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Speaker 1: Hello, it's Richard McLean Smith here with Unexplained on an

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Speaker 1: end of season break. We'll be dipping back into the

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Speaker 1: archive each week until season nine begins on Friday, October

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Speaker 1: thirty first. This week's episode takes us to what to

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Speaker 1: sum were the unknown shores of a mysterious new world,

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Speaker 1: but for others was simply home. It is the late

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Speaker 1: sixteenth century, a thrilling age of exploration and discovery, when

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Speaker 1: maps still bore the warning here be dragons For ambitious Europeans.

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Speaker 1: The Atlantic Ocean stretched like an endless void between the

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Speaker 1: known and the unknowable. On a remote island off the

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Speaker 1: coast of what would one day become North Carolina, a

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Speaker 1: few brave souls sought to carve out a new life

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Speaker 1: in a land that seemed to exist beyond the reach

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Speaker 1: of civilization. They carried with them hopes of prosperity and permanence,

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Speaker 1: completely unaware that they were in fact about to become

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Speaker 1: part of one of history's most enduring enigmas. This is Unexplained,

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Speaker 1: Season four, episode thirteen, Lost in Stormy Visions, August fifteen, nineteen,

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Speaker 1: Less than ten miles off the Mid East coast of America,

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Speaker 1: a bright full moon, the colour of bone rises steadily

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Speaker 1: into the sky. Down below the towering hulks of two

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Speaker 1: ships en route from England, the Hopewell and Moonlight, plow

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Speaker 1: headlong through the waves as they edge ever closer to

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Speaker 1: the northern ridge of the Outer Bank, a two hundred

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Speaker 1: mile stretch of barrier islands and spits, located roughly six

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Speaker 1: hundred miles north of Florida. Between the bank and the

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Speaker 1: main land lay a body of water known as the

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Speaker 1: Pamlico Sound, at the top of which was the ship's

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Speaker 1: target destination, an island named Roanoke. On the Hopewell's deck,

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Speaker 1: Governor John White, who has waited desperately for almost three

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Speaker 1: years for this moment, strains his eyes in the darkening

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Speaker 1: twilight for any sign of his people coming from the island.

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Speaker 1: It was back in August fifteen eighty seven that due

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Speaker 1: to a series of calamitous events, White had been forced

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Speaker 1: to leave Roanoke and the colony of women, men, and

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Speaker 1: children he had been charged with establishing there. There had

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Speaker 1: been one hundred and seventeen of them in total, his

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Speaker 1: own daughter and granddaughter among them, and every day since

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Speaker 1: leaving them he had been consumed with despair, not only

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Speaker 1: out of fear for their safety, but for his own future, who,

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Speaker 1: for all of it had been dependent on his successful

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Speaker 1: return to the island. Now finally he was on the

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Speaker 1: brink of reuniting with them. It is hard to articulate

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Speaker 1: the sheer sense of relief that washed over Governor White

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Speaker 1: that early August evening, when, as he cast his eyes

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Speaker 1: beyond the outer bank, he spotted the telltale sign of

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Speaker 1: camphire smoke rising high above Roanoke's trees. How his legs

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Speaker 1: threatened to give way from underneath him at the thought

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Speaker 1: of what it might signify that, somehow they had managed

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Speaker 1: to survive after all that time. The rest of those

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Speaker 1: on board, however, were a little less enthused, for no

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Speaker 1: doubt they had heard all the stories about just what

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Speaker 1: exactly lurked beyond those distant trees. For most of them,

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Speaker 1: who had only signed up to the trip for the

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Speaker 1: chance to plunder treasure from Spanish merchants, they would sooner

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Speaker 1: sail headlong into cannon fire than take one step onto

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Speaker 1: that god forsaken continent you're listening to Unexplained, And I'm

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Speaker 1: Richard MacLean Smith. It had all begun as such things

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Speaker 1: do with an unbridled thirst for glory followed by a

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Speaker 1: magnificent overreach. On this occasion, it was Sir Humphrey Gilbert,

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Speaker 1: English soldier and member of Parliament, who, in fifteen eighty three,

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Speaker 1: with a fleet of six ships, set a course for

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Speaker 1: the Americas. On August fifth, Gilbert landed at the port

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Speaker 1: of Saint John in Newfoundland, despite finding it populated by

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Speaker 1: vessels from France, Portugal and Spain, not to mention already

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Speaker 1: inhabited by a number of indigenous commune he declared it

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Speaker 1: and all the land one thousand miles to the north

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Speaker 1: and south of it, the property of England by order

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Speaker 1: of Queen Elizabeth the First. However, due to their fast

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Speaker 1: diminishing supplies, Gilbert and his cohorts were unable to form

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Speaker 1: a settlement to officiate his declaration, and were eventually forced

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Speaker 1: to return to England. After getting caught up in a

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Speaker 1: violent storm just off the coast of the Azores, Gilbert

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Speaker 1: rejected the advice of his fellow sailors to evacuate his vessel.

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Speaker 1: Hours later, his ship had sunk, taking Gilbert with it.

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Speaker 1: The following year, Gilbert's half brother, Walter Raleigh, a young courtier,

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Speaker 1: who had become a close confidant of Queen Elizabeth, decided

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Speaker 1: to take up the mantle. Raleigh, who had captained one

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Speaker 1: of the vessels on Gilbert's original trip, persuaded Elizabeth to

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Speaker 1: transfer Gilbert's original agreement to him him, entitling him to

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Speaker 1: all lands he could settle in the New World and

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Speaker 1: any subsequent riches discovered Therein learning from his half brother's mistakes,

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Speaker 1: Raleigh realized it would be vital to first find a

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Speaker 1: suitable location before making any attempt to settle a colony there,

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Speaker 1: and so in fifteen eighty four, two Captains Philip Amadas

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Speaker 1: and Arthur Barlow were sent on a reconnaissance mission to

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Speaker 1: do just that. When Amadas and Barlow returned to England,

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Speaker 1: Ralei was surprised to find them accompanied by two Native

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Speaker 1: Americans named Manteo and one Cheese. As the captains would

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Speaker 1: go on to explain, the men were both members of

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Speaker 1: the Sikatan tribe, led by a man named Wingina, with

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Speaker 1: whom they had struck up a relationship shortly after reaching America.

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Speaker 1: Having made it to the top of the Outer Bank

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Speaker 1: on the East coast, they had disembarked at an encouraging

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Speaker 1: looking island, where they were later met by members of

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Speaker 1: the tribe, including its head chief's brother, Granganimeo. The man

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Speaker 1: had invited them to visit his home on an island

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Speaker 1: they called Roanoke. The island, said Barlow and Amadas, was

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Speaker 1: exactly what Raleigh was looking for. It isn't known under

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Speaker 1: what circumstances exactly Manteo and wan Cheese had been brought

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Speaker 1: back to England, and quite what they would have made

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Speaker 1: of London at the time is impossible to comprehend. None

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Speaker 1: the less, both were given living quarters in Raleigh's London home,

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Speaker 1: while renowned scholar of the day Thomas Harriot was drafted

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Speaker 1: in to help learn their language and teach them English

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Speaker 1: in return. Though Harriet's intentions had been scholarly hugely excited

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Speaker 1: at the prospect of learning the Secotan's native tongue, what

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Speaker 1: Raleigh really wanted to know was whether the tribe would

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Speaker 1: pose any threat to his colonial ambitions. As Harriet assured

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Speaker 1: him soon after, there would only be one winner if

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Speaker 1: it came to a fight between them and the English.

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Speaker 1: Encouraged by Barlow and Amadas's findings and with the opportunity

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Speaker 1: for plundering Spanish vessels en route. Raleigh had little difficulty

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Speaker 1: raising the finance to take the project to its next stage.

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Speaker 1: All he needed to complete it were some colonists. John

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Speaker 1: White had been scratching a living as an expert water

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Speaker 1: colorist when he first learned that Walter Raleigh, now Sir Walter,

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Speaker 1: having been rewarded by the Queen for his imminent venture,

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Speaker 1: was looking for an artist to help document his mission

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Speaker 1: to the New World. Born some time in the fifteen forties,

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Speaker 1: by fifteen eighty four, White had endured the death of

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Speaker 1: both his baby's son and his wife, with his teenage

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Speaker 1: daughter Eleanor having left the family home after recently becoming engaged,

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Speaker 1: White saw little reason not to put himself forward for

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Speaker 1: the trip. White had watched patiently as Raleigh perused his handiwork,

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Speaker 1: admiring especially the realist images of Esquimos paddling through ice

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Speaker 1: floes in kayaks. White had painted them on an earlier

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Speaker 1: voyage he'd taken to the Arctic in fifteen seventy seven.

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Speaker 1: Pleased with what he saw, Raleigh offered White the job.

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Speaker 1: He would be joined by an army of roughly sixty soldiers,

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Speaker 1: along with various construction workers and artisans, livestock, hunting, dogs,

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Speaker 1: and all other provisions necessary to sustain the colony until

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Speaker 1: they could become self sufficient. Thomas Harriet Manteo, and Jan

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Speaker 1: Cheese would also be joining them. No women were to

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Speaker 1: be taken on the first excursion. For leader of the expedition,

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Speaker 1: Rawley chose his cousin, Richard Grenville, Though he had only

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Speaker 1: ever sailed as far as France and had no experience

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Speaker 1: in diplomacy whatsoever, he nonetheless had the requisite hatred of

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Speaker 1: Spain that Rawley considered essential for the job. After delivering

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Speaker 1: the colonists to Roanoke Island, Grenville was to return straight home,

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Speaker 1: leaving the group in the hands of Korea Soldier Master

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Speaker 1: Ralph Lane. Master Lane was a particular favourite of Queen Elizabeth's,

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Speaker 1: having been instrumental in the English Crown's ongoing efforts to

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Speaker 1: colonize Ireland. With everything ready to go, in the early

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Speaker 1: hours of April fourth, fifteen eighty five, four vessels laden

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Speaker 1: with the first genuine attempt to establish an English colony

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Speaker 1: in North America set sail for the New World. Days later,

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Speaker 1: three and a half thousand miles away, members of the

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Speaker 1: Secotan tribe gather around the dying embers of a village

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Speaker 1: fire as dawn breaks above the surrounding tree tops. Much

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Speaker 1: discussion had been given to the strange men with whom

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Speaker 1: they had communed so many moons ago, not least in

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Speaker 1: wondering when, if ever, they might return. Friends and family

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Speaker 1: of Manteo and One Cheese were especially anxious to see

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Speaker 1: their sons and brothers again. As the rest of the

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Speaker 1: villagers began to wake and prepare for the day ahead,

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Speaker 1: it took a moment to realize that something wasn't quite right.

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Speaker 1: The sky seemed darker than normal, and the dawn unusually

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Speaker 1: slow to arrive. Then one of the tribe gasped and

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Speaker 1: pointed toward the horizon at the strange sight of what

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Speaker 1: appeared to be a bright white ring rising steadily into

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Speaker 1: the sky. It was a total eclipse of the sun.

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Speaker 1: As the tribe's leader, Winjina, gazed on, the message was

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Speaker 1: loud and clear. Something ominous was heading their way. Roughly

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Speaker 1: two new moons after Chief win Gina and his tribe

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Speaker 1: witnessed the apparent portent of doom, came the unsettling news

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Speaker 1: that men matching the description of those they had met

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Speaker 1: one summer ago, had arrived at the Aquascocog settlement another

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Speaker 1: tribe of Sikotin not far from win Gina's people, and

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Speaker 1: burned the entire village to the ground. Those men were

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Speaker 1: now heading their way when Master Lane and Richard Grenville

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Speaker 1: finally arrived at the Secotan village with sixty armed men

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Speaker 1: in tow, it is clear that news of their arrival

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Speaker 1: had preceded them before long. With the help of Manteo

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Speaker 1: and Juan Cheese, its quickly established that they mean the

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Speaker 1: tribe no harm. However, when it has explained that Grenville

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Speaker 1: had ordered the destruction of the Aquascocock settlement because he

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Speaker 1: believed one of the savages as he called them, had

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Speaker 1: stolen a silver cup of his, it was clear to

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Speaker 1: Wingina that theirs would be a complicated relationship. Manteo went

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Speaker 1: on to explain that the men had come to establish

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Speaker 1: a settlement of their own and were intent on using

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Speaker 1: Roanoke as their base. After setting up a meeting with

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Speaker 1: Wingina's brother Guanganimeo, the elders agreed not to stand in

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Speaker 1: their way as they limited themselves to the north end

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Speaker 1: of the island, with both parties. Seemingly relieved to have

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Speaker 1: come to a diplomatic agreement, the English colonists promptly began

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Speaker 1: unloading all their equipment and supplies onto the island. By

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Speaker 1: the third week, they had constructed a fort complete with

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Speaker 1: gun emplacements, a church, storehouses, a series of thatched roofed homes,

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Speaker 1: as well as an armory, and even a jail. By

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Speaker 1: the end of August, the one hundred and seven settlers

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Speaker 1: watched with no little apprehension as the last ship of

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Speaker 1: their fleet weighed anchor and sailed off into the horizon.

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Speaker 1: It wasn't long before their problems began to mount. Many

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Speaker 1: of the more wealthy colonists had come merely to seek

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Speaker 1: their fortune, and had neither the skills nor the inclination

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Speaker 1: to knuckle down with the rest. Having failed to include

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Speaker 1: any alcohol with their provisions, was also having a serious

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Speaker 1: effect on morale. Of more pressing concern, however, was their

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Speaker 1: fast depleting food store. On arrival in the New World World,

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Speaker 1: a ship carrying the majority of their provisions had run aground,

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Speaker 1: destroying much of its cargo in the process. Then, having

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Speaker 1: made it to Roanoke much later than planned, there had

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Speaker 1: been no chance to plant seeds and time for a

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Speaker 1: harvest before winter. Their only hope was to convince Winjina

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Speaker 1: to share some of his tribe's upcoming harvest with them

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Speaker 1: until they could fully support themselves. Their predicament was not

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Speaker 1: helped by the fact that soon after their arrival, hundreds

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Speaker 1: of Sikatan died unexpectedly. Winjina had little doubt that the

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Speaker 1: settlers were to blame. However, it wasn't a supernatural power,

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Speaker 1: as he'd suspected, but rather the smallpox and measles they'd

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Speaker 1: brought with them from Europe. Thanks largely to Manteo's skills

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Speaker 1: of diplomacy, Lane succeeded in convincing Winngina to help feed

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Speaker 1: the colony. The tribe even go as far as constructing

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Speaker 1: fishing traps for them, since the English so far had

216
00:16:03,400 --> 00:16:07,880
Speaker 1: even struggled to catch any fish, and disaster was averted

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00:16:08,080 --> 00:16:18,480
Speaker 1: for the time being. Concerned that win Jinner's patience was

218
00:16:18,560 --> 00:16:23,360
Speaker 1: running out, Lane instructed John White and Thomas Harriet to

219
00:16:23,440 --> 00:16:26,560
Speaker 1: travel deeper into the continent to create a map of

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00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:29,640
Speaker 1: what was still uncharted territory for them in the event

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Speaker 1: they might need to resettle elsewhere. By the time White

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Speaker 1: and Harriet returned a few months later, having struck up

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Speaker 1: friendly relationships with a number of other tribes further up

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Speaker 1: the coast, everything had changed. Fighting had broken out between

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Speaker 1: a number of the colonists and the Secotain at the

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Speaker 1: south end of the island. Lane was also by now

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Speaker 1: in no doubt that win Jinna was planning to slaughter

228
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Speaker 1: them all. In the spring of fifteen eighty six, Lane

229
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Speaker 1: takes to the waters with forty men, and together they

230
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Speaker 1: head north on the search for more tribes to form

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Speaker 1: an alliance with. Back at the Secotan village on the mainland,

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Speaker 1: with weeks having passed and Lane and his men yet

233
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Speaker 1: to reappear, Chief Winjina, believing they had died demands, the

234
00:17:20,320 --> 00:17:24,480
Speaker 1: tribe cut all contact with the English settlers. But when

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Speaker 1: Lane and his men return some weeks later, tired and

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Speaker 1: famished but very much alive, Wingjina's people are reluctant to

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Speaker 1: put his plan into action. When they receive word that

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Speaker 1: Lane had made contact with the Choinooke with plans to

239
00:17:40,480 --> 00:17:43,600
Speaker 1: pit the two tribes against each other, it was clear

240
00:17:43,640 --> 00:17:49,920
Speaker 1: they had little choice but to act. One morning, two

241
00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:52,639
Speaker 1: of the colonists in charge of collecting fish from the

242
00:17:52,680 --> 00:17:57,240
Speaker 1: Secotan traps find that they have all been destroyed. When

243
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Speaker 1: Lane demands to know what is going on, he is

244
00:18:00,200 --> 00:18:03,840
Speaker 1: formed in no uncertain terms that the Seccotin will no

245
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Speaker 1: longer be providing food for his people. Over the next

246
00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:14,600
Speaker 1: few weeks, the colonists slowly begin to starve. A Captain

247
00:18:14,640 --> 00:18:17,840
Speaker 1: Stafford is dispatched with twenty men to seek help from

248
00:18:17,880 --> 00:18:22,320
Speaker 1: Manteo's home, a tribe of Sikotin located some forty miles

249
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Speaker 1: further down the outer bank on another island named Croatoan.

250
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Speaker 1: Others were sent to the mainland to forage whatever they could,

251
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Speaker 1: but Lane knows it will not be enough. As his

252
00:18:36,080 --> 00:18:40,280
Speaker 1: army steadily weakens, so too does his conviction grow that

253
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Speaker 1: when Jina was about to attack them at any minute.

254
00:18:50,600 --> 00:18:53,240
Speaker 1: It was just as the sun was disappearing below the

255
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Speaker 1: horizon that a small group of Lane's men struck out

256
00:18:57,400 --> 00:19:00,840
Speaker 1: and hijacked every Seccotain canoe on the island they could find.

257
00:19:02,080 --> 00:19:06,640
Speaker 1: Only one was still out on the water. Realizing they

258
00:19:06,640 --> 00:19:11,000
Speaker 1: were under attack, its two occupants began paddling furiously toward

259
00:19:11,040 --> 00:19:15,400
Speaker 1: the mainland. However, Lane's men were able to catch them

260
00:19:15,640 --> 00:19:20,480
Speaker 1: before they could alert their compatriots there from the banks

261
00:19:20,520 --> 00:19:24,080
Speaker 1: of Roanoke. The remaining Secota and watch as the English

262
00:19:24,119 --> 00:19:27,480
Speaker 1: brought the two men back to the island and promptly

263
00:19:28,080 --> 00:19:34,360
Speaker 1: cut off their heads. In response, the Secotin turned immediately

264
00:19:34,440 --> 00:19:37,399
Speaker 1: on the newcomers, but their weapons were no match for

265
00:19:37,480 --> 00:19:40,920
Speaker 1: the firepower of the English soldiers and were soon sent

266
00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:45,600
Speaker 1: scattering into the trees for shelter. Though Lane had managed

267
00:19:45,640 --> 00:19:48,879
Speaker 1: to stop them from getting word to Wingina, it was

268
00:19:48,920 --> 00:19:53,880
Speaker 1: now or never. When Lane arrived at Wingina's settlement later

269
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Speaker 1: that night, along with twenty seven armed men and Manteo

270
00:19:58,160 --> 00:20:01,919
Speaker 1: at his side, formed the chieftain that they were merely

271
00:20:01,960 --> 00:20:06,760
Speaker 1: passing through before heading on to crow a toWin. Nonetheless,

272
00:20:07,320 --> 00:20:12,040
Speaker 1: Winjina invited them in to rest for a while. The

273
00:20:12,119 --> 00:20:15,760
Speaker 1: chief led Lane and the twenty seven men inside before

274
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Speaker 1: taking a seat on the floor, where he was surrounded

275
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Speaker 1: by eight of his most trusted advisers. When Lane and

276
00:20:22,880 --> 00:20:26,160
Speaker 1: his men showed little sign of joining him, he knew

277
00:20:26,200 --> 00:20:30,520
Speaker 1: exactly why they had really come. At the cry of

278
00:20:30,600 --> 00:20:35,679
Speaker 1: Christ our victory, the English raised their muskets and fired

279
00:20:35,680 --> 00:20:39,880
Speaker 1: a volley of shots into the circle of elders, stopping

280
00:20:39,920 --> 00:20:42,840
Speaker 1: for a moment to give Manteo the chance to rescue

281
00:20:42,840 --> 00:20:47,000
Speaker 1: any of his friends. Lane then ordered a second volley

282
00:20:47,040 --> 00:20:54,080
Speaker 1: of gunfire. Miraculously, win Jina, having anticipated the attack, had

283
00:20:54,119 --> 00:20:57,560
Speaker 1: managed to survive the first wave before getting shot in

284
00:20:57,640 --> 00:20:59,720
Speaker 1: the back of the leg. As he ran into the

285
00:20:59,720 --> 00:21:04,720
Speaker 1: surrend forest, he was swiftly followed by two of Lane's men,

286
00:21:05,040 --> 00:21:06,960
Speaker 1: who did their best to keep up with him in

287
00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:10,480
Speaker 1: their cumbersome armour as he darted lithely between the trees.

288
00:21:12,680 --> 00:21:16,760
Speaker 1: Some time later, as Lane surveyed the damage, the bleeding

289
00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:19,720
Speaker 1: corpses of the tribe's elders strung out on the floor

290
00:21:19,760 --> 00:21:24,240
Speaker 1: before him, the two soldiers returned from out of the forest.

291
00:21:25,560 --> 00:21:28,080
Speaker 1: Clutched in the hands of one of them was the

292
00:21:28,119 --> 00:21:38,360
Speaker 1: severed head of Chieftain Wyngena. It was the second week

293
00:21:38,400 --> 00:21:41,800
Speaker 1: of June before Captain Stafford and his men arrived back

294
00:21:41,840 --> 00:21:45,959
Speaker 1: at the English fought on Roanoke, completely exhausted and bearing

295
00:21:46,080 --> 00:21:51,800
Speaker 1: unexpected news. Having set off back toward Roanoke some weeks before,

296
00:21:52,520 --> 00:21:55,439
Speaker 1: his men had spotted ships approaching from out of the east.

297
00:21:56,800 --> 00:21:59,640
Speaker 1: Fearing they might be Spanish vessels, there had been much

298
00:21:59,680 --> 00:22:03,720
Speaker 1: rejoice on discovering the English flags flying from their masts.

299
00:22:04,960 --> 00:22:08,480
Speaker 1: The vast fleet, numbering twenty three ships in total, had

300
00:22:08,520 --> 00:22:11,400
Speaker 1: sailed up from the Caribbean under the guidance of Sir

301
00:22:11,480 --> 00:22:15,600
Speaker 1: Francis Drake. Drake had originally been sent to rescue a

302
00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:18,600
Speaker 1: fleet of English grain ships that were being held captive

303
00:22:18,680 --> 00:22:23,199
Speaker 1: by the Spanish crown. After completing the task, however, he

304
00:22:23,280 --> 00:22:26,520
Speaker 1: took the opportunity to head to the Caribbean in search

305
00:22:26,560 --> 00:22:32,200
Speaker 1: of Spanish merchants and colonial towns to plunder. Whilst there,

306
00:22:32,600 --> 00:22:34,879
Speaker 1: he had caught wind of the King of Spain's plot

307
00:22:35,240 --> 00:22:38,960
Speaker 1: to locate the English settlement at Roanoke and have it destroyed.

308
00:22:40,520 --> 00:22:43,560
Speaker 1: Drake had considered it his duty to come to their rescue.

309
00:22:45,640 --> 00:22:48,520
Speaker 1: A few weeks later, with Drake's fleet having made it

310
00:22:48,560 --> 00:22:51,560
Speaker 1: to the other end of the Outer Bank, Master Lane

311
00:22:51,800 --> 00:22:56,000
Speaker 1: was rode out to speak to them. Lane wasted no

312
00:22:56,080 --> 00:23:00,320
Speaker 1: time in outlining the dire situation and requested supply to

313
00:23:00,400 --> 00:23:05,680
Speaker 1: last at least four months. Drake duly agreed, going even

314
00:23:05,720 --> 00:23:08,960
Speaker 1: further by offering two captains and one of his ships,

315
00:23:09,200 --> 00:23:13,200
Speaker 1: named the Francis, to help further secure the Roanoke settlement.

316
00:23:14,880 --> 00:23:18,439
Speaker 1: With the Francis freshly loaded, Drake ordered its captain and

317
00:23:18,560 --> 00:23:22,280
Speaker 1: crew to join Lane's group, but just as they were

318
00:23:22,320 --> 00:23:26,160
Speaker 1: about to begin unloading the vessel, a violent storm ripped

319
00:23:26,200 --> 00:23:29,399
Speaker 1: across the coast, scattering the Francis and a number of

320
00:23:29,440 --> 00:23:34,040
Speaker 1: Drake's fleet back into the Atlantic. By the time the

321
00:23:34,080 --> 00:23:38,040
Speaker 1: storm had abated, Lane and Drake realized that the Francis

322
00:23:38,320 --> 00:23:42,359
Speaker 1: was nowhere to be seen, its crew having clearly not

323
00:23:42,440 --> 00:23:47,360
Speaker 1: fancied its chances in the New World. With Drake only

324
00:23:47,400 --> 00:23:50,240
Speaker 1: able to offer one other boat that was too cumbersome

325
00:23:50,320 --> 00:23:53,760
Speaker 1: for navigating the shallows of the Pamlico Sound, and the

326
00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:58,680
Speaker 1: additional supply is now gone, Lane realized their race was run.

327
00:24:00,280 --> 00:24:04,560
Speaker 1: Calling all the colonists together with a heavy heart, Lane

328
00:24:04,640 --> 00:24:08,000
Speaker 1: gave them their choices. Either stay there as they were

329
00:24:08,560 --> 00:24:11,320
Speaker 1: and wait for the next supply ship to arrive, whenever

330
00:24:11,359 --> 00:24:15,320
Speaker 1: that might be, or give up and return to England.

331
00:24:16,240 --> 00:24:21,720
Speaker 1: The men didn't need asking twice. Before the month was out,

332
00:24:22,160 --> 00:24:25,879
Speaker 1: the first English colony in America had packed up whatever

333
00:24:25,920 --> 00:24:29,400
Speaker 1: possessions they had left and made their way onto one

334
00:24:29,400 --> 00:24:33,640
Speaker 1: of the waiting ships. Terrified that he would be blamed

335
00:24:33,720 --> 00:24:37,200
Speaker 1: for what the English had done, Manteo had little choice

336
00:24:37,240 --> 00:24:41,240
Speaker 1: but to join them too. One Cheese had long since

337
00:24:41,280 --> 00:24:46,000
Speaker 1: made his escape back to his tribe to help make

338
00:24:46,080 --> 00:24:49,000
Speaker 1: room for the new cargo. Drake is thought to have

339
00:24:49,040 --> 00:24:53,000
Speaker 1: offloaded about five hundred slaves taken from North and West

340
00:24:53,000 --> 00:24:57,480
Speaker 1: Africa and South America. The individuals are said to have

341
00:24:57,520 --> 00:25:01,440
Speaker 1: been simply deposited on the Outer Bank and left for dead.

342
00:25:03,160 --> 00:25:06,080
Speaker 1: When Lane conducted a head count of the colonists, it

343
00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:09,119
Speaker 1: was discovered that three of them were missing. With the

344
00:25:09,160 --> 00:25:12,280
Speaker 1: weather beginning to take another turn for the worst, and

345
00:25:12,359 --> 00:25:15,560
Speaker 1: the rest of the attempted settlers unwilling to spend another

346
00:25:15,600 --> 00:25:21,440
Speaker 1: minute there, the decision was made to abandon them. Moments later,

347
00:25:22,080 --> 00:25:26,640
Speaker 1: Drake's fleet, accompanied by Lane's failed colony, pulled up their

348
00:25:26,680 --> 00:25:31,320
Speaker 1: sails and, on catching the first winds available, powered on

349
00:25:31,400 --> 00:25:43,199
Speaker 1: toward England. Three days later, another vessel approached the northern

350
00:25:43,280 --> 00:25:48,360
Speaker 1: edge of the Outer Bank. The boat, captained by Richard Grenville,

351
00:25:48,720 --> 00:25:53,160
Speaker 1: unbeknownst to Master Lane and the recently vacated colonists, had

352
00:25:53,200 --> 00:25:57,200
Speaker 1: been sent by Walter Raleigh, packed with supplies to assist them.

353
00:25:59,160 --> 00:26:02,359
Speaker 1: Having made his way to the fort on Roanoke, Grenville

354
00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:05,800
Speaker 1: was devastated to find the place had been completely abandoned

355
00:26:06,200 --> 00:26:11,240
Speaker 1: and smashed up beyond recognition. After mounting a quick search

356
00:26:11,280 --> 00:26:16,120
Speaker 1: on the mainland, Grenville's men capture a Secotain tribesman, who,

357
00:26:16,240 --> 00:26:19,800
Speaker 1: in broken English, explains that the colonists had been taken

358
00:26:19,840 --> 00:26:24,520
Speaker 1: away by a large number of ships. Though relieved that

359
00:26:24,560 --> 00:26:27,800
Speaker 1: the colony had not been murdered, Grenville is loath to

360
00:26:27,800 --> 00:26:31,000
Speaker 1: give up on the settlement after Lane's men had occupied

361
00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:35,320
Speaker 1: it for so long. Choosing fifteen men of his own

362
00:26:35,840 --> 00:26:38,440
Speaker 1: and placing them under the order of a man named

363
00:26:38,560 --> 00:26:42,840
Speaker 1: Master Coffin, Grenville demanded that they take up command of

364
00:26:42,880 --> 00:26:48,160
Speaker 1: the Roanoke fort immediately. The men were given enough supplies

365
00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:51,560
Speaker 1: for two years, as well as four cannons and some

366
00:26:51,720 --> 00:26:58,480
Speaker 1: muskets to defend themselves, and with that Grenville was gone,

367
00:26:59,040 --> 00:27:05,360
Speaker 1: and the Roanoke Colony was reworn. For the moment, at least,

368
00:27:18,040 --> 00:27:21,359
Speaker 1: Master Coffin didn't see the blow, just the look of

369
00:27:21,400 --> 00:27:25,199
Speaker 1: surprise on Chapman's face before his body went limp and

370
00:27:25,320 --> 00:27:29,440
Speaker 1: dropped to its knees. That look of surprise still firmly

371
00:27:29,520 --> 00:27:33,560
Speaker 1: fixed as the body keeled over and planted itself face

372
00:27:33,680 --> 00:27:38,119
Speaker 1: first into the long grass. Coffin looked down in shock

373
00:27:38,560 --> 00:27:41,800
Speaker 1: at the purplish ooze emerging from out the back of

374
00:27:41,840 --> 00:27:47,600
Speaker 1: Chapman's head. Their Cotin had raised his club again, but

375
00:27:47,640 --> 00:27:51,320
Speaker 1: by then Coffin was already on the move, charging headlong

376
00:27:51,440 --> 00:27:56,040
Speaker 1: into the trees. The branches whipped at him mercilessly as

377
00:27:56,040 --> 00:27:59,800
Speaker 1: he sprinted for his life, while following close behind that

378
00:27:59,840 --> 00:28:04,960
Speaker 1: the thirty strong group of Secotins gave chase back at camp.

379
00:28:05,359 --> 00:28:07,399
Speaker 1: Two men on watch at the front of the fort,

380
00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:11,040
Speaker 1: having heard the distant screams, looked up to see their

381
00:28:11,119 --> 00:28:15,080
Speaker 1: leader burst suddenly into the clearing, followed soon after by

382
00:28:15,119 --> 00:28:19,400
Speaker 1: the terrifying sight of thirty near naked Secotains in full

383
00:28:19,440 --> 00:28:24,560
Speaker 1: battle cry, running straight toward them. Having no time to

384
00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:28,800
Speaker 1: prepare their muskets and cannons, the English soldiers grabbed whatever

385
00:28:28,800 --> 00:28:32,120
Speaker 1: they could to defend themselves as a stream of flaming

386
00:28:32,240 --> 00:28:38,400
Speaker 1: arrows whistled past their heads. The Secotins had appeared. Not

387
00:28:38,560 --> 00:28:42,440
Speaker 1: long after the fifteen men ordered by Richard Grenville to

388
00:28:42,520 --> 00:28:45,640
Speaker 1: keep hold of Roanoke at all costs had arrived on

389
00:28:45,680 --> 00:28:50,880
Speaker 1: the island, having approached Master Coffin and Chapman with smiles

390
00:28:50,920 --> 00:28:54,880
Speaker 1: and cordial gestures that seemed no reason for immediate concern.

391
00:28:56,240 --> 00:28:59,320
Speaker 1: Perhaps if they'd known a little more about the circumstances

392
00:28:59,480 --> 00:29:02,680
Speaker 1: of just why Ralph Lane and the previous one hundred

393
00:29:02,640 --> 00:29:06,400
Speaker 1: and seven colonists had left, or about the terror they

394
00:29:06,400 --> 00:29:10,200
Speaker 1: had wrought in their short stay, they might have thought twice.

395
00:29:11,840 --> 00:29:18,360
Speaker 1: Moments later, Chapman was dead. Another volley of arrows whistled

396
00:29:18,360 --> 00:29:21,680
Speaker 1: through the settlement, sinking with a flurry of thuds into

397
00:29:21,760 --> 00:29:25,560
Speaker 1: various wooden structures, as the forest echoed with the screams

398
00:29:25,560 --> 00:29:30,360
Speaker 1: of men. Then came another arrow, this time hitting its mark,

399
00:29:31,360 --> 00:29:35,080
Speaker 1: entering one of Coffin's men through the mouth and exiting

400
00:29:35,320 --> 00:29:40,000
Speaker 1: out the back of his head. Down by the shoreline,

401
00:29:40,360 --> 00:29:43,080
Speaker 1: four of the English were wading through the shallows looking

402
00:29:43,080 --> 00:29:46,920
Speaker 1: for oysters when one of them spotted their bedraggled compatriots

403
00:29:47,040 --> 00:29:52,000
Speaker 1: staggering out of the forest. With seconds despair, the men

404
00:29:52,080 --> 00:29:55,440
Speaker 1: had bundled themselves into a nearby rowing boat, and, having

405
00:29:55,520 --> 00:29:58,480
Speaker 1: picked the other four up on the way, headed out

406
00:29:58,480 --> 00:30:01,880
Speaker 1: across the Pamlico Sound toward the relative safety of the

407
00:30:01,920 --> 00:30:08,040
Speaker 1: outer bank. Exhausted, bloodied and bruised, the men, now only

408
00:30:08,120 --> 00:30:13,080
Speaker 1: thirteen in total, collected their breath and looked forlornly at

409
00:30:13,120 --> 00:30:16,920
Speaker 1: the distant coast line of Roanoke Island as they pondered

410
00:30:16,960 --> 00:30:27,040
Speaker 1: their next move. It was late August fifteen eighty six

411
00:30:27,320 --> 00:30:30,640
Speaker 1: by the time Francis Drake's fleet arrived back in England

412
00:30:30,960 --> 00:30:34,200
Speaker 1: with tales of adventure and daring do in the Caribbean.

413
00:30:35,960 --> 00:30:39,280
Speaker 1: So enwrapped were the upper classes by his successful plundering

414
00:30:39,400 --> 00:30:43,000
Speaker 1: of the Spanish colonies. Few barely registered the one hundred

415
00:30:43,040 --> 00:30:46,960
Speaker 1: and seven failed colonists who had returned home with them.

416
00:30:48,040 --> 00:30:51,479
Speaker 1: Though Sir Walter Raleigh had been disappointed by the failed venture,

417
00:30:51,960 --> 00:30:56,120
Speaker 1: it was some relief that few had noticed. As for

418
00:30:56,160 --> 00:30:59,040
Speaker 1: the Queen, she had far more pressing things to worry

419
00:30:59,080 --> 00:31:04,000
Speaker 1: about than the colonial failings of her courtier. An assassination

420
00:31:04,080 --> 00:31:08,000
Speaker 1: plot had been unearthed, concocted by supporters of her arch

421
00:31:08,120 --> 00:31:13,000
Speaker 1: rival for the throne, Mary Queen of Scots. By September,

422
00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:16,640
Speaker 1: the leading perpetrators had been arrested and thrown into the

423
00:31:16,680 --> 00:31:21,560
Speaker 1: Tower of London Jail. On September twentieth, they were placed

424
00:31:21,600 --> 00:31:25,400
Speaker 1: on crudely built sledges and drawn by horseback through the

425
00:31:25,440 --> 00:31:28,840
Speaker 1: waste filled streets of London to a field in Hobourn,

426
00:31:29,240 --> 00:31:33,840
Speaker 1: in the center of the city. There, as a vast

427
00:31:33,880 --> 00:31:37,000
Speaker 1: crowd gathered to watch, the men were dragged to the

428
00:31:37,000 --> 00:31:42,520
Speaker 1: top of some scaffolding to await their hanging. One by one,

429
00:31:42,640 --> 00:31:46,239
Speaker 1: the conspirators were forced to watch as their cohorts were

430
00:31:46,320 --> 00:31:50,280
Speaker 1: hung until barely alive, before being cut from the gallows

431
00:31:50,480 --> 00:31:55,080
Speaker 1: and placed on a large wooden block. Still conscious, the

432
00:31:55,160 --> 00:31:58,640
Speaker 1: men were then stripped before having their genitals sliced off,

433
00:32:00,160 --> 00:32:04,280
Speaker 1: screamed in agony, and begged for mercy. Their stomachs were

434
00:32:04,280 --> 00:32:09,040
Speaker 1: sliced open and their innards removed, and finally their hearts

435
00:32:09,200 --> 00:32:15,840
Speaker 1: were cut out. The assassination plot would prove particularly useful

436
00:32:15,880 --> 00:32:19,440
Speaker 1: for Walter Raleigh. Not only had it helped to bury

437
00:32:19,480 --> 00:32:23,360
Speaker 1: the news of the Roanoke failure, but within days Rawley

438
00:32:23,360 --> 00:32:26,640
Speaker 1: found himself one of the main beneficiaries of the executions

439
00:32:26,960 --> 00:32:30,480
Speaker 1: when the Queen gifted him all the estates formerly belonging

440
00:32:30,480 --> 00:32:36,520
Speaker 1: to Anthony Babington, one of the lead conspirators. Having decided

441
00:32:36,560 --> 00:32:40,520
Speaker 1: to pause his colonial ambitions for the time being, Raleigh

442
00:32:40,560 --> 00:32:44,560
Speaker 1: was now wealthier than he could ever have imagined. It

443
00:32:44,600 --> 00:32:55,000
Speaker 1: was time for another plan. Having been briefed by Ralph

444
00:32:55,120 --> 00:32:59,000
Speaker 1: Lane and Thomas Harriet about their time on Roanoke, it

445
00:32:59,080 --> 00:33:02,000
Speaker 1: was clear to Raleigh that another location should be found.

446
00:33:02,320 --> 00:33:06,600
Speaker 1: If a second colony was going to be successful. As

447
00:33:06,640 --> 00:33:10,480
Speaker 1: Harriet explained, there was one place in particular that he

448
00:33:10,560 --> 00:33:14,560
Speaker 1: and John White had come across while conducting their cartography mission.

449
00:33:14,720 --> 00:33:19,720
Speaker 1: Further up the coast. The area known as Chesapeake Bay

450
00:33:20,120 --> 00:33:23,920
Speaker 1: had seemed especially fertile, with vast swathes of tall and

451
00:33:24,040 --> 00:33:30,160
Speaker 1: thin trees perfect for construction. More importantly, he and White

452
00:33:30,320 --> 00:33:33,320
Speaker 1: had succeeded in striking up good relations with a number

453
00:33:33,320 --> 00:33:37,400
Speaker 1: of local tribes unaffiliated with those who now regarded them

454
00:33:37,440 --> 00:33:41,680
Speaker 1: with animosity. When it was also suggested there may well

455
00:33:41,720 --> 00:33:46,920
Speaker 1: be silver to mine near by, Raleigh was sold. There

456
00:33:46,960 --> 00:33:51,400
Speaker 1: was only one small problem. Although investors were not put

457
00:33:51,440 --> 00:33:54,480
Speaker 1: off by the stories now being spread by the returning

458
00:33:54,520 --> 00:33:59,360
Speaker 1: colonists of the exotic, cannibalistic savages that stalked the New World,

459
00:34:00,360 --> 00:34:03,680
Speaker 1: it was proving much harder to find new colonists willing

460
00:34:03,720 --> 00:34:07,800
Speaker 1: to make the trip. One of those who wasn't put off, however,

461
00:34:08,360 --> 00:34:12,400
Speaker 1: was John White. Despite all the difficulties they had faced

462
00:34:12,440 --> 00:34:15,480
Speaker 1: on the last venture, he'd thought of little other than

463
00:34:15,480 --> 00:34:18,000
Speaker 1: how he might return to the New World. Since he'd

464
00:34:18,000 --> 00:34:22,000
Speaker 1: got back. After hearing that Raleigh was looking to try

465
00:34:22,040 --> 00:34:26,960
Speaker 1: it a second time, he jumped at the opportunity, having

466
00:34:27,000 --> 00:34:30,279
Speaker 1: been far more interested in learning from the Americans than

467
00:34:30,320 --> 00:34:34,080
Speaker 1: Master Lane and his soldiers had been. It's possible White

468
00:34:34,080 --> 00:34:37,839
Speaker 1: had hoped that, under his guidance, a second colony might

469
00:34:37,880 --> 00:34:41,120
Speaker 1: find a way to live peacefully with the local communities.

470
00:34:42,480 --> 00:34:45,880
Speaker 1: It was also possible that White's exposure to the majestic

471
00:34:45,920 --> 00:34:49,520
Speaker 1: wilderness of America, in contrast to the foul, stench and

472
00:34:49,600 --> 00:34:52,920
Speaker 1: disease ridden London, had made his return to the city

473
00:34:53,160 --> 00:34:58,520
Speaker 1: all the more unbearable. In any case, what America offered

474
00:34:58,840 --> 00:35:02,080
Speaker 1: that he wouldn't find any where else was the chance

475
00:35:02,160 --> 00:35:05,320
Speaker 1: to forge a life and future for himself and his family,

476
00:35:05,800 --> 00:35:10,319
Speaker 1: unimpeded by the English social structures of his day. It

477
00:35:10,400 --> 00:35:13,200
Speaker 1: was a life of promise that he also succeeded in

478
00:35:13,280 --> 00:35:16,359
Speaker 1: convincing his pregnant daughter Eleanor and his son in law

479
00:35:16,400 --> 00:35:21,160
Speaker 1: to buy into. And then there was the small matter

480
00:35:21,360 --> 00:35:25,520
Speaker 1: of one other issue, the fifteen men that Richard Grenville

481
00:35:25,560 --> 00:35:29,880
Speaker 1: had left stranded on Roanoke. When Grenville returned to London

482
00:35:30,080 --> 00:35:33,640
Speaker 1: shortly after Francis Drake's fleet, Raleigh had been alarmed to

483
00:35:33,680 --> 00:35:37,360
Speaker 1: discover that he'd placed another fifteen men on the island.

484
00:35:38,640 --> 00:35:42,200
Speaker 1: Though Raleigh had first wanted to forget about them. Grenville

485
00:35:42,200 --> 00:35:45,000
Speaker 1: eventually convinced him that, whether he liked it or not,

486
00:35:45,520 --> 00:35:50,600
Speaker 1: he was responsible for them. A compromise was made. The

487
00:35:50,680 --> 00:35:53,520
Speaker 1: men would be picked up by the new colonists en

488
00:35:53,560 --> 00:36:04,040
Speaker 1: route to Chesapeake Bay with John White's help. Over the

489
00:36:04,080 --> 00:36:08,000
Speaker 1: next few months, Raleigh succeeded in convincing many others to

490
00:36:08,080 --> 00:36:12,120
Speaker 1: sign up, and in January fifteen eighty seven, as a

491
00:36:12,160 --> 00:36:16,080
Speaker 1: reward for his efforts, White was promoted to governor of

492
00:36:16,120 --> 00:36:21,000
Speaker 1: the future colony. The town's name would be Raleigh, and

493
00:36:21,040 --> 00:36:25,440
Speaker 1: the surrounding territory known as Virginia, in honor of the

494
00:36:25,560 --> 00:36:29,360
Speaker 1: Virgin Queen. It was to be a very different venture

495
00:36:29,400 --> 00:36:33,439
Speaker 1: to the first, relying less on military might and more

496
00:36:33,480 --> 00:36:37,960
Speaker 1: on the expertise of its community. Having realized the importance

497
00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:41,560
Speaker 1: of becoming self sufficient as quickly as possible, Raleigh and

498
00:36:41,640 --> 00:36:45,600
Speaker 1: White had focused heavily on recruiting individuals with farming and

499
00:36:45,680 --> 00:36:49,719
Speaker 1: hunting skills. Though most of the colonists would be men,

500
00:36:50,320 --> 00:36:53,800
Speaker 1: with many leaving families behind in the hope of inviting

501
00:36:53,840 --> 00:36:57,520
Speaker 1: them out later, this time there would be women joining

502
00:36:57,560 --> 00:37:03,080
Speaker 1: them too. Presence would prove invaluable, as unlike their male

503
00:37:03,160 --> 00:37:07,400
Speaker 1: counterparts who tended to only specialize in one discipline. The

504
00:37:07,440 --> 00:37:11,440
Speaker 1: women possessed an array of vital practical skills, from baking

505
00:37:11,520 --> 00:37:16,160
Speaker 1: and brewing to churning butter and rearing animals. They knew

506
00:37:16,200 --> 00:37:19,719
Speaker 1: far more about food processes when seeds and herbs were

507
00:37:19,800 --> 00:37:23,840
Speaker 1: ripe for picking and harvesting, and often worked as accountants

508
00:37:23,880 --> 00:37:28,000
Speaker 1: and bookkeepers for their husbands while also doing the majority

509
00:37:28,000 --> 00:37:32,040
Speaker 1: of child rearing. More often than not, they also worked

510
00:37:32,160 --> 00:37:37,279
Speaker 1: much longer hours. One thing that troubled Raleigh, however, was

511
00:37:37,360 --> 00:37:41,080
Speaker 1: the lack of nobility in the group. As a result,

512
00:37:41,160 --> 00:37:44,759
Speaker 1: Raleigh instructed the nation's chief Officer of Arms to make

513
00:37:44,880 --> 00:37:47,959
Speaker 1: up a family crest for all the men, while also

514
00:37:48,080 --> 00:37:54,239
Speaker 1: fabricating for them ancient links to the English aristocracy. Manteo,

515
00:37:54,520 --> 00:37:57,600
Speaker 1: who'd returned with the first Colonists, was ordered to go

516
00:37:57,680 --> 00:38:00,440
Speaker 1: back with John White's group as their lead into Herbreter.

517
00:38:01,719 --> 00:38:04,640
Speaker 1: In return, he was to be made the Lord of

518
00:38:04,760 --> 00:38:10,640
Speaker 1: Roanoke Island. By late spring, White had secured a small

519
00:38:10,680 --> 00:38:13,600
Speaker 1: fleet of ships headed by the one hundred and twenty

520
00:38:13,640 --> 00:38:17,640
Speaker 1: ton vessel The Lion, to deliver them to Chesapeake Bay,

521
00:38:18,760 --> 00:38:29,040
Speaker 1: and the moment was finally upon them on May eighth,

522
00:38:29,400 --> 00:38:33,440
Speaker 1: fifteen eighty seven, Governor John White and his one hundred

523
00:38:33,480 --> 00:38:37,880
Speaker 1: and sixteen colonists set sail from Portsmouth in England, and

524
00:38:37,960 --> 00:38:43,560
Speaker 1: their troubles began almost immediately. It was barely a week

525
00:38:43,600 --> 00:38:46,759
Speaker 1: into the voyage when John White stepped on deck of

526
00:38:46,800 --> 00:38:50,719
Speaker 1: the Lion to find that the companionship known as a flyboat,

527
00:38:51,160 --> 00:38:53,640
Speaker 1: carrying a number of colonists as well as most of

528
00:38:53,680 --> 00:38:58,719
Speaker 1: their provisions for their venture, was missing. When he asked

529
00:38:58,760 --> 00:39:02,360
Speaker 1: the ship's captain Tim and Fernandez about it, he seemed

530
00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:07,840
Speaker 1: strangely unconcerned. Fernandez, who had been one of the original

531
00:39:07,880 --> 00:39:11,239
Speaker 1: pilots on the first colonial mission, had been one of

532
00:39:11,280 --> 00:39:14,160
Speaker 1: the few men available to take the second group across.

533
00:39:15,080 --> 00:39:18,520
Speaker 1: Though trusted by Raleigh, it seemed very quickly to White

534
00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:23,680
Speaker 1: that something about him was off. His response to losing

535
00:39:23,760 --> 00:39:27,520
Speaker 1: the fly boat was especially odd since Edward Spicer, who

536
00:39:27,600 --> 00:39:30,120
Speaker 1: was piloting it, had never been to where they were

537
00:39:30,120 --> 00:39:33,120
Speaker 1: heading and was relying on Fernandez to lead him there.

538
00:39:34,920 --> 00:39:37,680
Speaker 1: When the Lion made it to the Caribbean some months later,

539
00:39:38,320 --> 00:39:41,320
Speaker 1: White suggested to Fernandez that they stopped to get fresh

540
00:39:41,320 --> 00:39:44,400
Speaker 1: water and give the travelers some respite from the ship.

541
00:39:45,760 --> 00:39:49,680
Speaker 1: Despite being well acquainted with the area. However, Fernandez seemed

542
00:39:49,719 --> 00:39:54,439
Speaker 1: suddenly unable to suggest a convenient place to land. After

543
00:39:54,520 --> 00:39:57,880
Speaker 1: dropping the colonists at one island, their efforts to find

544
00:39:57,880 --> 00:40:01,440
Speaker 1: food and water resulted in half the ship being poisoned

545
00:40:01,440 --> 00:40:06,520
Speaker 1: by the local fruit and the stagnant water they drank. Later,

546
00:40:06,640 --> 00:40:09,480
Speaker 1: when Fernandez promised they would find animals to eat on

547
00:40:09,520 --> 00:40:15,919
Speaker 1: another island, they found nothing of the sort. By mid July,

548
00:40:16,680 --> 00:40:19,200
Speaker 1: the Lion had made it as far as the outer Bank,

549
00:40:19,840 --> 00:40:23,440
Speaker 1: and on July twenty second dropped Anchor off the shores

550
00:40:23,480 --> 00:40:28,480
Speaker 1: of Hatterasque, behind which laid the Pamlico Sound, and at

551
00:40:28,520 --> 00:40:33,879
Speaker 1: the top of that Roanoke Island. White called Manteo over

552
00:40:33,920 --> 00:40:36,680
Speaker 1: to join him on the port side, and together they

553
00:40:36,719 --> 00:40:39,680
Speaker 1: peered out for any sign of life coming from Roanoke,

554
00:40:40,360 --> 00:40:45,960
Speaker 1: but saw nothing. Undaunted, White bordered forty men to join

555
00:40:46,040 --> 00:40:48,640
Speaker 1: him in the ship's boat, which was then untethered from

556
00:40:48,680 --> 00:40:51,800
Speaker 1: the Lion, in preparation for heading out to the island.

557
00:40:53,600 --> 00:40:55,760
Speaker 1: But just as the vessel was about to pull away,

558
00:40:56,640 --> 00:40:59,880
Speaker 1: one of Fernande's crew called out from over the side

559
00:41:00,320 --> 00:41:04,680
Speaker 1: with a message from Fernandez. None of the colonists were

560
00:41:04,680 --> 00:41:07,400
Speaker 1: to be allowed back on the ship, but were to

561
00:41:07,440 --> 00:41:11,600
Speaker 1: be deposited at Roanoke Island and left there for good.

562
00:41:13,160 --> 00:41:17,240
Speaker 1: Murmurs of confusion echoed about the boat as White struggled

563
00:41:17,239 --> 00:41:22,439
Speaker 1: to comprehend what exactly was going on, Demanding to speak

564
00:41:22,480 --> 00:41:25,759
Speaker 1: with Fernandez. The captain soon appeared at the front of

565
00:41:25,800 --> 00:41:29,600
Speaker 1: the vessel, repeating what his crew member had just said.

566
00:41:30,200 --> 00:41:32,960
Speaker 1: Fernandez explained that it was getting too late in the

567
00:41:33,040 --> 00:41:36,200
Speaker 1: season for them to make it to Chesapeake Bay and

568
00:41:36,320 --> 00:41:39,160
Speaker 1: be back in the Caribbean before the storms picked up.

569
00:41:40,760 --> 00:41:45,319
Speaker 1: White realized immediately there was nothing he could do. The

570
00:41:45,360 --> 00:41:48,560
Speaker 1: ship's men were all loyal to Fernandez, and not one

571
00:41:48,600 --> 00:41:51,440
Speaker 1: of the colonists had the first idea about how to

572
00:41:51,480 --> 00:41:55,880
Speaker 1: command a sailing ship. White looked around at the imploring

573
00:41:55,920 --> 00:41:59,480
Speaker 1: faces of his fellow colonists, then out toward the shores

574
00:41:59,520 --> 00:42:03,960
Speaker 1: of rowan At least, he thought to himself, there'll be

575
00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:06,920
Speaker 1: a fort and fifteen soldiers waiting for them when they

576
00:42:06,960 --> 00:42:10,800
Speaker 1: got there. And so it was. Just as a soft

577
00:42:10,880 --> 00:42:14,160
Speaker 1: yellow sun was beginning to dip below the island's treetops.

578
00:42:14,760 --> 00:42:19,880
Speaker 1: White accepted Fernandez's orders and commanded the oarsmen to start rowing.

579
00:42:27,200 --> 00:42:29,520
Speaker 1: It was almost dark by the time White and the

580
00:42:29,560 --> 00:42:33,600
Speaker 1: others arrived at the eastern shore of the island, pulling

581
00:42:33,640 --> 00:42:36,359
Speaker 1: the boat onto the beach. They agreed to bed down

582
00:42:36,400 --> 00:42:38,960
Speaker 1: for the night, deciding to make their way to the

583
00:42:39,000 --> 00:42:43,880
Speaker 1: fort at first light the next day. While some helped

584
00:42:43,880 --> 00:42:46,920
Speaker 1: to set up a makeshift camp, White and the others

585
00:42:47,200 --> 00:42:50,439
Speaker 1: called out into the trees, hoping for any response from

586
00:42:50,480 --> 00:42:54,879
Speaker 1: Master Coffin and his men, but all was silent save

587
00:42:54,960 --> 00:42:58,640
Speaker 1: for the crickets and the sloshing of the waves behind them.

588
00:42:59,200 --> 00:43:04,520
Speaker 1: Then came a sudden cry. White rushed over to find

589
00:43:04,560 --> 00:43:07,840
Speaker 1: one of the colonists pointing into the undergrowth at the

590
00:43:07,880 --> 00:43:13,040
Speaker 1: hideous skeleton covered in rags poking out from underneath it.

591
00:43:13,040 --> 00:43:16,759
Speaker 1: It was all that was left of one of Coffin's men.

592
00:43:17,560 --> 00:43:21,680
Speaker 1: The following morning, at sunrise, White and Manteo led the

593
00:43:21,719 --> 00:43:25,200
Speaker 1: forty settlers to the north end of the island. A

594
00:43:25,239 --> 00:43:30,839
Speaker 1: short time later, the colonists arrived at the fort. Though

595
00:43:30,880 --> 00:43:35,799
Speaker 1: White recognized it instantly, much of it, including the central fortification,

596
00:43:36,400 --> 00:43:42,520
Speaker 1: had been completely destroyed. White had promised them a working village,

597
00:43:42,640 --> 00:43:46,359
Speaker 1: but this was nothing but ruins, taken over by thick

598
00:43:46,480 --> 00:43:51,279
Speaker 1: vines and wild deer. As for Master Coffin's men. There

599
00:43:51,320 --> 00:43:55,640
Speaker 1: was no sign of them anywhere for the next few days.

600
00:43:56,000 --> 00:43:59,319
Speaker 1: The colonists set about unloading what supplies they had from

601
00:43:59,360 --> 00:44:02,600
Speaker 1: the Lion, and spent the rest of their time repairing

602
00:44:02,640 --> 00:44:09,319
Speaker 1: the settlement. Early on July twenty fifth, incredibly, the expedition's

603
00:44:09,360 --> 00:44:13,239
Speaker 1: fly ship was spotted approaching the outer bank. They had

604
00:44:13,280 --> 00:44:16,120
Speaker 1: made it after all, and by the end of the

605
00:44:16,200 --> 00:44:20,240
Speaker 1: day all one hundred and fifteen colonists had been delivered

606
00:44:20,239 --> 00:44:28,640
Speaker 1: to Roanoke to begin their new lives. It was a

607
00:44:28,680 --> 00:44:31,880
Speaker 1: few days after the fly boat's arrival that an alarm

608
00:44:32,000 --> 00:44:38,480
Speaker 1: was raised. One of the landing party was missing. George Howe,

609
00:44:38,719 --> 00:44:41,120
Speaker 1: one of the more senior members of the group, had

610
00:44:41,160 --> 00:44:43,640
Speaker 1: been elected as one of the twelve assistants to help

611
00:44:43,719 --> 00:44:48,080
Speaker 1: John White in running the colony. That morning, he'd headed

612
00:44:48,120 --> 00:44:51,000
Speaker 1: to the beach to search for oysters, but had failed

613
00:44:51,040 --> 00:44:55,479
Speaker 1: to return. They found him a few hours later, face

614
00:44:55,600 --> 00:44:58,920
Speaker 1: down in the sand as his lifeless body was tugged

615
00:44:58,960 --> 00:45:03,600
Speaker 1: gently back and forth by the waves. His body, drained

616
00:45:03,600 --> 00:45:08,000
Speaker 1: of blood, was covered in tiny slash wounds. He had

617
00:45:08,000 --> 00:45:11,240
Speaker 1: been shot by arrows and had his head split open.

618
00:45:13,800 --> 00:45:16,600
Speaker 1: Most had been so consumed by the relentless work of

619
00:45:16,640 --> 00:45:19,800
Speaker 1: the past few days, they had all but forgotten about

620
00:45:19,840 --> 00:45:23,440
Speaker 1: the Americans. Now it was all they could think about.

621
00:45:25,040 --> 00:45:28,000
Speaker 1: For White, it was a disturbing reminder that it was

622
00:45:28,040 --> 00:45:31,319
Speaker 1: going to require much more than careful harvesting for the

623
00:45:31,360 --> 00:45:36,200
Speaker 1: colony to survive. But first he needed to know what

624
00:45:36,280 --> 00:45:39,640
Speaker 1: had become of the fifteen men left by Richard Grenville.

625
00:45:41,160 --> 00:45:44,720
Speaker 1: The next day, White at Manteo, along with a small

626
00:45:44,760 --> 00:45:48,600
Speaker 1: team of settlers to the island of Croatoan to speak

627
00:45:48,640 --> 00:45:54,080
Speaker 1: with Manteo's tribe, hoping that they might know something. On

628
00:45:54,160 --> 00:45:58,840
Speaker 1: their arrival, some Croatoans threatened to attack White's group, until

629
00:45:58,960 --> 00:46:04,000
Speaker 1: Manteo quickly set in to mediate between the two. Later,

630
00:46:04,320 --> 00:46:07,920
Speaker 1: having been invited back to their local village, Manteo explained

631
00:46:07,960 --> 00:46:10,520
Speaker 1: to White that his people had been worried that the

632
00:46:10,560 --> 00:46:13,359
Speaker 1: English had come for their food, just as they had

633
00:46:13,400 --> 00:46:18,600
Speaker 1: done before. White reassured them, however, that they were only

634
00:46:18,640 --> 00:46:24,560
Speaker 1: seeking friendship and nothing else. A moment later, a member

635
00:46:24,600 --> 00:46:26,960
Speaker 1: of the tribe was brought forth from out of a

636
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:31,359
Speaker 1: nearby hut. The man had been so brutally wounded that

637
00:46:31,400 --> 00:46:33,719
Speaker 1: he had been unable to walk for over a year.

638
00:46:35,040 --> 00:46:38,720
Speaker 1: As the elders explained, he'd been injured by English soldiers

639
00:46:38,760 --> 00:46:41,879
Speaker 1: from the last settlement who had mistaken him for one

640
00:46:41,880 --> 00:46:45,960
Speaker 1: of Winjina's tribe, the Secotain leader they had executed the

641
00:46:46,000 --> 00:46:51,439
Speaker 1: previous year. Though, as the elders graciously explained they bore

642
00:46:51,480 --> 00:46:54,920
Speaker 1: no grudge with White, those that had survived Lane's attack

643
00:46:55,040 --> 00:46:59,560
Speaker 1: on Wingjina's village would not be so forgiving. In fact,

644
00:46:59,600 --> 00:47:02,720
Speaker 1: it was win Jinna's people that had killed George Howe,

645
00:47:04,000 --> 00:47:07,520
Speaker 1: as White also later discovered, it was the Cootins who

646
00:47:07,560 --> 00:47:10,680
Speaker 1: had ambushed Master Coffin and his men a few months

647
00:47:10,680 --> 00:47:17,000
Speaker 1: previously and likely killed them all. After spending the night

648
00:47:17,080 --> 00:47:20,960
Speaker 1: in the company of the Croatanes, the following day, White

649
00:47:21,080 --> 00:47:23,799
Speaker 1: asked the elders to help organize a conference with the

650
00:47:23,800 --> 00:47:26,640
Speaker 1: rest of the local tribes so that they might find

651
00:47:26,680 --> 00:47:32,000
Speaker 1: a way to exist peacefully together. The Croatoans July agreed

652
00:47:32,560 --> 00:47:35,600
Speaker 1: and offered to bring everyone to Roanoke Island at some

653
00:47:35,719 --> 00:47:45,680
Speaker 1: point within the next seven days. Back at the fort,

654
00:47:46,080 --> 00:47:50,560
Speaker 1: the colonists were becoming increasingly anxious, with few venturing beyond

655
00:47:50,600 --> 00:47:54,880
Speaker 1: the boundary walls since the death of George Howe. Spirits

656
00:47:54,920 --> 00:47:58,360
Speaker 1: were raised. However, when White returned bearing news of the

657
00:47:58,400 --> 00:48:02,239
Speaker 1: imminent conference with the local tribes. But as one day

658
00:48:02,360 --> 00:48:06,200
Speaker 1: passed after another with no sign of the Croatones or

659
00:48:06,239 --> 00:48:09,760
Speaker 1: any of the other tribes, the colonists had grown nervous

660
00:48:09,800 --> 00:48:13,960
Speaker 1: once more. On the morning of the eighth day, as

661
00:48:13,960 --> 00:48:17,719
Speaker 1: he watched his heavily pregnant daughter helping to collect firewood,

662
00:48:18,320 --> 00:48:22,640
Speaker 1: White knew he had to make a decision. Though others

663
00:48:22,680 --> 00:48:25,520
Speaker 1: may try to attack them, it was clear that Winjina's

664
00:48:25,560 --> 00:48:30,640
Speaker 1: people were the biggest threat. Having learnt from the Croatans

665
00:48:31,080 --> 00:48:34,320
Speaker 1: that the survivors of Ralph Lane's attack were now living

666
00:48:34,360 --> 00:48:38,560
Speaker 1: in a village not far from Roanoke Island, White went

667
00:48:38,600 --> 00:48:44,000
Speaker 1: for it. At midnight, White, along with Manteo and twenty

668
00:48:44,040 --> 00:48:47,520
Speaker 1: four of the colonists best fighting men, made the short

669
00:48:47,600 --> 00:48:52,279
Speaker 1: journey to the mainland. Having crept off the beach, they

670
00:48:52,280 --> 00:48:56,440
Speaker 1: continued silently into the trees, following the sound of voices

671
00:48:56,760 --> 00:49:00,040
Speaker 1: and the crackling of fire, until they arrived at the

672
00:49:00,080 --> 00:49:04,759
Speaker 1: Secotin's settlement. Quietly, they made their way to the far

673
00:49:04,880 --> 00:49:10,600
Speaker 1: side of the village and waited for White's instruction. Now

674
00:49:10,680 --> 00:49:14,680
Speaker 1: he cried, at which the English opened fire and charged

675
00:49:14,719 --> 00:49:20,000
Speaker 1: into the settlement. Utter chaos ensued as the silhouetted bodies

676
00:49:20,040 --> 00:49:22,960
Speaker 1: of the villagers ran for their lives down to the coast,

677
00:49:23,360 --> 00:49:29,280
Speaker 1: darting into nearby reeds. The English gave chase, shooting indiscriminately

678
00:49:29,480 --> 00:49:33,160
Speaker 1: at anything that moved, when from out of the dark,

679
00:49:33,719 --> 00:49:39,160
Speaker 1: Manteo screamed for them to stop. Rushing back to the village,

680
00:49:39,520 --> 00:49:43,680
Speaker 1: White found Manteo cradling a dying man in his arms,

681
00:49:43,719 --> 00:49:48,520
Speaker 1: with an expression of immeasurable anguish on his face. These

682
00:49:48,520 --> 00:49:53,880
Speaker 1: are not Secotins, he cried, These are Croatoans, my people.

683
00:49:55,000 --> 00:50:06,200
Speaker 1: You've killed the wrong people. As it transpired, the Secotans

684
00:50:06,200 --> 00:50:10,240
Speaker 1: had left their village immediately after killing George Howe, fearing

685
00:50:10,239 --> 00:50:14,439
Speaker 1: an instant reprisal from the English. The Crowatoans had moved

686
00:50:14,480 --> 00:50:17,440
Speaker 1: in to collect all the food they had left behind.

687
00:50:18,600 --> 00:50:21,239
Speaker 1: The following day, White did his best to make it

688
00:50:21,320 --> 00:50:24,120
Speaker 1: up to them by helping them to collect what was left,

689
00:50:24,840 --> 00:50:28,000
Speaker 1: but it was little consolation for the enormity of his error.

690
00:50:29,400 --> 00:50:32,920
Speaker 1: On August thirteen, a ceremony was held on a Manteo

691
00:50:33,480 --> 00:50:36,440
Speaker 1: for his loyalty to the English, and as promised to

692
00:50:36,520 --> 00:50:40,640
Speaker 1: him by Serli, he was granted the title Lord Manteo

693
00:50:41,120 --> 00:50:47,520
Speaker 1: of Roanoke Island. Five days later, Eleanor Dare, John White's

694
00:50:47,600 --> 00:50:52,880
Speaker 1: daughter went into labour. As the colony's physician got to work,

695
00:50:53,320 --> 00:50:56,320
Speaker 1: the women of the village gathered round to help, taking

696
00:50:56,360 --> 00:50:59,480
Speaker 1: it in turns to hold Eleanor's hand and urging her

697
00:50:59,520 --> 00:51:05,320
Speaker 1: to breathe deeply, until finally the baby arrived, a girl

698
00:51:05,719 --> 00:51:09,719
Speaker 1: to be named Virginia in honor of the Queen, the

699
00:51:09,760 --> 00:51:14,640
Speaker 1: first English child to be born in the New World.

700
00:51:14,760 --> 00:51:19,040
Speaker 1: With Virginia's birth came a renewed optimism and in White

701
00:51:19,280 --> 00:51:22,839
Speaker 1: a renewed sense of responsibility, for not only were these

702
00:51:22,880 --> 00:51:26,920
Speaker 1: people's lives in his hands, but their futures too, and

703
00:51:27,000 --> 00:51:32,680
Speaker 1: the future of all their subsequent generations. Meanwhile, on the

704
00:51:32,719 --> 00:51:36,120
Speaker 1: outer Bank, despite having told White that they were in

705
00:51:36,120 --> 00:51:39,320
Speaker 1: a hurry to make it back to the Caribbean, Simon

706
00:51:39,360 --> 00:51:43,760
Speaker 1: Fernandez and the Lion remained anchored just off the coast.

707
00:51:45,239 --> 00:51:48,440
Speaker 1: Though its presence had irked Governor White, many had been

708
00:51:48,480 --> 00:51:51,719
Speaker 1: reassured by it, being as it was a symbol of

709
00:51:51,760 --> 00:51:55,120
Speaker 1: their former homes and an escape route back if they

710
00:51:55,160 --> 00:52:00,960
Speaker 1: so wished. In late August, however, a tremendous storm ripped

711
00:52:00,960 --> 00:52:04,760
Speaker 1: through the island, blowing the Lion far back into the Atlantic.

712
00:52:06,000 --> 00:52:09,879
Speaker 1: Although it returned six days later. Its sudden and unexpected

713
00:52:09,920 --> 00:52:14,080
Speaker 1: disappearance had left a profound mark on the colonists, being

714
00:52:14,120 --> 00:52:19,160
Speaker 1: suddenly confronted by the enormity of their mission. Once Fernandez

715
00:52:19,200 --> 00:52:22,000
Speaker 1: and the Lion were gone for good, there would be

716
00:52:22,040 --> 00:52:25,560
Speaker 1: no way to reach home or send word should anything

717
00:52:25,640 --> 00:52:31,319
Speaker 1: cataclysmic occur, and in that moment, the settlers realized they

718
00:52:31,360 --> 00:52:35,640
Speaker 1: were not ready. Not only had they arrived too late

719
00:52:35,880 --> 00:52:39,239
Speaker 1: to plant seriously before the winter, Since they had not

720
00:52:39,280 --> 00:52:43,160
Speaker 1: made it to Chesapeake Bay, any future supply ships would

721
00:52:43,160 --> 00:52:46,360
Speaker 1: have no idea they had been deposited on Roanoke Island.

722
00:52:47,760 --> 00:52:50,880
Speaker 1: Somebody would have to return to England to inform Raleigh

723
00:52:50,880 --> 00:52:54,320
Speaker 1: of the situation and make a request for more supplies.

724
00:52:55,920 --> 00:52:58,879
Speaker 1: Given his prior relationship with the man, it was soon

725
00:52:58,960 --> 00:53:05,520
Speaker 1: decided that that somebody should be John White. White was aghast, surely,

726
00:53:05,560 --> 00:53:09,680
Speaker 1: as governor, his place was with his people, but the people,

727
00:53:10,280 --> 00:53:15,200
Speaker 1: alarmed by White's recent blunders, had made up their minds.

728
00:53:16,680 --> 00:53:19,799
Speaker 1: Stunned by the decision, and no doubt devastated to leave

729
00:53:19,840 --> 00:53:24,480
Speaker 1: his daughter, a newly born granddaughter, behind, White duly informed

730
00:53:24,480 --> 00:53:27,279
Speaker 1: Fernandez that he would be traveling back to England with

731
00:53:27,320 --> 00:53:31,239
Speaker 1: the fleet much to his relief, it was agreed that

732
00:53:31,280 --> 00:53:34,400
Speaker 1: he could travel with Edward Spicer on the flyboat, and

733
00:53:34,440 --> 00:53:38,160
Speaker 1: not with Fernandes, who by then was refusing to even

734
00:53:38,200 --> 00:53:43,880
Speaker 1: speak to the governor. Having said his goodbyes, it suddenly

735
00:53:43,880 --> 00:53:47,000
Speaker 1: occurred to White that should anything happen to the colony

736
00:53:47,239 --> 00:53:49,839
Speaker 1: and they be forced to move, there'd be no way

737
00:53:49,880 --> 00:53:54,000
Speaker 1: to tell anyone about it. Then he had an idea.

738
00:53:55,360 --> 00:53:57,880
Speaker 1: Should they have to move on, they would carve the

739
00:53:57,960 --> 00:54:00,880
Speaker 1: name of where they were going on nearby trees and

740
00:54:00,960 --> 00:54:04,399
Speaker 1: the doorposts of their homes. If it were by their

741
00:54:04,400 --> 00:54:08,319
Speaker 1: own volition, just the name would suffice, But if they

742
00:54:08,320 --> 00:54:11,360
Speaker 1: were forced to flee, they should carve a Maltese cross

743
00:54:11,480 --> 00:54:15,840
Speaker 1: above the inscription. After making them promise to protect his

744
00:54:15,880 --> 00:54:19,680
Speaker 1: possessions while he was gone, White kissed his daughter and

745
00:54:19,760 --> 00:54:23,320
Speaker 1: granddaughter goodbye and made his way into the row boat.

746
00:54:24,360 --> 00:54:27,120
Speaker 1: It wouldn't be so bad, he told them, and with

747
00:54:27,239 --> 00:54:31,400
Speaker 1: any luck, he'd be back before winter. He couldn't have

748
00:54:31,480 --> 00:54:42,560
Speaker 1: been any more mistaken. The rigging tapped lazily against the

749
00:54:42,600 --> 00:54:46,000
Speaker 1: ship's masts as the vessel rocked gently back and forth,

750
00:54:46,560 --> 00:54:49,600
Speaker 1: while strewn all across the top deck the bodies of

751
00:54:49,640 --> 00:54:53,279
Speaker 1: its crew lay stretched out and unmoving under the gray,

752
00:54:53,440 --> 00:54:59,520
Speaker 1: formless clouds above down below, and exhausted John White, the

753
00:54:59,600 --> 00:55:03,960
Speaker 1: contour of his bones clearly visible through his clothes, stirred

754
00:55:04,000 --> 00:55:08,960
Speaker 1: in his bunk, his desiccated tongue probing feebly at his

755
00:55:09,040 --> 00:55:12,080
Speaker 1: cracked and bleeding lips as he drifted in and out

756
00:55:12,120 --> 00:55:18,720
Speaker 1: of consciousness. Only six weeks before, Governor White had clambered

757
00:55:18,719 --> 00:55:22,719
Speaker 1: aboard Edward Spice's flyboat, hoping for a swift journey to

758
00:55:22,760 --> 00:55:27,239
Speaker 1: England before heading back to Roanoke Island, but the omens

759
00:55:27,320 --> 00:55:31,120
Speaker 1: had not been good. Within minutes of boarding, the vessel

760
00:55:31,600 --> 00:55:34,919
Speaker 1: twelve or the fifteen strong crew were badly injured due

761
00:55:34,960 --> 00:55:38,160
Speaker 1: to a malfunctioning anchor mechanism that snapped back on them

762
00:55:38,280 --> 00:55:41,719
Speaker 1: as they tried to bring it up. Eventually, they were

763
00:55:41,719 --> 00:55:46,200
Speaker 1: forced to cut the anchor loose entirely, With only half

764
00:55:46,239 --> 00:55:49,160
Speaker 1: the crew able to function properly. The ship had just

765
00:55:49,239 --> 00:55:52,720
Speaker 1: made it past the Azores when the wind completely ceased

766
00:55:52,760 --> 00:55:57,880
Speaker 1: to blow. For days, they drifted until finally storm clouds

767
00:55:57,880 --> 00:56:03,319
Speaker 1: began to amass on the horizon. Unfortunately, the ensuing gale

768
00:56:03,320 --> 00:56:06,120
Speaker 1: only succeeded in beating them back to where they had

769
00:56:06,200 --> 00:56:09,760
Speaker 1: just come from. It would be almost a week before

770
00:56:09,800 --> 00:56:12,440
Speaker 1: they were able to continue on their way, only for

771
00:56:12,520 --> 00:56:17,560
Speaker 1: the wind to once again desert them. With the ship becalmed,

772
00:56:18,120 --> 00:56:21,640
Speaker 1: two men dropped dead, as the rest subsisted on dregs

773
00:56:21,640 --> 00:56:26,400
Speaker 1: of beer and wine leaves until finally they too were exhausted.

774
00:56:28,160 --> 00:56:31,400
Speaker 1: After weeks adrift on the ocean, with the men barely

775
00:56:31,400 --> 00:56:34,920
Speaker 1: strong enough to lift their heads, a gray smudge was

776
00:56:34,920 --> 00:56:39,040
Speaker 1: spied on the horizon, with no one daring to believe

777
00:56:39,080 --> 00:56:41,960
Speaker 1: that it could be land. It wasn't until days later,

778
00:56:42,400 --> 00:56:45,680
Speaker 1: when the smudge had shifted into something of genuine form,

779
00:56:46,200 --> 00:56:51,000
Speaker 1: that they realized they were saved. Having no idea where

780
00:56:51,000 --> 00:56:54,040
Speaker 1: they were, it was with some relief when the sailors

781
00:56:54,080 --> 00:56:58,839
Speaker 1: caught wind of Irish accents coming from the shore. After

782
00:56:58,920 --> 00:57:01,480
Speaker 1: drifting for the best part of a month, the men

783
00:57:01,840 --> 00:57:07,320
Speaker 1: finally made landfall on October sixteenth. Within four days of arriving,

784
00:57:07,800 --> 00:57:11,440
Speaker 1: another three crew members would die and three others be

785
00:57:11,520 --> 00:57:17,480
Speaker 1: taken perilously ill. Three weeks later, Governor John White returned

786
00:57:17,480 --> 00:57:28,760
Speaker 1: to London at Sir Walter Raleigh's home. Raleigh listened with

787
00:57:28,840 --> 00:57:32,600
Speaker 1: barely concealed contempt as White did his best to explain

788
00:57:32,640 --> 00:57:36,360
Speaker 1: the colony's predicament. For a man so used to getting

789
00:57:36,360 --> 00:57:39,600
Speaker 1: his own way, it was simply impossible to fathom how

790
00:57:39,600 --> 00:57:43,280
Speaker 1: on earth White had allowed Simon Fernandez to abandon the

791
00:57:43,280 --> 00:57:48,440
Speaker 1: colonists on Roanoke Island. To make matters worse, a supply

792
00:57:48,560 --> 00:57:51,200
Speaker 1: ship with everything the settlers would be needing to survive

793
00:57:51,280 --> 00:57:55,560
Speaker 1: the winter, was already en route to Chesapeake Bay. The

794
00:57:55,600 --> 00:57:59,200
Speaker 1: ship duly arrived at the bay, only to find nobody there,

795
00:57:59,680 --> 00:58:03,800
Speaker 1: and promptly returned to England. And worse was to come.

796
00:58:05,360 --> 00:58:08,600
Speaker 1: While White had been away, tensions between the English and

797
00:58:08,680 --> 00:58:12,960
Speaker 1: Spanish crowns had been steadily increasing. Now on the brink

798
00:58:12,960 --> 00:58:16,040
Speaker 1: of war, Queen Elizabeth had issued a ban on any

799
00:58:16,080 --> 00:58:19,480
Speaker 1: ships traveling without her permission, lest they be needed to

800
00:58:19,520 --> 00:58:25,400
Speaker 1: mount an attack on her enemy. White was devastated. It

801
00:58:25,480 --> 00:58:28,520
Speaker 1: had been three months since he'd left America, and even

802
00:58:28,560 --> 00:58:31,640
Speaker 1: if Raleigh could get permission to send a second supply ship,

803
00:58:31,960 --> 00:58:34,280
Speaker 1: it would be at least another two months before it

804
00:58:34,320 --> 00:58:38,920
Speaker 1: could get to Roanoke. Being equally dismayed at the situation,

805
00:58:39,560 --> 00:58:42,960
Speaker 1: Raleigh nonetheless agreed to seek permission from the Queen to

806
00:58:43,040 --> 00:58:47,160
Speaker 1: send a second supply ship to the stranded settlers. A

807
00:58:47,200 --> 00:58:49,880
Speaker 1: week before it was due to set sail. However, the

808
00:58:49,960 --> 00:58:53,960
Speaker 1: weather deteriorated so severely that it wasn't until spring the

809
00:58:54,000 --> 00:58:57,400
Speaker 1: following year that its crew were confident enough they could

810
00:58:57,440 --> 00:59:01,800
Speaker 1: make the trip. Then, just as White was finally about

811
00:59:01,840 --> 00:59:05,360
Speaker 1: to set sail, the Queen received word that an armada

812
00:59:05,760 --> 00:59:09,200
Speaker 1: of well over a hundred ships had set sail from Spain,

813
00:59:09,880 --> 00:59:14,880
Speaker 1: planning to mount an invasion of England. White's vessels were

814
00:59:14,960 --> 00:59:19,560
Speaker 1: duly confiscated, and the fleet's captain, Richard Grenville, ordered to

815
00:59:19,600 --> 00:59:23,280
Speaker 1: report to Francis Drake, who was overseeing the naval defense

816
00:59:23,320 --> 00:59:28,360
Speaker 1: of the country. Pleading with Raleigh once again, White eventually

817
00:59:28,400 --> 00:59:32,320
Speaker 1: succeeded in securing two pinnases to make the journey instead,

818
00:59:33,160 --> 00:59:36,480
Speaker 1: small vessels that were ordinarily used to take passengers of

819
00:59:36,480 --> 00:59:41,080
Speaker 1: a larger vessel to the shore. Though undoubtedly a risk,

820
00:59:41,720 --> 00:59:44,000
Speaker 1: White had little option but to make do with what

821
00:59:44,080 --> 00:59:48,880
Speaker 1: he had. After procuring a crew, finally he was on

822
00:59:49,000 --> 00:59:53,760
Speaker 1: his way back to America. Barely a week into the journey,

823
00:59:54,320 --> 00:59:58,080
Speaker 1: to White's dismay, two galleons were spotted on the horizon.

824
00:59:59,280 --> 01:00:02,480
Speaker 1: As they drew close USA, the crew discovered with alarm

825
01:00:02,880 --> 01:00:07,040
Speaker 1: that the ships were from Spain. In the end, it

826
01:00:07,080 --> 01:00:11,280
Speaker 1: could have been worse. After only taking their supplies, the

827
01:00:11,320 --> 01:00:14,400
Speaker 1: admirals of the Spanish vessels allowed John White and his

828
01:00:14,480 --> 01:00:19,760
Speaker 1: crew to return to England. On July nineteenth, the King

829
01:00:19,800 --> 01:00:23,200
Speaker 1: of Spain's fleet was spotted off the southwest coast of England.

830
01:00:24,240 --> 01:00:28,000
Speaker 1: In response, a series of beacons were lit in quick succession,

831
01:00:28,760 --> 01:00:31,760
Speaker 1: delivering a message by fire all the way to London

832
01:00:32,640 --> 01:00:37,760
Speaker 1: that the country was under attack. The war had begun,

833
01:00:38,840 --> 01:00:42,040
Speaker 1: and with it any hope that Governor White had of

834
01:00:42,080 --> 01:00:53,200
Speaker 1: returning to Roanoke Island had vanished. By August, the King

835
01:00:53,240 --> 01:00:57,320
Speaker 1: of Spain's armada was defeated, However, while to Raleigh, who

836
01:00:57,320 --> 01:01:00,040
Speaker 1: had spent the best part of the summer overseeing the

837
01:00:59,880 --> 01:01:04,040
Speaker 1: English Crown's colonization of Ireland, would not return to England

838
01:01:04,120 --> 01:01:07,920
Speaker 1: until March fifteen eighty nine. It was some time in

839
01:01:08,000 --> 01:01:12,080
Speaker 1: March the following year that White, who incredibly had refused

840
01:01:12,080 --> 01:01:15,280
Speaker 1: to give up hope, got wind of a local merchant's

841
01:01:15,320 --> 01:01:18,240
Speaker 1: plan to send three trade ships to the West Indies,

842
01:01:19,160 --> 01:01:22,160
Speaker 1: the only problem being that, with the country still at war,

843
01:01:22,680 --> 01:01:25,440
Speaker 1: the Queen was refusing to give them permission to sail.

844
01:01:26,680 --> 01:01:30,280
Speaker 1: Realizing also that this could be their last chance, Raleigh

845
01:01:30,360 --> 01:01:33,240
Speaker 1: convinced the Queen to let them travel on the proviso

846
01:01:33,320 --> 01:01:37,520
Speaker 1: that they take John White to Roanoke Island, and so

847
01:01:37,640 --> 01:01:41,840
Speaker 1: it was that on March twentieth, fifteen ninety, two years

848
01:01:41,880 --> 01:01:44,120
Speaker 1: and seven months since he had last seen his daughter

849
01:01:44,160 --> 01:01:48,880
Speaker 1: Eleanor and granddaughter Virginia, White stepped aboard the Hope Well

850
01:01:49,480 --> 01:01:53,040
Speaker 1: for one final attempt to get back to them. The

851
01:01:53,080 --> 01:01:56,360
Speaker 1: catch being that each captain in the fleet had every

852
01:01:56,400 --> 01:01:59,600
Speaker 1: intention of making the most of their journey before heading

853
01:01:59,600 --> 01:02:03,120
Speaker 1: to a Man America, White would have little choice but

854
01:02:03,200 --> 01:02:05,880
Speaker 1: to dig in and pray that he would make it

855
01:02:05,920 --> 01:02:11,040
Speaker 1: out alive. Over the next few months, the fleet attacked

856
01:02:11,080 --> 01:02:14,760
Speaker 1: and raided two Spanish flyboats, before later being shot at

857
01:02:14,880 --> 01:02:18,160
Speaker 1: by Spanish defenses when drawing too close to the island

858
01:02:18,200 --> 01:02:22,560
Speaker 1: of Saint John. Alighting at another island soon after, the

859
01:02:22,640 --> 01:02:26,680
Speaker 1: crew of White's boat burned a Spanish settlement to the ground.

860
01:02:27,200 --> 01:02:30,240
Speaker 1: Two men were abducted from the island of Dominica to

861
01:02:30,280 --> 01:02:33,440
Speaker 1: be kept as slaves on the Hopewell, but later managed

862
01:02:33,480 --> 01:02:36,280
Speaker 1: to escape shortly before the ship was attacked by a

863
01:02:36,320 --> 01:02:40,040
Speaker 1: Spanish galleon, resulting in a four hour gun battle against

864
01:02:40,080 --> 01:02:44,240
Speaker 1: four hundred sailors, and that was only the half of it.

865
01:02:45,520 --> 01:02:49,240
Speaker 1: After numerous other skirmishes and raids on vessels from France

866
01:02:49,280 --> 01:02:53,440
Speaker 1: and Spain, including chasing three ships heavily laden with treasure

867
01:02:53,880 --> 01:02:57,800
Speaker 1: around almost the entirety of Cuba, the admiral of the fleet,

868
01:02:58,160 --> 01:03:03,880
Speaker 1: Captain Cook, finally called it a day in August, having

869
01:03:03,920 --> 01:03:07,360
Speaker 1: now been joined by John White's old friend, Edward Spicer,

870
01:03:07,720 --> 01:03:11,360
Speaker 1: captaining the moonlight, the fleet was ready to make its

871
01:03:11,400 --> 01:03:16,720
Speaker 1: way to Roanoke, and soon they were approaching the southern

872
01:03:16,800 --> 01:03:20,480
Speaker 1: edge of the Outer Bank, passing first the shores of

873
01:03:20,520 --> 01:03:24,320
Speaker 1: Croatoan Island to the west, and then eventually, as a

874
01:03:24,360 --> 01:03:28,120
Speaker 1: bright full moon, the color of bone rose steadily into

875
01:03:28,160 --> 01:03:32,360
Speaker 1: the sky. On August fifteenth, the fleet arrived off the

876
01:03:32,360 --> 01:03:37,240
Speaker 1: coast of Hatterasque Island, nestled just a mile beyond. It

877
01:03:37,360 --> 01:03:43,920
Speaker 1: was Roanoke that evening. White watched with the combination of

878
01:03:44,000 --> 01:03:47,880
Speaker 1: joy and utter disbelief as the telltale sign of camp

879
01:03:47,880 --> 01:03:52,400
Speaker 1: fire smoke rose up from within the island. He couldn't

880
01:03:52,400 --> 01:03:56,200
Speaker 1: believe it. Could it be? He thought that the colonists

881
01:03:56,240 --> 01:04:01,840
Speaker 1: had survived all this time, Having arrived later than hoped.

882
01:04:02,280 --> 01:04:04,840
Speaker 1: White would have to wait till first light before any

883
01:04:04,840 --> 01:04:08,880
Speaker 1: attempt was made to find out. That night, as he

884
01:04:08,960 --> 01:04:11,640
Speaker 1: lay awake in his bunk, trying to imagine how his

885
01:04:11,720 --> 01:04:15,000
Speaker 1: granddaughter might look, whether even he might have a second

886
01:04:15,000 --> 01:04:18,560
Speaker 1: grandchild by now, those that had been chosen to escort

887
01:04:18,640 --> 01:04:22,640
Speaker 1: him to the island were restless too. There was just

888
01:04:22,720 --> 01:04:25,800
Speaker 1: no way they could still be there, they thought, And

889
01:04:25,920 --> 01:04:29,120
Speaker 1: if it wasn't the colonists who made the fire, just

890
01:04:29,160 --> 01:04:40,280
Speaker 1: what else exactly might they find out there. The following morning,

891
01:04:40,640 --> 01:04:44,600
Speaker 1: two boats loaded with men headed out toward the Pamlico Sound.

892
01:04:45,560 --> 01:04:49,439
Speaker 1: White traveled in Captain Cook's vessel, while Captain Spicer took

893
01:04:49,560 --> 01:04:53,400
Speaker 1: lead of the other. First, they would need to carefully

894
01:04:53,760 --> 01:04:57,040
Speaker 1: navigate their way through the outer Bank, a slow and

895
01:04:57,080 --> 01:05:00,760
Speaker 1: treacherous journey owing to the unpredictable ne feature of the

896
01:05:00,840 --> 01:05:05,040
Speaker 1: various sandbars and channels hidden below the waves. It was

897
01:05:05,080 --> 01:05:08,440
Speaker 1: precisely for that reason that Raleigh had suggested settling on

898
01:05:08,520 --> 01:05:11,760
Speaker 1: Roanoke in the first place, since not only was it

899
01:05:11,840 --> 01:05:15,720
Speaker 1: hidden from the Atlantic side, but no warship could possibly

900
01:05:15,720 --> 01:05:21,280
Speaker 1: get near it. For White, it was utter torture watching

901
01:05:21,320 --> 01:05:25,560
Speaker 1: as the pilots cautiously negotiated their way, checking and rechecking

902
01:05:25,600 --> 01:05:29,360
Speaker 1: the depths around them every few minutes, until finally they

903
01:05:29,360 --> 01:05:34,160
Speaker 1: were through. At that moment, two loud cannon blasts could

904
01:05:34,160 --> 01:05:37,800
Speaker 1: be heard from behind, a prearranged signal from the Hope

905
01:05:37,840 --> 01:05:42,040
Speaker 1: Well to announce their arrival. To the colonists. White and

906
01:05:42,080 --> 01:05:45,080
Speaker 1: the rest fixed their eyes on the island for any

907
01:05:45,160 --> 01:05:49,720
Speaker 1: sign of movement near the shore, but nobody came. The

908
01:05:49,760 --> 01:05:54,280
Speaker 1: smoke from the night before had also gone. Then a

909
01:05:54,320 --> 01:05:57,720
Speaker 1: cry went up as one sailor spotted another trail of smoke,

910
01:05:58,320 --> 01:06:02,400
Speaker 1: this time rising from kin Dryker's Mount, a large sand

911
01:06:02,520 --> 01:06:06,840
Speaker 1: dune located roughly halfway down the outer bank between Roanoke

912
01:06:06,920 --> 01:06:11,320
Speaker 1: and crow Aten. It made sense, thought White, since it

913
01:06:11,360 --> 01:06:13,880
Speaker 1: had been discussed that the colony would move that way

914
01:06:14,040 --> 01:06:18,280
Speaker 1: should things become complicated. Having yet to see more signs

915
01:06:18,280 --> 01:06:21,800
Speaker 1: of life on Roanoke, White suggested to Cook that they

916
01:06:21,840 --> 01:06:25,280
Speaker 1: turned the boat and head to Kindryker's Mount to see

917
01:06:25,280 --> 01:06:29,959
Speaker 1: what they could find. A few hours later, having moored

918
01:06:30,040 --> 01:06:32,720
Speaker 1: up just off the beach, the men jumped into the

919
01:06:32,760 --> 01:06:37,720
Speaker 1: water and headed cautiously toward where the smoke was coming from,

920
01:06:38,120 --> 01:06:40,720
Speaker 1: picking their way through a thick mesh of trees and

921
01:06:40,800 --> 01:06:45,720
Speaker 1: scrub on constant alert, they arrived at the fire, or

922
01:06:45,840 --> 01:06:50,000
Speaker 1: rather what was left of it. Somebody had been there,

923
01:06:50,480 --> 01:06:54,760
Speaker 1: but they had long since moved on. With the two

924
01:06:54,800 --> 01:06:58,160
Speaker 1: crews tired and exhausted, it was decided to head back

925
01:06:58,200 --> 01:07:01,600
Speaker 1: to their respective ships for the evening before trying again

926
01:07:01,840 --> 01:07:06,680
Speaker 1: for Roanoke Island. It was sometime around ten when they

927
01:07:06,720 --> 01:07:09,320
Speaker 1: reached the opening of the outer bank to take them

928
01:07:09,360 --> 01:07:14,120
Speaker 1: back through to the Atlantic. Cook's vessel went first, but

929
01:07:14,240 --> 01:07:17,920
Speaker 1: quickly got into difficulty when a furious gale swept across

930
01:07:17,920 --> 01:07:23,080
Speaker 1: the water, taking the wheel. Cook wrestled tirelessly with the

931
01:07:23,080 --> 01:07:26,560
Speaker 1: boat as a series of ever growing waves pummeled it

932
01:07:26,640 --> 01:07:30,720
Speaker 1: from both sides. With the rest of the crew furiously

933
01:07:30,760 --> 01:07:36,000
Speaker 1: baling out water, Cook managed finally to get through. It

934
01:07:36,080 --> 01:07:37,880
Speaker 1: was only when they were back on board the Hope

935
01:07:37,920 --> 01:07:42,120
Speaker 1: Well that they noticed Spice's boat being tossed violently about

936
01:07:42,160 --> 01:07:46,640
Speaker 1: on the turbulent waters. Cook's men could only watch, horrified

937
01:07:46,680 --> 01:07:50,200
Speaker 1: and helpless as Spice's boat was pitched onto its side

938
01:07:50,240 --> 01:07:54,320
Speaker 1: in one swift movement, then, with a second wave colliding

939
01:07:54,360 --> 01:07:59,640
Speaker 1: into its side, it was completely tipped over. Cook's crew

940
01:07:59,680 --> 01:08:02,760
Speaker 1: watched on as some leaped from the vessel into the sea,

941
01:08:03,240 --> 01:08:06,160
Speaker 1: while others clung on for dear life, until they too

942
01:08:06,280 --> 01:08:11,360
Speaker 1: were finally overwhelmed and disappeared into the gray. Some tried

943
01:08:11,400 --> 01:08:14,240
Speaker 1: to swim to the nearest shore, only to be beaten

944
01:08:14,440 --> 01:08:19,679
Speaker 1: mercilessly back into the open water. Having seen enough, Captain

945
01:08:19,760 --> 01:08:22,840
Speaker 1: Cook and four others jumped back into their boat and

946
01:08:22,960 --> 01:08:27,200
Speaker 1: raced out to save their comrades. Seven men in total,

947
01:08:27,520 --> 01:08:32,320
Speaker 1: including Captain Spicer, were drowned. Back on board the ships

948
01:08:32,320 --> 01:08:36,880
Speaker 1: that night, the mood was understandably somber, and some began

949
01:08:36,960 --> 01:08:39,920
Speaker 1: to question the purpose of their trip, that it had

950
01:08:40,000 --> 01:08:51,000
Speaker 1: been doomed from the start. The next morning, White was

951
01:08:51,040 --> 01:08:55,160
Speaker 1: woken by a commotion on deck. See for yourself, said

952
01:08:55,200 --> 01:09:02,040
Speaker 1: Captain Cook, pointing toward Roanoke Smoke, this time coming from

953
01:09:02,080 --> 01:09:04,800
Speaker 1: the northern edge of the island, close to where the

954
01:09:04,840 --> 01:09:10,800
Speaker 1: colonists fought Raleigh had been established. That evening, Captain Cook

955
01:09:11,000 --> 01:09:15,000
Speaker 1: brought his boat to the shores of Roanoke. Stumbling from

956
01:09:15,040 --> 01:09:18,760
Speaker 1: the vessel, Governor White sprinted up the beach, urging the

957
01:09:18,800 --> 01:09:22,080
Speaker 1: rest of the men to follow, but the men stayed,

958
01:09:22,120 --> 01:09:28,799
Speaker 1: still concerned that something wasn't quite right. Cook agreed, pointing

959
01:09:28,800 --> 01:09:33,719
Speaker 1: into the trees. White looked again at the warm orange

960
01:09:33,760 --> 01:09:38,760
Speaker 1: glow emanating from somewhere in the forest. Beyond that was

961
01:09:38,800 --> 01:09:43,280
Speaker 1: no camp fire. Not wanting to lose any more of

962
01:09:43,320 --> 01:09:46,439
Speaker 1: his crew, Cook suggested they make camp for the night

963
01:09:46,880 --> 01:09:51,559
Speaker 1: and continued their journey in the morning. Just then one

964
01:09:51,600 --> 01:09:54,640
Speaker 1: of the crew stepped forward and, putting a trumpet to

965
01:09:54,680 --> 01:09:57,839
Speaker 1: his lips, blew a series of signals into the trees,

966
01:09:58,760 --> 01:10:01,679
Speaker 1: each being answered by no nothing save for the sound

967
01:10:01,840 --> 01:10:07,559
Speaker 1: the waves sloshing against the sand. The men found the

968
01:10:07,600 --> 01:10:11,880
Speaker 1: fire still burning the following day, its limp flames licking

969
01:10:11,960 --> 01:10:15,720
Speaker 1: at blackened tree trunks, while all about the ground the

970
01:10:15,760 --> 01:10:19,519
Speaker 1: grass too was on fire. It was as if their

971
01:10:19,640 --> 01:10:22,559
Speaker 1: journey had merely been taking them through one door after

972
01:10:22,600 --> 01:10:26,320
Speaker 1: another of hell, and only now were they getting to

973
01:10:26,360 --> 01:10:30,599
Speaker 1: the heart of it. Returning to the beach, the men

974
01:10:30,680 --> 01:10:34,200
Speaker 1: trekked to the island's northern edge until they spotted fresh

975
01:10:34,280 --> 01:10:39,400
Speaker 1: footprints in the sand heading into the trees. Through there,

976
01:10:39,439 --> 01:10:42,800
Speaker 1: said White, pointing to a pathway that would lead them

977
01:10:42,840 --> 01:10:45,960
Speaker 1: straight to the fort. But just as he was about

978
01:10:45,960 --> 01:10:49,599
Speaker 1: to step forward, he felt a sudden, profound weight fall

979
01:10:49,680 --> 01:10:54,160
Speaker 1: upon him. For three years he had pined for this moment,

980
01:10:54,600 --> 01:10:58,120
Speaker 1: hoping every day to be reunited with his daughter. But

981
01:10:58,280 --> 01:11:01,439
Speaker 1: only now that he was here did he consider the worst.

982
01:11:02,880 --> 01:11:05,840
Speaker 1: It was abundantly clear that either his people had left

983
01:11:06,520 --> 01:11:09,960
Speaker 1: or they were dead. Perhaps he didn't want to see

984
01:11:10,000 --> 01:11:15,160
Speaker 1: what might be waiting for him at the settlement. Looking up,

985
01:11:15,800 --> 01:11:18,960
Speaker 1: he was suddenly distracted by something on one of the trees.

986
01:11:20,720 --> 01:11:25,320
Speaker 1: Do you see that, he asked Cook. Stepping forward, he

987
01:11:25,320 --> 01:11:28,280
Speaker 1: held out his hands and brushed them against the trunk

988
01:11:28,680 --> 01:11:32,679
Speaker 1: along the edges of what were clearly three letters carved

989
01:11:32,680 --> 01:11:39,360
Speaker 1: into its bark, c R and oh crow a toin,

990
01:11:39,680 --> 01:11:50,160
Speaker 1: he whispered under his breath, before rushing headlong into the forest.

991
01:11:51,920 --> 01:11:54,600
Speaker 1: When White finally arrived at the fort, it was some

992
01:11:54,760 --> 01:11:58,000
Speaker 1: relief to find it completely deserted, with no sign of

993
01:11:58,040 --> 01:12:03,440
Speaker 1: the settlers nor their remain. The place had changed significantly

994
01:12:03,560 --> 01:12:06,479
Speaker 1: since White had last been there, with all the houses

995
01:12:06,520 --> 01:12:11,120
Speaker 1: having been destroyed or removed entirely, and all about it

996
01:12:11,439 --> 01:12:15,839
Speaker 1: a heavily fortified palisade section made from large tree trunks

997
01:12:16,000 --> 01:12:19,640
Speaker 1: had been installed, as if the settlers had been preparing

998
01:12:19,760 --> 01:12:25,160
Speaker 1: for a raid. Then he saw it, the word crow

999
01:12:25,200 --> 01:12:29,800
Speaker 1: atoan in full, this time, clearly carved five feet up

1000
01:12:29,800 --> 01:12:33,040
Speaker 1: from the floor into the bark of a large wooden post.

1001
01:12:34,240 --> 01:12:37,160
Speaker 1: White looked frantically for any sign of a cross carved

1002
01:12:37,160 --> 01:12:40,519
Speaker 1: above it, a sign that the colonists had been forcefully

1003
01:12:40,600 --> 01:12:45,600
Speaker 1: run out, but he found none. White sunk to his

1004
01:12:45,680 --> 01:12:50,160
Speaker 1: knees with relief, as he explained to Captain Cook soon

1005
01:12:50,200 --> 01:12:54,640
Speaker 1: after this was the prearranged signal between him and the colonists,

1006
01:12:54,680 --> 01:12:57,320
Speaker 1: a message to tell him where they'd gone should they

1007
01:12:57,320 --> 01:13:01,760
Speaker 1: ever have to leave. The men investigated the rest of

1008
01:13:01,800 --> 01:13:05,080
Speaker 1: the ruined fort. They found a number of heavy materials

1009
01:13:05,200 --> 01:13:08,360
Speaker 1: stacked up in a pile that had presumably been thought

1010
01:13:08,439 --> 01:13:12,599
Speaker 1: unnecessary to take with them. A series of large wooden

1011
01:13:12,680 --> 01:13:16,160
Speaker 1: chests were found too, dug out of the ground, with

1012
01:13:16,240 --> 01:13:20,040
Speaker 1: their contents long since destroyed by the weather, scattered all

1013
01:13:20,040 --> 01:13:24,080
Speaker 1: over the floor. White bent down to peel a piece

1014
01:13:24,080 --> 01:13:27,680
Speaker 1: of paper from the ground. On it was the illustration

1015
01:13:27,800 --> 01:13:31,880
Speaker 1: of a secotain that he had painted years before. It

1016
01:13:31,960 --> 01:13:35,960
Speaker 1: was all his stuff. The colonists had buried it in

1017
01:13:36,000 --> 01:13:42,160
Speaker 1: case he should ever return. Just then, thick dark clouds

1018
01:13:42,280 --> 01:13:46,720
Speaker 1: began to swirl above as large drops of water cascaded

1019
01:13:46,760 --> 01:13:50,000
Speaker 1: down upon them. It was time to head back to

1020
01:13:50,040 --> 01:13:54,479
Speaker 1: the ship. By the following morning, a full on storm

1021
01:13:54,600 --> 01:13:58,120
Speaker 1: was raging. Cook ordered the crew to set sail for

1022
01:13:58,160 --> 01:14:01,960
Speaker 1: Crowatoan Island, but no sooner had they weighed anchor than

1023
01:14:02,000 --> 01:14:05,559
Speaker 1: the cable snapped, sending the ship on a perilous collision

1024
01:14:05,600 --> 01:14:10,120
Speaker 1: course with the shore. Then, by sheer luck, the ship

1025
01:14:10,320 --> 01:14:13,559
Speaker 1: was suddenly pushed into a deep channel and maneuvered away

1026
01:14:13,600 --> 01:14:17,280
Speaker 1: from the outer Bank back into the Atlantic, leaving Cook

1027
01:14:17,439 --> 01:14:22,559
Speaker 1: deeply shaken, running dangerously low on food and fresh water,

1028
01:14:23,240 --> 01:14:25,920
Speaker 1: and with only one anchor left to more the vessel.

1029
01:14:26,600 --> 01:14:30,600
Speaker 1: Cook realized any attempt to reach Croatoan would be a

1030
01:14:30,640 --> 01:14:37,040
Speaker 1: suicide mission, despite White's desperate pleas Cook's mind was made up,

1031
01:14:38,439 --> 01:14:41,800
Speaker 1: they would sail to the Caribbean to refuel, then come

1032
01:14:41,840 --> 01:14:47,000
Speaker 1: back for the colonists. Those on the Moonlight, devastated by

1033
01:14:47,040 --> 01:14:50,400
Speaker 1: the loss of seven of their crew, decided instead to

1034
01:14:50,479 --> 01:14:55,759
Speaker 1: head straight back to England. Weeks later, the storm winds

1035
01:14:55,800 --> 01:14:59,200
Speaker 1: had forced the Hope Well not to the Caribbean as planned,

1036
01:14:59,680 --> 01:15:03,400
Speaker 1: but the way to the Azores, and when the winds

1037
01:15:03,400 --> 01:15:06,920
Speaker 1: failed to change, Cook, putting the safety of his vessel

1038
01:15:06,960 --> 01:15:11,320
Speaker 1: and crew, first, made the drastic decision they would not

1039
01:15:11,520 --> 01:15:16,719
Speaker 1: be going back to America. On October twenty fourth, fifteen

1040
01:15:16,840 --> 01:15:21,120
Speaker 1: ninety John White was returned to England, he would never

1041
01:15:21,200 --> 01:15:24,240
Speaker 1: again travel to the New World, and the fate of

1042
01:15:24,320 --> 01:15:34,720
Speaker 1: his colony was destined to remain a mystery. Little is

1043
01:15:34,760 --> 01:15:37,920
Speaker 1: known of just what became of John White, the former

1044
01:15:37,960 --> 01:15:42,479
Speaker 1: governor of the second English colony of Roanoke Island. Having

1045
01:15:42,520 --> 01:15:46,120
Speaker 1: given up on ever finding his daughter and granddaughter or

1046
01:15:46,160 --> 01:15:48,840
Speaker 1: any of the other one hundred and sixteen missing colonists,

1047
01:15:49,280 --> 01:15:52,200
Speaker 1: including a second baby that was born out there as well,

1048
01:15:52,880 --> 01:15:55,360
Speaker 1: he is thought to have retired to Ireland, where he

1049
01:15:55,439 --> 01:16:01,759
Speaker 1: eventually died. In fifteen ninety four, All colonists were officially

1050
01:16:01,840 --> 01:16:05,000
Speaker 1: declared dead by English law, based on the fact that

1051
01:16:05,040 --> 01:16:07,599
Speaker 1: the last known contact with them had been more than

1052
01:16:07,680 --> 01:16:12,000
Speaker 1: seven years previously, though he was never registered as such.

1053
01:16:12,479 --> 01:16:17,559
Speaker 1: Manteo was also assumed to have died. The ruling was

1054
01:16:17,600 --> 01:16:20,720
Speaker 1: of particular shock to Raleigh, as this also marked the

1055
01:16:20,840 --> 01:16:24,280
Speaker 1: end of his contract with Queen Elizabeth, entitling him to

1056
01:16:24,360 --> 01:16:28,200
Speaker 1: any riches found in the New World. Without the colony,

1057
01:16:28,439 --> 01:16:33,160
Speaker 1: the contract was void. As for Simon Fernandez, who so

1058
01:16:33,280 --> 01:16:37,639
Speaker 1: brazenly abandoned the colonists on Roanoke Island, it has never

1059
01:16:37,680 --> 01:16:42,120
Speaker 1: been ascertained precisely what motivated him to do so. Some

1060
01:16:42,160 --> 01:16:45,439
Speaker 1: have speculated, however, that he may have been deliberately trying

1061
01:16:45,439 --> 01:16:49,519
Speaker 1: to sabotage the mission, as John White had suspected all along.

1062
01:16:51,200 --> 01:16:54,839
Speaker 1: In her book Roanoke, Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony,

1063
01:16:55,400 --> 01:16:59,599
Speaker 1: writer Lee Miller speculated that Queen Elizabeth's head spy, Sir

1064
01:16:59,640 --> 01:17:04,360
Speaker 1: Frances Walsingham, had enlisted Fernandez to undermine Raleigh's attempt to

1065
01:17:04,479 --> 01:17:09,280
Speaker 1: establish the colony in America. Walsingham had become embittered over

1066
01:17:09,400 --> 01:17:14,200
Speaker 1: Raleigh's rapid rise in the court of Queen Elizabeth Simon.

1067
01:17:14,240 --> 01:17:16,960
Speaker 1: Fernandez is thought to have died at sea some time

1068
01:17:17,080 --> 01:17:21,600
Speaker 1: in fifteen ninety Raleigh tried a number of times to

1069
01:17:21,640 --> 01:17:24,839
Speaker 1: locate the Lost Colony in order to validate his contract

1070
01:17:24,840 --> 01:17:29,000
Speaker 1: with Elizabeth, sending ships in fifteen ninety nine and again

1071
01:17:29,080 --> 01:17:32,080
Speaker 1: in sixteen oh two, but neither made it as far

1072
01:17:32,120 --> 01:17:36,320
Speaker 1: as Roanoke or Croatoan before being forced to return to England.

1073
01:17:37,600 --> 01:17:41,759
Speaker 1: The sixteen oh two expedition did return with some intriguing news, however,

1074
01:17:42,640 --> 01:17:46,280
Speaker 1: rumours amongst the local communities of America that some of

1075
01:17:46,320 --> 01:17:49,720
Speaker 1: the Lost Colony were in fact alive and well and

1076
01:17:49,800 --> 01:17:53,200
Speaker 1: living with one of the East Coast communities, but by

1077
01:17:53,280 --> 01:17:59,000
Speaker 1: then Raleigh was facing an uncertain future. In sixteen oh three,

1078
01:17:59,240 --> 01:18:03,120
Speaker 1: Queen Elizabeth died, and with the subsequent ascension of James

1079
01:18:03,120 --> 01:18:06,000
Speaker 1: the First to the throne, Raleigh was stripped of all

1080
01:18:06,000 --> 01:18:10,240
Speaker 1: his rights and claims to the New World. Far worse,

1081
01:18:10,760 --> 01:18:14,120
Speaker 1: in July of that year, he was arrested and accused

1082
01:18:14,120 --> 01:18:19,000
Speaker 1: of plotting against the king. Though at first spared death

1083
01:18:19,320 --> 01:18:22,280
Speaker 1: due to his services to the crown, he would spend

1084
01:18:22,280 --> 01:18:25,360
Speaker 1: the next thirteen years locked in the Tower of London.

1085
01:18:27,040 --> 01:18:30,840
Speaker 1: After being pardoned, Raleigh traveled to Venezuela in search of

1086
01:18:30,920 --> 01:18:35,040
Speaker 1: El Dorado, the mythical city of Gold, having been given

1087
01:18:35,040 --> 01:18:37,760
Speaker 1: permission by the king to do so on the one

1088
01:18:37,800 --> 01:18:41,679
Speaker 1: condition that he avoided any hostility with ships from Spain.

1089
01:18:43,160 --> 01:18:46,000
Speaker 1: When it was discovered that some of his men, against

1090
01:18:46,080 --> 01:18:50,200
Speaker 1: Raleigh's orders, had violated this condition, he was arrested on

1091
01:18:50,280 --> 01:18:53,880
Speaker 1: his return to England and this time sentenced to death.

1092
01:18:54,680 --> 01:19:05,719
Speaker 1: He was beheaded in October sixteen eighteen. In the years

1093
01:19:05,760 --> 01:19:09,560
Speaker 1: since the disappearance of the colony at Roanoke, rumors continued

1094
01:19:09,600 --> 01:19:13,960
Speaker 1: to abound about just what had become of them. When

1095
01:19:14,000 --> 01:19:17,080
Speaker 1: the first formal English colony in America was settled at

1096
01:19:17,120 --> 01:19:20,800
Speaker 1: Jamestown in sixteen o seven, some of the settlers learned

1097
01:19:20,840 --> 01:19:24,479
Speaker 1: from people local to the area that the Roanoke Colony

1098
01:19:24,880 --> 01:19:28,680
Speaker 1: had in fact been slaughtered by Chief Winjenner's people in

1099
01:19:28,760 --> 01:19:33,040
Speaker 1: revenge for his murder. It is often said that what

1100
01:19:33,200 --> 01:19:36,880
Speaker 1: is commonly known today as the United States has its

1101
01:19:36,920 --> 01:19:42,360
Speaker 1: origins in the hugely controversial settlement of Jamestown. Although most

1102
01:19:42,360 --> 01:19:45,519
Speaker 1: of the English at the time talked with relish about

1103
01:19:45,560 --> 01:19:48,599
Speaker 1: the savages they had to endure and fight off while

1104
01:19:48,600 --> 01:19:52,920
Speaker 1: trying to establish the town, in truth, its success owed

1105
01:19:53,000 --> 01:19:56,519
Speaker 1: much to the generosity of the local powertan people, who,

1106
01:19:57,080 --> 01:19:59,360
Speaker 1: when the colony was on the verge of dying out,

1107
01:20:00,240 --> 01:20:05,439
Speaker 1: gifted the settlers their food to help them survive. In return.

1108
01:20:05,840 --> 01:20:09,720
Speaker 1: Thanks to the blank canvas that America represented to Europeans,

1109
01:20:10,040 --> 01:20:13,599
Speaker 1: who saw in it the opportunity to create new worlds,

1110
01:20:14,040 --> 01:20:18,760
Speaker 1: foster new ideas, and get monetarily rich, the world and

1111
01:20:18,880 --> 01:20:22,920
Speaker 1: ways of those already native to it was broadly dismissed

1112
01:20:23,439 --> 01:20:28,000
Speaker 1: until it had been all but extinguished. The plan of

1113
01:20:28,000 --> 01:20:31,559
Speaker 1: those who settled at Jamestown was to establish another England

1114
01:20:31,640 --> 01:20:35,679
Speaker 1: in a distant land. In the end, however, the colony

1115
01:20:35,680 --> 01:20:39,439
Speaker 1: of Jamestown and the people who eventually settled there would

1116
01:20:39,479 --> 01:20:42,599
Speaker 1: become only one of a vast array of different people

1117
01:20:42,680 --> 01:20:46,880
Speaker 1: and ideas that together would evolve into the nation that

1118
01:20:47,040 --> 01:20:50,479
Speaker 1: America is to day, a place that was not born

1119
01:20:50,560 --> 01:20:54,800
Speaker 1: from one idea or one way of life, but from multitudes.

1120
01:20:56,600 --> 01:20:59,200
Speaker 1: As for the fate of those early settlers at Roanoke,

1121
01:21:00,080 --> 01:21:03,280
Speaker 1: it is said that in seventeen oh one, while conducting

1122
01:21:03,320 --> 01:21:06,920
Speaker 1: a survey of the Mid East Coast, engineer John Lawson

1123
01:21:07,439 --> 01:21:12,559
Speaker 1: found himself anchored off the shore of Crowatoan Island. Having

1124
01:21:12,560 --> 01:21:15,599
Speaker 1: made his way to land, he was soon after greeted

1125
01:21:15,680 --> 01:21:18,479
Speaker 1: by what he assumed to be a local community of

1126
01:21:18,560 --> 01:21:22,800
Speaker 1: Native Americans. Only they weren't like any he had ever

1127
01:21:22,840 --> 01:21:28,519
Speaker 1: come across before. Their skin was a little paler, their

1128
01:21:28,560 --> 01:21:32,880
Speaker 1: hair less dark, and their eyes unusually gray in color.

1129
01:21:34,680 --> 01:21:38,920
Speaker 1: These people claimed, apparently that some of their ancestors, more

1130
01:21:38,960 --> 01:21:42,679
Speaker 1: pale skinned than them, had arrived one hundred years before

1131
01:21:43,320 --> 01:21:52,400
Speaker 1: from a country very far away. Thank you as ever

1132
01:21:52,520 --> 01:21:56,639
Speaker 1: for listening, unexplained as an Avy Club Productions podcast created

1133
01:21:56,680 --> 01:22:00,000
Speaker 1: by Richard mclin Smith. All other elements of the podcast,

1134
01:22:00,360 --> 01:22:04,320
Speaker 1: including the music, are also produced by me. Richard McClain

1135
01:22:04,400 --> 01:22:08,479
Speaker 1: smith unexplained the book and audiobook is now available to

1136
01:22:08,520 --> 01:22:13,640
Speaker 1: buy worldwide. You can purchase from Amazon, Barnes and Noble, Waterstones,

1137
01:22:13,680 --> 01:22:17,200
Speaker 1: and other bookstores. Please subscribe to and rate the show

1138
01:22:17,400 --> 01:22:20,280
Speaker 1: wherever you get your podcasts, and feel free to get

1139
01:22:20,320 --> 01:22:23,439
Speaker 1: in touch with any thoughts or ideas regarding the stories

1140
01:22:23,479 --> 01:22:26,320
Speaker 1: you've heard on the show. Perhaps you have an explanation

1141
01:22:26,600 --> 01:22:28,599
Speaker 1: or a story of your own you'd like to share.

1142
01:22:29,120 --> 01:22:32,200
Speaker 1: You can find out more at Unexplained podcast dot com

1143
01:22:32,240 --> 01:22:36,000
Speaker 1: and reaches online through X and Blue Sky at Unexplained

1144
01:22:36,000 --> 01:22:41,160
Speaker 1: Pod and Facebook at Facebook dot com, Forward Slash Unexplained

1145
01:22:41,200 --> 01:22:41,760
Speaker 1: Podcast