 Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. 0:14:07.360 --> 0:14:10.319 Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new 0:14:10.360 --> 0:14:14.800 Black Effect original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving 0:14:14.880 --> 0:14:18.720 deep into the rich world of black literature. I'm Jackie Thomas, 0:14:18.760 --> 0:14:21.840 and I'm inviting you to join me in a vibrant 0:14:21.920 --> 0:14:27.720 community of literary enthusiasts dedicated to protecting and celebrating our stories. 0:14:27.880 --> 0:14:30.560 Black Lit is for the page turners, for those who 0:14:30.640 --> 0:14:33.800 listen to audio books while commuting or reading errands, for 0:14:33.880 --> 0:14:38.640 those who find themselves seeking solace, wisdom, and refuge. Between 0:14:38.680 --> 0:14:42.680 the chapters, from thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, we'll 0:14:42.720 --> 0:14:44.560 explore the stories. 0:14:44.000 --> 0:14:45.720 That shape our culture. 0:14:45.960 --> 0:14:50.440 Together. We'll dissect classics and contemporary works while uncovering the 0:14:50.520 --> 0:14:53.960 stories of the brilliant writers behind them. Black Litt is 0:14:54.000 --> 0:14:57.120 here to amplify the voices of black writers and to 0:14:57.240 --> 0:15:00.800 bring their words to life. To black lit on the 0:15:00.840 --> 0:15:04.840 iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. 0:15:07.840 --> 0:15:11.000 I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast. 0:15:11.560 --> 0:15:15.000 Is the US elections approach. It can feel like we're 0:15:15.040 --> 0:15:19.160 angrier and more divided than ever, but in a new 0:15:19.280 --> 0:15:22.200 hopeful season of my podcast, I'll share with the science 0:15:22.240 --> 0:15:25.560 it really shows that we're surprisingly more united than most 0:15:25.600 --> 0:15:26.160 people think. 0:15:26.400 --> 0:15:29.320 We all know something is wrong in our culture, in 0:15:29.360 --> 0:15:32.040 our politics, and that we need to do better, and 0:15:32.080 --> 0:15:33.440 that we can do better with. 0:15:33.520 --> 0:15:35.880 The help of Stanford psychologist Jamil Zaki. 0:15:35.960 --> 0:15:36.800 It's really tragic. 0:15:36.920 --> 0:15:39.840 If cynicism were appeal, it'd be a poison. 0:15:40.040 --> 0:15:42.960 We'll see that our fellow humans, even those we disagree with, 0:15:43.200 --> 0:15:44.680 are more generous than we assume. 0:15:45.040 --> 0:15:46.880 My assumption, my feeling. 0:15:46.920 --> 0:15:49.720 My hunch is that a lot of us are actually 0:15:49.760 --> 0:15:54.080 looking for a way to disagree and still be in relationships. 0:15:53.520 --> 0:15:54.040 With each other. 0:15:54.680 --> 0:15:58.640 All that on the Happiness Lab, listen on the iHeartRadio app, 0:15:58.880 --> 0:16:04.520 Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts. 0:16:08.240 --> 0:16:11.200 Hey, I'm Bruce Bosi on my podcast Table for two. 0:16:11.400 --> 0:16:15.240 We have unforgettable lunch after unforgettable lunch with the best 0:16:15.240 --> 0:16:19.680 guest you could possibly ask for, people like Matt Boehmer. 0:16:19.880 --> 0:16:21.920 Thank you for that introduction. I'm going to slip you, 0:16:22.320 --> 0:16:24.320 slip you a couple of twenties under the table, hold on, 0:16:24.560 --> 0:16:25.320 Emma Roberts. 0:16:25.400 --> 0:16:27.480 When it came into my email inbox, I was like, Okay, 0:16:27.480 --> 0:16:29.080 I know I'm gonna love this so much that I 0:16:29.080 --> 0:16:30.680 don't even want to read it because if I can't 0:16:30.720 --> 0:16:32.440 be in it, I'm gonna be bums. 0:16:32.480 --> 0:16:36.520 And Colin Jost, you know your wife was the first guest. 0:16:36.840 --> 0:16:37.880 It's Table for two, and. 0:16:37.920 --> 0:16:39.760 It's come full circle as long as they do better 0:16:39.800 --> 0:16:40.000 than her. 0:16:40.080 --> 0:16:43.360 On Table for two is a bit different from other 0:16:43.440 --> 0:16:46.480 interview shows. We sit down at a great restaurant for 0:16:46.560 --> 0:16:49.600 a meal, maybe a glass of rose, and the story 0:16:49.720 --> 0:16:53.200 start flowing. Our second season is airing right now, so 0:16:53.240 --> 0:16:57.680 you can catch up on our conversations that are intimate, surprising, 0:16:58.200 --> 0:17:01.880 and often hilarious. Listen to Table for two with First 0:17:01.920 --> 0:17:06.000 BOSSI and the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts or wherever you 0:17:06.560 --> 0:17:07.760 get your podcasts. 0:17:17.119 --> 0:17:19.639 What do we think let's follow up on Clara's idea. 0:17:20.080 --> 0:17:24.040 Yeah, so Clara's question is porque nolos dos? 0:17:24.119 --> 0:17:24.280 Right? 0:17:24.359 --> 0:17:28.280 She's like, why can't it be infinite and finite? And 0:17:28.400 --> 0:17:30.800 she's saying, what if you have a few dimensions in 0:17:30.840 --> 0:17:34.040 which it's infinite, but other dimensions in which it's finite. 0:17:34.280 --> 0:17:38.400 So imagine, for example, like an infinite cylinder. In one 0:17:38.440 --> 0:17:41.879 dimension it goes on forever, but in the other dimensions 0:17:41.920 --> 0:17:44.080 it's limited. You know, it's like a centimeter wide or 0:17:44.080 --> 0:17:47.200 a meter wide or something. So you can picture geometric 0:17:47.240 --> 0:17:49.240 shapes which are like this, that are infinite in one 0:17:49.280 --> 0:17:53.200 dimension and finite in others. And she's basically asking, could 0:17:53.200 --> 0:17:55.920 our universe be like that? Could it have two different 0:17:56.040 --> 0:18:00.040 kinds of dimensions, some that are infinite and some that 0:18:00.080 --> 0:18:00.800 are finite. 0:18:01.440 --> 0:18:05.000 Are there any current theories that encapsulate that, like has 0:18:05.040 --> 0:18:08.360 she identified a theory that physicists are working with right 0:18:08.359 --> 0:18:09.800 now as far as you know, or is this a 0:18:09.840 --> 0:18:11.760 totally new way of thinking about it. 0:18:12.200 --> 0:18:15.480 Claire's actually thought her way into a very popular area 0:18:15.560 --> 0:18:19.199 of research right now, because it's totally possible to have 0:18:19.240 --> 0:18:21.840 a geometry of the universe where you have some infinite 0:18:21.880 --> 0:18:25.800 dimensions and some finite there's no theoretical reasons saying you 0:18:25.920 --> 0:18:29.160 can't do that. And first let's talk about like how 0:18:29.200 --> 0:18:33.080 to try, frustratingly to visualize that in your mind, and 0:18:33.119 --> 0:18:36.159 then let's talk about why theorists are excited about this 0:18:36.280 --> 0:18:38.840 kind of idea. So we know that there are three 0:18:38.880 --> 0:18:41.439 dimensions in our universe X, y, and z. These are 0:18:41.440 --> 0:18:44.720 the normal spatial dimensions, and let's just say those are infinite, 0:18:44.720 --> 0:18:47.240 that they go on forever. If you shine a laser 0:18:47.280 --> 0:18:49.480 beam out into space, if you don't hit some other 0:18:49.560 --> 0:18:52.240 galaxy or some alien eyeball, it's just going to go 0:18:52.280 --> 0:18:54.480 on forever. And if you shine two, they're going to 0:18:54.480 --> 0:18:58.639 be in parallel forever. Right, So that's infinite flat space. Okay, 0:18:58.680 --> 0:19:01.480 so hold that in your mind. Now we want to 0:19:01.480 --> 0:19:04.000 add a fourth dimension, and we don't want to add 0:19:04.040 --> 0:19:07.520 a fourth infinite dimension. Some new direction you could shoot 0:19:07.520 --> 0:19:10.000 your laser beam, which is already very difficult to put 0:19:10.040 --> 0:19:13.320 into your three D mental space. Let's add a fourth 0:19:13.520 --> 0:19:16.920 finite dimension. And so the sort of two mental ways 0:19:16.920 --> 0:19:20.439 to visualize this one is take your three D infinite 0:19:20.480 --> 0:19:24.399 space and at every point, replace that point with a loop, 0:19:24.840 --> 0:19:27.000 like a little circle, you know, like a bracelet. 0:19:27.119 --> 0:19:28.840 Essentially, I'm getting angry. 0:19:30.280 --> 0:19:30.960 You're getting angry. 0:19:33.520 --> 0:19:35.800 Yeah, I'm kidding. Let's go for it, all right, And 0:19:35.880 --> 0:19:37.680 lots of loops in infinite space. 0:19:37.520 --> 0:19:41.040 Yes, exactly. So instead of space being filled with points, 0:19:41.119 --> 0:19:43.760 now it's filled with loops, and where you are along 0:19:43.800 --> 0:19:46.439 that loop is essentially the fourth dimension. So now you 0:19:46.440 --> 0:19:49.359 have like four numbers in your address, three numbers to 0:19:49.400 --> 0:19:51.280 tell you where you are in the usual three D 0:19:51.400 --> 0:19:53.600 space and one to tell you how far you are 0:19:53.720 --> 0:19:56.800 along this loop. So now space is like more complex. 0:19:57.240 --> 0:20:00.560 Is there a way to help me pick that? Like, 0:20:00.560 --> 0:20:03.000 like I move in a direction and I get stuck 0:20:03.000 --> 0:20:04.960 at a loop and it's like being in a whirlpool. 0:20:05.240 --> 0:20:08.040 Or is that extra dimension time and it determines how 0:20:08.080 --> 0:20:08.760 long I'm there? 0:20:09.480 --> 0:20:12.760 The extra dimension is not time, it's space, right, OK. 0:20:12.960 --> 0:20:15.920 And you could still move through three D space, jumping 0:20:15.960 --> 0:20:18.199 from loop to loop the same way you can like 0:20:18.480 --> 0:20:21.920 move only in x without changing your y value. An 0:20:21.960 --> 0:20:24.840 alternative way to think about it instead of an infinite 0:20:24.920 --> 0:20:27.760