1 00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:03,159 Speaker 1: If you love iPhone, you'll love Apple Card. It comes 2 00:00:03,160 --> 00:00:06,400 Speaker 1: with the privacy and security you expect from Apple. Plus, 3 00:00:06,480 --> 00:00:09,119 Speaker 1: you earn up to three percent daily cash back on 4 00:00:09,240 --> 00:00:12,440 Speaker 1: every purchase, which can automatically earn interest when you open 5 00:00:12,480 --> 00:00:15,360 Speaker 1: a high yield savings account through Apple Card. Apply for 6 00:00:15,480 --> 00:00:18,400 Speaker 1: Apple Card in the wallet app subject to credit approval. 7 00:00:18,400 --> 00:00:21,600 Speaker 1: Savings is available to Apple Card owners subject to eligibility. 8 00:00:21,720 --> 00:00:24,360 Speaker 1: Apple Card and Savings by Goldman Sachs Bank USA, Salt 9 00:00:24,400 --> 00:00:27,240 Speaker 1: Lake Sidney Branch, Member FDIC, terms and more at applecard 10 00:00:27,240 --> 00:00:27,880 Speaker 1: dot com. 11 00:00:28,120 --> 00:00:30,600 Speaker 2: Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new 12 00:00:30,680 --> 00:00:34,360 Speaker 2: Black Effect's original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving 13 00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:37,120 Speaker 2: deep into the rich world of black literature. Black Lit 14 00:00:37,159 --> 00:00:39,279 Speaker 2: is for the page turners, for those who listen to 15 00:00:39,320 --> 00:00:42,239 Speaker 2: audiobooks while running errands or at the end of a 16 00:00:42,240 --> 00:00:42,840 Speaker 2: busy day. 17 00:00:43,000 --> 00:00:44,880 Speaker 3: From thought provoking novels. 18 00:00:44,440 --> 00:00:48,760 Speaker 2: To powerful poetry, we'll explore the stories that shape our culture. 19 00:00:49,000 --> 00:00:52,480 Speaker 2: Listen to Black Lit on the Black Effect Podcast Network iHeartRadio, app, 20 00:00:52,520 --> 00:00:55,400 Speaker 2: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. 21 00:00:55,440 --> 00:00:58,240 Speaker 4: So Black Effect Podcast Network is sponsored by diet Coke. 22 00:00:58,480 --> 00:01:01,720 Speaker 5: From tips for healthy living to the latest medical breakthroughs, 23 00:01:01,920 --> 00:01:05,600 Speaker 5: WebMD's Health Discovered podcast keeps you up to date on 24 00:01:05,640 --> 00:01:09,360 Speaker 5: today's most important health issues through in depth conversations with 25 00:01:09,480 --> 00:01:13,640 Speaker 5: experts from across the healthcare community. WebMD reveals how today's 26 00:01:13,640 --> 00:01:15,880 Speaker 5: health news will impact your life tomorrow. 27 00:01:16,319 --> 00:01:18,600 Speaker 6: It's not that people don't know that exercise is healthy, 28 00:01:18,640 --> 00:01:21,080 Speaker 6: it's just that people don't know why it's healthy, and 29 00:01:21,120 --> 00:01:23,440 Speaker 6: we're struggling to try to help people help themselves in 30 00:01:23,480 --> 00:01:23,880 Speaker 6: each other. 31 00:01:24,400 --> 00:01:27,840 Speaker 5: Listen to WebMD Health Discovered on the iHeartRadio app or 32 00:01:27,880 --> 00:01:29,200 Speaker 5: wherever you get your podcasts. 33 00:01:29,440 --> 00:01:32,600 Speaker 4: I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast. 34 00:01:33,040 --> 00:01:36,640 Speaker 4: As the US elections approach, it can feel like we're 35 00:01:36,640 --> 00:01:40,800 Speaker 4: angrier and more divided than ever, But in a new 36 00:01:40,880 --> 00:01:43,840 Speaker 4: copule season of my podcast, I'll Share with the Science 37 00:01:43,959 --> 00:01:47,760 Speaker 4: really shows that we're surprisingly more united than most people think. 38 00:01:48,040 --> 00:01:50,880 Speaker 7: We all know something is wrong in our culture and 39 00:01:50,960 --> 00:01:53,640 Speaker 7: our politics, and that we need to do better and 40 00:01:53,680 --> 00:01:54,720 Speaker 7: that we can be better. 41 00:01:54,960 --> 00:01:58,760 Speaker 4: Listen on the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you 42 00:01:58,800 --> 00:01:59,840 Speaker 4: listen to podcasts. 43 00:02:00,680 --> 00:02:02,720 Speaker 8: I'm Joe Gatto, I'm Steve Byrne. 44 00:02:02,800 --> 00:02:03,880 Speaker 9: We are two cool moms. 45 00:02:03,960 --> 00:02:06,320 Speaker 3: We certainly are, and guess where we could find us now? 46 00:02:06,440 --> 00:02:09,280 Speaker 8: Oh, I don't know the iHeart podcast network. 47 00:02:09,280 --> 00:02:09,560 Speaker 9: That's right. 48 00:02:09,600 --> 00:02:13,000 Speaker 8: We're an official iHeart podcast and I'm super excited about it. 49 00:02:13,040 --> 00:02:13,600 Speaker 7: I am too. 50 00:02:13,880 --> 00:02:17,120 Speaker 8: I thought Two Cool Moms was such a fun podcast, 51 00:02:17,160 --> 00:02:20,760 Speaker 8: but now it's even more funner and cooler and heartier. 52 00:02:20,880 --> 00:02:22,080 Speaker 9: That's right, it's more eyeheartier. 53 00:02:22,800 --> 00:02:23,240 Speaker 1: I knew it. 54 00:02:24,200 --> 00:02:25,079 Speaker 8: Check your heart rate. 55 00:02:25,120 --> 00:02:25,880 Speaker 9: We're here at iHeart. 56 00:02:25,960 --> 00:02:27,400 Speaker 8: Yeah, you could find us wherever you listen to your 57 00:02:27,400 --> 00:02:29,400 Speaker 8: podcasts or on the iHeartRadio app. 58 00:02:38,760 --> 00:02:41,880 Speaker 3: Hey, Daniel, so, who do you think is going to 59 00:02:41,960 --> 00:02:44,120 Speaker 3: figure out the secrets of the universe? Is there, like 60 00:02:44,200 --> 00:02:46,840 Speaker 3: somebody that you you know, have been keeping your eye on? 61 00:02:48,040 --> 00:02:51,400 Speaker 1: Oh? Man, I wish I knew the answer to that question. 62 00:02:52,800 --> 00:02:55,280 Speaker 3: Well, but like, do you think it's someone we already 63 00:02:55,320 --> 00:02:58,600 Speaker 3: know about, like a smart person like Lisa Randall or 64 00:02:58,760 --> 00:02:59,200 Speaker 3: Ed Witten. 65 00:03:00,200 --> 00:03:03,840 Speaker 1: It could be, but my money is on somebody smart, 66 00:03:03,880 --> 00:03:08,440 Speaker 1: somebody young, maybe somebody who's listening to this podcast right now. 67 00:03:08,800 --> 00:03:11,720 Speaker 3: Whoa so like. How would you feel if it turned 68 00:03:11,760 --> 00:03:14,600 Speaker 3: out that, like the big questions weren't answered by you, 69 00:03:14,639 --> 00:03:17,480 Speaker 3: but you were upstaged by some like ten year old 70 00:03:17,520 --> 00:03:18,320 Speaker 3: after you failed for. 71 00:03:18,320 --> 00:03:23,079 Speaker 1: Decades, after failing for decades, I would be relieved if 72 00:03:23,120 --> 00:03:25,560 Speaker 1: somebody else came along to figure this stuff out for us. 73 00:03:27,040 --> 00:03:29,760 Speaker 3: I feel like that's the right answer. The answer matters 74 00:03:29,760 --> 00:03:31,240 Speaker 3: more than the person love it. 75 00:03:46,800 --> 00:03:49,840 Speaker 1: Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist and a professor 76 00:03:49,960 --> 00:03:52,960 Speaker 1: at UC Irvine, and I just desperately want the answers. 77 00:03:54,280 --> 00:03:57,240 Speaker 3: I'm Kelly Wiener Smith. I'm a parasitologist at Race University, 78 00:03:57,280 --> 00:03:59,840 Speaker 3: and I also desperately want the answers, but the questions 79 00:04:00,080 --> 00:04:01,040 Speaker 3: to be about parasites. 80 00:04:02,360 --> 00:04:05,560 Speaker 1: And you're also the Hugo Award winning author of a 81 00:04:05,600 --> 00:04:07,240 Speaker 1: nonfiction book. Congratulations. 82 00:04:08,600 --> 00:04:11,200 Speaker 3: Thanks. I'll try to non scream too loud that the 83 00:04:11,280 --> 00:04:15,240 Speaker 3: trophy arrived, and I am still losing my mind every 84 00:04:15,240 --> 00:04:17,560 Speaker 3: time I look at it. I cannot believe that that happened. 85 00:04:18,920 --> 00:04:22,560 Speaker 3: But I also can believe that Zach didn't prepare an 86 00:04:22,640 --> 00:04:25,960 Speaker 3: acceptance speech, even though the flight to Glasgow takes like 87 00:04:26,080 --> 00:04:28,839 Speaker 3: eight hours. He just assumed we weren't gonna win, so 88 00:04:28,880 --> 00:04:31,280 Speaker 3: he prepared nothing, and I almost killed him. 89 00:04:31,800 --> 00:04:32,280 Speaker 10: Oh wow. 90 00:04:32,279 --> 00:04:35,880 Speaker 1: Well, I'm sure his spontaneous speech was even better than 91 00:04:35,880 --> 00:04:40,200 Speaker 1: anything he could have written. It was fine, but I 92 00:04:40,200 --> 00:04:42,080 Speaker 1: wanted all of you out there to appreciate it. Kelly 93 00:04:42,160 --> 00:04:44,960 Speaker 1: is not just one of the hosts on this podcast, 94 00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:48,960 Speaker 1: but she's actually an award winning best selling science writer, 95 00:04:49,040 --> 00:04:50,960 Speaker 1: so we're grateful to have her here. Thanks very much 96 00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:51,760 Speaker 1: for joining us. 97 00:04:51,920 --> 00:04:54,080 Speaker 3: Oh you're the best. Thanks Daniel, I love being. 98 00:04:53,920 --> 00:04:57,960 Speaker 1: Here and welcome to the podcast. Daniel and Jorge Explain 99 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:01,160 Speaker 1: the Universe, a production of Iheartrate You in which we 100 00:05:01,240 --> 00:05:04,440 Speaker 1: explore everything about the universe, it's ups and it's downs, 101 00:05:04,480 --> 00:05:06,720 Speaker 1: it's lefts and its rights, the things that wins the 102 00:05:06,720 --> 00:05:10,320 Speaker 1: awards for, and the things that drive physicists crazy. Hopeful 103 00:05:10,360 --> 00:05:13,400 Speaker 1: that somebody young out there will figure it all out. 104 00:05:13,080 --> 00:05:15,720 Speaker 3: For us as soon as possible. Guys, get on. 105 00:05:15,640 --> 00:05:19,400 Speaker 1: It, and as part of that process, we want you 106 00:05:19,560 --> 00:05:22,640 Speaker 1: to be thinking about the nature of the universe. Yes, 107 00:05:22,680 --> 00:05:24,600 Speaker 1: you are relaxing as you fall asleep, or you are 108 00:05:24,640 --> 00:05:28,159 Speaker 1: commuting to work and hoping to be educated and entertained, 109 00:05:28,520 --> 00:05:31,400 Speaker 1: but this podcast also requires you to do some work 110 00:05:31,440 --> 00:05:33,680 Speaker 1: to fit all these ideas into your head and to 111 00:05:33,920 --> 00:05:37,160 Speaker 1: write to us when they don't quite click together. If 112 00:05:37,200 --> 00:05:39,359 Speaker 1: you have a question about the nature of the universe, 113 00:05:39,440 --> 00:05:41,799 Speaker 1: we want to hear it. That's part of the progress 114 00:05:41,800 --> 00:05:45,119 Speaker 1: of science. Everybody out there wondering and thinking and trying 115 00:05:45,120 --> 00:05:47,920 Speaker 1: to figure this stuff out. So please send me your 116 00:05:47,960 --> 00:05:50,880 Speaker 1: questions to questions at Daniel and Jorge dot com. You 117 00:05:50,960 --> 00:05:54,320 Speaker 1: will definitely hear back from us, and sometimes we choose 118 00:05:54,320 --> 00:05:57,440 Speaker 1: those questions to answer or right here on the podcast. 119 00:05:57,760 --> 00:06:00,240 Speaker 3: And sometimes the questions that you get from people new 120 00:06:00,240 --> 00:06:02,440 Speaker 3: to the field are way better than any question you 121 00:06:02,480 --> 00:06:04,520 Speaker 3: get at a department seminar with a bunch of pros 122 00:06:04,520 --> 00:06:07,520 Speaker 3: in the field, because, like you're not constrained by all 123 00:06:07,520 --> 00:06:09,919 Speaker 3: the assumptions that people who have been in the field 124 00:06:09,920 --> 00:06:12,000 Speaker 3: for a while have. So we get some pretty great 125 00:06:12,080 --> 00:06:13,160 Speaker 3: questions from the listeners. 126 00:06:13,640 --> 00:06:16,599 Speaker 1: Yes, absolutely we do, and we get questions that I 127 00:06:16,720 --> 00:06:20,039 Speaker 1: don't anticipate, and so I hope that these questions line 128 00:06:20,120 --> 00:06:23,520 Speaker 1: up with your questions. That these ones we've chosen are 129 00:06:23,560 --> 00:06:26,320 Speaker 1: also questions that other folks out there have and want 130 00:06:26,360 --> 00:06:28,960 Speaker 1: to hear the answer to. So please don't be shy 131 00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:31,679 Speaker 1: if you're thinking of a question, somebody else also wants 132 00:06:31,720 --> 00:06:34,279 Speaker 1: to hear the answer, and I need somebody to write 133 00:06:34,320 --> 00:06:37,000 Speaker 1: in and send it to me, So please don't be shy. 134 00:06:37,160 --> 00:06:38,719 Speaker 1: I love hearing from all of you. 135 00:06:38,800 --> 00:06:42,560 Speaker 3: Please keep Daniel company, guys, And. 136 00:06:42,560 --> 00:06:50,400 Speaker 1: So today on the podcast, we'll be answering listener questions 137 00:06:50,560 --> 00:06:54,560 Speaker 1: number sixty eight who and we are featuring a question 138 00:06:54,640 --> 00:06:59,000 Speaker 1: from a young future physicist, Clara from Germany. So without 139 00:06:59,040 --> 00:07:01,320 Speaker 1: further ado, here's Clara's question. 140 00:07:01,760 --> 00:07:04,760 Speaker 11: Hello and Clara from Germany, twelve years old and you 141 00:07:04,920 --> 00:07:08,039 Speaker 11: listener of your podcast. My question is could it be 142 00:07:08,120 --> 00:07:11,040 Speaker 11: possible that the universe is finite in one direction and 143 00:07:11,160 --> 00:07:14,480 Speaker 11: incident and all the others? Your podcast is just right 144 00:07:14,520 --> 00:07:18,280 Speaker 11: and you two guys can explain so well. Thanks Clara. 145 00:07:18,560 --> 00:07:21,720 Speaker 3: So Daniel, when I was twelve years old, I was 146 00:07:22,040 --> 00:07:26,080 Speaker 3: sequestered in my bedroom listening to Silverchair and playing the 147 00:07:26,080 --> 00:07:29,000 Speaker 3: first three chords to smells like teen Spirit by Nirvana, 148 00:07:29,040 --> 00:07:31,960 Speaker 3: but not bothering to learn any of the rest of 149 00:07:32,000 --> 00:07:36,560 Speaker 3: the song. I was not pondering the nature of the universe. 150 00:07:36,760 --> 00:07:40,040 Speaker 3: So good on you, Clara. What were you doing when 151 00:07:40,080 --> 00:07:41,000 Speaker 3: you were twelve, Daniel. 152 00:07:41,920 --> 00:07:44,280 Speaker 1: I was reading a lot of science fiction and a 153 00:07:44,280 --> 00:07:46,960 Speaker 1: lot of fantasy, and I definitely was pondering the nature 154 00:07:47,000 --> 00:07:50,440 Speaker 1: of the universe. I remember trying to think about whether 155 00:07:50,680 --> 00:07:54,000 Speaker 1: space was in three dimensions everywhere, or maybe parts of 156 00:07:54,000 --> 00:07:57,520 Speaker 1: the universe might have additional dimensions, and really struggling to 157 00:07:57,520 --> 00:07:59,640 Speaker 1: get my mind around what that meant, and what would 158 00:07:59,680 --> 00:08:02,640 Speaker 1: be like to exist in those dimensions? So, yeah, Clara 159 00:08:02,640 --> 00:08:04,800 Speaker 1: and I have a lot in common. Good job, Clara. 160 00:08:04,920 --> 00:08:07,239 Speaker 3: Well some of us are late blossoming nerds, I guess, 161 00:08:07,320 --> 00:08:12,960 Speaker 3: but what we get there eventually. So give us some 162 00:08:13,040 --> 00:08:16,400 Speaker 3: background on what we know about this question so far, Daniel. 163 00:08:16,400 --> 00:08:19,920 Speaker 1: Yeah, Clara's question touches on two really important ideas, and 164 00:08:19,960 --> 00:08:22,160 Speaker 1: she's doing something I love, which is trying to bring 165 00:08:22,200 --> 00:08:25,840 Speaker 1: two ideas together. You know, physics is about unification of 166 00:08:25,840 --> 00:08:28,960 Speaker 1: your understanding. It's not like chemistry where you use this 167 00:08:29,000 --> 00:08:30,920 Speaker 1: equation over here and that equation over there, and it's 168 00:08:30,920 --> 00:08:33,560 Speaker 1: just like these patches of understanding and physics we hope 169 00:08:33,559 --> 00:08:36,080 Speaker 1: to have a complete cloth, you know, to stitch everything 170 00:08:36,120 --> 00:08:38,520 Speaker 1: together into one idea. So it's really important that when 171 00:08:38,559 --> 00:08:41,400 Speaker 1: you hear related ideas, you try to understand how they 172 00:08:41,400 --> 00:08:43,920 Speaker 1: fit together. And that's what she's doing here and here 173 00:08:44,000 --> 00:08:47,480 Speaker 1: the related ideas are about the size and the scope 174 00:08:47,520 --> 00:08:50,840 Speaker 1: of the universe, like is the universe infinite or is 175 00:08:50,880 --> 00:08:54,480 Speaker 1: the universe finite? And when you just imagine space and 176 00:08:54,480 --> 00:08:56,720 Speaker 1: the whole universe, you probably just fill your mind with 177 00:08:56,800 --> 00:08:59,800 Speaker 1: blackness and you imagine that it goes on forever, that 178 00:08:59,840 --> 00:09:01,960 Speaker 1: you you could shoot a laser beam and it would 179 00:09:01,960 --> 00:09:04,679 Speaker 1: just fly on forever and ever until it hits something. 180 00:09:04,720 --> 00:09:06,920 Speaker 1: But if the universe was empty, it would just go 181 00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:10,720 Speaker 1: on forever. You can imagine these like dotted lines of x, y, 182 00:09:10,760 --> 00:09:14,640 Speaker 1: and z dimensions just stretching out to infinity, limited only 183 00:09:14,720 --> 00:09:18,760 Speaker 1: by your imagination. That's an infinite universe. And we don't 184 00:09:18,840 --> 00:09:22,200 Speaker 1: know if the universe is infinite. But such an infinite universe, 185 00:09:22,200 --> 00:09:24,440 Speaker 1: though it's a little bit weird to hold in your mind, 186 00:09:24,520 --> 00:09:27,199 Speaker 1: is actually one of the most natural ideas for how 187 00:09:27,240 --> 00:09:28,760 Speaker 1: the universe might be shaped. 188 00:09:29,080 --> 00:09:30,720 Speaker 3: Is this a question that you think will have an 189 00:09:30,760 --> 00:09:32,800 Speaker 3: answer to in your lifetime or what will we be 190 00:09:32,880 --> 00:09:36,160 Speaker 3: wondering if the universe is finite or infinite three hundred 191 00:09:36,200 --> 00:09:36,719 Speaker 3: years from now. 192 00:09:37,720 --> 00:09:42,200 Speaker 1: Wow? Awesome. It's hard to prove that the universe is 193 00:09:42,360 --> 00:09:46,040 Speaker 1: infinite because if it goes on forever, then you need 194 00:09:46,080 --> 00:09:49,800 Speaker 1: infinite data to prove that. But we might be able 195 00:09:49,840 --> 00:09:51,760 Speaker 1: to prove the opposite. We might be able to prove 196 00:09:51,800 --> 00:09:54,600 Speaker 1: that it's not infinite because you could discover that the 197 00:09:54,720 --> 00:09:58,480 Speaker 1: universe is finite. Because the extent of the universe is 198 00:09:58,480 --> 00:10:01,600 Speaker 1: connected to another question about the shape of the universe, 199 00:10:02,240 --> 00:10:05,320 Speaker 1: like if the universe is flat, and by flat, we 200 00:10:05,360 --> 00:10:07,640 Speaker 1: don't mean like a two D sheet of paper. We 201 00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:10,640 Speaker 1: mean the two parallel lines will not cross. It's a 202 00:10:10,720 --> 00:10:15,000 Speaker 1: three dimensional version of flatness. But if the universe is curved, 203 00:10:15,160 --> 00:10:18,600 Speaker 1: the two parallel lines either diverge or do cross over 204 00:10:18,679 --> 00:10:21,720 Speaker 1: each other, and again curved in three dimensions in a 205 00:10:21,760 --> 00:10:24,560 Speaker 1: sort of general relative physics sort of way. That means 206 00:10:24,559 --> 00:10:26,839 Speaker 1: that the universe could be finite, that it could loop 207 00:10:26,920 --> 00:10:30,160 Speaker 1: around on itself again in a weird three dimensional way, 208 00:10:30,440 --> 00:10:32,520 Speaker 1: not exactly the same way as like the surface of 209 00:10:32,559 --> 00:10:36,440 Speaker 1: a sphere loops around on itself, but in analogy to that. So, 210 00:10:36,640 --> 00:10:39,839 Speaker 1: if we discover that space is curved, that suggests that 211 00:10:39,920 --> 00:10:43,000 Speaker 1: space might be finite, and so we can't prove that 212 00:10:43,080 --> 00:10:45,480 Speaker 1: it's infinite, but we might discover that it is finite. 213 00:10:45,600 --> 00:10:48,480 Speaker 3: WHOA, I feel like I'm lost in thought here. So 214 00:10:48,520 --> 00:10:50,320 Speaker 3: if it's curved, then what's on the other side of 215 00:10:50,320 --> 00:10:50,760 Speaker 3: the curve. 216 00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:52,839 Speaker 1: No, this is a big mental pothole that we should 217 00:10:52,840 --> 00:10:56,320 Speaker 1: totally address, because if you imagine the universe as finite 218 00:10:56,640 --> 00:10:59,920 Speaker 1: and curved, you probably have in your mind something like 219 00:11:00,120 --> 00:11:01,040 Speaker 1: sphere a ball. 220 00:11:01,160 --> 00:11:03,240 Speaker 3: Right, I'm thinking of a donut because I'm hungry. 221 00:11:03,400 --> 00:11:05,800 Speaker 1: All right, it could also be a donut, right, But 222 00:11:05,840 --> 00:11:08,480 Speaker 1: the problem is as soon as you name some object 223 00:11:08,600 --> 00:11:12,320 Speaker 1: like that, you imagine it with its boundaries inside some 224 00:11:12,480 --> 00:11:15,199 Speaker 1: other vast mental space. Like if I close my eyes 225 00:11:15,240 --> 00:11:18,480 Speaker 1: and I think of a donut, it's hovering in some blackness, 226 00:11:18,920 --> 00:11:22,240 Speaker 1: and that's a mistake. I've like sketched around it some 227 00:11:22,480 --> 00:11:25,600 Speaker 1: empty space. But when we talk about the universe as finite, 228 00:11:25,640 --> 00:11:27,920 Speaker 1: we don't mean like there's a bunch of stuff and 229 00:11:28,000 --> 00:11:31,680 Speaker 1: around it is empty space. We mean finite including space. 230 00:11:31,720 --> 00:11:34,800 Speaker 1: I mean that's all there is. Don't sketch anything around it, 231 00:11:34,920 --> 00:11:38,040 Speaker 1: don't fill in that mental space with something. The finite 232 00:11:38,120 --> 00:11:41,160 Speaker 1: universe is limited in size, but it doesn't have an edge, 233 00:11:41,200 --> 00:11:44,439 Speaker 1: a boundary. Every point on it is exactly the same. 234 00:11:44,480 --> 00:11:47,959 Speaker 1: It's very, very difficult to think about. It's very counterintuitive. 235 00:11:48,240 --> 00:11:50,040 Speaker 3: Yeah, I feel like the world is split into people 236 00:11:50,040 --> 00:11:52,719 Speaker 3: who think that that's fun and people who just are 237 00:11:52,760 --> 00:11:59,079 Speaker 3: really frustrated. They might be a different camps there. 238 00:12:00,160 --> 00:12:02,400 Speaker 1: We should get too clear's question, But first we have 239 00:12:02,440 --> 00:12:03,560 Speaker 1: to take a quick break. 240 00:12:07,600 --> 00:12:10,679 Speaker 9: AI might be the most important new computer technology ever. 241 00:12:10,920 --> 00:12:14,120 Speaker 9: It's storming every industry and literally billions of dollars are 242 00:12:14,160 --> 00:12:18,360 Speaker 9: being invested, so buckle up. 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So now 251 00:12:46,920 --> 00:12:49,120 Speaker 9: you can train your AI models at twice the speed 252 00:12:49,320 --> 00:12:51,679 Speaker 9: and less than half the cost of other clouds. If 253 00:12:51,679 --> 00:12:53,920 Speaker 9: you want to do more and spend less, like Uber 254 00:12:54,040 --> 00:12:56,640 Speaker 9: eight by eight and Data Bricks Mosaic. Take a free 255 00:12:56,720 --> 00:13:00,640 Speaker 9: test drive of OCI at Oracle dot com slash strategic. 256 00:13:00,920 --> 00:13:06,199 Speaker 9: That's Oracle dot com slash strategic Oracle dot com slash strategic. 257 00:13:07,160 --> 00:13:09,120 Speaker 10: I'm buzs Knight and I'm the host of the Taking 258 00:13:09,160 --> 00:13:11,400 Speaker 10: a Walk podcast music History on. 259 00:13:11,320 --> 00:13:15,640 Speaker 1: Foot John Oates Great songs endured, and I'm very proud 260 00:13:15,679 --> 00:13:18,000 Speaker 1: and happy to know that I was part of something 261 00:13:18,120 --> 00:13:19,439 Speaker 1: that will endure. 262 00:13:19,559 --> 00:13:23,480 Speaker 10: The podcast is an audio diary of insightful conversations with 263 00:13:23,640 --> 00:13:27,680 Speaker 10: musicians and the inside stories behind their music. Russ Kunkle. 264 00:13:27,760 --> 00:13:30,280 Speaker 12: The basic connection that I had with someone that was 265 00:13:30,320 --> 00:13:31,439 Speaker 12: great coming out of. 266 00:13:31,360 --> 00:13:32,920 Speaker 10: The Whiskey was David Crosby. 267 00:13:33,360 --> 00:13:36,720 Speaker 12: David I met David and Steven and Graham kind of 268 00:13:36,760 --> 00:13:41,560 Speaker 12: around the same time, basically through my wife Leah, who 269 00:13:41,679 --> 00:13:42,840 Speaker 12: is Cass Elliott's sister. 270 00:13:42,960 --> 00:13:46,920 Speaker 10: The message of the podcast is simple, honest conversation with 271 00:13:47,120 --> 00:13:52,520 Speaker 10: musicians about the music they create. Mike Campbell of the Heartbreakers. 272 00:13:51,840 --> 00:13:52,480 Speaker 9: It is correct. 273 00:13:52,559 --> 00:13:53,840 Speaker 5: I rarely worked things out. 274 00:13:53,920 --> 00:13:55,800 Speaker 13: I like to go off the cup and try to 275 00:13:55,840 --> 00:13:57,680 Speaker 13: grab things out of the air while you're playing the 276 00:13:57,760 --> 00:13:59,559 Speaker 13: song and try to catch a little magic. 277 00:13:59,679 --> 00:14:02,839 Speaker 10: Listen to the Taken a Walk podcast on the iHeartRadio app, 278 00:14:02,880 --> 00:14:06,200 Speaker 10: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. 279 00:14:07,360 --> 00:14:10,319 Speaker 2: Hey, I'm Jackie Thomas, the host of a brand new 280 00:14:10,360 --> 00:14:14,800 Speaker 2: Black Effect original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving 281 00:14:14,880 --> 00:14:18,720 Speaker 2: deep into the rich world of black literature. I'm Jackie Thomas, 282 00:14:18,760 --> 00:14:21,840 Speaker 2: and I'm inviting you to join me in a vibrant 283 00:14:21,920 --> 00:14:27,720 Speaker 2: community of literary enthusiasts dedicated to protecting and celebrating our stories. 284 00:14:27,880 --> 00:14:30,560 Speaker 2: Black Lit is for the page turners, for those who 285 00:14:30,640 --> 00:14:33,800 Speaker 2: listen to audio books while commuting or reading errands, for 286 00:14:33,880 --> 00:14:38,640 Speaker 2: those who find themselves seeking solace, wisdom, and refuge. Between 287 00:14:38,680 --> 00:14:42,680 Speaker 2: the chapters, from thought provoking novels to powerful poetry, we'll 288 00:14:42,720 --> 00:14:44,560 Speaker 2: explore the stories. 289 00:14:44,000 --> 00:14:45,720 Speaker 3: That shape our culture. 290 00:14:45,960 --> 00:14:50,440 Speaker 2: Together. We'll dissect classics and contemporary works while uncovering the 291 00:14:50,520 --> 00:14:53,960 Speaker 2: stories of the brilliant writers behind them. Black Litt is 292 00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:57,120 Speaker 2: here to amplify the voices of black writers and to 293 00:14:57,240 --> 00:15:00,800 Speaker 2: bring their words to life. To black lit on the 294 00:15:00,840 --> 00:15:04,840 Speaker 2: iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you get your podcasts. 295 00:15:07,840 --> 00:15:11,000 Speaker 4: I'm doctor Laurie Santos, host of the Happiness Lab podcast. 296 00:15:11,560 --> 00:15:15,000 Speaker 4: Is the US elections approach. It can feel like we're 297 00:15:15,040 --> 00:15:19,160 Speaker 4: angrier and more divided than ever, but in a new 298 00:15:19,280 --> 00:15:22,200 Speaker 4: hopeful season of my podcast, I'll share with the science 299 00:15:22,240 --> 00:15:25,560 Speaker 4: it really shows that we're surprisingly more united than most 300 00:15:25,600 --> 00:15:26,160 Speaker 4: people think. 301 00:15:26,400 --> 00:15:29,320 Speaker 7: We all know something is wrong in our culture, in 302 00:15:29,360 --> 00:15:32,040 Speaker 7: our politics, and that we need to do better, and 303 00:15:32,080 --> 00:15:33,440 Speaker 7: that we can do better with. 304 00:15:33,520 --> 00:15:35,880 Speaker 4: The help of Stanford psychologist Jamil Zaki. 305 00:15:35,960 --> 00:15:36,800 Speaker 9: It's really tragic. 306 00:15:36,920 --> 00:15:39,840 Speaker 6: If cynicism were appeal, it'd be a poison. 307 00:15:40,040 --> 00:15:42,960 Speaker 4: We'll see that our fellow humans, even those we disagree with, 308 00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:44,680 Speaker 4: are more generous than we assume. 309 00:15:45,040 --> 00:15:46,880 Speaker 3: My assumption, my feeling. 310 00:15:46,920 --> 00:15:49,720 Speaker 2: My hunch is that a lot of us are actually 311 00:15:49,760 --> 00:15:54,080 Speaker 2: looking for a way to disagree and still be in relationships. 312 00:15:53,520 --> 00:15:54,040 Speaker 6: With each other. 313 00:15:54,680 --> 00:15:58,640 Speaker 4: All that on the Happiness Lab, listen on the iHeartRadio app, 314 00:15:58,880 --> 00:16:04,520 Speaker 4: Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to podcasts. 315 00:16:08,240 --> 00:16:11,200 Speaker 13: Hey, I'm Bruce Bosi on my podcast Table for two. 316 00:16:11,400 --> 00:16:15,240 Speaker 13: We have unforgettable lunch after unforgettable lunch with the best 317 00:16:15,240 --> 00:16:19,680 Speaker 13: guest you could possibly ask for, people like Matt Boehmer. 318 00:16:19,880 --> 00:16:21,920 Speaker 1: Thank you for that introduction. I'm going to slip you, 319 00:16:22,320 --> 00:16:24,320 Speaker 1: slip you a couple of twenties under the table, hold on, 320 00:16:24,560 --> 00:16:25,320 Speaker 1: Emma Roberts. 321 00:16:25,400 --> 00:16:27,480 Speaker 4: When it came into my email inbox, I was like, Okay, 322 00:16:27,480 --> 00:16:29,080 Speaker 4: I know I'm gonna love this so much that I 323 00:16:29,080 --> 00:16:30,680 Speaker 4: don't even want to read it because if I can't 324 00:16:30,720 --> 00:16:32,440 Speaker 4: be in it, I'm gonna be bums. 325 00:16:32,480 --> 00:16:36,520 Speaker 13: And Colin Jost, you know your wife was the first guest. 326 00:16:36,840 --> 00:16:37,880 Speaker 7: It's Table for two, and. 327 00:16:37,920 --> 00:16:39,760 Speaker 3: It's come full circle as long as they do better 328 00:16:39,800 --> 00:16:40,000 Speaker 3: than her. 329 00:16:40,080 --> 00:16:43,360 Speaker 13: On Table for two is a bit different from other 330 00:16:43,440 --> 00:16:46,480 Speaker 13: interview shows. We sit down at a great restaurant for 331 00:16:46,560 --> 00:16:49,600 Speaker 13: a meal, maybe a glass of rose, and the story 332 00:16:49,720 --> 00:16:53,200 Speaker 13: start flowing. Our second season is airing right now, so 333 00:16:53,240 --> 00:16:57,680 Speaker 13: you can catch up on our conversations that are intimate, surprising, 334 00:16:58,200 --> 00:17:01,880 Speaker 13: and often hilarious. Listen to Table for two with First 335 00:17:01,920 --> 00:17:06,000 Speaker 13: BOSSI and the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts or wherever you 336 00:17:06,560 --> 00:17:07,760 Speaker 13: get your podcasts. 337 00:17:17,119 --> 00:17:19,639 Speaker 3: What do we think let's follow up on Clara's idea. 338 00:17:20,080 --> 00:17:24,040 Speaker 1: Yeah, so Clara's question is porque nolos dos? 339 00:17:24,119 --> 00:17:24,280 Speaker 9: Right? 340 00:17:24,359 --> 00:17:28,280 Speaker 1: She's like, why can't it be infinite and finite? And 341 00:17:28,400 --> 00:17:30,800 Speaker 1: she's saying, what if you have a few dimensions in 342 00:17:30,840 --> 00:17:34,040 Speaker 1: which it's infinite, but other dimensions in which it's finite. 343 00:17:34,280 --> 00:17:38,400 Speaker 1: So imagine, for example, like an infinite cylinder. In one 344 00:17:38,440 --> 00:17:41,879 Speaker 1: dimension it goes on forever, but in the other dimensions 345 00:17:41,920 --> 00:17:44,080 Speaker 1: it's limited. You know, it's like a centimeter wide or 346 00:17:44,080 --> 00:17:47,200 Speaker 1: a meter wide or something. So you can picture geometric 347 00:17:47,240 --> 00:17:49,240 Speaker 1: shapes which are like this, that are infinite in one 348 00:17:49,280 --> 00:17:53,200 Speaker 1: dimension and finite in others. And she's basically asking, could 349 00:17:53,200 --> 00:17:55,920 Speaker 1: our universe be like that? Could it have two different 350 00:17:56,040 --> 00:18:00,040 Speaker 1: kinds of dimensions, some that are infinite and some that 351 00:18:00,080 --> 00:18:00,800 Speaker 1: are finite. 352 00:18:01,440 --> 00:18:05,000 Speaker 3: Are there any current theories that encapsulate that, like has 353 00:18:05,040 --> 00:18:08,360 Speaker 3: she identified a theory that physicists are working with right 354 00:18:08,359 --> 00:18:09,800 Speaker 3: now as far as you know, or is this a 355 00:18:09,840 --> 00:18:11,760 Speaker 3: totally new way of thinking about it. 356 00:18:12,200 --> 00:18:15,480 Speaker 1: Claire's actually thought her way into a very popular area 357 00:18:15,560 --> 00:18:19,199 Speaker 1: of research right now, because it's totally possible to have 358 00:18:19,240 --> 00:18:21,840 Speaker 1: a geometry of the universe where you have some infinite 359 00:18:21,880 --> 00:18:25,800 Speaker 1: dimensions and some finite there's no theoretical reasons saying you 360 00:18:25,920 --> 00:18:29,160 Speaker 1: can't do that. And first let's talk about like how 361 00:18:29,200 --> 00:18:33,080 Speaker 1: to try, frustratingly to visualize that in your mind, and 362 00:18:33,119 --> 00:18:36,159 Speaker 1: then let's talk about why theorists are excited about this 363 00:18:36,280 --> 00:18:38,840 Speaker 1: kind of idea. So we know that there are three 364 00:18:38,880 --> 00:18:41,439 Speaker 1: dimensions in our universe X, y, and z. These are 365 00:18:41,440 --> 00:18:44,720 Speaker 1: the normal spatial dimensions, and let's just say those are infinite, 366 00:18:44,720 --> 00:18:47,240 Speaker 1: that they go on forever. If you shine a laser 367 00:18:47,280 --> 00:18:49,480 Speaker 1: beam out into space, if you don't hit some other 368 00:18:49,560 --> 00:18:52,240 Speaker 1: galaxy or some alien eyeball, it's just going to go 369 00:18:52,280 --> 00:18:54,480 Speaker 1: on forever. And if you shine two, they're going to 370 00:18:54,480 --> 00:18:58,639 Speaker 1: be in parallel forever. Right, So that's infinite flat space. Okay, 371 00:18:58,680 --> 00:19:01,480 Speaker 1: so hold that in your mind. Now we want to 372 00:19:01,480 --> 00:19:04,000 Speaker 1: add a fourth dimension, and we don't want to add 373 00:19:04,040 --> 00:19:07,520 Speaker 1: a fourth infinite dimension. Some new direction you could shoot 374 00:19:07,520 --> 00:19:10,000 Speaker 1: your laser beam, which is already very difficult to put 375 00:19:10,040 --> 00:19:13,320 Speaker 1: into your three D mental space. Let's add a fourth 376 00:19:13,520 --> 00:19:16,920 Speaker 1: finite dimension. And so the sort of two mental ways 377 00:19:16,920 --> 00:19:20,439 Speaker 1: to visualize this one is take your three D infinite 378 00:19:20,480 --> 00:19:24,399 Speaker 1: space and at every point, replace that point with a loop, 379 00:19:24,840 --> 00:19:27,000 Speaker 1: like a little circle, you know, like a bracelet. 380 00:19:27,119 --> 00:19:28,840 Speaker 3: Essentially, I'm getting angry. 381 00:19:30,280 --> 00:19:30,960 Speaker 1: You're getting angry. 382 00:19:33,520 --> 00:19:35,800 Speaker 3: Yeah, I'm kidding. Let's go for it, all right, And 383 00:19:35,880 --> 00:19:37,680 Speaker 3: lots of loops in infinite space. 384 00:19:37,520 --> 00:19:41,040 Speaker 1: Yes, exactly. So instead of space being filled with points, 385 00:19:41,119 --> 00:19:43,760 Speaker 1: now it's filled with loops, and where you are along 386 00:19:43,800 --> 00:19:46,439 Speaker 1: that loop is essentially the fourth dimension. So now you 387 00:19:46,440 --> 00:19:49,359 Speaker 1: have like four numbers in your address, three numbers to 388 00:19:49,400 --> 00:19:51,280 Speaker 1: tell you where you are in the usual three D 389 00:19:51,400 --> 00:19:53,600 Speaker 1: space and one to tell you how far you are 390 00:19:53,720 --> 00:19:56,800 Speaker 1: along this loop. So now space is like more complex. 391 00:19:57,240 --> 00:20:00,560 Speaker 3: Is there a way to help me pick that? Like, 392 00:20:00,560 --> 00:20:03,000 Speaker 3: like I move in a direction and I get stuck 393 00:20:03,000 --> 00:20:04,960 Speaker 3: at a loop and it's like being in a whirlpool. 394 00:20:05,240 --> 00:20:08,040 Speaker 3: Or is that extra dimension time and it determines how 395 00:20:08,080 --> 00:20:08,760 Speaker 3: long I'm there? 396 00:20:09,480 --> 00:20:12,760 Speaker 1: The extra dimension is not time, it's space, right, OK. 397 00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:15,920 Speaker 1: And you could still move through three D space, jumping 398 00:20:15,960 --> 00:20:18,199 Speaker 1: from loop to loop the same way you can like 399 00:20:18,480 --> 00:20:21,920 Speaker 1: move only in x without changing your y value. An 400 00:20:21,960 --> 00:20:24,840 Speaker 1: alternative way to think about it instead of an infinite 401 00:20:24,920 --> 00:20:27,760 Speaker 1: space filled with loops is to take a single loop 402 00:20:27,880 --> 00:20:30,560 Speaker 1: and at every point put infinite space in it. So 403 00:20:30,640 --> 00:20:35,399 Speaker 1: imagine like a big loop of infinite spaces instead of 404 00:20:35,480 --> 00:20:38,160 Speaker 1: an infinite space of loops. It doesn't really matter which 405 00:20:38,280 --> 00:20:41,000 Speaker 1: order you think about it. Geometrically, it's the same, and 406 00:20:41,080 --> 00:20:43,200 Speaker 1: both of them will give you a migraine because it's 407 00:20:43,240 --> 00:20:46,040 Speaker 1: really about four dimensions at all. 408 00:20:46,960 --> 00:20:49,119 Speaker 3: But that's my best of til it all. 409 00:20:50,680 --> 00:20:53,840 Speaker 1: Especially in an audio format, this is challenging to describe, 410 00:20:54,280 --> 00:20:56,639 Speaker 1: but the bottom line is, yes, Claia, it's possible to 411 00:20:56,640 --> 00:20:59,960 Speaker 1: build a geometry where space is finite in some dimension 412 00:21:00,200 --> 00:21:03,360 Speaker 1: an infinite in others. And this is actually very exciting 413 00:21:03,400 --> 00:21:06,919 Speaker 1: theoretically because it might explain one of the open puzzles 414 00:21:07,040 --> 00:21:10,800 Speaker 1: in physics, which is why gravity is so much weaker 415 00:21:10,840 --> 00:21:13,520 Speaker 1: than the other forces. Like, if you think of gravity 416 00:21:13,520 --> 00:21:16,000 Speaker 1: as a force, we know that it's much much weaker 417 00:21:16,040 --> 00:21:18,280 Speaker 1: than all the other forces out there, and like the 418 00:21:18,320 --> 00:21:20,840 Speaker 1: canonical example is that you can hold up a paper 419 00:21:20,840 --> 00:21:24,400 Speaker 1: clip using a kitchen magnet, which is counteracting the entire 420 00:21:24,480 --> 00:21:28,320 Speaker 1: gravitational force of the Earth, right a huge mass, or 421 00:21:28,480 --> 00:21:31,000 Speaker 1: you know, like a toddler's legs are strong enough to 422 00:21:31,080 --> 00:21:34,160 Speaker 1: overcome the gravity of the Earth and learn to jump. 423 00:21:34,359 --> 00:21:37,879 Speaker 1: That's electro mechanical, and they're so cute and squishy, I know, 424 00:21:38,880 --> 00:21:41,200 Speaker 1: And they're defeating an entire planet's gravity. 425 00:21:41,280 --> 00:21:41,440 Speaker 9: Right. 426 00:21:41,480 --> 00:21:44,480 Speaker 1: So gravity is a crazy weak force, and that's a 427 00:21:44,480 --> 00:21:47,080 Speaker 1: puzzle for physicists because we like things to be in balance. 428 00:21:47,119 --> 00:21:50,320 Speaker 1: We like to understand why things are out of balance 429 00:21:50,359 --> 00:21:54,000 Speaker 1: if they are. So the explanation is, maybe the reason 430 00:21:54,080 --> 00:21:57,920 Speaker 1: gravity is weak is because it's special. Maybe the universe 431 00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:01,359 Speaker 1: has a bunch of other dimensions, but like Clara suggests, 432 00:22:01,680 --> 00:22:05,080 Speaker 1: their loops and their small little dimensions, their loops are 433 00:22:05,119 --> 00:22:07,800 Speaker 1: like a centimeter or even a millimeter or even smaller. 434 00:22:08,480 --> 00:22:11,920 Speaker 1: And so what happens is that gravity actually isn't weaker 435 00:22:11,960 --> 00:22:14,399 Speaker 1: than the other forces. It's just the same strength, but 436 00:22:14,520 --> 00:22:17,600 Speaker 1: it feels weaker to us because at distances bigger than 437 00:22:17,600 --> 00:22:20,280 Speaker 1: a centimeter or bigger than these dimensions, it's already sort 438 00:22:20,280 --> 00:22:23,399 Speaker 1: of bled out into these other dimensions. It spreads out 439 00:22:23,760 --> 00:22:26,720 Speaker 1: in these other dimensions, and so it seems weak to us. 440 00:22:27,320 --> 00:22:30,920 Speaker 1: So that's like a cool explanation for another puzzle in 441 00:22:30,960 --> 00:22:34,320 Speaker 1: particle physics, if we could prove that the universe did 442 00:22:34,359 --> 00:22:37,359 Speaker 1: have additional dimensions that were finite. 443 00:22:37,560 --> 00:22:40,240 Speaker 3: So one of my favorite parts of doing science is 444 00:22:40,280 --> 00:22:45,520 Speaker 3: designing experiments. Is there an experiment you could design to test, like, 445 00:22:45,560 --> 00:22:48,439 Speaker 3: for example, to look for those loops? Or this is 446 00:22:48,480 --> 00:22:50,119 Speaker 3: just too hard because it's all too big and it 447 00:22:50,160 --> 00:22:50,920 Speaker 3: goes on too long. 448 00:22:51,359 --> 00:22:53,840 Speaker 1: No, there absolutely is an experiment, but you're not gonna 449 00:22:53,880 --> 00:22:54,119 Speaker 1: like it. 450 00:22:55,600 --> 00:22:58,120 Speaker 3: You don't know me, but you probably know me well enough. 451 00:22:58,160 --> 00:23:00,040 Speaker 3: I'm probably not gonna like it, but go for it. 452 00:23:00,200 --> 00:23:02,640 Speaker 1: I mean, it might destroy the planet. So if you're 453 00:23:02,680 --> 00:23:04,840 Speaker 1: cool with that, then yeah. 454 00:23:04,440 --> 00:23:06,399 Speaker 3: No, no, my kids are on this planet. You know 455 00:23:06,440 --> 00:23:08,720 Speaker 3: how I feel about when you endanger my kids. 456 00:23:09,640 --> 00:23:11,919 Speaker 1: So the idea is to do an experiment that tests 457 00:23:11,960 --> 00:23:16,040 Speaker 1: whether gravity gets really strong when things get close together. 458 00:23:16,440 --> 00:23:18,439 Speaker 1: And one way you can do that is try to 459 00:23:18,520 --> 00:23:21,359 Speaker 1: just measure the gravity of things that are really close together, 460 00:23:21,920 --> 00:23:24,560 Speaker 1: Like take two balls and put them a millimeter apart 461 00:23:24,600 --> 00:23:26,920 Speaker 1: and measure their gravity. This turns out to be really, 462 00:23:26,960 --> 00:23:29,840 Speaker 1: really hard because gravity is so weak and anything you 463 00:23:29,960 --> 00:23:32,920 Speaker 1: build is going to have really weak gravity. And there's 464 00:23:32,960 --> 00:23:36,280 Speaker 1: some real experimental Virtuoso's at University of Washington who've been 465 00:23:36,280 --> 00:23:39,040 Speaker 1: doing these kinds of experiments, and it's really amazing. They 466 00:23:39,080 --> 00:23:42,600 Speaker 1: have to isolate it from like anytime somebody coughs three 467 00:23:42,640 --> 00:23:45,199 Speaker 1: blocks away, or like a dog wags its tail and 468 00:23:45,280 --> 00:23:48,680 Speaker 1: changes the you know, the airflow or whatever. It's ridiculous 469 00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:51,120 Speaker 1: what they have to buffer themselves against because they're looking 470 00:23:51,119 --> 00:23:54,199 Speaker 1: for such a tiny effect. On the other hand, we 471 00:23:54,240 --> 00:23:57,240 Speaker 1: can also do it at the large Hagon collider because 472 00:23:57,760 --> 00:24:01,120 Speaker 1: if gravity gets really powerful when things get close together. Hey, 473 00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:03,159 Speaker 1: that's what we do all day. We take protons, we 474 00:24:03,240 --> 00:24:06,159 Speaker 1: put them really close together. And so the idea is 475 00:24:06,359 --> 00:24:10,000 Speaker 1: maybe sometimes when protons get really close together, their gravity 476 00:24:10,040 --> 00:24:12,879 Speaker 1: gets really strong and they make a tiny black hole. 477 00:24:13,680 --> 00:24:16,439 Speaker 1: And so these extra dimensions could enhance the power of 478 00:24:16,480 --> 00:24:19,320 Speaker 1: gravity at short distances and give us a chance to 479 00:24:19,359 --> 00:24:23,000 Speaker 1: make more black holes than we otherwise could, maybe even 480 00:24:23,080 --> 00:24:26,000 Speaker 1: seeing one evaporate in our detector, and of course not 481 00:24:26,160 --> 00:24:29,320 Speaker 1: destroying the earth and keeping Kelly's children alive and healthy. 482 00:24:29,520 --> 00:24:32,480 Speaker 3: Thank you, my children in particular. Wait, so if we're 483 00:24:32,520 --> 00:24:37,040 Speaker 3: worried about dimensions, does creating a black hole is that, 484 00:24:38,160 --> 00:24:40,960 Speaker 3: you know, sort of analogous to the loops in the 485 00:24:40,960 --> 00:24:42,359 Speaker 3: dimensions that you were talking about. 486 00:24:42,520 --> 00:24:45,000 Speaker 1: The black hole, if it exists, would also exist in 487 00:24:45,040 --> 00:24:48,679 Speaker 1: those other dimensions. But ideas that those dimensions also weaken 488 00:24:48,720 --> 00:24:51,560 Speaker 1: the gravity for things that are further apart than the 489 00:24:51,600 --> 00:24:54,199 Speaker 1: size of those dimensions, and so you can create a 490 00:24:54,200 --> 00:24:57,320 Speaker 1: black hole by getting things really really close. That's sort 491 00:24:57,359 --> 00:24:59,560 Speaker 1: of the idea. We've never seen a black holes large 492 00:24:59,600 --> 00:25:02,760 Speaker 1: a drunk light, So we have no experimental proof of 493 00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:06,480 Speaker 1: any of these additional spatial dimensions. There's another way you 494 00:25:06,480 --> 00:25:08,200 Speaker 1: could look for them, which is to look for weird 495 00:25:08,320 --> 00:25:11,800 Speaker 1: echos of the particles that we have seen. Like if 496 00:25:11,840 --> 00:25:14,760 Speaker 1: the electron exists in our universe, there might be an 497 00:25:14,800 --> 00:25:18,119 Speaker 1: echo of the electron in which it's like vibrating in 498 00:25:18,160 --> 00:25:20,359 Speaker 1: this additional dimension, and so it would look like an 499 00:25:20,400 --> 00:25:23,439 Speaker 1: electron but with more mass, like a heavier version of 500 00:25:23,480 --> 00:25:26,680 Speaker 1: the electron, and because of resonance effects, you would get 501 00:25:26,680 --> 00:25:29,000 Speaker 1: a bunch of these. You would get like one that's heavier, 502 00:25:29,040 --> 00:25:31,200 Speaker 1: and when that's twice is heavy and three times is heavy, 503 00:25:31,400 --> 00:25:34,840 Speaker 1: you get this whole tower of weird heavy electrons. So 504 00:25:34,880 --> 00:25:37,760 Speaker 1: we've looked for those and haven't seen them. So yes, 505 00:25:37,880 --> 00:25:40,480 Speaker 1: we can look for these things. No, we have no 506 00:25:40,640 --> 00:25:45,080 Speaker 1: evidence that the universe does have additional finite dimensions on 507 00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:49,159 Speaker 1: top of the three probably infinite dimensions that we know about. 508 00:25:49,320 --> 00:25:55,080 Speaker 3: And finding another dimension doesn't immediately answer the question. Is 509 00:25:55,119 --> 00:25:58,760 Speaker 3: the universe finite in one direction and infinite in the other, Right, 510 00:25:58,800 --> 00:26:01,280 Speaker 3: you'd still need additional that's just part of it. 511 00:26:01,560 --> 00:26:03,840 Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. First step is discover the other dimension. 512 00:26:03,880 --> 00:26:06,760 Speaker 1: Second is to measure the curvature of that dimension. If 513 00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:09,239 Speaker 1: it's highly curved, then it probably is a loop. Then 514 00:26:09,280 --> 00:26:12,800 Speaker 1: it probably is finite. Clara wins the Nobel Prize. If 515 00:26:12,840 --> 00:26:15,080 Speaker 1: it turns out to be infinite, then like that blows 516 00:26:15,119 --> 00:26:17,920 Speaker 1: our minds in a whole other way. Like another infinite 517 00:26:17,920 --> 00:26:19,160 Speaker 1: dimension in our universe. 518 00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:22,360 Speaker 3: That would be crazy or infuriating. 519 00:26:23,840 --> 00:26:25,000 Speaker 1: Or headache inducing. 520 00:26:27,119 --> 00:26:28,280 Speaker 3: Now it would be cool. 521 00:26:28,400 --> 00:26:31,480 Speaker 1: All right. So that's the answer for Clara. Yes, the 522 00:26:31,640 --> 00:26:36,440 Speaker 1: universe could have finite and infinite dimensions at the same time, 523 00:26:36,800 --> 00:26:39,200 Speaker 1: as much as that's difficult to think about. And while 524 00:26:39,200 --> 00:26:42,160 Speaker 1: we are doing experiments to search for these additional dimensions, 525 00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:45,080 Speaker 1: we do not yet have any evidence that they exist. 526 00:26:45,119 --> 00:26:46,800 Speaker 1: But we're going to keep looking to hope to provide 527 00:26:46,840 --> 00:26:48,560 Speaker 1: Clara with a Nobel Prize in the future. 528 00:26:49,800 --> 00:26:51,640 Speaker 3: Yeah, thank you for this amazing question. 529 00:26:51,760 --> 00:26:54,760 Speaker 1: And thanks to everybody out there who thinks about the universe, 530 00:26:54,920 --> 00:26:58,160 Speaker 1: wonders about it, wants to understand it, and writes to us. 531 00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:00,840 Speaker 1: Send us your questions to questions at Dangel and Jorge 532 00:27:00,920 --> 00:27:03,960 Speaker 1: dot com. Everybody gets an answer and some people get 533 00:27:04,040 --> 00:27:05,520 Speaker 1: highlighted on the podcast. 534 00:27:05,680 --> 00:27:07,400 Speaker 3: Woo, it's like getting a hugo. 535 00:27:11,040 --> 00:27:13,399 Speaker 1: Yes, you can put it on your CP for sure. 536 00:27:14,720 --> 00:27:16,840 Speaker 1: All right, Thanks very much Kelly for helping me answer 537 00:27:16,880 --> 00:27:17,560 Speaker 1: these questions. 538 00:27:17,680 --> 00:27:19,080 Speaker 3: Thanks so much for having me on the show. It 539 00:27:19,080 --> 00:27:19,680 Speaker 3: was a lot of fun. 540 00:27:19,840 --> 00:27:27,359 Speaker 1: All right. Everyone, tune in next time for more science 541 00:27:27,400 --> 00:27:30,199 Speaker 1: and curiosity. Come find us on social media where we 542 00:27:30,240 --> 00:27:34,439 Speaker 1: answer questions and post videos. We're on Twitter, Discorg, instat, 543 00:27:34,520 --> 00:27:38,240 Speaker 1: and now TikTok. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel 544 00:27:38,280 --> 00:27:41,720 Speaker 1: and Jorge Explain the Universe is a production of iHeartRadio. 545 00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:47,160 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 546 00:27:47,280 --> 00:27:55,280 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. When you 547 00:27:55,280 --> 00:27:57,320 Speaker 1: pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're probably 548 00:27:57,400 --> 00:28:00,520 Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact. The people in the 549 00:28:00,600 --> 00:28:03,920 Speaker 1: dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard every day 550 00:28:03,960 --> 00:28:07,000 Speaker 1: to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, 551 00:28:07,040 --> 00:28:10,600 Speaker 1: and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. How is US Dairy 552 00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:14,760 Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors to turn 553 00:28:14,800 --> 00:28:19,320 Speaker 1: the methane from manure into renewable energy that can power farms, towns, 554 00:28:19,359 --> 00:28:23,600 Speaker 1: and electric cars. Visit usdairy dot COM's Last Sustainability to 555 00:28:23,680 --> 00:28:24,240 Speaker 1: learn more. 556 00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:27,560 Speaker 2: Hey, I'm Jacklie Thomas, the host of a brand new 557 00:28:27,560 --> 00:28:31,280 Speaker 2: Black Effects original series, black Lit, the podcast for diving 558 00:28:31,320 --> 00:28:34,040 Speaker 2: deep into the rich world of black literature. Black Lit 559 00:28:34,080 --> 00:28:36,159 Speaker 2: is for the page turners, for those who listen to 560 00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:39,120 Speaker 2: audiobooks while running errands or at the end of a 561 00:28:39,160 --> 00:28:43,000 Speaker 2: busy day. 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That's right, 591 00:30:06,520 --> 00:30:09,880 Speaker 8: We're an official iHeart podcast and I'm super excited about it. 592 00:30:09,920 --> 00:30:10,480 Speaker 7: I am too. 593 00:30:10,800 --> 00:30:14,040 Speaker 8: I thought Two Cool Moms was such a fun podcast, 594 00:30:14,080 --> 00:30:17,640 Speaker 8: but now it's even more funner and cooler and heartier. 595 00:30:17,800 --> 00:30:19,040 Speaker 1: That's right, it's more ieheartier. 596 00:30:19,720 --> 00:30:20,160 Speaker 7: I knew it. 597 00:30:21,120 --> 00:30:21,960 Speaker 8: Check your heart rate. 598 00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:22,800 Speaker 9: We're here at iHeart. 599 00:30:22,840 --> 00:30:24,320 Speaker 1: Yeah, you could find us wherever you listen to. Your 600 00:30:24,320 --> 00:30:26,280 Speaker 1: podcasts are on the iHeartRadio app.