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Speaker 1: Nine Days in July is a production of I Heart

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Speaker 1: Radio and Trade Traft Studios in association with High five Content.

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Speaker 1: Just half an hour after the Saturn five bearing Apollo

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Speaker 1: eleven lifted off from Cape Kennedy, Vice President Spirou Agnew

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Speaker 1: sat down with Walter Cronkite, anchorman for the CBS Evening News.

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Speaker 1: After a brief discussion about the launch, Cronkite said the following,

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Speaker 1: you know, it's a nature of the American and the

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Speaker 1: people on the space program, particularly to constantly look beyond

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Speaker 1: where we are. This is the nature of the man

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Speaker 1: who wants to go to the Moon. However, Cronkite reminded

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Speaker 1: the Vice President that he had recently said, I think

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Speaker 1: the United States should undertake a very ambitious new project

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Speaker 1: in space. I think we should attempt interplanetary exploration in

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Speaker 1: a man's sense. At the time Agnew sat down with

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Speaker 1: America's most beloved newsman, Apollo eleven had just reached dorbent,

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Speaker 1: it would be four more days before it reached the Moon,

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Speaker 1: and no one knew if the first lunar mission would

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Speaker 1: even be successful. Despite that context, the Vice President of

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Speaker 1: the United States felt that American needed to articulate a

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Speaker 1: broad objective for the future. It's very easy to forego

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Speaker 1: the optimistic, long range approach to these things because you

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Speaker 1: can always find a hundred reasons not to do it

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Speaker 1: or why it may fail. But with the way science

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Speaker 1: has advanced in the past fifty years, I don't think

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Speaker 1: we'd be out of line and saying, for example, we're

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Speaker 1: going to put a man on Mars by the end

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Speaker 1: of this century. And when it came to Mars, Agnew's

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Speaker 1: objective was clear, and I think we should do it

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Speaker 1: by the end of the century. In nineteen sixty nine,

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Speaker 1: the year nine seemed a long way off. As of

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Speaker 1: the time of this recording was already two decades ago,

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Speaker 1: and we are still decades from landing on Mars. If ever, so,

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Speaker 1: what happened, Why did everything just stop? Where did we

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Speaker 1: go wrong? And is there any hope for humanity's space

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Speaker 1: faring future. About five hours before their planned splashed down,

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Speaker 1: the crew of Apollo eleven wake and prepare for landing.

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Speaker 1: Like excited kids waiting to open presents on Christmas morning.

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Speaker 1: They are up even before Houston attempts to rouse them.

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Speaker 1: Apollo eleven Good morning. To muse them all, Roger, we

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Speaker 1: saw you're up to turn around, and we're you're probably

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Speaker 1: leading your breakfast there about the maroon bugle, all of

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Speaker 1: fanning by here to give you the morning news. To

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Speaker 1: hear it. It's the last day of the news, okay.

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Speaker 1: Apollo eleven remains the prime story with the world awaiting

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Speaker 1: your landing today at about the eleven am used in

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Speaker 1: time President Nixon that surprised your wise with a phone

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Speaker 1: call from San Francisco just before reboarded a plane to

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Speaker 1: fly out to meet you. President Nixon is flying out

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Speaker 1: to the aircraft carry you're assigned to retrieve the crew

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Speaker 1: once they splashed down in the Pacific Ocean. Eric Canada

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Speaker 1: says it has accepted twenty three hundred reservations for flights

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Speaker 1: to the Moon and the past five days, it might

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Speaker 1: be noted that more than one has been made by

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Speaker 1: men for their mothers in law. The fun stuff out

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Speaker 1: of the way, now it's time to get down to business.

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Speaker 1: Remember that last night before they went to sleep, mission

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Speaker 1: control informed the crew that a sudden storm had moved

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Speaker 1: into their landing zone. The night before the caps that

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Speaker 1: was forced to land in the Pacific Ocean. There n

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Speaker 1: from Hawaii, there were thunder storms, and so Mass had

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Speaker 1: decided to change to splashdown location just that night before,

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Speaker 1: two hundred fifty miles closer to Samoa, so the ship

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Speaker 1: had to steam all not loan to get down. That's

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Speaker 1: John Wolfram. John was a Navy seal who had already

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Speaker 1: done one tour in Vietnam and was about to embark

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Speaker 1: on another. But first he was chosen to be part

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Speaker 1: of A. Paulo Levin's recovery team. I was the youngest.

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Speaker 1: I am the team at the town. We'll have lots

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Speaker 1: more from John, the first person to greet the crew

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Speaker 1: of Apollo eleven upon their return. In just a minute.

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Speaker 1: The weather forecast in the landing area right now is

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Speaker 1: two thousands entered high added ten miles when about zero

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Speaker 1: eight zero at eighteen knots uh. You'll have about three

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Speaker 1: to second foot ways and it looks like they'll be

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Speaker 1: landing about ten minutes before sunrise over okay, Cluck shows

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Speaker 1: where five and a half hours away from entry interface

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Speaker 1: point at which Apollo living winner of the RK's atmosphere.

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Speaker 1: It really gets bigger up there, follow eleven. There the

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Speaker 1: hornet is on the station, just far enough off the

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Speaker 1: target point to keep from getting hit a recovery one

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Speaker 1: are the coppers. They're they're on station. However, as John

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Speaker 1: wolf From said, the Navy had to race full speed

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Speaker 1: ahead to the new landing area in order to get

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Speaker 1: on station on time. The ship assigned to recover the

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Speaker 1: capsule and crew is the USS Hornet, an Essex class

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Speaker 1: aircraft carrier that saw action up and down the Pacific

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Speaker 1: during World War Two. And I guess we're expanding by

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Speaker 1: for you to whip into the entry attitude. Okay, we

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Speaker 1: just been thanking a couple of lass manufacturers. Roger might

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Speaker 1: hid that may never come in there. Jim Lovell told

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Speaker 1: buzzing the crew to make sure they come in B

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Speaker 1: E F. That means blunt and forward. That's the heat

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Speaker 1: shield side astor not humor. I can see the moon

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Speaker 1: flight and by the window, and it looked at what

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Speaker 1: I considered to be a correct sign. I follow control

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Speaker 1: at one fifty minutes Follow eleven systems now eleven thousand,

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Speaker 1: four hundred sixty three nautical miles, approaching at the velocity

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Speaker 1: of seventeen thousand three hut per second. We were just

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Speaker 1: under an our away from the scheduled command module of

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Speaker 1: service Michul separation. If you had fallen into a coma

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Speaker 1: just after the first Moon landing in nineteen sixty nine

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Speaker 1: and awoke in two thousand and nineteen, you could be

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Speaker 1: forgiven for assuming the mission sparked a long and robust

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Speaker 1: era of interstellar exploration At DASA, The truth is, enthusiasm

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Speaker 1: for the Moon mission started to wane almost immediately. Though

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Speaker 1: we returned to the Moon five more times, it would

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Speaker 1: have been six if Apollo thirteen hadn't been forced to abort.

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Speaker 1: Deploying ever more sophisticated experiments and gaining greater scientific insights,

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Speaker 1: Apollo's budget was soon slashed, and the entire project was

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Speaker 1: halted just three years after Neil and Buzz first set

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Speaker 1: foot on the Moon. While some assumed that the Moon

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Speaker 1: was just the beginning of America's exploration of space, others,

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Speaker 1: like those in control of the Federal Purse, felt that

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Speaker 1: we'd beat the Soviets and won the space race. Why

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Speaker 1: did we need to keep going back, Andy Aldren, It

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Speaker 1: was kind of inevitable. We got into race, we won

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Speaker 1: the race, and so after the race, you've kind of

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Speaker 1: warmed down a little bit, and then you go look

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Speaker 1: for the next race. And it wasn't one. What happened

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Speaker 1: after Apollo was kind of the normalization of space. There

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Speaker 1: were a few significant last gasps. Rather than let its

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Speaker 1: left over rockets go to waste, the US built a

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Speaker 1: space station under the third stage of a Saturn five.

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Speaker 1: Between nineteen seventy three and seventy four. Sky Lab was

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Speaker 1: occupied for about twenty four weeks, demonstrating that humans can

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Speaker 1: live and work in space for long periods of time,

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Speaker 1: what more leisure. It was not uncommon for the men

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Speaker 1: of sky Lab who indulge themselves in the fluidity of

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Speaker 1: movement in zero G. And in July of ninety exactly

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Speaker 1: six years after Neil, Buzz and Michael went to the Moon,

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Speaker 1: a command module docked in Earth orbit with a Russian

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Speaker 1: Soyu spacecraft and three US astronauts and two Soviet cosmonauts

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Speaker 1: visited each other's spacecraft. With the final goodbye. The astronauts

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Speaker 1: of Apollo and the cosmonauts US ended their historic meeting

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Speaker 1: in space, and that was it. After decades of intense rivalry,

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Speaker 1: the space race was officially over and Apollo was grounded.

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Speaker 1: It wasn't just the Apollo spacecraft coming down, it was

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Speaker 1: the curtain the last Apollo mission once he beat the Soviets,

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Speaker 1: who care Space historian Amy Shearer title Nixon okayed a

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Speaker 1: space shuttle program, but hecated as the Shuttle to nowhere.

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Speaker 1: It was just a vehicle that could go up. It

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Speaker 1: couldn't go very far. It couldn't land anywhere but on

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Speaker 1: a runway. So we ended up in like NASCAR and space.

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Speaker 1: We ended up just kind of like running labs. While

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Speaker 1: I was alive for the sky Lab and Apollo Soyus missions,

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Speaker 1: I was too young to remember them. I grew up

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Speaker 1: with a Space Shuttle. I remember seeing the prototype Enterprise

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Speaker 1: during its international tour in nineteen three, which, as a

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Speaker 1: colossal Star Trek fan even then, delighted me to no end.

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Speaker 1: As an adult, I was lucky enough to witness three

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Speaker 1: Space shut launches and a landing. I loved that ship.

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Speaker 1: But while the space shuttles did great things, including launching

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Speaker 1: the Hubble Space Telescope, which gave us an unparalleled look

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Speaker 1: at our galactic home, and lift off of the Space

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Speaker 1: Shuttle Discovery with the Hubble Space Telescope our window on

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Speaker 1: the universe, and building the International Space Station, ensuring we've

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Speaker 1: had humans living and working in space continuously for more

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Speaker 1: than two decades. Tonight, I am directing Nasha to develop

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Speaker 1: a permanently manned space station, and to do it within

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Speaker 1: a decade. The Space Shuttle was an indisputable technological step backwards.

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Speaker 1: We went from a spacecraft capable of deep space flight

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Speaker 1: to one that couldn't even leave lower th orbit. It

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Speaker 1: was a perfect landing as the Atlantis touched down after

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Speaker 1: a thirteen day mission delivering supplies to the International Space Station,

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Speaker 1: a final voyage that brings the Shuttle programming to an end.

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Speaker 1: And when the last Space Shuttle touched down on July

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Speaker 1: twenty one, two thousand and eleven, America no longer had

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Speaker 1: the technology to get to space. To get to and

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Speaker 1: from the International Space Station, it had to begin buying

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Speaker 1: seats on Russian spacecraft. Spacecraft distance eight thousand, ninety will

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Speaker 1: bring autical miles a lot of the nineteen thousand, five

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Speaker 1: twelve second back in ninety nine. Apollo eleven is nearly home.

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Speaker 1: Rescue and the aircraft are reported on the station and

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Speaker 1: Horner helicopters containing with swimmers are reported. Airborne weather still

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Speaker 1: holding real fun the recovery area, and I signed going

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Speaker 1: down on Steal darkn as you heard earlier, the crew

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Speaker 1: will splash down just before sunrise. As they draw nearer

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Speaker 1: to the Earth, they find themselves shrouded in the darkness

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Speaker 1: of the Earth's night side. They are now traveling down

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Speaker 1: the barrel of a forty mile wide entry corridor. In

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Speaker 1: the command module, Michael swears he can feel the gravity

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Speaker 1: of his planet pulling him home. The men swallow anti

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Speaker 1: nausea pills. Assuming everything goes according to plan, they will

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Speaker 1: soon be bobbing in seas with three to six foot waves.

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Speaker 1: The men have gone over their entry checklists numerous times already.

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Speaker 1: They have too much time on their hands, and it's

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Speaker 1: beginning to create some anxiety. And we're about ten minutes

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Speaker 1: away from the scheduled separations time. Now it's time to

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Speaker 1: lose the service module, the largest portion of their spacecraft,

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Speaker 1: containing most of their power, fuel and rocket engine. They

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Speaker 1: can't enter the atmosphere if it's still attached. We see

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Speaker 1: you getting ready for sent Everything wants to find to

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Speaker 1: find down here, we're awaiting confirmation of separation. When Apollo

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Speaker 1: eleven launched, it weighs six million pounds. The only thing

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Speaker 1: left of the once massive Saturn five is the eleven

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Speaker 1: thousand pound triangular shaped station wagon sized command module. Once detached,

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Speaker 1: thrusters on the service module fire to push it far

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Speaker 1: from the crew. They don't want it burning up anywhere

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Speaker 1: near them. Away confirmed separation. Now from on my ground

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Speaker 1: reading telemetry, we can confirm separation. And also was mindul

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Speaker 1: taking good carabous? You want to take you to a

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Speaker 1: camp in Houston. I used to look at mighty fine

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Speaker 1: here your player for landing. I appreciate every d gears

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Speaker 1: down a lock more astronaut humor. We got the modulet

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Speaker 1: going by a little high coming across now right to left. Buzzes.

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Speaker 1: Words that you just heard were actually classified for years.

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Speaker 1: The thrusters that were supposed to move the service module

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Speaker 1: away didn't work properly. The crew is about to begin

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Speaker 1: their re entry and the service module is diving into

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Speaker 1: the atmosphere right beside them. Hello, I'm gonna lined up

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Speaker 1: right down the mid a little bit. Entry corridors now

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Speaker 1: thirty five thousand, five seventy eight ft per second. We're

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Speaker 1: a minute in forty five seconds from entry. Blackout will

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Speaker 1: begin eighteens second after once the ship strikes the atmosphere

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Speaker 1: and becomes wreathed in plasma calms with mission control will

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Speaker 1: be impossible. They will be coming down in the blind

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Speaker 1: over the hill. You're looking mind to find that we're

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Speaker 1: an entry time black guys. Very shortly, there's a black

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Speaker 1: guy at am Houston time, four thousand feet above Australia, Columbia,

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Speaker 1: hits the atmosphere and more than thirty six thousand ft

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Speaker 1: We had to be able to use the atmosphere to

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Speaker 1: into a velocity that will allow us to put up

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Speaker 1: the parish. That was Apollo eight and Apollo thirteen astronaut

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Speaker 1: Jim Level. Tracy Caldwald Dyson is a current NASA astronaut.

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Speaker 1: She went to space twice, once on the Space Shuttle

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Speaker 1: To get home from that trip, she had to take

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Speaker 1: a ride in a Russian soy Use capsule and you

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Speaker 1: see the the atmosphere that you're about to go through,

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Speaker 1: and then you fire this one burn. It's a long burn,

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Speaker 1: and it's directed precisely to put you at the right

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Speaker 1: If Michael didn't calculate the precise right angle, the command

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Speaker 1: module will be vaporized too shallow, and it will bounce

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Speaker 1: off the atmosphere and be flung into space. The blackness

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Speaker 1: the guys were talking about earlier is now gone. Out

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Speaker 1: their tiny windows. The astronauts now begin to see ravenous

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Speaker 1: flames as ionized gases created by the heat re entry

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Speaker 1: begin enveloping the ship. Calms are gone for the next

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Speaker 1: four minutes. No one on Earth will know what's going

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Speaker 1: on inside apollow eleven, or indeed whether they successfully made

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Speaker 1: it through the atmosphere or disintegrated on re entry. Where

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Speaker 1: three minutes since entry blackout shoot in about three minutes

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Speaker 1: fifty three seconds after entry, or about eleven minutes lay

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Speaker 1: back in mission control, Evans at Capcom optimistically attempts to

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Speaker 1: raise the ship. There is no answer. Inside Columbia, the

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Speaker 1: astronauts can no longer see the service module. They are

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Speaker 1: enveloped in incandescent protoplasm. If you could see them right now,

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Speaker 1: they appear as a blazing comment. The astronauts are falling

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Speaker 1: through a tunnel of colors orange, yellow, blue, even lavender,

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Speaker 1: which finally gives way to pure white. Michael feels as

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Speaker 1: if he's sitting inside of an enormous light bulb. Jim Level.

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Speaker 1: We could, of course look out the windows and see

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Speaker 1: the hate shield material. Flaky's all as the flames going

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Speaker 1: passed us. You never go through grade school thinking you're

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Speaker 1: going to be in the middle of a fireball, but

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Speaker 1: that's exactly what happens as you go through the atmosphere.

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Speaker 1: Your spacecraft is a blating and designed to do that.

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Speaker 1: Pieces of embers as your window, and you can smell

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Speaker 1: the charring, so you can feel the g forces building.

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Speaker 1: What they can't see is that the service module is

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Speaker 1: being torn into fiery pieces. If any of the dying

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Speaker 1: vessels fragments collide with the command module, it will almost

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Speaker 1: certainly kill everyone aboard. Right, we tried going to the

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Speaker 1: Moon again. Inspired by all that that has come before,

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Speaker 1: and guided by clear objectives, today we set a new

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Speaker 1: course for America's space program. We will give NASA new

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Speaker 1: focus and vision for future exploration. We will build new

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Speaker 1: ships to carry man forward into the universe, to gain

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Speaker 1: a new foothold on the Moon, and to prepare for

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Speaker 1: new journeys to the worlds beyond our own on January

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Speaker 1: two and four, President H. W. Bush said, we will

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Speaker 1: undertake extended human missions to the Moon as early as

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Speaker 1: with the goal of living and working there for increasingly

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Speaker 1: extended periods of time. We even tested one of the

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Speaker 1: rockets that was going to get us there, the Cognition

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Speaker 1: lift off of Harry's one X festing concepts for the

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Speaker 1: future of new rocket design. On top of the arias

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Speaker 1: was going to be a new command module named Oriyan,

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Speaker 1: and blueprints were being drafted for a new lunar module

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Speaker 1: dubbed Altaire. However, when the Obama administration took over, they

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Speaker 1: found the program over budget and behind schedule, and they

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Speaker 1: shut it down. Yes, pursuing this new strategy will require

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Speaker 1: that we revise the old strategy. In part. This is

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Speaker 1: because the old strategy, including the constellation program, was not

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Speaker 1: fulfilling its promise in many ways, and in the organization

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Speaker 1: like NASA, where lead times for developing technology are so long,

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Speaker 1: if you suddenly change the general objective of things every

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Speaker 1: four years, it has a huge impact. We have to

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Speaker 1: stop pushing the reset button every time there's a change

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Speaker 1: of power. In Washington, they've been pushing the reset button

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Speaker 1: on NASA again. And again and again, and it's been

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Speaker 1: really harmful to the progress of the program. To keep

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Speaker 1: moving the goal post the entire football stadium. That's destructive.

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Speaker 1: That was NASA chief historian Bill Berry and Apollo historian

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Speaker 1: Andrew Chaken. Under Obama, NASA proposed a new mission landing

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Speaker 1: humans on an asteroid, but that too soon withered on

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Speaker 1: the vine, and all the while American astronauts kept getting

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Speaker 1: two and from space on Russian equipment. Then in two

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Speaker 1: thousand and seventeen, nearly a decade after Constellation was shelved,

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Speaker 1: NASA announced the Artemis program. Fifty years ago, we went

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Speaker 1: to the Moon. We called it Apollo. Well many people

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Speaker 1: don't know is that Apollo had a twin. She was

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Speaker 1: a woman named Artemis, the goddess of the Moon. As

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Speaker 1: Tracy calledwell Dyson. She represents our next era of exploration

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Speaker 1: in space. Artemis encompasses how we're going to get to

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Speaker 1: the Moon and what we're gonna do when we get there.

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Speaker 1: NASA's goal is landing the first woman in man on

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Speaker 1: the Moon. By just four years from now, we are

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Speaker 1: returning to the Moon as a new generation of explorers,

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Speaker 1: this time to stay. Artemists is intended to be the

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Speaker 1: first step in setting up a long term human presence

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Speaker 1: on the Moon and perhaps even creating a lunar economy.

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Speaker 1: And this is all to explore the surface of the

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Speaker 1: Moon and utilize the resources there. We found an ideal

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Speaker 1: fuel in the soul when materials on the Moon for

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Speaker 1: fusion power production. It's called helium three. Apollo seventeen moonwalker

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Speaker 1: and geologist Harrison Schmidt Iste imp that fuse with itself

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Speaker 1: produces absolutely no radio activity. It creates energetic particles that

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Speaker 1: can be converted to electricity at much higher efficiencies than

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Speaker 1: any other kind of power systems. Artemis is the most

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Speaker 1: ambitious thing NASA has done since Apollo. It is nearly

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Speaker 1: done building the SLS, a new rocket even larger and

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Speaker 1: more powerful than the Saturn five. NASA is building the

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Speaker 1: Space Launch System, comprising of a cargo hold and exploration

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Speaker 1: upper stage, a massive course stage, and two extended solid

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Speaker 1: rocket boosters. Altogether, this is the world's most powerful rocket

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Speaker 1: and it exceeds the legendary Saturn five of the Apollo

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Speaker 1: era in numerous ways. The fl F is Space Launch System,

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Speaker 1: and it is the greatest rocket we've ever built. Yes,

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Speaker 1: it will be more powerful than the Saturn five. The

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Speaker 1: Ryan Capsule is the spacecraft that is going to return

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Speaker 1: humans to the Moon and destinations beyond. Just as the

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Speaker 1: Command Module is the only part of the Saturn five

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Speaker 1: to survive the trip, so two is the Orion Capsule

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Speaker 1: the only thing to survive Constellation. This is their deep

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Speaker 1: space human rated spacecraft called Orion. The crew module. We're

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Speaker 1: up to four astronauts will live and work throughout the flight,

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Speaker 1: and while the original Command Module could hold only three people,

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Speaker 1: the Orion Capsule has seating for four. Other than the

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Speaker 1: new lemb which will discuss in just a moment, NASA

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Speaker 1: has added something to the Apollo architecture, the Gateway. Building

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Speaker 1: on the lessons learned from the International Space Station, the

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Speaker 1: key to sustainable lunar missions is establishing an orbiting lunar

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Speaker 1: outpost that we call Gateway, a small space station. The

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Speaker 1: Gateway will be placed in orbit around the Moon and

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Speaker 1: provide the astronauts living quarters and their research lab. The

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Speaker 1: Apollo missions were inspired by a space race. Artemis is

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Speaker 1: also a global partnership. We're not a race, We're a partnership.

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Speaker 1: We're going to explore the Moon for purposes that benefit

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Speaker 1: mankind to learn more about it and use it as

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Speaker 1: a platform to then go further. I'm profoundly grateful that

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Speaker 1: we are setting our sights on the Moon again after

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Speaker 1: so much time when the Moon seemed to be sideline. However,

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Speaker 1: Chicken is skeptical, and I just am not convinced that

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Speaker 1: we can, even with the most talented people that we

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Speaker 1: have at NASA and elsewhere. It's asking a lot to

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Speaker 1: do it in just five years. But I'm glad we're

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Speaker 1: talking about it. I want to see it happen. I

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Speaker 1: just don't want to see us do it without the

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Speaker 1: same care and the same diligence, because if we don't

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Speaker 1: do those things, we're gonna pay the price that they

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Speaker 1: paid an Apollo with accidents and perhaps even fatal accidents.

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Speaker 1: And he's not the only one. Space historian Amy Sharer

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Speaker 1: title feels the same way. Yeah, I feel like we're

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Speaker 1: in that compleateding where we have to manage expectations with

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Speaker 1: the reality of how hard space it. That's fine, because

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Speaker 1: space is hard, but you know, let's let's be realistic

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Speaker 1: and say we're going to do this, and we're going

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Speaker 1: to do it in the time that it needs to take.

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Speaker 1: For her part, Tracy Caldwell Dyson, who's in line to

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Speaker 1: be the first woman on the moon, thinks NASA is

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Speaker 1: doing just that. We know things take time, and they

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Speaker 1: take time because human lives are at stake. Everything in

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Speaker 1: space takes longer. And then in this day and age

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Speaker 1: where everything is so instant, we have to take time

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Speaker 1: or else we're not gonna get there smartly, and then

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Speaker 1: we could end up parting somebody in the process. One

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Speaker 1: of the ways NASA is hoping to alleviate time and

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Speaker 1: stress is by allowing commercial interests to take over human

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Speaker 1: and cargo flights to the I s s. That way

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Speaker 1: they can focus on bigger things. There are a group

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Speaker 1: of billionaires Elon Musk, Jeff Bezos, Richard Branson, and some

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Speaker 1: others who are leading sort of the growth of a

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Speaker 1: commercial private space industry that has been over the last

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Speaker 1: decade or so slowly eroding the government's long held but

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Speaker 1: not lee on space. That's Chris Davenport. I'm a reporter

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Speaker 1: at the Washington Post, where I write about space and

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Speaker 1: um also the author of a book called The Space

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Speaker 1: barns Well. NASA and other global governments have dominated space

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Speaker 1: exploration given its expense and risk. Private entrepreneurs Chris is

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Speaker 1: aptly named space Barns are beginning to move in on

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Speaker 1: their domain, bringing with them new technologies and innovative manufacturing

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Speaker 1: processes that drive costs down and get the job done faster.

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Speaker 1: First and foremost elon Musk SpaceX. I mean, they are

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Speaker 1: the ones who sort of broke down the barriers from

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Speaker 1: the very beginning and said we are going to enter

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Speaker 1: this market and try to disrupt the space launch market.

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Speaker 1: And they've been successful in doing that, and they've gotten

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Speaker 1: multiple contracts from NASA to the tune of billions of

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Speaker 1: dollars to fly first cargo and supplies to the International

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Speaker 1: Space Station, which they've been doing now for a number

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Speaker 1: of years. And SpaceX along with Boeing have contracts to

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Speaker 1: fly people to the International Space Station. And then you

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Speaker 1: have Blue Origin, which was founded by Jeff Bezos. Bezos,

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Speaker 1: who owns Amazon, is the richest man in the world.

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Speaker 1: A lot of people don't even realize that Jeff Bezos

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Speaker 1: has a space company, but he does, and they're building

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Speaker 1: a whole suite of vehicles. In fact, Blue Origin will

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Speaker 1: be the lead company designing and building the new lunar

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Speaker 1: module for the artist project. Let me show you something.

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Speaker 1: This is Blue Moon. We've been working on this lander

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Speaker 1: for three years. This is an incredible vehicle and it's

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Speaker 1: going to the Moon. And you're seeing NASA initially being

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Speaker 1: I think reluctant, are wary of that, and now more

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Speaker 1: and more starting to embrace that, saying if we are

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Speaker 1: going to go back to the Moon or on to Mars,

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Speaker 1: we're gonna need these companies. One of the biggest things

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Speaker 1: companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin are doing is rebooting

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Speaker 1: how we make rockets. Since they were first invented, rockets

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Speaker 1: have been a one and done piece of equipment. And

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Speaker 1: Ellen looked at that, and Jeff Bezos looked at that

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Speaker 1: and said, you know, we're never going to lower the

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Speaker 1: cost of space. We keep throwing away the most expensive

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Speaker 1: part of the hardware. Imagine if after flying from Los

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Speaker 1: Angeles to New York, United Airlines threw away the seven

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Speaker 1: thirty seven that brought you there. That's essentially what we're

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Speaker 1: doing in space right now. So they are working on

431
00:26:24,880 --> 00:26:29,240
Speaker 1: building rockets that deliver their payloads to orbit and then

432
00:26:29,359 --> 00:26:32,840
Speaker 1: fly back down to Earth and land on land or

433
00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:35,400
Speaker 1: land on a ship at sea. During the Cold War,

434
00:26:35,840 --> 00:26:40,320
Speaker 1: space exploration was driven by intense political and ideological rivalries.

435
00:26:40,760 --> 00:26:45,200
Speaker 1: Today space has become ego driven. Davenport once asked Elon

436
00:26:45,320 --> 00:26:48,600
Speaker 1: Musk about his rivalry with Bezos, and Musk told him

437
00:26:48,840 --> 00:26:51,480
Speaker 1: if I had a button that I could press and

438
00:26:51,600 --> 00:26:55,440
Speaker 1: make Jeff Bezos Blue Origin go away, I would not

439
00:26:55,640 --> 00:26:58,560
Speaker 1: press that button. And I think that's because he understands

440
00:26:58,960 --> 00:27:01,520
Speaker 1: how important it is to have competition and to be

441
00:27:01,720 --> 00:27:05,480
Speaker 1: driven by rivals. Competition is the best rocket fuel. But

442
00:27:05,600 --> 00:27:08,840
Speaker 1: Elon Musk is not satisfied with merely shuttling cargo and

443
00:27:08,920 --> 00:27:12,119
Speaker 1: people to the International Space Station. He and NASA have

444
00:27:12,240 --> 00:27:16,560
Speaker 1: their eyes set much higher. The reason for creating SpaceX

445
00:27:17,240 --> 00:27:21,040
Speaker 1: was to accelerate humanity becoming a space bearing civilization to

446
00:27:21,160 --> 00:27:25,200
Speaker 1: a point where we could potentially become a multiplanet species.

447
00:27:25,840 --> 00:27:29,160
Speaker 1: All of Humanity's eggs are in one basket, and should

448
00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:32,240
Speaker 1: something happen to the Earth, you know, like if an

449
00:27:32,320 --> 00:27:35,800
Speaker 1: asteroid would hit the Earth, we're toast. We're going the

450
00:27:35,840 --> 00:27:39,280
Speaker 1: way of the dinosaur. And his goal was to sort

451
00:27:39,320 --> 00:27:41,560
Speaker 1: of have a backup um, the way you would back

452
00:27:41,680 --> 00:27:44,399
Speaker 1: up your hard drive, but for humanity, and that's Mars,

453
00:27:44,640 --> 00:27:47,920
Speaker 1: to make it a place where humanity could go and

454
00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:51,879
Speaker 1: to extend the light of consciousness well into the future

455
00:27:51,880 --> 00:28:03,560
Speaker 1: and sort of as an insurance plan. Eleven th Back

456
00:28:03,600 --> 00:28:07,160
Speaker 1: in mission control, Ron Evans is still trying to raise Neil,

457
00:28:07,200 --> 00:28:10,880
Speaker 1: buzzing Michael in the command module. If Columbia survived re entry,

458
00:28:11,200 --> 00:28:20,480
Speaker 1: they should have regained contact again by now, even through

459
00:28:20,720 --> 00:28:24,920
Speaker 1: ray standing by. Be nice to get that confirmation and

460
00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:29,040
Speaker 1: minutes gone by now since they scheduling opening to the mains.

461
00:28:29,520 --> 00:28:33,080
Speaker 1: On the USS Hornet spotters scan the sky with binoculars.

462
00:28:34,160 --> 00:28:37,560
Speaker 1: Give us the word. We're getting nothing from a mission

463
00:28:37,600 --> 00:28:44,240
Speaker 1: control or from the spaceship, reports Sonic Colon. One of

464
00:28:44,280 --> 00:28:47,160
Speaker 1: the sailors cries out he thinks he sees something falling

465
00:28:47,200 --> 00:28:51,360
Speaker 1: through the clouds aboard his helicopter. Rescue swimmer John Wolfer

466
00:28:51,600 --> 00:28:53,920
Speaker 1: sees it too. We looked up from the helicopter. You

467
00:28:53,960 --> 00:28:58,680
Speaker 1: can see the capsule burning back to the atmosphere. A

468
00:28:58,720 --> 00:29:02,520
Speaker 1: momentary eventual of high attack has now disappeared behind cloud

469
00:29:02,600 --> 00:29:05,880
Speaker 1: and FLO elevens and standing by for your desty reading

470
00:29:05,920 --> 00:29:10,800
Speaker 1: over FULO eleven east and your destry reading plays over

471
00:29:14,600 --> 00:29:25,239
Speaker 1: at that was new They've made it dog they are,

472
00:29:25,880 --> 00:29:30,800
Speaker 1: and they're obviously all right shoots have deployed eleven cos

473
00:29:31,000 --> 00:29:35,920
Speaker 1: right on. Well, you take that to Some of the

474
00:29:36,200 --> 00:29:40,000
Speaker 1: more sensational moments are when the parachutes open up and

475
00:29:40,160 --> 00:29:41,880
Speaker 1: it feels like it brings the whole copsle to a

476
00:29:42,120 --> 00:29:46,800
Speaker 1: slam stop, and then it spins, and then it sways

477
00:29:46,880 --> 00:29:49,160
Speaker 1: back and forth, and the whole time you're just hoping

478
00:29:49,240 --> 00:29:52,080
Speaker 1: that you keep your cookies and should be on main shoots.

479
00:29:52,880 --> 00:29:55,080
Speaker 1: It is like one of the craziest ride you've ever

480
00:29:55,160 --> 00:29:58,040
Speaker 1: had in your life. Eight minutes after first hitting the atmosphere,

481
00:29:58,400 --> 00:30:01,280
Speaker 1: the command modules slowed enough for three large red and

482
00:30:01,320 --> 00:30:04,520
Speaker 1: white parachutes to open. They had to deploy at just

483
00:30:04,760 --> 00:30:07,520
Speaker 1: the right time. If they opened too late, the capsule

484
00:30:07,560 --> 00:30:10,440
Speaker 1: would hit the water too violently too early, and they'd

485
00:30:10,520 --> 00:30:13,680
Speaker 1: likely drift off course far from rescue. For the crew

486
00:30:13,760 --> 00:30:16,680
Speaker 1: of Apollo eleven, the view outside their windows went from

487
00:30:16,680 --> 00:30:19,520
Speaker 1: the inky blackness of space to the nucleus of a

488
00:30:19,600 --> 00:30:22,880
Speaker 1: fireball and is now the dazzling azure blue of the

489
00:30:22,960 --> 00:30:28,360
Speaker 1: earth sky. We're cast four minutes and with that, mission

490
00:30:28,400 --> 00:30:32,760
Speaker 1: control's work is done. With the shoots deployed, tactical operational

491
00:30:32,840 --> 00:30:36,080
Speaker 1: command transfers from mission control to the U S s Hornet,

492
00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:55,800
Speaker 1: I have an Eric, I have a three part flashed down.

493
00:31:00,240 --> 00:31:03,120
Speaker 1: They're back from the Moon. As for not time strong

494
00:31:03,520 --> 00:31:07,680
Speaker 1: Aldrin and Collins landing in the Pacific Ocean southwest of Hay,

495
00:31:08,120 --> 00:31:11,240
Speaker 1: Apollo eleven splashes down eight hundred and twenty five nautical

496
00:31:11,320 --> 00:31:15,120
Speaker 1: miles southwest of Honolulu, about thirteen nautical miles from the

497
00:31:15,160 --> 00:31:19,400
Speaker 1: recovery show inside the capsule, Mike Collins is astonished at

498
00:31:19,440 --> 00:31:23,040
Speaker 1: how blue the ocean looks Imagine after nine days of

499
00:31:23,160 --> 00:31:26,240
Speaker 1: monochrome black and then gray and then black again, what

500
00:31:26,480 --> 00:31:29,560
Speaker 1: dropping into a violet ocean must look like their eyes.

501
00:31:30,360 --> 00:31:34,800
Speaker 1: Jim Lovell splash down for me was very exhilarated. I

502
00:31:34,880 --> 00:31:38,600
Speaker 1: could feel the bobby of the ocean and the spacecraft,

503
00:31:39,120 --> 00:31:44,560
Speaker 1: and suddenly I realized that, my gosh a home. Everything

504
00:31:44,680 --> 00:31:48,880
Speaker 1: worked out now if the Navy would be very careful

505
00:31:49,080 --> 00:31:52,040
Speaker 1: and not to let the spacecraft sake on us, but

506
00:31:52,200 --> 00:31:55,760
Speaker 1: we were safe. In Houston. Buzzes son Andy is watching

507
00:31:55,800 --> 00:31:58,120
Speaker 1: the news on splash down day. We had a lot

508
00:31:58,160 --> 00:32:01,240
Speaker 1: of people over at the house, and hind everyone that

509
00:32:01,520 --> 00:32:04,800
Speaker 1: was associated with my dad or mom seemed to show up.

510
00:32:05,080 --> 00:32:07,160
Speaker 1: Andy wishes he was aboard the U. S. S. Hornet,

511
00:32:07,520 --> 00:32:09,080
Speaker 1: not so much because he wants to be among the

512
00:32:09,160 --> 00:32:12,080
Speaker 1: first to greet his dad, but rather because he's eleven

513
00:32:12,160 --> 00:32:15,440
Speaker 1: years old and aircraft carriers are cool. There was sort

514
00:32:15,480 --> 00:32:18,280
Speaker 1: of a collective sigh of relief when it was all done.

515
00:32:18,640 --> 00:32:21,960
Speaker 1: His mother, Joan, can finally relax. Her husband and his

516
00:32:22,040 --> 00:32:25,880
Speaker 1: two shipmates survived the greatest feat humans ever attempted, and

517
00:32:25,960 --> 00:32:28,760
Speaker 1: would soon be on their way home as conquering heroes.

518
00:32:29,600 --> 00:32:32,440
Speaker 1: At this moment in time, Joan has no idea of

519
00:32:32,520 --> 00:32:35,640
Speaker 1: the challenges and heartaches to come, but if she had,

520
00:32:36,160 --> 00:32:38,240
Speaker 1: she would surely have taken some strength in the fact

521
00:32:38,560 --> 00:32:41,440
Speaker 1: that she had just faced the most profoundly difficult nine

522
00:32:41,560 --> 00:32:43,600
Speaker 1: days of her life and come out on the other

523
00:32:43,720 --> 00:32:48,120
Speaker 1: side a hero to her children. My mother was incredibly

524
00:32:48,200 --> 00:32:51,960
Speaker 1: effective at not letting us know what happened. I didn't

525
00:32:52,000 --> 00:32:55,520
Speaker 1: sense her anxiety at all. It just reflects the incredible

526
00:32:55,520 --> 00:32:58,960
Speaker 1: strength that my mom showed throughout this whole process. After

527
00:32:59,080 --> 00:33:02,360
Speaker 1: the splashdown, Janet Armstrong stood on her front yard and

528
00:33:02,440 --> 00:33:05,280
Speaker 1: in front of the gathered press, thanked everyone in America

529
00:33:05,560 --> 00:33:08,760
Speaker 1: for their thoughts and prayers. The entire experience, she said,

530
00:33:09,200 --> 00:33:40,680
Speaker 1: was quite simply out of this world and when the

531
00:33:40,880 --> 00:33:44,520
Speaker 1: capsule hit the ocean water. I think mars Alden was

532
00:33:44,520 --> 00:33:47,400
Speaker 1: supposed to flip a lever the jets in those parachutes,

533
00:33:47,520 --> 00:33:49,680
Speaker 1: but his hand got knocked up to lever because of

534
00:33:49,760 --> 00:33:53,520
Speaker 1: the jolt, and the wind carried the capsule upset. Now,

535
00:33:54,200 --> 00:33:55,720
Speaker 1: the last thing you want to be attached to in

536
00:33:55,760 --> 00:33:58,720
Speaker 1: the water is a parachute. One of two things is

537
00:33:58,760 --> 00:34:01,400
Speaker 1: going to happen. I the parachute will fill with water

538
00:34:01,480 --> 00:34:03,760
Speaker 1: and drag you wonder, or it will catch the wind

539
00:34:03,840 --> 00:34:06,960
Speaker 1: like a sail and begin dragging you away. As soon

540
00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:09,520
Speaker 1: as Columbia hit the water, Buzz was supposed to trip

541
00:34:09,560 --> 00:34:12,640
Speaker 1: a circuit breaker, jettisoning the shoots and allowing Michael to

542
00:34:12,719 --> 00:34:16,719
Speaker 1: deploy inflatable balloons to keep the capsule upright, but the

543
00:34:16,760 --> 00:34:19,160
Speaker 1: impact was so violent that his hand was knocked off

544
00:34:19,160 --> 00:34:20,920
Speaker 1: the switch, and by the time he was able to

545
00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:23,960
Speaker 1: find it again, the gum drop was already inverted, with

546
00:34:24,120 --> 00:34:27,240
Speaker 1: each of the men hanging upside down in their seats. Earlier,

547
00:34:27,480 --> 00:34:30,480
Speaker 1: Michael Bett Neil a beer that they'd stay upright. He

548
00:34:30,640 --> 00:34:33,920
Speaker 1: just lost that bed. They flipped some splitches I think

549
00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:37,160
Speaker 1: Mark Collins did that would inflate these blooms. And they

550
00:34:37,239 --> 00:34:40,560
Speaker 1: took the whole a minister that capsule the upright. As

551
00:34:40,640 --> 00:34:43,759
Speaker 1: they hang upside down with the balloons inflating, Michael thinks,

552
00:34:43,800 --> 00:34:47,160
Speaker 1: how wrongly oriented everything looks back in a world with

553
00:34:47,239 --> 00:34:49,920
Speaker 1: gravity for the first time in nine days, tops and

554
00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:59,400
Speaker 1: bottoms are real things again. Got in position and I'm standing.

555
00:34:59,440 --> 00:35:04,080
Speaker 1: Then they go, and as I'm looking down at that capsule,

556
00:35:04,360 --> 00:35:06,799
Speaker 1: I realized the world was watching, so I didn't want

557
00:35:06,840 --> 00:35:13,240
Speaker 1: to make any mistakes. John Wolfram jumps from the hovering

558
00:35:13,280 --> 00:35:16,800
Speaker 1: helicopter and swims over to Columbia. It's lower half charred

559
00:35:16,880 --> 00:35:19,920
Speaker 1: and blackened from re entering. The capsule is still warnder

560
00:35:20,000 --> 00:35:23,480
Speaker 1: to touch. John attaches a sea anchor, basically a large

561
00:35:23,560 --> 00:35:26,200
Speaker 1: cloth bucket designed to fill with water and keep the

562
00:35:26,280 --> 00:35:32,400
Speaker 1: vessel more or less where it is that I was

563
00:35:32,440 --> 00:35:34,840
Speaker 1: supposed to get a thumbs up in the astronauts. I

564
00:35:34,960 --> 00:35:38,480
Speaker 1: saw them grinning back at me. I relayed that to

565
00:35:38,640 --> 00:35:41,400
Speaker 1: the National helicopter that was circund above and let him

566
00:35:41,400 --> 00:35:53,240
Speaker 1: mold the Okay, right, we're going. There's two more frogmen.

567
00:35:53,440 --> 00:35:56,960
Speaker 1: They jumped in and together we put this floatation bladder

568
00:35:57,120 --> 00:36:02,840
Speaker 1: around the capsule, and then after that was completed, they

569
00:36:02,960 --> 00:36:05,960
Speaker 1: dropped down a wrapped if we implanted in and then

570
00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:08,200
Speaker 1: we got trashed right in front of the hatch store

571
00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:13,880
Speaker 1: where the ash nuts would come out. Next come the

572
00:36:13,960 --> 00:36:18,160
Speaker 1: bigs biological isolation garments. Do you swimmer with? The biological

573
00:36:18,239 --> 00:36:21,319
Speaker 1: isolation garments is in the next to the space crap.

574
00:36:22,160 --> 00:36:25,720
Speaker 1: That's Lieutenant Clancy Handelberg of Chippewa falls within a const

575
00:36:26,680 --> 00:36:29,120
Speaker 1: NASA is concerned that the astronauts may have brought something

576
00:36:29,239 --> 00:36:32,000
Speaker 1: harmful back with them from the Moon. Because of this,

577
00:36:32,440 --> 00:36:35,520
Speaker 1: the rescue divers are all wearing protective gear, and they

578
00:36:35,600 --> 00:36:37,480
Speaker 1: brought biggs for the Apollo eleven crew to put on

579
00:36:37,560 --> 00:36:40,480
Speaker 1: as well. The fear of alien pathogens is in the

580
00:36:40,560 --> 00:36:44,640
Speaker 1: forefront of everyone's minds. Nine is the same year that

581
00:36:44,719 --> 00:36:48,160
Speaker 1: Michael Crichton's The Andromeda Strain came out about the deadly

582
00:36:48,239 --> 00:36:52,440
Speaker 1: outbreak of an extraterrestrial micro organism. Neil opens the command

583
00:36:52,520 --> 00:36:55,600
Speaker 1: module hatch so twenty five year old Lieutenant Haddleberg can

584
00:36:55,719 --> 00:36:59,040
Speaker 1: hand them their suits. If there are moonbugs, they were

585
00:36:59,080 --> 00:37:02,160
Speaker 1: just released into our atmosphere and ocean, so much for

586
00:37:02,239 --> 00:37:07,640
Speaker 1: that plan is now transferring to the crew. Haddleberg reseals

587
00:37:07,680 --> 00:37:11,840
Speaker 1: the hatch inside Columbia Neil, Buzz and Michael stand unsteadily.

588
00:37:12,400 --> 00:37:14,799
Speaker 1: After a week and a half in space, Earth normal

589
00:37:14,840 --> 00:37:19,240
Speaker 1: gravity feels well aliens. The men swallow several more anti

590
00:37:19,320 --> 00:37:22,120
Speaker 1: nausea meds. The last thing they want to do is

591
00:37:22,200 --> 00:37:25,880
Speaker 1: throw up inside their biohazard suits. A big sama now

592
00:37:26,040 --> 00:37:29,319
Speaker 1: spraying the hatch area and the top deck and around

593
00:37:29,360 --> 00:37:33,200
Speaker 1: the hatch. Command modger with it, even in stamina. While

594
00:37:33,239 --> 00:37:36,520
Speaker 1: the crew changes, Lieutenant Haddleberg uses a large brush to

595
00:37:36,680 --> 00:37:40,320
Speaker 1: scrub the exterior of Columbia with a sudsy decontaminant, just

596
00:37:40,480 --> 00:37:46,759
Speaker 1: in case it's covered in spacebugs. First, after they downed them,

597
00:37:46,840 --> 00:37:50,640
Speaker 1: they came out into the raft, Haddelberg washed them all down.

598
00:37:51,040 --> 00:37:54,520
Speaker 1: Once all the astronauts are decontaminated, they climb aboard the raft.

599
00:37:55,280 --> 00:37:58,080
Speaker 1: They are splashed by waves, and even though they're covered

600
00:37:58,120 --> 00:38:00,680
Speaker 1: head to toe, they can feel the fresh and cold.

601
00:38:01,239 --> 00:38:03,520
Speaker 1: Michael wants nothing more than to rip off his suit,

602
00:38:03,880 --> 00:38:06,920
Speaker 1: splash cold water all over his face, and inhale the

603
00:38:07,040 --> 00:38:10,320
Speaker 1: fresh sea air. They are burning up inside those suits.

604
00:38:11,360 --> 00:38:17,640
Speaker 1: Hold on recovery is one by one. Neil, Buzz and

605
00:38:17,719 --> 00:38:24,480
Speaker 1: Michael are lifted into a hovering helicopter. As the helicopter

606
00:38:24,560 --> 00:38:26,839
Speaker 1: with the Apollo eleven crew begins making its way back

607
00:38:26,920 --> 00:38:28,800
Speaker 1: to the Hornet. John Wolfrem and the rest of the

608
00:38:28,880 --> 00:38:32,120
Speaker 1: Navy seals decided to grab a little memento of the occasion.

609
00:38:32,480 --> 00:38:34,759
Speaker 1: When no one was looking. We stripped off huns with

610
00:38:34,840 --> 00:38:38,680
Speaker 1: that gold coil that was burned off from coming back

611
00:38:39,320 --> 00:38:43,120
Speaker 1: through the atmosphere and put it down our website for souvenirs.

612
00:38:43,480 --> 00:38:45,719
Speaker 1: We knew that once the castle got out board the

613
00:38:45,840 --> 00:38:50,880
Speaker 1: usas Hornet Marine super Garden, so we got our souvenirs first.

614
00:38:51,320 --> 00:38:55,680
Speaker 1: Aboard the helicopter, Michael and Buzz stand precariously on unsteady legs.

615
00:38:56,040 --> 00:38:58,560
Speaker 1: Now that gravity is once again a factor, their body

616
00:38:58,600 --> 00:39:00,920
Speaker 1: fluids are moving in very different ways than they have

617
00:39:01,120 --> 00:39:04,560
Speaker 1: for the past week and a half. When the helicopter

618
00:39:04,680 --> 00:39:07,600
Speaker 1: touches down on the Hornet, the flight elevator descends to

619
00:39:07,680 --> 00:39:09,880
Speaker 1: the hangar deck, where the men are escorted to a

620
00:39:09,960 --> 00:39:14,160
Speaker 1: mobile quarantine chamber, a modified airstream trailer. Their face plates

621
00:39:14,200 --> 00:39:16,560
Speaker 1: are so fogg up they can hardly see anything, but

622
00:39:16,640 --> 00:39:19,480
Speaker 1: they can hear a band playing. They will remain in

623
00:39:19,560 --> 00:39:22,480
Speaker 1: this trailer until they reach the Lunar Receiving Laboratory in

624
00:39:22,560 --> 00:39:25,359
Speaker 1: Houston three days from now at which point they will

625
00:39:25,360 --> 00:39:28,239
Speaker 1: be transferred to a larger quarantine facility for the next

626
00:39:28,400 --> 00:39:33,200
Speaker 1: three weeks. Back in Houston, flight controllers begin lighting cigars

627
00:39:33,320 --> 00:39:37,320
Speaker 1: and waving small American flags above them. All glowing on

628
00:39:37,400 --> 00:39:40,280
Speaker 1: the main display screen are the words John F. Kennedy

629
00:39:40,360 --> 00:39:43,719
Speaker 1: uttered the Congress nearly ten years earlier. I believe that

630
00:39:43,880 --> 00:39:48,200
Speaker 1: this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal before

631
00:39:48,320 --> 00:39:51,080
Speaker 1: this decade is out of landing a man on the

632
00:39:51,160 --> 00:39:54,719
Speaker 1: Moon and returning him safely to the Earth. And so

633
00:39:55,000 --> 00:39:58,759
Speaker 1: this nation has locked inside the trailer with Neil, Buzz

634
00:39:58,800 --> 00:40:02,360
Speaker 1: and Michael are two NASA representatives, including a flight surgeon,

635
00:40:02,640 --> 00:40:05,120
Speaker 1: who gives each of the men a quick physical. Next,

636
00:40:05,239 --> 00:40:08,160
Speaker 1: they enjoy a quick but much needed shower while they

637
00:40:08,200 --> 00:40:10,880
Speaker 1: wait for the celebration outside to begin. The men are

638
00:40:10,880 --> 00:40:14,600
Speaker 1: shown several videos covering their landing and moonwalk. Buzz said

639
00:40:14,640 --> 00:40:18,120
Speaker 1: that they were sitting there watching these tapes and it

640
00:40:18,239 --> 00:40:22,600
Speaker 1: suddenly dawned on him that he and Neil and Mike

641
00:40:23,120 --> 00:40:27,640
Speaker 1: were removed from that. He turned to Neil and he said, Neil,

642
00:40:28,160 --> 00:40:30,800
Speaker 1: we missed the whole thing. The mood on the USS

643
00:40:30,880 --> 00:40:34,600
Speaker 1: hornet is jubilant. The mobile quarantine trailer is surrounded by

644
00:40:34,680 --> 00:40:38,440
Speaker 1: euphoric sailors and NASA personnel from the midst of the melee.

645
00:40:38,840 --> 00:40:42,120
Speaker 1: President Richard Nixon appears and greets the astronauts through a

646
00:40:42,239 --> 00:40:45,680
Speaker 1: large window. This is the greatest week and the history

647
00:40:45,719 --> 00:40:48,680
Speaker 1: of the world since the creation, because as a result

648
00:40:48,719 --> 00:40:51,960
Speaker 1: of what happened in this week, the world is bigger infinitely,

649
00:40:52,480 --> 00:40:55,319
Speaker 1: as a result of what you've done, the world has

650
00:40:55,320 --> 00:40:58,520
Speaker 1: never been closer together before. And we just thank you

651
00:40:58,680 --> 00:41:00,920
Speaker 1: for that, and I own I hope that all of

652
00:41:01,080 --> 00:41:04,120
Speaker 1: us in government, all of us in America, that as

653
00:41:04,160 --> 00:41:06,359
Speaker 1: a result of what you've done, we could do our

654
00:41:06,480 --> 00:41:09,000
Speaker 1: job a little better. We can reach for the stars,

655
00:41:09,120 --> 00:41:11,400
Speaker 1: just as you have raised so far from the stars.

656
00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:14,200
Speaker 1: The astronauts will later be treated to a state dinner

657
00:41:14,520 --> 00:41:17,600
Speaker 1: and Michael will finally get that Martini he's been craving.

658
00:41:20,520 --> 00:41:23,800
Speaker 1: In our first episode, I mentioned that humankind has always

659
00:41:23,880 --> 00:41:27,719
Speaker 1: been driven by an innate desire to explore. There are

660
00:41:28,560 --> 00:41:32,520
Speaker 1: times in human history when people have struck out beyond

661
00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:36,000
Speaker 1: the known universe, has gone over the next hill into

662
00:41:36,040 --> 00:41:38,800
Speaker 1: the next valley, got on a boat and cross the ocean.

663
00:41:39,400 --> 00:41:41,799
Speaker 1: And the Apollo program was one of those times when

664
00:41:41,960 --> 00:41:46,080
Speaker 1: people really and truly were exploring and pushing the boundaries

665
00:41:46,120 --> 00:41:49,600
Speaker 1: of human understanding and investigating new places that no one

666
00:41:49,680 --> 00:41:53,560
Speaker 1: had ever seen before. Once client, the unexplored hill on

667
00:41:53,600 --> 00:41:57,960
Speaker 1: the horizon now becomes familiar territory. But that's the thing

668
00:41:58,000 --> 00:42:02,120
Speaker 1: about exploration, isn't it. There's always another mountain, there's always

669
00:42:02,160 --> 00:42:05,520
Speaker 1: another horizon calling to us. Going to the Moon is

670
00:42:05,760 --> 00:42:08,960
Speaker 1: super important, but the ultimate goal is to go to Mars.

671
00:42:09,520 --> 00:42:13,960
Speaker 1: I think Mars is the next logical destination. I think

672
00:42:14,000 --> 00:42:16,400
Speaker 1: the Moon is absolutely in the critical path to get

673
00:42:16,480 --> 00:42:20,680
Speaker 1: to Mars. The next real advance of space flight is

674
00:42:20,760 --> 00:42:23,360
Speaker 1: to go back to the Moon. And then used the

675
00:42:23,560 --> 00:42:27,480
Speaker 1: architecture of going to the Moon and expanded to go

676
00:42:27,600 --> 00:42:32,319
Speaker 1: to Mars. And I'm positive that man, one day we'll

677
00:42:32,360 --> 00:42:36,320
Speaker 1: go to Bars. Why because it's there. Robert Zubran was

678
00:42:36,400 --> 00:42:39,800
Speaker 1: five years old when spot Nick flew, and while to

679
00:42:39,880 --> 00:42:42,919
Speaker 1: the adults it may have been terrifying, to me as

680
00:42:43,120 --> 00:42:46,359
Speaker 1: a small kid, it was exhilarating. It meant that these

681
00:42:46,440 --> 00:42:49,880
Speaker 1: stories that I was already reading about this space faring

682
00:42:49,960 --> 00:42:53,920
Speaker 1: future science fiction, we're going to be true, and I

683
00:42:54,040 --> 00:42:56,800
Speaker 1: wanted to be part of it. Robert is an aerospace engineer,

684
00:42:57,200 --> 00:42:59,759
Speaker 1: the president of the Mars Society and the author of

685
00:42:59,800 --> 00:43:03,000
Speaker 1: the The case for Mars. I was seventeen when we

686
00:43:03,120 --> 00:43:05,000
Speaker 1: landed on the Moon. And if anybody had told me

687
00:43:05,120 --> 00:43:08,040
Speaker 1: then that I'd be sixty seven and we wouldn't be

688
00:43:08,160 --> 00:43:10,879
Speaker 1: on the Moon, and in fact on Mars, I would

689
00:43:10,880 --> 00:43:13,920
Speaker 1: have thought they were crazy. Apollo was the last to

690
00:43:14,080 --> 00:43:17,040
Speaker 1: rob the people that won World War Two and a

691
00:43:17,120 --> 00:43:19,919
Speaker 1: political class that could work together to accomplish great ends,

692
00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:23,280
Speaker 1: whether it was World War Two, the Interstate Highway system,

693
00:43:23,800 --> 00:43:28,120
Speaker 1: the development in nuclear energy, or Apollo. What great accomplishments

694
00:43:28,160 --> 00:43:32,799
Speaker 1: has the US government achieved since three Without a goal,

695
00:43:32,880 --> 00:43:35,759
Speaker 1: you don't achieve anything, and the human spaceflight program has

696
00:43:35,800 --> 00:43:43,360
Speaker 1: been drifting for almost fifty years. Apollo inspired Americans, showing

697
00:43:43,440 --> 00:43:46,520
Speaker 1: them that they were capable of doing great things. It

698
00:43:46,680 --> 00:43:50,160
Speaker 1: motivated tens of thousands of people to go into engineering,

699
00:43:50,400 --> 00:43:53,320
Speaker 1: and was the bedrock on which our modern computerized and

700
00:43:53,480 --> 00:43:57,680
Speaker 1: technological world is based. But for Zubrin, we are living

701
00:43:57,719 --> 00:44:02,760
Speaker 1: off of Apollo's favors. Just days after Apollo eleven returned

702
00:44:02,800 --> 00:44:06,239
Speaker 1: to Earth, Verni von Braun, the architect of the Saturn five,

703
00:44:06,600 --> 00:44:10,080
Speaker 1: began drawing up plans for a Mars mission for Robert

704
00:44:10,160 --> 00:44:13,000
Speaker 1: and many in the space industry. We should have listened

705
00:44:13,040 --> 00:44:16,160
Speaker 1: to von Braun. We never should have abandoned the Moon,

706
00:44:16,640 --> 00:44:19,680
Speaker 1: but rather used it as an outward bound school where

707
00:44:19,719 --> 00:44:22,560
Speaker 1: we could learn to live off planet, honing our skills

708
00:44:22,680 --> 00:44:27,320
Speaker 1: for our next trek into the unknown Mars. For Zubrin,

709
00:44:27,480 --> 00:44:30,880
Speaker 1: there are three reasons to go to Mars. For the science,

710
00:44:31,360 --> 00:44:34,879
Speaker 1: for the challenge, and for the future the science. There's

711
00:44:34,960 --> 00:44:39,160
Speaker 1: profound science to be discovered by going to Mars. Mars

712
00:44:39,280 --> 00:44:41,640
Speaker 1: was once a warm and wet planet. The early Mars

713
00:44:41,719 --> 00:44:43,839
Speaker 1: was very similar to the early Earth. I mean, I'm

714
00:44:43,880 --> 00:44:46,399
Speaker 1: convinced that there was once life on Mars and there

715
00:44:46,480 --> 00:44:50,279
Speaker 1: probably still is. Second is the challenge. I believe that

716
00:44:51,000 --> 00:44:54,520
Speaker 1: civilizations are like individuals. We grow when we challenge ourselves,

717
00:44:54,600 --> 00:44:57,879
Speaker 1: we stagnate when we do not. And then finally, there's

718
00:44:57,920 --> 00:45:00,040
Speaker 1: the future. If we do what we can do in

719
00:45:00,120 --> 00:45:04,240
Speaker 1: our time, which has established that first human foothold on Mars,

720
00:45:04,880 --> 00:45:07,759
Speaker 1: then you know, five years from now there will be

721
00:45:07,920 --> 00:45:12,000
Speaker 1: new branches of human civilization. And we're talking about new nations,

722
00:45:12,080 --> 00:45:17,680
Speaker 1: new cultures, new languages, new literatures, new traditions, new contributions

723
00:45:17,680 --> 00:45:22,000
Speaker 1: to technology and invention and social thought, new heroes, new

724
00:45:22,080 --> 00:45:24,560
Speaker 1: tales of great deeds that will be used to inspire

725
00:45:24,680 --> 00:45:28,040
Speaker 1: people that will go further. And if you have it

726
00:45:28,160 --> 00:45:32,120
Speaker 1: in your power to create something brand and wonderful, then

727
00:45:32,200 --> 00:45:35,239
Speaker 1: you should. Robert believes this so strongly that he thinks

728
00:45:35,360 --> 00:45:37,560
Speaker 1: NASA should skip the Moon and divert all of its

729
00:45:37,680 --> 00:45:41,000
Speaker 1: energies to Mars. We're not going to fully inspire the

730
00:45:41,080 --> 00:45:44,920
Speaker 1: next generation of youth by replicating a feat done by

731
00:45:45,040 --> 00:45:49,080
Speaker 1: their grandparents generation. We're going to inspire them by going

732
00:45:49,160 --> 00:45:52,000
Speaker 1: to a new world to do what has been done before,

733
00:45:52,400 --> 00:45:55,200
Speaker 1: to see what hasn't been seen before, to discover what

734
00:45:55,440 --> 00:45:58,399
Speaker 1: was never known before. That's why we're gonna to Mars,

735
00:45:58,480 --> 00:46:01,000
Speaker 1: and that's why this fool inspire of the next generation.

736
00:46:01,440 --> 00:46:03,600
Speaker 1: And yet I hear some of you asking what about

737
00:46:03,640 --> 00:46:06,440
Speaker 1: our problems back here on Earth. As we discussed on

738
00:46:06,480 --> 00:46:09,640
Speaker 1: the outside of this podcast, the America of nineteen sixty

739
00:46:09,760 --> 00:46:13,160
Speaker 1: nine bears an uncomfortable resemblance to the America of two

740
00:46:13,239 --> 00:46:18,080
Speaker 1: thousand and nineteen. For every York Pennsylvania, there's a Ferguson Missouri.

741
00:46:18,800 --> 00:46:23,520
Speaker 1: For every Vietnam, there's Afghanistan. For every Cold War, there's

742
00:46:23,600 --> 00:46:26,719
Speaker 1: Russian meddling in our elections. For every looming impeachment of

743
00:46:26,800 --> 00:46:30,239
Speaker 1: Richard Nixon, there's a looming impeachment of Donald Trump. For

744
00:46:30,320 --> 00:46:33,480
Speaker 1: every protest in favor of civil liberties, voting rights, and

745
00:46:33,560 --> 00:46:38,440
Speaker 1: equal pay, there's well, you know, and now we're setting

746
00:46:38,480 --> 00:46:41,720
Speaker 1: our sights on the moon and beyond. Are we fools

747
00:46:41,800 --> 00:46:45,480
Speaker 1: to try this again? The criticisms leveled by civil rights

748
00:46:45,600 --> 00:46:48,240
Speaker 1: leaders who protested all of the money spent on Apollo

749
00:46:48,480 --> 00:46:51,759
Speaker 1: at the expense of the nation's most vulnerable remain both

750
00:46:51,920 --> 00:46:56,800
Speaker 1: valid and omnipresent. Today, fifty years on, not much appears

751
00:46:56,880 --> 00:47:00,520
Speaker 1: to have changed. And yet I'm reminded of the words

752
00:47:00,560 --> 00:47:03,680
Speaker 1: of NASA's Bill Dunford, who said, why should we worry

753
00:47:03,719 --> 00:47:06,440
Speaker 1: about what's going on outside the cave? We have so

754
00:47:06,520 --> 00:47:09,760
Speaker 1: many problems here inside the cave. Why should we waste

755
00:47:09,800 --> 00:47:12,759
Speaker 1: time trying to figure out agriculture. We have so much

756
00:47:12,800 --> 00:47:15,560
Speaker 1: work to do hunting and gathering. Why should we spend

757
00:47:15,640 --> 00:47:18,480
Speaker 1: so much effort messing about in boats? We have so

758
00:47:18,640 --> 00:47:21,759
Speaker 1: many issues right here on land. Why should we fiddle

759
00:47:21,840 --> 00:47:25,080
Speaker 1: with those computers. There's so much calculating that still needs

760
00:47:25,120 --> 00:47:28,760
Speaker 1: to be done with these pencils. Why should we explore space?

761
00:47:29,719 --> 00:47:33,440
Speaker 1: We have so many problems right here on Earth? It's

762
00:47:33,480 --> 00:47:37,640
Speaker 1: all about how we prioritize our future. After all, NASA's

763
00:47:37,960 --> 00:47:41,120
Speaker 1: entire fifty year budget is roughly equal to what this

764
00:47:41,239 --> 00:47:46,080
Speaker 1: country spends on its military in just one year. Historically,

765
00:47:46,440 --> 00:47:51,640
Speaker 1: NASA's grandest steps have stimulated our economy, supercharged our innovation,

766
00:47:52,120 --> 00:47:57,759
Speaker 1: created astonishing spinoff technologies, broadened our science, inspired new generations

767
00:47:57,840 --> 00:48:00,839
Speaker 1: with new opportunities, and remind at us to look up

768
00:48:00,880 --> 00:48:04,400
Speaker 1: from our domestic squabbles and take in the cosmic perspective.

769
00:48:05,160 --> 00:48:07,960
Speaker 1: Asking if space exploration is a sensible use of our

770
00:48:08,040 --> 00:48:11,880
Speaker 1: money is a reasonable and rational question, but it cannot

771
00:48:11,920 --> 00:48:16,080
Speaker 1: be the only question. We must also ask what everything

772
00:48:16,120 --> 00:48:19,440
Speaker 1: we've learned and everything we've derived been possible without it?

773
00:48:20,360 --> 00:48:25,240
Speaker 1: Would our revolutions in computing and communications, in medicine and transportation,

774
00:48:25,680 --> 00:48:30,839
Speaker 1: in astrophysics and planetary sciences come about without Apollo? Would

775
00:48:30,840 --> 00:48:33,719
Speaker 1: we understand our own planet, including the peril it's in

776
00:48:33,960 --> 00:48:36,759
Speaker 1: right now because of our thoughtlessness, if we had not

777
00:48:37,000 --> 00:48:41,560
Speaker 1: dared to step off world. Beyond the political victories and

778
00:48:41,640 --> 00:48:46,320
Speaker 1: the scientific insights, the Space program gave a mangled America hope,

779
00:48:46,880 --> 00:48:51,200
Speaker 1: hope that a better future is within reach. Throughout our history,

780
00:48:51,560 --> 00:48:54,960
Speaker 1: from the Mayflower to the modern refugee crisis. Humans have

781
00:48:55,160 --> 00:48:58,400
Speaker 1: left the safe or the familiar to undertake a bold

782
00:48:58,480 --> 00:49:01,759
Speaker 1: mission to a new world old, and we can do

783
00:49:01,880 --> 00:49:07,080
Speaker 1: it again. Before Explorer George Mallory departed to scale matt Everest,

784
00:49:07,320 --> 00:49:10,320
Speaker 1: he was asked why he was undertaking such a difficult

785
00:49:10,440 --> 00:49:14,839
Speaker 1: and perilous quest, because it is there. He answered, well,

786
00:49:14,920 --> 00:49:18,200
Speaker 1: space is there, and we're going to climb it, and

787
00:49:18,320 --> 00:49:21,360
Speaker 1: the moon and the planet Sada and new hopes for

788
00:49:21,480 --> 00:49:25,080
Speaker 1: knowledge and peace of THEA. And therefore, as we set sail,

789
00:49:26,160 --> 00:49:30,200
Speaker 1: we asked God's blessing on the most hazardous and dangerous

790
00:49:30,760 --> 00:49:38,160
Speaker 1: and greatest adventure on which man has ever invoked. During

791
00:49:38,160 --> 00:49:40,600
Speaker 1: the cruise voyage back to the United States, aboard the

792
00:49:40,719 --> 00:49:44,440
Speaker 1: U S. S. Hornet, Michael excused himself and left his colleagues.

793
00:49:44,920 --> 00:49:47,880
Speaker 1: The Columbia had been connected to the mobile quarantine facility

794
00:49:48,160 --> 00:49:51,120
Speaker 1: by an air tight tunnel, and Michael claimed aboard alone,

795
00:49:51,480 --> 00:49:55,080
Speaker 1: taking it all in one last time. The Apollo eleven

796
00:49:55,160 --> 00:49:59,520
Speaker 1: mission lasted one and nine hours, eighteen minutes and thirty

797
00:49:59,560 --> 00:50:03,520
Speaker 1: five and in that time the ship traveled nearly one

798
00:50:03,719 --> 00:50:07,680
Speaker 1: million miles. Michael pulled a pen from his pocket and,

799
00:50:07,800 --> 00:50:10,480
Speaker 1: in an act understood by anyone who has ever wanted

800
00:50:10,520 --> 00:50:13,399
Speaker 1: to ensure that they are remembered for something they did

801
00:50:13,640 --> 00:50:17,040
Speaker 1: or saw, scribbled the following graffiti on one of the

802
00:50:17,080 --> 00:50:23,640
Speaker 1: command modules Equipment Bay Panels Apollo eleven alias Columbia, the

803
00:50:23,800 --> 00:50:27,000
Speaker 1: best ship to come down the line. God bless her

804
00:50:27,680 --> 00:50:32,880
Speaker 1: Michael Collins, Command Module Pilot. That note and the vessel

805
00:50:32,920 --> 00:50:36,360
Speaker 1: it adorns now rest in the lobby of the Smithsonian's

806
00:50:36,400 --> 00:50:40,200
Speaker 1: Air and Space Museum in Washington, d C. A tangible

807
00:50:40,280 --> 00:50:48,000
Speaker 1: testament to nine extraordinary days in July. This podcast is

808
00:50:48,040 --> 00:50:50,840
Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio and Trade Traft Studios,

809
00:50:51,239 --> 00:50:56,319
Speaker 1: executive producers Astroea and Scott Bernstein, in association with High

810
00:50:56,360 --> 00:51:01,440
Speaker 1: Five Content and executive brucer Andrew Jacobs. This spectacular series

811
00:51:01,760 --> 00:51:05,759
Speaker 1: was his brilliant idea, amazing research and prorection assistance by

812
00:51:05,800 --> 00:51:10,920
Speaker 1: associate producers Brian Schasso and Natalie Robomed. Our incredible editor

813
00:51:11,160 --> 00:51:15,480
Speaker 1: is Bill Lance. Original music by Henry ben Wa, Licensing

814
00:51:15,600 --> 00:51:19,560
Speaker 1: rights and clearances by Deborah Correa. Special thanks also to

815
00:51:19,680 --> 00:51:24,360
Speaker 1: consultant Gina Delvac Studio space generously provided by Gabby and

816
00:51:24,440 --> 00:51:27,960
Speaker 1: Helen Phibbs, the experts who contributed to this final episode

817
00:51:28,280 --> 00:51:32,719
Speaker 1: where Andy Aldred Navy seal John Wolfram, journalist Chris Davenport,

818
00:51:33,000 --> 00:51:36,680
Speaker 1: author of the Space Barons, NASA Chief historian Bill Berry,

819
00:51:37,200 --> 00:51:39,719
Speaker 1: Andrew Chaikin, the author of A Man on the Moon,

820
00:51:40,239 --> 00:51:43,200
Speaker 1: Robert Zubrin, the author of The Case for Space and

821
00:51:43,480 --> 00:51:47,040
Speaker 1: The Case for Mars. Space historian Amy Shearer title the

822
00:51:47,160 --> 00:51:51,000
Speaker 1: author of Fighting for Space out later this month, Apollo thirteens,

823
00:51:51,040 --> 00:51:55,160
Speaker 1: Jim Lovell, Apollo seventeens, Harris and Schmidt, and current NASA

824
00:51:55,200 --> 00:51:59,480
Speaker 1: astronaut Tracy Calledwell Dyson. In addition to the works just mentioned,

825
00:51:59,760 --> 00:52:03,800
Speaker 1: the following books were essential in shaping this series. Carrying

826
00:52:03,840 --> 00:52:08,440
Speaker 1: the Fire by Michael Collins, Magnificent Desolation by Buzz Aldren,

827
00:52:08,920 --> 00:52:12,480
Speaker 1: Failure Is Not An Option by Gene Krantz, First Man

828
00:52:12,760 --> 00:52:15,640
Speaker 1: by James Hansen, and Two Sides of the Move by

829
00:52:15,680 --> 00:52:19,600
Speaker 1: Alexei Leonov and David Scott. This podcast would have been

830
00:52:19,680 --> 00:52:23,800
Speaker 1: impossible without the profound assistance of so many people at NASA,

831
00:52:24,480 --> 00:52:29,400
Speaker 1: people like Bert Ulrich, Sandra Johnson, Brandy Dean, Gregory Wiseman,

832
00:52:29,680 --> 00:52:33,960
Speaker 1: and Stephanie Sherrolds. NASA's Apollo eleven Flight Journal, compiled by

833
00:52:34,080 --> 00:52:39,320
Speaker 1: David Woods, Ken mctaggard and Frank O'Brien was absolutely indispensable,

834
00:52:39,840 --> 00:52:44,240
Speaker 1: and of course, the incredible technological wizardry of consulting producer

835
00:52:44,360 --> 00:52:47,920
Speaker 1: Ben Feist, who is responsible for organizing and cleaning the

836
00:52:48,040 --> 00:52:51,600
Speaker 1: eleven thousand hours of mission audio you heard selections from

837
00:52:51,880 --> 00:52:55,640
Speaker 1: in this podcast. Lastly, I want to acknowledge I Heart's

838
00:52:55,680 --> 00:53:00,920
Speaker 1: own Noel Brown, Tristan McNeil, Crystal Waters, and David Wasserman

839
00:53:01,160 --> 00:53:05,600
Speaker 1: for their unbroken and tireless assistance. We hope you enjoyed

840
00:53:05,640 --> 00:53:08,640
Speaker 1: this podcast. If you did, please help us spread it

841
00:53:08,760 --> 00:53:12,120
Speaker 1: far and wide, tell your friends, leave ratings and reviews,

842
00:53:12,440 --> 00:53:15,759
Speaker 1: and chat about it on social media. You can subscribe

843
00:53:15,800 --> 00:53:18,719
Speaker 1: to nine Days in July wherever you get your podcasts.

844
00:53:19,560 --> 00:53:22,640
Speaker 1: I'm Brandon Phibbs. Thank you so much for listening