1 00:00:01,160 --> 00:00:04,120 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how 2 00:00:04,160 --> 00:00:14,920 Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:15,120 --> 00:00:18,400 Speaker 1: I'm Tracy me Wilson. I'm Holly Fry. I sound a 4 00:00:18,440 --> 00:00:22,160 Speaker 1: little excited because it's time for Unearthed. It's like our 5 00:00:22,239 --> 00:00:27,080 Speaker 1: own fabulous Christmas present to us and listeners. Yeah, it's 6 00:00:27,120 --> 00:00:31,000 Speaker 1: a lot of people's favorite episodes, so much so that 7 00:00:31,160 --> 00:00:33,479 Speaker 1: in July, when we said we have too much of this, 8 00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:36,440 Speaker 1: how in the world should we tackle it? Folks were 9 00:00:36,520 --> 00:00:39,040 Speaker 1: like to do an extra one now, so we did, 10 00:00:39,360 --> 00:00:42,960 Speaker 1: and yet there's still plenty. I don't I can't stress 11 00:00:43,159 --> 00:00:46,120 Speaker 1: how much bigger the Unearthed pin board is than any 12 00:00:46,159 --> 00:00:48,000 Speaker 1: other year I have worked on it. There are four 13 00:00:48,120 --> 00:00:51,879 Speaker 1: hundred and twenty pins on it currently. There will be 14 00:00:51,920 --> 00:00:55,400 Speaker 1: more because we are recording this on December what is 15 00:00:55,440 --> 00:00:58,600 Speaker 1: it seventh, it's the eight I don't know what day 16 00:00:58,640 --> 00:01:02,920 Speaker 1: it is. Record to this on December eight. Really, anything 17 00:01:02,960 --> 00:01:05,880 Speaker 1: that came through after the sixth that's probably not in here. 18 00:01:06,160 --> 00:01:08,200 Speaker 1: And so you know, I'll be adding more pins to 19 00:01:08,280 --> 00:01:10,399 Speaker 1: reflect all the things that happened between now and the 20 00:01:10,480 --> 00:01:14,559 Speaker 1: end of the year. But uh, to compare the first 21 00:01:14,640 --> 00:01:17,160 Speaker 1: year we did this on Pinterest. To keep up with 22 00:01:17,200 --> 00:01:19,039 Speaker 1: all of our things that were on earth. It was 23 00:01:19,840 --> 00:01:22,640 Speaker 1: and there were only a hundred and seven pins on 24 00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:28,320 Speaker 1: that board, so four times more. Yeah. Holly and I 25 00:01:28,360 --> 00:01:31,440 Speaker 1: actually got to participate in some unearthing of our own 26 00:01:31,560 --> 00:01:34,360 Speaker 1: this year. As part of our trip to the Boston 27 00:01:34,400 --> 00:01:37,240 Speaker 1: area to do some filming, we got to be part 28 00:01:37,360 --> 00:01:40,360 Speaker 1: of the archaeological dig in Harvard Yard. That's part of 29 00:01:40,400 --> 00:01:45,240 Speaker 1: the undergraduate UH course offerings. Students actually get to do 30 00:01:45,360 --> 00:01:48,240 Speaker 1: an archaeological dig every two years and in the next 31 00:01:48,240 --> 00:01:51,960 Speaker 1: semester they catalog everything that they found UH and we 32 00:01:52,080 --> 00:01:56,160 Speaker 1: found some things like pipe stems and roof tiles and 33 00:01:56,320 --> 00:01:59,640 Speaker 1: bricks and other evidence of very early buildings at Harvard. 34 00:02:00,040 --> 00:02:02,880 Speaker 1: Some of the students found really interesting things while we 35 00:02:02,880 --> 00:02:07,400 Speaker 1: were there, including entire medicine bottles and stoppers. UM. There 36 00:02:07,480 --> 00:02:11,400 Speaker 1: was a particular piece that that they found that that 37 00:02:11,480 --> 00:02:13,760 Speaker 1: looked to have a little face carved on it that 38 00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:17,560 Speaker 1: was really lovely, and so we have a video of 39 00:02:17,600 --> 00:02:19,720 Speaker 1: this on our website and we will put it in 40 00:02:19,760 --> 00:02:21,720 Speaker 1: the show notes for these episodes, and we'll put it 41 00:02:21,800 --> 00:02:24,799 Speaker 1: up on our social media again when this episode when 42 00:02:24,880 --> 00:02:27,520 Speaker 1: episode comes out, so folks can see the things that 43 00:02:27,600 --> 00:02:31,080 Speaker 1: we got to help unearth a little bit, but mostly 44 00:02:31,080 --> 00:02:34,839 Speaker 1: watch other folks unearthed. It was a really great experience. 45 00:02:35,040 --> 00:02:37,480 Speaker 1: So Part two is going to be a bit more 46 00:02:37,520 --> 00:02:40,840 Speaker 1: of a hodgepodge. But today in part one we have 47 00:02:41,040 --> 00:02:44,200 Speaker 1: roughly three acts. We've got some stuff that seems like 48 00:02:44,240 --> 00:02:48,040 Speaker 1: it is happening every year, uh, some things that are 49 00:02:48,080 --> 00:02:53,120 Speaker 1: older than we thought before, and a whole bunch of shipwrecks. 50 00:02:55,800 --> 00:02:58,320 Speaker 1: So the very first unearthed that Tracy and I ever 51 00:02:58,360 --> 00:03:02,000 Speaker 1: worked on featured some artifacts that had been unearthed by 52 00:03:02,040 --> 00:03:05,120 Speaker 1: a badger, but she continues to be one of my 53 00:03:05,200 --> 00:03:08,840 Speaker 1: favorite things of all time. Burrowing animals are one of 54 00:03:08,880 --> 00:03:12,160 Speaker 1: the biggest threats actually to British artifacts, so this actually 55 00:03:12,200 --> 00:03:16,079 Speaker 1: happens pretty often. This year, a badger in Wilchair near 56 00:03:16,160 --> 00:03:19,600 Speaker 1: Stonehenge managed to dig up a cremation urn and some 57 00:03:19,680 --> 00:03:24,520 Speaker 1: pieces of pottery. Before that little Shenanigans was was discovered 58 00:03:24,560 --> 00:03:28,239 Speaker 1: by humans. When some actual humans did come over to 59 00:03:28,280 --> 00:03:32,040 Speaker 1: see what was going on, they also, on further excavation 60 00:03:32,080 --> 00:03:36,720 Speaker 1: found an archer's wrist guard, a bronze saw copper chisel 61 00:03:36,760 --> 00:03:41,880 Speaker 1: with a decorated bone handle, and cremated human remains that 62 00:03:41,920 --> 00:03:44,600 Speaker 1: had probably been in that urn that the Badger dug up. 63 00:03:45,280 --> 00:03:48,960 Speaker 1: They're all from about two thousand BC and probably belonged 64 00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:52,120 Speaker 1: either to an archer or somebody who made archery supplies. 65 00:03:52,840 --> 00:03:56,160 Speaker 1: In the words of archaeologist Richard Osgood quote, we would 66 00:03:56,200 --> 00:03:58,640 Speaker 1: never have known these objects were in there. So there's 67 00:03:58,640 --> 00:04:00,960 Speaker 1: a small part of me that is please the Badger 68 00:04:01,040 --> 00:04:03,760 Speaker 1: did this, but it probably would have been better that 69 00:04:03,840 --> 00:04:06,480 Speaker 1: these things had stayed within the monument where they'd resided 70 00:04:06,560 --> 00:04:12,400 Speaker 1: for four thousand years. Uh. Presumably different Badger also unearthed 71 00:04:12,440 --> 00:04:16,320 Speaker 1: some forty year old human remains in Ireland this year. 72 00:04:16,720 --> 00:04:19,520 Speaker 1: This is not even the only Badger story. Here's in 73 00:04:19,640 --> 00:04:23,360 Speaker 1: my head. The cartoon is this, there's an archaeological archaeologist 74 00:04:23,400 --> 00:04:26,039 Speaker 1: Badger who's like, why do these humans keep messing with 75 00:04:26,080 --> 00:04:35,479 Speaker 1: my fines? That's our TV show, Archaeology Badger. Apparently we're 76 00:04:35,520 --> 00:04:38,520 Speaker 1: never gonna be done talking about Richard the Third, who 77 00:04:38,520 --> 00:04:40,760 Speaker 1: we have been talking about for so long. But the 78 00:04:40,800 --> 00:04:44,880 Speaker 1: first time I was not on the show yet. Yeah, 79 00:04:45,040 --> 00:04:47,400 Speaker 1: it was Holly and Sarah talking about Richard the Third 80 00:04:47,440 --> 00:04:52,120 Speaker 1: and being found under that car park. This year, archaeologists 81 00:04:52,120 --> 00:04:55,720 Speaker 1: announced the creation of a three D digital reconstruction of 82 00:04:55,800 --> 00:04:58,600 Speaker 1: him in his grave site. This was announced on the 83 00:04:58,640 --> 00:05:02,920 Speaker 1: anniversary of his reinterment, and this reconstruction is based on 84 00:05:03,040 --> 00:05:05,720 Speaker 1: his position as it was found under the car park, 85 00:05:06,200 --> 00:05:09,320 Speaker 1: made using extensive photography of the site. You can look 86 00:05:09,360 --> 00:05:12,599 Speaker 1: at it online yourself and and zoom all around it. 87 00:05:12,640 --> 00:05:15,560 Speaker 1: We will put a link in the show notes. And 88 00:05:15,680 --> 00:05:18,320 Speaker 1: we have not talked about old messages in a bottle 89 00:05:18,480 --> 00:05:22,600 Speaker 1: every year, but it has definitely happened before. A man 90 00:05:22,760 --> 00:05:25,520 Speaker 1: threw a message in a bottle into the ocean, offering 91 00:05:25,520 --> 00:05:29,320 Speaker 1: a shilling to whoever founded uh This year, a German 92 00:05:29,360 --> 00:05:32,880 Speaker 1: woman named Maryanne Winkler found it while on holiday and 93 00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:36,320 Speaker 1: was indeed giving a shilling, even though it was a 94 00:05:36,440 --> 00:05:39,520 Speaker 1: hundred and eight years ago when the bottle was originally thrown. 95 00:05:40,839 --> 00:05:43,000 Speaker 1: This is because the man in question who offered this 96 00:05:43,080 --> 00:05:46,280 Speaker 1: shilling was George Parker Bitter, who was throwing things into 97 00:05:46,320 --> 00:05:49,320 Speaker 1: the North Sea to measure the patterns of his currents. 98 00:05:49,960 --> 00:05:55,200 Speaker 1: The Marine Biological Association in Plymouth, Devon paid Bitter's debt 99 00:05:55,279 --> 00:05:58,400 Speaker 1: off by apparently getting an old shilling on eBay and 100 00:05:58,480 --> 00:06:01,360 Speaker 1: sending it to her with a note of things. Also, 101 00:06:01,600 --> 00:06:04,640 Speaker 1: this particular message in a bottle got the Guinness Book 102 00:06:04,640 --> 00:06:07,919 Speaker 1: of World's Records record this year for being the oldest 103 00:06:08,000 --> 00:06:10,920 Speaker 1: message in a bottle, but you know who's counting until 104 00:06:10,960 --> 00:06:13,960 Speaker 1: we find an even older one. Uh. We also have 105 00:06:14,080 --> 00:06:16,640 Speaker 1: yet another update brought to you by Crossrail, which has 106 00:06:16,680 --> 00:06:19,440 Speaker 1: come up a number of times over the years. So 107 00:06:19,560 --> 00:06:23,000 Speaker 1: this year DNA tests confirmed that a burial pit of 108 00:06:23,040 --> 00:06:26,840 Speaker 1: Great Plague victims who died between sixteen sixty five and 109 00:06:26,920 --> 00:06:30,560 Speaker 1: sixteen sixty six, and we're discussed previously on on Earthed 110 00:06:31,520 --> 00:06:35,040 Speaker 1: on an Unearthed episode did indeed die of your Cinea 111 00:06:35,120 --> 00:06:40,599 Speaker 1: pestis or bubonic plague. And we have another feels like 112 00:06:40,640 --> 00:06:43,800 Speaker 1: annual update on Amelia Earhart, this time that she may 113 00:06:43,839 --> 00:06:46,000 Speaker 1: have died as a castaway, and that is based on 114 00:06:46,120 --> 00:06:49,000 Speaker 1: new analysis of a bone that has been part of 115 00:06:49,040 --> 00:06:51,080 Speaker 1: the air Heart body of knowledge for quite some time. 116 00:06:51,680 --> 00:06:54,120 Speaker 1: This is the work of the International Group for Historical 117 00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:59,400 Speaker 1: Aircraft Recovery or TIGER if you would make it into 118 00:06:59,440 --> 00:07:02,840 Speaker 1: an acronym, whose air Heart project is ongoing. There are 119 00:07:02,839 --> 00:07:05,720 Speaker 1: announcements about it. I mean, it really does seem like 120 00:07:05,760 --> 00:07:07,960 Speaker 1: every year, and every year we got a lot of 121 00:07:08,000 --> 00:07:11,720 Speaker 1: really excited notes from folks, and every year it's like 122 00:07:11,840 --> 00:07:15,600 Speaker 1: this is a this is a new piece of analysis 123 00:07:15,640 --> 00:07:19,480 Speaker 1: on a thing that already has been around for a while. Yeah. Yes, 124 00:07:19,600 --> 00:07:22,760 Speaker 1: so this becomes different because it suggests she did not 125 00:07:22,920 --> 00:07:27,560 Speaker 1: crash and die in the crash, she put down or 126 00:07:27,640 --> 00:07:30,800 Speaker 1: crashed and then died on the island later. Yeah, but 127 00:07:30,880 --> 00:07:33,240 Speaker 1: that was already a theory that people already have, and 128 00:07:33,720 --> 00:07:35,600 Speaker 1: this is like a piece of bone we already knew 129 00:07:35,600 --> 00:07:39,240 Speaker 1: about and and now we really know about it. I'm underwhelmed. 130 00:07:39,360 --> 00:07:45,480 Speaker 1: What I'm saying is by the annual Amelia era. Don't 131 00:07:45,480 --> 00:07:48,280 Speaker 1: sugarcoat it. We also have a couple of things this 132 00:07:48,360 --> 00:07:51,840 Speaker 1: year that aren't exactly older than they thought. But there's 133 00:07:51,960 --> 00:07:55,200 Speaker 1: something or than we thought. Uh so here they are 134 00:07:55,400 --> 00:07:58,640 Speaker 1: that will become clear in just a moment. Neanderthals might 135 00:07:58,640 --> 00:08:02,920 Speaker 1: have been smarter than we thought, uh, through things like 136 00:08:03,040 --> 00:08:06,320 Speaker 1: cave paintings. We know for certain that manganese dioxide has 137 00:08:06,360 --> 00:08:08,080 Speaker 1: been used as a pigment all the way back to 138 00:08:08,120 --> 00:08:13,160 Speaker 1: the snowe age. However, Neanderthals in southwestern France had these 139 00:08:13,160 --> 00:08:16,360 Speaker 1: relatively large blocks of it, way more than a person 140 00:08:16,520 --> 00:08:19,560 Speaker 1: might need for a pigment, especially since there are other 141 00:08:19,600 --> 00:08:22,360 Speaker 1: black pigments that are a lot easier to obtain. There's 142 00:08:22,400 --> 00:08:25,360 Speaker 1: a lot of manganese dioxide found in nature, but it 143 00:08:25,400 --> 00:08:27,840 Speaker 1: does take time and energy to go find it, which 144 00:08:27,880 --> 00:08:30,360 Speaker 1: raised a question of what could be so special about 145 00:08:30,360 --> 00:08:33,520 Speaker 1: it that Neanderthals would spend time gathering it instead of 146 00:08:33,520 --> 00:08:38,920 Speaker 1: doing things like gathering food. In the answer, fire uh, 147 00:08:38,960 --> 00:08:43,360 Speaker 1: These blocks, when powdered, lowered the autoignition temperature of wood 148 00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:46,839 Speaker 1: shavings and increase their rate of combustion, meaning that they 149 00:08:46,880 --> 00:08:50,080 Speaker 1: caught fire more easily and they burned better. And since 150 00:08:50,160 --> 00:08:54,600 Speaker 1: manganese manganese dioxide by itself doesn't burn, the fact that 151 00:08:54,640 --> 00:08:58,120 Speaker 1: Neanderthals may have been gathering it for this purpose suggests 152 00:08:58,160 --> 00:09:02,360 Speaker 1: an amount of curiosity and non intuitive problem solving that 153 00:09:02,480 --> 00:09:06,000 Speaker 1: aren't often attributed to them. Also, according to a paper 154 00:09:06,080 --> 00:09:10,040 Speaker 1: published in the journal Antiquity this year, Neanderthal's used toothpicks 155 00:09:10,320 --> 00:09:14,560 Speaker 1: did uh. The next something or thing is the silk road, 156 00:09:14,600 --> 00:09:18,200 Speaker 1: which went further than we thought. According to analysis of 157 00:09:18,240 --> 00:09:22,600 Speaker 1: textiles found in Nepal, this cloth that was found was 158 00:09:22,720 --> 00:09:25,880 Speaker 1: dated to the years between four hundred and six fifty 159 00:09:26,160 --> 00:09:29,920 Speaker 1: and they included de gummed silk fibers and mung j 160 00:09:29,960 --> 00:09:33,800 Speaker 1: eat and Indian lack dies. And since there wouldn't have 161 00:09:33,840 --> 00:09:37,959 Speaker 1: been a local source of silk. This suggests that Samsong, Nepal, 162 00:09:38,240 --> 00:09:40,920 Speaker 1: or the artifacts were found, was in fact connected to 163 00:09:40,960 --> 00:09:43,720 Speaker 1: the silk Road. Yes, it wasn't just some kind of 164 00:09:43,800 --> 00:09:47,800 Speaker 1: remote place that nobody ever went, as had previously been suspected. 165 00:09:47,840 --> 00:09:51,280 Speaker 1: It was connected to this much larger trading network. We 166 00:09:51,360 --> 00:09:54,000 Speaker 1: are going to get to a big chunk of things 167 00:09:54,040 --> 00:09:56,920 Speaker 1: that it turns out are a lot older than we 168 00:09:57,000 --> 00:10:06,560 Speaker 1: thought before. After a quick word from answer, here we 169 00:10:06,600 --> 00:10:09,440 Speaker 1: go with a whole lot of things that we've learned 170 00:10:09,440 --> 00:10:11,360 Speaker 1: to see her are a lot older than we thought. 171 00:10:11,920 --> 00:10:15,240 Speaker 1: A mammoth carcass was discovered in the Siberian Arctic in 172 00:10:16,080 --> 00:10:18,400 Speaker 1: and in January of this year, a team published a 173 00:10:18,440 --> 00:10:21,400 Speaker 1: paper in the journal Science called Early Human Presence in 174 00:10:21,440 --> 00:10:25,240 Speaker 1: the Arctic Evidence from forty five thousand year old mammoth remains, 175 00:10:25,320 --> 00:10:29,480 Speaker 1: which examined cut marks in that mammoth. There haven't been 176 00:10:29,520 --> 00:10:32,680 Speaker 1: any tools found in the area, but the mammoth's bones 177 00:10:32,760 --> 00:10:35,480 Speaker 1: have evidence of injuries or cuts that were caused by 178 00:10:35,600 --> 00:10:41,400 Speaker 1: human wielded weapons or possibly Neanderthals. If verified, this find 179 00:10:41,480 --> 00:10:45,000 Speaker 1: means that humans made their way to the Arctic about 180 00:10:45,080 --> 00:10:48,520 Speaker 1: forty five thousand years ago, which is ten thousand years 181 00:10:48,679 --> 00:10:53,960 Speaker 1: earlier than previously thought. They're beyond prompt there early uh 182 00:10:54,160 --> 00:10:59,520 Speaker 1: Cambridge University's Liver Homes Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, which 183 00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:03,520 Speaker 1: often was by the abbreviation l c h S, discovered 184 00:11:03,520 --> 00:11:06,560 Speaker 1: the partial remains of twenty seven people in Kenya in 185 00:11:08,040 --> 00:11:11,440 Speaker 1: According to findings released this year, these remains appear to 186 00:11:11,480 --> 00:11:14,040 Speaker 1: be evidence of a massacre that took place about ten 187 00:11:14,080 --> 00:11:17,680 Speaker 1: thousand years ago. Six were children and eight appeared to 188 00:11:17,679 --> 00:11:21,920 Speaker 1: be female, including one who was pregnant. This is the 189 00:11:22,000 --> 00:11:25,440 Speaker 1: earliest known massacre and it suggests that the history of 190 00:11:25,520 --> 00:11:30,120 Speaker 1: human warfare goes back even longer than previously thought. There's 191 00:11:30,160 --> 00:11:34,520 Speaker 1: other Stone Age evidence of conflicts between groups of hunter gatherers, 192 00:11:34,559 --> 00:11:37,640 Speaker 1: but in terms of a massacre that was likely a 193 00:11:37,800 --> 00:11:41,200 Speaker 1: community or an extended family unit who were killed, this 194 00:11:41,280 --> 00:11:45,880 Speaker 1: is really the oldest. If a hypothesis that was published 195 00:11:45,880 --> 00:11:50,080 Speaker 1: in January is confirmed, humans made a visual depiction of 196 00:11:50,160 --> 00:11:55,160 Speaker 1: volcanic eruption much earlier than previously thought. The Chevest Cave 197 00:11:55,240 --> 00:11:58,079 Speaker 1: paintings are some of the oldest, most intricate, and best 198 00:11:58,120 --> 00:12:01,120 Speaker 1: preserved in the world, and an r disciplinary team of 199 00:12:01,160 --> 00:12:05,760 Speaker 1: researchers studying them compared geological evidence of nearby eruptions with 200 00:12:05,880 --> 00:12:10,240 Speaker 1: dating methods to confirm when certain paintings were created. There's 201 00:12:10,240 --> 00:12:13,200 Speaker 1: a connection between a crimson and white painting that looks 202 00:12:13,240 --> 00:12:16,839 Speaker 1: like an upward spray and a nearby volcanic eruption that 203 00:12:16,920 --> 00:12:21,199 Speaker 1: probably would have had a similar shape. Both happened to 204 00:12:21,320 --> 00:12:24,000 Speaker 1: forty tho years ago, so the window is wide, but 205 00:12:24,440 --> 00:12:27,880 Speaker 1: there's still a likelihood that that is a depiction. Yeah, 206 00:12:28,080 --> 00:12:32,840 Speaker 1: and uh, this particular painting without that context was pretty unusual. 207 00:12:33,280 --> 00:12:36,000 Speaker 1: Most of the other paintings around it are of easily 208 00:12:36,120 --> 00:12:41,440 Speaker 1: identifiable and pretty detailed animals, so this somewhat abstract spray 209 00:12:41,480 --> 00:12:43,800 Speaker 1: thing didn't make a lot of sense until it was 210 00:12:43,880 --> 00:12:46,360 Speaker 1: viewed as a as a volcano and not as a 211 00:12:46,400 --> 00:12:51,120 Speaker 1: weird swirly abstraction. If confirmed, this means that the oldest 212 00:12:51,200 --> 00:12:54,160 Speaker 1: depiction of a volcanic eruption is way way older than 213 00:12:54,200 --> 00:12:58,360 Speaker 1: we previously thought, because before this point, the oldest known 214 00:12:58,559 --> 00:13:01,280 Speaker 1: visual depiction of a volcane know erupting was from a 215 00:13:01,400 --> 00:13:05,439 Speaker 1: mural in Turkey that is a comparatively young only nine 216 00:13:05,520 --> 00:13:08,320 Speaker 1: thousand years old, just a baby as as compared to 217 00:13:08,400 --> 00:13:12,760 Speaker 1: thirty forty thousand years old uh, next up is fairy tale. 218 00:13:12,960 --> 00:13:15,480 Speaker 1: So we knew they were old, but apparently they were 219 00:13:15,559 --> 00:13:19,120 Speaker 1: also older than we thought. According to a paper published 220 00:13:19,160 --> 00:13:22,800 Speaker 1: in Royal Society Open Science, at least one fairy tale 221 00:13:22,840 --> 00:13:26,520 Speaker 1: goes all the way back to the Bronze Age. The 222 00:13:26,600 --> 00:13:29,720 Speaker 1: linguistic research on this was the work of Sarah Grasa 223 00:13:29,760 --> 00:13:34,640 Speaker 1: Da Silva, social scientist and folklorist, as well as Jamshed Terrani, 224 00:13:34,720 --> 00:13:38,319 Speaker 1: who's an anthropologist. What they did was they winnowed down 225 00:13:38,400 --> 00:13:41,920 Speaker 1: two hundred and seventy five fairy tales from Indo European 226 00:13:42,000 --> 00:13:45,560 Speaker 1: languages to the very most basic essential stories. Then they 227 00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:48,800 Speaker 1: constructed phylogenetic trees, so the same kinds of trees that 228 00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:52,200 Speaker 1: are used to illustrate evolution in living things, to construct 229 00:13:52,240 --> 00:13:55,160 Speaker 1: how far back these stories went. It was sort of 230 00:13:55,200 --> 00:13:59,080 Speaker 1: like following linguistic footprints back in time to the point 231 00:13:59,080 --> 00:14:03,400 Speaker 1: where these languages and their stories split off from each other. 232 00:14:04,000 --> 00:14:07,080 Speaker 1: And through this analysis they found evidence that some fairy 233 00:14:07,120 --> 00:14:10,920 Speaker 1: tales are five thousand years old, and one, The Smith 234 00:14:10,960 --> 00:14:14,440 Speaker 1: and the Devil, is about six thousand years old. In 235 00:14:14,640 --> 00:14:17,640 Speaker 1: The Smith and the Devil, a smith sells his soul 236 00:14:17,720 --> 00:14:21,120 Speaker 1: to an evil supernatural being. In exchange for the power 237 00:14:21,200 --> 00:14:25,000 Speaker 1: to weld any material to another. Then he welds the 238 00:14:25,040 --> 00:14:27,600 Speaker 1: evil being to his anvil to get out of giving 239 00:14:27,680 --> 00:14:32,000 Speaker 1: up his soul. This actually supports Wilhelm Grimm's assertion that 240 00:14:32,120 --> 00:14:35,520 Speaker 1: fairy tales were thousands of years old, which was long discredited, 241 00:14:35,840 --> 00:14:39,200 Speaker 1: although at least one folklorist has questioned whether ancient knowledge 242 00:14:39,200 --> 00:14:42,320 Speaker 1: of metal working was sufficient to support the idea of 243 00:14:42,360 --> 00:14:46,040 Speaker 1: having a word for smith. Yeah. Before all this pretty 244 00:14:46,080 --> 00:14:49,400 Speaker 1: much everyone except for Wilhelm grim and been like, oh, yeah, 245 00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:51,960 Speaker 1: they're there, are a few hundred years old, and this 246 00:14:52,080 --> 00:14:57,320 Speaker 1: is like, no, thousands Pacific Islanders may have made their 247 00:14:57,320 --> 00:15:01,560 Speaker 1: way to Southeast Asia, the mainland Southeast Asia, much earlier 248 00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:04,200 Speaker 1: than previously thought. And this find actually comes as a 249 00:15:04,240 --> 00:15:07,400 Speaker 1: result of mitochondrial DNA evidence that was being studied in 250 00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:11,040 Speaker 1: an effort to answer a completely different question. That question 251 00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:15,880 Speaker 1: was why are Austronesian languages, which are spread across a 252 00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:19,920 Speaker 1: very large geographical area with big, big chunks separated by 253 00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:24,240 Speaker 1: long stretches of ocean. Why are these uh bast sort 254 00:15:24,240 --> 00:15:26,720 Speaker 1: of diverse area of languages? Why are they so similar? 255 00:15:27,160 --> 00:15:30,160 Speaker 1: So for a long time, the cultivation of rice in 256 00:15:30,280 --> 00:15:33,880 Speaker 1: mainland China got the credit for this similarity. The idea 257 00:15:34,080 --> 00:15:37,680 Speaker 1: was that rice cultivation first spread to Taiwan about four 258 00:15:37,720 --> 00:15:41,880 Speaker 1: thousand years ago, and that then Taiwanese language routes spread 259 00:15:41,920 --> 00:15:45,840 Speaker 1: outward from there with the practice of rice cultivation. But 260 00:15:45,960 --> 00:15:49,320 Speaker 1: this DNA evidence suggests that there was an earlier migration 261 00:15:49,360 --> 00:15:53,240 Speaker 1: that played a role from Indonesia to Southeast Asia. Eight 262 00:15:53,280 --> 00:15:56,800 Speaker 1: thousand years ago, there was still a migration out of Taiwan, 263 00:15:57,040 --> 00:16:00,560 Speaker 1: but migrants from Taiwan made up only about ony percent 264 00:16:00,560 --> 00:16:04,600 Speaker 1: of the region's population outside of Taiwan, so that original 265 00:16:04,680 --> 00:16:09,880 Speaker 1: question about Austronesian language is still somewhat unanswered. One theory 266 00:16:10,000 --> 00:16:13,160 Speaker 1: is that Taiwanese migrants were established as a higher social 267 00:16:13,200 --> 00:16:16,560 Speaker 1: class and consequently had a greater influence on the language 268 00:16:16,640 --> 00:16:22,280 Speaker 1: even though their population was smaller. Discovery of the world's 269 00:16:22,320 --> 00:16:26,800 Speaker 1: oldest fermented fish means that Nordic civilation civilization is probably 270 00:16:26,880 --> 00:16:31,200 Speaker 1: older than we previously thought. While excavating a ninety two 271 00:16:31,360 --> 00:16:35,080 Speaker 1: hundred year old settlement, archaeologists found evidence of a large 272 00:16:35,120 --> 00:16:38,520 Speaker 1: scale fish fermenting operation, and that would have only been 273 00:16:38,560 --> 00:16:43,720 Speaker 1: necessary and also possible with a large established population staying 274 00:16:43,760 --> 00:16:47,120 Speaker 1: in one place. Previously, it was believed that Nordic people's 275 00:16:47,160 --> 00:16:50,040 Speaker 1: were migratory that long ago, and that they were sustaining 276 00:16:50,080 --> 00:16:52,960 Speaker 1: themselves through foraging and fishing at a more subsistence level. 277 00:16:53,440 --> 00:16:56,760 Speaker 1: But fermenting fish allows it to be stored and used later, 278 00:16:57,000 --> 00:16:59,560 Speaker 1: and it's also a kind of complicated process, which means 279 00:16:59,600 --> 00:17:02,600 Speaker 1: that not only were people staying in one place earlier 280 00:17:02,640 --> 00:17:06,240 Speaker 1: than previously thought, but they also were more advanced by 281 00:17:06,240 --> 00:17:10,600 Speaker 1: that point than previously thought in terms of their technological skills. 282 00:17:12,359 --> 00:17:15,560 Speaker 1: People also got to Ireland earlier than we thought, which 283 00:17:15,600 --> 00:17:18,080 Speaker 1: we know thanks to a bear bone found in an 284 00:17:18,080 --> 00:17:21,159 Speaker 1: Irish cave in the nineteen twenties that was radio carbon 285 00:17:21,200 --> 00:17:24,960 Speaker 1: dated this year based on cut marks on that bone 286 00:17:25,080 --> 00:17:28,720 Speaker 1: and those tests. A human being butchered the bear sometime 287 00:17:28,760 --> 00:17:32,560 Speaker 1: around ten thousand, five hundred BC, which is more than 288 00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:36,600 Speaker 1: two thousand years before the previously believed arrival of people 289 00:17:36,640 --> 00:17:40,120 Speaker 1: in Ireland, which we had thought was sometime in eight 290 00:17:40,119 --> 00:17:44,600 Speaker 1: thousand BC. In addition to the fact that people were 291 00:17:44,640 --> 00:17:47,800 Speaker 1: in Ireland earlier than previously thought, the fact that they 292 00:17:47,800 --> 00:17:52,920 Speaker 1: were butchering bears probably had a not yet explored ramification 293 00:17:52,960 --> 00:17:58,320 Speaker 1: on the local ecosystems. Previously, uh, you know, study of 294 00:17:58,320 --> 00:18:02,119 Speaker 1: the ecosystems of of Ireland were based on the idea 295 00:18:02,160 --> 00:18:06,679 Speaker 1: that there were two thousand or hundred more years without 296 00:18:06,840 --> 00:18:12,240 Speaker 1: human involvement. Uh before Now, yeah, that will shift the needle. Uh. 297 00:18:12,400 --> 00:18:15,720 Speaker 1: People in West Africa started harvesting shade trees to make 298 00:18:15,720 --> 00:18:19,359 Speaker 1: shade butter a thousand years earlier than we thought, the 299 00:18:19,440 --> 00:18:23,560 Speaker 1: year one hundred versus the previously believed year eleven hundred. 300 00:18:24,080 --> 00:18:27,000 Speaker 1: They figured this out by analyzing shells knocked off the 301 00:18:27,080 --> 00:18:29,720 Speaker 1: shay nuts found insights where people have been living for 302 00:18:29,800 --> 00:18:33,640 Speaker 1: about one thousand, six hundred years. In addition to pushing 303 00:18:33,640 --> 00:18:36,760 Speaker 1: back the first use of shade by such a long period, 304 00:18:37,160 --> 00:18:40,359 Speaker 1: the shells also show that people began cultivating these trees. 305 00:18:40,880 --> 00:18:44,280 Speaker 1: With human cultivation, the shells become thinner and more consistent, 306 00:18:44,560 --> 00:18:47,280 Speaker 1: which they were able to trace through these shell fragments. 307 00:18:48,119 --> 00:18:50,840 Speaker 1: Apart from shade better which some people also pronounced more 308 00:18:50,880 --> 00:18:54,600 Speaker 1: like she, which is used in medicine and skincare, shape 309 00:18:54,640 --> 00:18:57,440 Speaker 1: oil is also used in cooking, and shay would is 310 00:18:57,520 --> 00:19:01,800 Speaker 1: used for building because it's resistant to termites. Axes are 311 00:19:01,840 --> 00:19:06,960 Speaker 1: also older than we thought uh. Before this particular discovery 312 00:19:07,040 --> 00:19:10,000 Speaker 1: of a fragment of an axe head in western Australia. 313 00:19:10,200 --> 00:19:14,159 Speaker 1: The earliest ground edge axes were from Japan circa thirty 314 00:19:14,160 --> 00:19:17,520 Speaker 1: five thousand years ago, but this find, reported in the 315 00:19:17,600 --> 00:19:21,600 Speaker 1: Journal Australian Archaeology, is between forty four thousand and forty 316 00:19:21,720 --> 00:19:24,960 Speaker 1: nine thousand years old, and it's from either the same 317 00:19:25,000 --> 00:19:28,439 Speaker 1: time as or just after humans first arrived on the 318 00:19:28,480 --> 00:19:33,680 Speaker 1: continent of Australia. This suggests that ground or polished axes 319 00:19:33,720 --> 00:19:37,320 Speaker 1: arose in at least two places on Earth independent of 320 00:19:37,320 --> 00:19:41,640 Speaker 1: one another. In addition to this axe find, Aboriginal people's 321 00:19:41,880 --> 00:19:46,359 Speaker 1: settled the interior of Australia earlier than previously thought, which 322 00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:50,000 Speaker 1: is confirmed thanks to some serendipity. A man who took 323 00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:53,800 Speaker 1: a little detour to answer the call of nature stumbled 324 00:19:53,880 --> 00:19:56,640 Speaker 1: upon a significant find in Australia, which was a rock 325 00:19:56,720 --> 00:20:01,080 Speaker 1: shelter with a blackened roof which was adorned with art. Fortunately, 326 00:20:01,240 --> 00:20:04,280 Speaker 1: Giles Hann, who was the person who made this pit stop, 327 00:20:04,800 --> 00:20:07,520 Speaker 1: is an archaeologist and bactoral student, and he knew that 328 00:20:07,560 --> 00:20:12,040 Speaker 1: he was looking at something significant. This rock shelter in 329 00:20:12,080 --> 00:20:16,000 Speaker 1: Australia's southern interior appears to have been occupied almost as 330 00:20:16,040 --> 00:20:18,920 Speaker 1: long as humans have been in Australia. About ten thousand 331 00:20:18,960 --> 00:20:21,359 Speaker 1: years earlier than humans were thought to have moved that 332 00:20:21,480 --> 00:20:26,359 Speaker 1: far into the interior. Barley made its way to China 333 00:20:26,440 --> 00:20:29,600 Speaker 1: and was used in beer about a thousand years earlier 334 00:20:29,720 --> 00:20:32,800 Speaker 1: than previously thought, which we know thanks to residues on 335 00:20:32,880 --> 00:20:35,800 Speaker 1: a five thousand year old piece of pottery. This is 336 00:20:35,840 --> 00:20:38,920 Speaker 1: intriguing not just because of that thousand year time difference, 337 00:20:38,960 --> 00:20:41,639 Speaker 1: but also because it indicates a mix of Chinese and 338 00:20:41,680 --> 00:20:46,360 Speaker 1: Western brewing traditions that went into this particular uh pottery 339 00:20:46,440 --> 00:20:51,080 Speaker 1: jar full of beer. Barley was a staple in brewing 340 00:20:51,119 --> 00:20:55,520 Speaker 1: in the West, long before in China, where other grains 341 00:20:55,600 --> 00:21:00,400 Speaker 1: were used to permit and too delicious alcohol, which, just 342 00:21:00,480 --> 00:21:03,680 Speaker 1: so folks know upcoming episode on the history of beer 343 00:21:03,840 --> 00:21:09,719 Speaker 1: coming sued to this podcast. Yeah. Uh so, Indigo, we 344 00:21:09,760 --> 00:21:12,399 Speaker 1: thought it was used as early as four thousand, four 345 00:21:12,480 --> 00:21:16,080 Speaker 1: hundred years ago, but in reality it's closer to six thousand, 346 00:21:16,080 --> 00:21:18,520 Speaker 1: two hundred years ago, which we now know thanks to 347 00:21:18,640 --> 00:21:22,520 Speaker 1: textile fabric found in Peru. Not only is this Peruvian 348 00:21:22,560 --> 00:21:26,680 Speaker 1: sample older than previously known indigo died textiles, but it's 349 00:21:26,760 --> 00:21:30,320 Speaker 1: geographically also quite far away from that four thousand, four 350 00:21:30,400 --> 00:21:33,439 Speaker 1: hundred year old sample which was in Egypt, and we 351 00:21:33,520 --> 00:21:36,399 Speaker 1: know this thanks to some scraps of woven cotton found 352 00:21:36,400 --> 00:21:39,879 Speaker 1: in two thousand seven and two thousand eight, whose significance 353 00:21:40,400 --> 00:21:44,720 Speaker 1: was really not clear until this year. Now we will 354 00:21:44,720 --> 00:21:46,880 Speaker 1: take a break for another quick word from a sponsor 355 00:21:46,960 --> 00:21:50,440 Speaker 1: before we talk about a truly astounding number of shipwrecks. 356 00:21:56,960 --> 00:21:59,720 Speaker 1: So last year we talked about what seemed at the 357 00:21:59,760 --> 00:22:03,080 Speaker 1: time i'm an astounding twenty two shipwrecks being found in 358 00:22:03,119 --> 00:22:06,600 Speaker 1: the Aegean c and this year they found twenty three more, 359 00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:10,800 Speaker 1: bringing the total to forty five. Not to be outdone, 360 00:22:10,840 --> 00:22:14,359 Speaker 1: a different team reported forty one shipwrecks discovered during a 361 00:22:14,440 --> 00:22:18,200 Speaker 1: seabed survey of the Black Sea, and then Historic England 362 00:22:18,240 --> 00:22:22,199 Speaker 1: announced that there are probably forty thousand undiscovered shipwrecks off 363 00:22:22,200 --> 00:22:25,560 Speaker 1: the coast of Britain because of their recency, their number, 364 00:22:25,640 --> 00:22:27,960 Speaker 1: and in Britain's case, the fact that these are not discovered, 365 00:22:28,720 --> 00:22:32,720 Speaker 1: these have not really thoroughly been studied yet. I this 366 00:22:32,800 --> 00:22:36,240 Speaker 1: is um What is the name of that game in 367 00:22:36,440 --> 00:22:39,280 Speaker 1: Pirates of the Caribbean. Is it liars dice where they're 368 00:22:39,280 --> 00:22:41,000 Speaker 1: all kind of bidding on what they think they will 369 00:22:41,040 --> 00:22:44,879 Speaker 1: find under the cup. I don't recall that, but that 370 00:22:45,000 --> 00:22:47,680 Speaker 1: is a game that is played that way. This is 371 00:22:49,080 --> 00:22:55,080 Speaker 1: the shipwreck version. Well I bid forty thousand shipwrecks. In January, 372 00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:59,320 Speaker 1: cruise building a hotel in Alexandria, Virginia found an eighteenth 373 00:22:59,320 --> 00:23:03,840 Speaker 1: century ship breck, described as quote sturdily built and well preserved. 374 00:23:04,480 --> 00:23:07,639 Speaker 1: Alexandria is actually rather far inland to be home to 375 00:23:07,680 --> 00:23:10,919 Speaker 1: a shipwreck. It's just south of Washington, d C. But 376 00:23:11,000 --> 00:23:14,240 Speaker 1: it's situated on the Potomac River. And the going theory 377 00:23:14,359 --> 00:23:17,240 Speaker 1: is that the ship is part of waterfront landfill and 378 00:23:17,359 --> 00:23:21,080 Speaker 1: was intentionally sunk there. And this is not unheard of 379 00:23:21,160 --> 00:23:24,919 Speaker 1: at all. Quite a lot of waterfront cities are constructed 380 00:23:25,000 --> 00:23:29,280 Speaker 1: on landfill in Alexandria. Had strong enough suspicions that there 381 00:23:29,320 --> 00:23:32,760 Speaker 1: might be something significant under there that it passed the 382 00:23:32,920 --> 00:23:38,480 Speaker 1: Archaeological Protection Code in which requires archaeological study before any 383 00:23:38,520 --> 00:23:41,479 Speaker 1: work begins in the area. And they're doing quite a 384 00:23:41,480 --> 00:23:45,280 Speaker 1: lot to preserve and study this particular wreck, including extensive 385 00:23:45,320 --> 00:23:47,800 Speaker 1: three D imaging studies and then attempting to keep the 386 00:23:47,800 --> 00:23:50,800 Speaker 1: wood in a wet environment to preserve it for further 387 00:23:50,840 --> 00:23:54,760 Speaker 1: study later. A similar but much newer shipwreck was also 388 00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:59,080 Speaker 1: found in the Boston Seaport earlier this year, probably unintentionally 389 00:23:59,080 --> 00:24:02,440 Speaker 1: wrecked in the eighteen hundreds, but buried under landfill later. 390 00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:08,800 Speaker 1: Another wreck that was probably intentional researchers Halliday nearly intact 391 00:24:08,960 --> 00:24:12,280 Speaker 1: Dutch shipwreck dating back to medieval times out of the 392 00:24:12,320 --> 00:24:16,119 Speaker 1: Acil River. It was probably sunk on purpose in an 393 00:24:16,160 --> 00:24:19,160 Speaker 1: effort to divert the river's course about six hundred years ago. 394 00:24:19,520 --> 00:24:23,080 Speaker 1: The vessel itself was actually found in but it's raising 395 00:24:23,119 --> 00:24:25,679 Speaker 1: of the riverbed was part of a multi year marine 396 00:24:25,760 --> 00:24:29,320 Speaker 1: archaeology effort to bring it up intact, and that step 397 00:24:29,400 --> 00:24:32,040 Speaker 1: was done this year. They did this with the help 398 00:24:32,119 --> 00:24:36,520 Speaker 1: of a massive suction operation, a crane, and a hammock 399 00:24:36,600 --> 00:24:39,959 Speaker 1: like web of straps and cables. It was way more complicated, 400 00:24:40,000 --> 00:24:43,040 Speaker 1: of course, than a hammock, though every strap had its 401 00:24:43,080 --> 00:24:46,040 Speaker 1: own motor to compensate for the variations in pressure and 402 00:24:46,160 --> 00:24:50,200 Speaker 1: tension that were needed for this delicate job. The ship, 403 00:24:50,359 --> 00:24:53,320 Speaker 1: known as a COG, was a specialized trading vessel and 404 00:24:53,400 --> 00:24:56,280 Speaker 1: measured twenty meters or sixty five ft long, and the 405 00:24:56,320 --> 00:24:58,640 Speaker 1: reason they think that it was sunk there on purpose 406 00:24:59,320 --> 00:25:01,720 Speaker 1: is that it was placed perpendicular to the flow of 407 00:25:01,760 --> 00:25:04,000 Speaker 1: the river. And there are other vessels that were sunk 408 00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:06,600 Speaker 1: in that same location. The idea is that they were 409 00:25:06,640 --> 00:25:09,960 Speaker 1: probably trying to prevent silk build up that was keeping 410 00:25:10,040 --> 00:25:13,200 Speaker 1: other vessels from being able to dock in the river. Uh. 411 00:25:13,240 --> 00:25:16,080 Speaker 1: Their hope with this particular wreck was to dry it 412 00:25:16,080 --> 00:25:18,879 Speaker 1: out safely and then put it in a museum. In 413 00:25:18,920 --> 00:25:23,040 Speaker 1: September eight thirty three whaling ships got trapped in pack 414 00:25:23,119 --> 00:25:25,840 Speaker 1: ice off the coast of Alaska after the wind direction 415 00:25:25,920 --> 00:25:28,680 Speaker 1: didn't shift to blow the ice out to sea as 416 00:25:28,720 --> 00:25:32,200 Speaker 1: it had done in years past. The ice soon destroyed 417 00:25:32,240 --> 00:25:34,920 Speaker 1: the ships and their crews were stranded until seven more 418 00:25:34,960 --> 00:25:39,080 Speaker 1: ships were able to rescue them. In January of this year, 419 00:25:39,800 --> 00:25:43,040 Speaker 1: Noah archaeologists announced that they had found the hulls of 420 00:25:43,119 --> 00:25:45,959 Speaker 1: two of these trapped ships, thanks to a combination of 421 00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:51,520 Speaker 1: global warming and sonar searches. That disaster is an interesting 422 00:25:51,600 --> 00:25:55,680 Speaker 1: story on its own. The rescue vessels were also whalers, 423 00:25:55,840 --> 00:25:58,080 Speaker 1: and they had to dump their cargo in order to 424 00:25:58,119 --> 00:26:01,480 Speaker 1: be able to rescue more than twelve hundred officers, crew, 425 00:26:01,520 --> 00:26:06,119 Speaker 1: and families who were stranded when these vessels became trapped 426 00:26:06,119 --> 00:26:09,439 Speaker 1: in the pack ice. Although nobody was killed, it did 427 00:26:09,560 --> 00:26:13,320 Speaker 1: it seriously damaged and already struggling whaling industry in the 428 00:26:13,440 --> 00:26:15,560 Speaker 1: United States, not just because of the loss of so 429 00:26:15,640 --> 00:26:18,399 Speaker 1: many ships, but also because the rescue ships had to 430 00:26:18,480 --> 00:26:20,399 Speaker 1: dump all of their cargo to make room for the 431 00:26:20,760 --> 00:26:24,399 Speaker 1: passengers they were taking on. And this announcement uh for 432 00:26:24,440 --> 00:26:26,679 Speaker 1: clarity was actually made at the very tail end of 433 00:26:27,440 --> 00:26:30,119 Speaker 1: but it was after we had already recorded last year's 434 00:26:30,160 --> 00:26:32,920 Speaker 1: unearthed episodes. Yeah, I think it's one of those things 435 00:26:32,920 --> 00:26:36,639 Speaker 1: that I tagged this year that had like a website 436 00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:39,560 Speaker 1: that was launched this year, but an announcement that was 437 00:26:39,720 --> 00:26:44,320 Speaker 1: the tail tail end of last year. In crews scanning 438 00:26:44,320 --> 00:26:47,840 Speaker 1: the seabed in preparation for the UK's East Anglia Offshore 439 00:26:47,880 --> 00:26:51,639 Speaker 1: wind Farm found a sunken submarine. They had initially thought 440 00:26:51,640 --> 00:26:53,919 Speaker 1: that it might be Dutch in origin, which would have 441 00:26:53,960 --> 00:26:57,119 Speaker 1: made it the last Dutch World War Two submarine whose 442 00:26:57,119 --> 00:27:01,080 Speaker 1: whereabouts are as yet unknown, but year after study this 443 00:27:01,119 --> 00:27:04,320 Speaker 1: was conclusively found to not be that at all. It 444 00:27:04,400 --> 00:27:06,760 Speaker 1: was neither Dutch nor from World War Two. It was 445 00:27:06,880 --> 00:27:09,720 Speaker 1: German and from World War One, and it sank sometime 446 00:27:09,760 --> 00:27:13,320 Speaker 1: after it left on patrol on January thirteenth, nineteen fifteen, 447 00:27:13,720 --> 00:27:17,679 Speaker 1: possibly due to having struck a mine. And in similar news, 448 00:27:17,800 --> 00:27:20,280 Speaker 1: a vessel believed to be a British World War two 449 00:27:20,359 --> 00:27:23,680 Speaker 1: submarine was found off the coast of Sardinia in May 450 00:27:23,720 --> 00:27:26,920 Speaker 1: of this year. There are also some World War two 451 00:27:26,920 --> 00:27:29,240 Speaker 1: aircraft found in the ocean this year, but I did 452 00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:34,240 Speaker 1: not write them into this list of unearthed things. An 453 00:27:34,280 --> 00:27:37,760 Speaker 1: iron hulled Civil War era steamer was found off the 454 00:27:37,760 --> 00:27:40,000 Speaker 1: coast of Oak Island, and that's the Oak Island and 455 00:27:40,080 --> 00:27:43,560 Speaker 1: North Carolina, not the one with the money pit. It 456 00:27:43,640 --> 00:27:47,560 Speaker 1: was discovered in February during sonar operations and was immediately 457 00:27:47,600 --> 00:27:49,960 Speaker 1: suspected to be a Blockade Runner. That's one of the 458 00:27:49,960 --> 00:27:52,000 Speaker 1: ships that would try to break through the Union Black 459 00:27:52,040 --> 00:27:55,040 Speaker 1: aide to deliver supplies to the Confederacy during the Civil War. 460 00:27:55,600 --> 00:27:59,320 Speaker 1: By April, the state's Department of Natural and Cultural Resources 461 00:27:59,359 --> 00:28:03,360 Speaker 1: was quote nine sure that it's the agnes E Fry. 462 00:28:03,480 --> 00:28:06,280 Speaker 1: The Agnesy Fry was one of three Blackade Runners known 463 00:28:06,320 --> 00:28:08,639 Speaker 1: to be lost in that particular area, and it's the 464 00:28:08,680 --> 00:28:10,879 Speaker 1: first Civil War era find in that part of the 465 00:28:10,880 --> 00:28:14,960 Speaker 1: ocean in decades. Additionally, it's one of the best preserved 466 00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:20,000 Speaker 1: shipwrecks off the North Carolina coast. A ship was found 467 00:28:20,000 --> 00:28:25,160 Speaker 1: off the coast of Oman. An excavation started in this year. 468 00:28:25,280 --> 00:28:29,040 Speaker 1: Oman's Ministry of Heritage and Culture announced the findings. It's 469 00:28:29,080 --> 00:28:32,159 Speaker 1: believed to be the Esmeralda from Vasco da Gama's fleet, 470 00:28:32,440 --> 00:28:35,800 Speaker 1: which sank in a storm in May of fifteen oh three. 471 00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:38,640 Speaker 1: This would have been during Vasco da Gama's second voyage 472 00:28:38,680 --> 00:28:41,800 Speaker 1: to India. It's the oldest shipwreck from Europe's Age of 473 00:28:41,800 --> 00:28:46,400 Speaker 1: Discovery to be found and excavated. More than twenty eight 474 00:28:46,480 --> 00:28:49,320 Speaker 1: hundred artifacts have been brought up from the site, including 475 00:28:49,320 --> 00:28:53,360 Speaker 1: a bronze bell marked with the year four suggesting that 476 00:28:53,480 --> 00:28:56,680 Speaker 1: the year that the ship was built, rare coins, and 477 00:28:56,760 --> 00:28:59,800 Speaker 1: a copper alloy disc bearing the Portuguese coat of arms 478 00:29:00,120 --> 00:29:03,600 Speaker 1: and another first. This was Oman's first effort at underwater 479 00:29:03,680 --> 00:29:06,560 Speaker 1: archaeology and it was undertaken with an international team of 480 00:29:06,600 --> 00:29:11,720 Speaker 1: experts all right. Lastly, this year they found the HMS Terror, 481 00:29:11,960 --> 00:29:15,000 Speaker 1: companion to the HMS Arabis, which we talked about in 482 00:29:15,040 --> 00:29:19,880 Speaker 1: our Unearthed episode dedicated to the Franklin expedition. In the 483 00:29:19,920 --> 00:29:23,360 Speaker 1: discovery of the Arabis basically confirmed what First nation's oral 484 00:29:23,480 --> 00:29:27,760 Speaker 1: history had been saying all along with the Terror. Savvy 485 00:29:27,840 --> 00:29:31,040 Speaker 1: Kovic and a knookman whose first language is in noctitute, 486 00:29:31,400 --> 00:29:33,680 Speaker 1: first spotted what he was suspected was one of the 487 00:29:33,680 --> 00:29:37,160 Speaker 1: two ships about six years ago. The rack had been 488 00:29:37,200 --> 00:29:39,360 Speaker 1: part of the area's oral history for more than a 489 00:29:39,440 --> 00:29:42,360 Speaker 1: hundred and fifty years already at that point, and he 490 00:29:42,360 --> 00:29:45,040 Speaker 1: took pictures of himself with it, but then he lost 491 00:29:45,080 --> 00:29:48,040 Speaker 1: the camera, so with no evidence, he kept the fine 492 00:29:48,080 --> 00:29:51,600 Speaker 1: to himself, suspecting that no one would believe him. However, 493 00:29:51,920 --> 00:29:56,320 Speaker 1: Adrian Samnowski of the Arctic Research Foundation eventually gained his trust, 494 00:29:56,400 --> 00:30:00,360 Speaker 1: and in September his testimony led researchers direct Clee to 495 00:30:00,440 --> 00:30:03,840 Speaker 1: the wreck. Let's find actually led to a fair amount 496 00:30:03,880 --> 00:30:07,400 Speaker 1: of drama about whether the Arctic Research Foundation was supposed 497 00:30:07,400 --> 00:30:09,360 Speaker 1: to be searching there or not, and whether they had 498 00:30:09,360 --> 00:30:12,920 Speaker 1: the correct permits. There was some in fighting between different 499 00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:17,440 Speaker 1: organizations that have been looking for these recks. But once 500 00:30:17,480 --> 00:30:21,080 Speaker 1: again we have First Nations people to thank for knowing 501 00:30:21,080 --> 00:30:24,400 Speaker 1: where these shipwrecks are. It's such an I told you 502 00:30:24,480 --> 00:30:26,720 Speaker 1: so moment, like we told you what they were there. 503 00:30:26,440 --> 00:30:29,040 Speaker 1: We've been saying they were there, well we didn't know 504 00:30:29,160 --> 00:30:32,000 Speaker 1: no what we told you. Well, with the Arabis, it 505 00:30:32,120 --> 00:30:39,240 Speaker 1: was even like literally more than a century of people 506 00:30:39,280 --> 00:30:44,560 Speaker 1: being like, hey, it's over there, and only suddenly now, 507 00:30:44,600 --> 00:30:48,400 Speaker 1: all right, it is over there. Uh So that is 508 00:30:48,440 --> 00:30:52,760 Speaker 1: our first installment of Unearthed for twenty sixteen, and we 509 00:30:52,800 --> 00:30:55,840 Speaker 1: are going to be back with another installment. It's got 510 00:30:55,880 --> 00:30:58,240 Speaker 1: a little bit more of a hodgepod to various things 511 00:30:58,320 --> 00:31:02,320 Speaker 1: in our next episode, but for now, have some listener mailoray. 512 00:31:02,720 --> 00:31:05,120 Speaker 1: This listener mail is about our recent episode on the 513 00:31:05,120 --> 00:31:07,880 Speaker 1: Attica prison uprising, and it is from a listener who 514 00:31:07,880 --> 00:31:10,640 Speaker 1: has asked to be kept anonymous, and he says, dear 515 00:31:10,720 --> 00:31:13,239 Speaker 1: history ladies, thank you for your podcast. I listened to 516 00:31:13,240 --> 00:31:17,080 Speaker 1: it all the time, driving, riding the train, working. I 517 00:31:17,160 --> 00:31:19,760 Speaker 1: love it. I just got out of federal prison, or 518 00:31:19,760 --> 00:31:21,880 Speaker 1: really federal camp, and I can tell you that the 519 00:31:21,920 --> 00:31:24,239 Speaker 1: current situation at the federal camp that I was at 520 00:31:24,360 --> 00:31:26,760 Speaker 1: is very similar to what you're describing in the conditions 521 00:31:26,760 --> 00:31:29,720 Speaker 1: at Attica. Feather Bedding is a new term to me, 522 00:31:29,800 --> 00:31:32,400 Speaker 1: but it was pervasive. I worked in the welding shop, 523 00:31:32,480 --> 00:31:34,400 Speaker 1: so we were busy and made things all the time. 524 00:31:35,160 --> 00:31:38,920 Speaker 1: The attitude of the guards, the commissary situation, throwing out 525 00:31:38,920 --> 00:31:42,720 Speaker 1: our books, just any books they considered, uh, they considered 526 00:31:42,760 --> 00:31:46,080 Speaker 1: them a fire hazard. The camp system started in the seventies, 527 00:31:46,120 --> 00:31:48,680 Speaker 1: I think is an afterthought. Most camps were not built, 528 00:31:49,320 --> 00:31:52,360 Speaker 1: but we're something else before, like a hospital or a school. 529 00:31:52,800 --> 00:31:55,280 Speaker 1: My camp was very small, a hundred and thirty guys, 530 00:31:55,440 --> 00:31:57,400 Speaker 1: and it was a wreck building to a golf course, 531 00:31:57,560 --> 00:32:00,400 Speaker 1: was never meant to house people. Often in the winter, 532 00:32:00,560 --> 00:32:02,200 Speaker 1: the heat would go out for a week at a time. 533 00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:06,400 Speaker 1: The staff solution was to install permanent radiators in each office, 534 00:32:06,480 --> 00:32:09,160 Speaker 1: as it occurred with regularity. If you want any more, 535 00:32:09,160 --> 00:32:11,040 Speaker 1: I can tell you, but thank you for the segment. 536 00:32:11,080 --> 00:32:16,040 Speaker 1: I find it very accurate, uh, and then he thanks us, UM, 537 00:32:16,040 --> 00:32:21,840 Speaker 1: thank you anonymous listener. UM. We have gotten so many 538 00:32:21,960 --> 00:32:27,640 Speaker 1: at this point from from multiple sides, uh, folks writing 539 00:32:27,640 --> 00:32:30,640 Speaker 1: to us about that particular episode, whether people whose family 540 00:32:30,640 --> 00:32:33,600 Speaker 1: members have been incarcerated or themselves have been incarcerated, or 541 00:32:33,600 --> 00:32:36,960 Speaker 1: people who work in corrections UM, or people who are 542 00:32:37,040 --> 00:32:40,520 Speaker 1: working as a prison reform advocates, just kind of all 543 00:32:40,520 --> 00:32:43,280 Speaker 1: over the place. That's been really interesting, And I think 544 00:32:43,280 --> 00:32:45,600 Speaker 1: of all the subjects we have covered on the show, 545 00:32:46,120 --> 00:32:49,440 Speaker 1: the one that has brought in the most uh, the 546 00:32:49,520 --> 00:32:53,640 Speaker 1: most personal recollections from so many people who are tangential 547 00:32:53,720 --> 00:32:58,200 Speaker 1: to so many different aspects of the thing we're talking about. Yeah, yeah, 548 00:32:58,240 --> 00:33:02,000 Speaker 1: I mean I I have been delayed, fully surprised by 549 00:33:02,040 --> 00:33:04,640 Speaker 1: by how many angles we've had in terms of our 550 00:33:04,760 --> 00:33:07,880 Speaker 1: our listener response to that, which is quite lovely. Yes, 551 00:33:08,080 --> 00:33:10,720 Speaker 1: and a lot of those emails have been incredibly generous 552 00:33:10,720 --> 00:33:15,080 Speaker 1: and thoughtful, So thank you so much to everyone. Uh. 553 00:33:15,520 --> 00:33:17,320 Speaker 1: You can write to us about this or any other 554 00:33:17,400 --> 00:33:20,320 Speaker 1: podcasts at History Podcasts at how stuffworks dot com. We're 555 00:33:20,320 --> 00:33:22,960 Speaker 1: also on Facebook at Facebook dot com slash miss in history, 556 00:33:22,960 --> 00:33:25,400 Speaker 1: and on Twitter at miss in history or tumbler miss 557 00:33:25,440 --> 00:33:27,760 Speaker 1: in history dot tumbl or dot com, or on Pinterest 558 00:33:27,920 --> 00:33:31,560 Speaker 1: and Instagram at miss in history. As we've said, we've 559 00:33:31,600 --> 00:33:34,440 Speaker 1: been keeping up with these unearthed things on Pinterest for 560 00:33:34,480 --> 00:33:37,200 Speaker 1: the last few years. I'm considering another solution for that 561 00:33:37,480 --> 00:33:39,520 Speaker 1: next year because the pin boards is way too big. 562 00:33:39,520 --> 00:33:43,880 Speaker 1: Now you can come to our parent companies website, which 563 00:33:43,920 --> 00:33:45,719 Speaker 1: is how stuff works dot com to find out all 564 00:33:45,800 --> 00:33:49,520 Speaker 1: kinds of information about archaeology and history anything else your 565 00:33:49,520 --> 00:33:52,400 Speaker 1: heart desires. You can come to our website, which is 566 00:33:52,480 --> 00:33:55,040 Speaker 1: missed in history dot com, where you will find show 567 00:33:55,080 --> 00:33:57,360 Speaker 1: notes to all the episodes Holly and I have ever done, 568 00:33:57,400 --> 00:33:59,280 Speaker 1: including all the links to all these stories that we've 569 00:33:59,280 --> 00:34:02,360 Speaker 1: talked about today, and a couple of specific things we 570 00:34:02,360 --> 00:34:05,280 Speaker 1: said we would link to, like that three D reconstruction 571 00:34:05,280 --> 00:34:08,520 Speaker 1: of Richard the Third. Uh. So you can do all 572 00:34:08,520 --> 00:34:10,799 Speaker 1: that and a whole lot more how stuff works dot 573 00:34:10,800 --> 00:34:18,200 Speaker 1: com or missed in history dot com for more on 574 00:34:18,280 --> 00:34:20,760 Speaker 1: this and thousands of other topics. Does it? How stuff 575 00:34:20,760 --> 00:34:33,759 Speaker 1: works dot com