1 00:00:07,640 --> 00:00:10,520 Speaker 1: Welcome to Creature Feature, a production of I Heart Radio. 2 00:00:10,920 --> 00:00:14,520 Speaker 1: I'm your host of Many Parasites, Katie Golden. I studied 3 00:00:14,520 --> 00:00:18,160 Speaker 1: psychology and evolutionary biology, and I think animals are pretty neat. 4 00:00:18,600 --> 00:00:20,640 Speaker 1: On the show, I'd like to dive into the brains 5 00:00:20,640 --> 00:00:23,760 Speaker 1: of people and animals, get all gooey and covered in neurons, 6 00:00:23,960 --> 00:00:27,520 Speaker 1: and explore the most incredible behaviors on the planet. Today 7 00:00:27,520 --> 00:00:31,320 Speaker 1: we're talking about virtual reality, but ditch those computer goggles 8 00:00:31,320 --> 00:00:33,800 Speaker 1: and just listen with your brain meats, because we're talking 9 00:00:33,840 --> 00:00:37,760 Speaker 1: about a more organic, squishy form of virtual reality. What 10 00:00:37,920 --> 00:00:40,839 Speaker 1: happens when the human or animal brain takes some creative 11 00:00:40,920 --> 00:00:44,640 Speaker 1: license or when your own hand rebels against you. To 12 00:00:44,640 --> 00:00:47,000 Speaker 1: discover this and more as we answer the angel question, 13 00:00:47,280 --> 00:00:49,800 Speaker 1: if you call a fish four eyes, is that science 14 00:00:49,800 --> 00:00:55,240 Speaker 1: are just bullying. So the brain, human or otherwise, is 15 00:00:55,280 --> 00:00:58,240 Speaker 1: one of the most intricately complex structures on the planet. 16 00:00:58,640 --> 00:01:02,680 Speaker 1: The human brain has about eighty billion neurons. For perspective, 17 00:01:02,720 --> 00:01:05,399 Speaker 1: that's almost as much as Jeff bezos is net worth. 18 00:01:05,880 --> 00:01:09,320 Speaker 1: These neurons work together in complex patterns of activation that 19 00:01:09,360 --> 00:01:12,840 Speaker 1: results in thought, movement, speech, and are conscious experience of 20 00:01:12,880 --> 00:01:16,560 Speaker 1: the world. That means when something unusual happens to the brain, 21 00:01:16,720 --> 00:01:19,920 Speaker 1: say a stroke, injury or a lesion, your perception of 22 00:01:19,920 --> 00:01:23,680 Speaker 1: the world can become warped in unexpected ways. There's an 23 00:01:23,680 --> 00:01:28,520 Speaker 1: incredibly rare neurological disorder called Anton Babinski syndrome that results 24 00:01:28,520 --> 00:01:31,080 Speaker 1: from damage to the accipital lobe, a part of the 25 00:01:31,120 --> 00:01:34,880 Speaker 1: brain near the back of your head that processes visual information. 26 00:01:35,400 --> 00:01:39,280 Speaker 1: The damage to the occipital lobe branders the patient corticually blind, 27 00:01:39,440 --> 00:01:42,080 Speaker 1: meaning that their blindness is a result of brain damage 28 00:01:42,200 --> 00:01:46,319 Speaker 1: rather than eye problems. But rather than experiencing being blind, 29 00:01:46,640 --> 00:01:50,560 Speaker 1: people with Anton Babinski syndrome do not experience nor accept 30 00:01:50,640 --> 00:01:54,480 Speaker 1: that they are blind, despite being unable to identify visual 31 00:01:54,560 --> 00:01:58,800 Speaker 1: cues or even navigate a room. When confronted about their blindness, 32 00:01:58,840 --> 00:02:02,400 Speaker 1: people with this neurologic COO condition deny being blind, and 33 00:02:02,440 --> 00:02:05,680 Speaker 1: when asked to describe what they see, they will confabulate 34 00:02:05,720 --> 00:02:10,040 Speaker 1: a response. So confabulation is a term that means fabrication, 35 00:02:10,240 --> 00:02:14,160 Speaker 1: but it's not a lie. The person confabulating really believes 36 00:02:14,200 --> 00:02:17,639 Speaker 1: what they're saying. Their brain is filling in missing information 37 00:02:17,680 --> 00:02:21,040 Speaker 1: to the best of their ability. While people with Anton 38 00:02:21,120 --> 00:02:24,959 Speaker 1: Babinski syndrome do experience the delusion of being cited. It's 39 00:02:24,960 --> 00:02:27,960 Speaker 1: not quite what you may think. It's likely not that 40 00:02:28,000 --> 00:02:32,040 Speaker 1: they're just in denial or refuse to accept reality. Rather, 41 00:02:32,200 --> 00:02:35,280 Speaker 1: the leading hypothesis is that the damage to their accipital 42 00:02:35,320 --> 00:02:38,840 Speaker 1: lobe means that while they still receive visual signals from 43 00:02:38,880 --> 00:02:42,120 Speaker 1: their eyes, their brain is unable to pass this information 44 00:02:42,160 --> 00:02:45,440 Speaker 1: along to the speech language in motor processing areas of 45 00:02:45,480 --> 00:02:49,000 Speaker 1: the brain. Basically, they can still see their eyes are 46 00:02:49,040 --> 00:02:52,400 Speaker 1: sending messages to their accipital lobes, but they're unable to 47 00:02:52,440 --> 00:02:56,600 Speaker 1: do anything with that information. So they may consciously understand 48 00:02:56,600 --> 00:02:59,520 Speaker 1: that they're really seeing things, but their brain can't communicate 49 00:02:59,560 --> 00:03:02,360 Speaker 1: the informa asian. So in order to fill in this gap, 50 00:03:02,400 --> 00:03:06,640 Speaker 1: their brains do some improv Though Anton Bobinski syndrome is rare, 51 00:03:06,720 --> 00:03:09,519 Speaker 1: this habit of the brain filling in information is something 52 00:03:09,560 --> 00:03:13,280 Speaker 1: shared by every human and possibly most animals on the planet, 53 00:03:13,560 --> 00:03:17,680 Speaker 1: as we'll soon discuss. Joining me today's comedian comic artist 54 00:03:17,760 --> 00:03:20,280 Speaker 1: author of bad comics by Onna, which actually I think 55 00:03:20,280 --> 00:03:23,959 Speaker 1: are pretty good and too can fan on A Selinus. I. 56 00:03:24,520 --> 00:03:27,360 Speaker 1: It's so good to be here. Yeah, thank you for 57 00:03:27,440 --> 00:03:31,000 Speaker 1: joining me today. I'm excited. I really like your comics, 58 00:03:31,360 --> 00:03:35,520 Speaker 1: especially like how you sort of visualize thoughts and the 59 00:03:35,640 --> 00:03:38,880 Speaker 1: brain and just by these sort of shape, little shapy 60 00:03:38,880 --> 00:03:43,160 Speaker 1: blobs who have these yeah blobs, but they have discussions 61 00:03:43,160 --> 00:03:46,880 Speaker 1: with you. And I love that way of visualizing how 62 00:03:46,880 --> 00:03:50,240 Speaker 1: our brains work. Thank you. I mean it kind of 63 00:03:50,440 --> 00:03:53,240 Speaker 1: started mostly when I moved in to my own apartment. 64 00:03:53,360 --> 00:03:56,240 Speaker 1: I live with roommates. Now I went backwards, but I 65 00:03:56,280 --> 00:03:59,280 Speaker 1: lived alone, and I was talking to myself and I 66 00:03:59,320 --> 00:04:02,800 Speaker 1: started drawing, ing like I guess the voices in my head, 67 00:04:02,840 --> 00:04:06,160 Speaker 1: and then you know, they just all have different personalities, 68 00:04:06,200 --> 00:04:12,040 Speaker 1: like depression would be a sassy bunch, you know, anxiety 69 00:04:12,120 --> 00:04:15,920 Speaker 1: would be like a really panicky, short little blob. So 70 00:04:16,040 --> 00:04:18,039 Speaker 1: thank you so much. I feel like you've been doing 71 00:04:18,520 --> 00:04:21,040 Speaker 1: inside out before inside out was a thing. Oh my god, 72 00:04:21,080 --> 00:04:26,240 Speaker 1: thank you. They took it really from you got scooped now. 73 00:04:26,440 --> 00:04:31,240 Speaker 1: I love that. I do sometimes imagine my obsessive compulsive 74 00:04:31,279 --> 00:04:35,400 Speaker 1: disorder as almost like a cute little watch jaw dog, 75 00:04:35,520 --> 00:04:39,040 Speaker 1: or like a chihuahua that's super not it's not quite 76 00:04:39,080 --> 00:04:42,960 Speaker 1: a real chihuahua, but just this little blobby creature that 77 00:04:43,200 --> 00:04:47,200 Speaker 1: is super anxious and always alert for things and it's 78 00:04:47,200 --> 00:04:49,720 Speaker 1: just no. You can calm down. I'm sure the kitchen 79 00:04:49,760 --> 00:04:52,640 Speaker 1: isn't on fire. We don't need to go check. I 80 00:04:52,720 --> 00:04:56,320 Speaker 1: love that. I Oh my gosh, I want to. I 81 00:04:56,360 --> 00:04:59,119 Speaker 1: don't have O C D. And I would feel disingenuous 82 00:04:59,160 --> 00:05:01,240 Speaker 1: if I drew the old person. But I have to 83 00:05:01,279 --> 00:05:03,159 Speaker 1: find do it? Do it? Please? You gotta find a 84 00:05:03,200 --> 00:05:04,760 Speaker 1: way to do it. I want to because I could 85 00:05:04,760 --> 00:05:07,160 Speaker 1: you do a custom one for me and I'll just 86 00:05:07,240 --> 00:05:09,919 Speaker 1: describe it like what it is like to me, and 87 00:05:09,960 --> 00:05:13,400 Speaker 1: then you could do a little thing. Oh my god. Up. 88 00:05:15,120 --> 00:05:17,440 Speaker 1: So yeah, I think this is a great episode to 89 00:05:17,440 --> 00:05:20,360 Speaker 1: have you on because I'm talking about all the interesting 90 00:05:20,440 --> 00:05:23,360 Speaker 1: things our brains do and how it really in some 91 00:05:23,400 --> 00:05:27,400 Speaker 1: way we feel like we're one contiguous person with one personality, 92 00:05:27,520 --> 00:05:31,560 Speaker 1: one conscious experience, but sometimes that it's not so clear 93 00:05:31,600 --> 00:05:35,240 Speaker 1: that that's the way it is. So first to demonstrate this, 94 00:05:35,800 --> 00:05:38,159 Speaker 1: I want people to realize, like, as we're talking on 95 00:05:38,160 --> 00:05:42,440 Speaker 1: the show about these rare neurological phenomenons, that people that 96 00:05:42,560 --> 00:05:45,680 Speaker 1: have these are not weird or crazy. This is something 97 00:05:45,839 --> 00:05:50,159 Speaker 1: that basically, like we all have the capacity to fill 98 00:05:50,200 --> 00:05:53,320 Speaker 1: in missing information with our brains, and in fact, we 99 00:05:53,360 --> 00:05:55,839 Speaker 1: do it all the time constantly. Right now, you're doing 100 00:05:55,880 --> 00:06:00,120 Speaker 1: it because everyone on Earth has a blind spot in 101 00:06:00,240 --> 00:06:03,240 Speaker 1: their eyeballs, So I got to explain how our eyes 102 00:06:03,279 --> 00:06:06,159 Speaker 1: work really quickly. So the eye has a bunch of 103 00:06:06,240 --> 00:06:09,320 Speaker 1: light sensing proteins in the back, the rods and cones 104 00:06:09,400 --> 00:06:11,919 Speaker 1: that make up the retina. That's that sort of red 105 00:06:12,040 --> 00:06:14,640 Speaker 1: stuff at the back of your eye. But in order 106 00:06:14,680 --> 00:06:18,280 Speaker 1: for that information to get to the brain, the occipital 107 00:06:18,279 --> 00:06:20,359 Speaker 1: lobe at the back of your brain, you have to 108 00:06:20,480 --> 00:06:23,360 Speaker 1: basically run a cable from your eyeballs to the back 109 00:06:23,400 --> 00:06:26,080 Speaker 1: of your brain. And in order for the cable to 110 00:06:26,680 --> 00:06:29,560 Speaker 1: connect to your eye, it actually is right in the 111 00:06:29,600 --> 00:06:32,839 Speaker 1: middle of your retina. So there's an area, a little 112 00:06:32,960 --> 00:06:36,599 Speaker 1: diameter of area in your eye that doesn't have retina, 113 00:06:36,680 --> 00:06:39,360 Speaker 1: so it doesn't have the rods and cones. So you 114 00:06:39,520 --> 00:06:42,839 Speaker 1: actually have a little blind spot right there, but you 115 00:06:42,880 --> 00:06:45,640 Speaker 1: don't see it. You don't see a blank spot as 116 00:06:45,640 --> 00:06:49,400 Speaker 1: you're looking around. And often it's because the other eye. 117 00:06:49,600 --> 00:06:52,000 Speaker 1: You do have two eyes, generally, so you can make 118 00:06:52,080 --> 00:06:55,039 Speaker 1: up for that missing information with your eye, but not always. 119 00:06:55,080 --> 00:06:57,280 Speaker 1: Sometimes your blind spot is going to line up with 120 00:06:57,320 --> 00:07:00,280 Speaker 1: the other eye and your brain is going to fill 121 00:07:00,279 --> 00:07:03,799 Speaker 1: in the details, so it's like a content aware filler 122 00:07:04,160 --> 00:07:07,760 Speaker 1: that interpretates what should be there. And it's really so 123 00:07:07,800 --> 00:07:09,600 Speaker 1: there's this test you can do. I'm sure if you 124 00:07:09,680 --> 00:07:12,200 Speaker 1: google it. I'll probably also include it in the show notes. 125 00:07:12,560 --> 00:07:16,080 Speaker 1: Where you there's a dot and a cross or two 126 00:07:16,120 --> 00:07:19,400 Speaker 1: shapes and a background that's either white or some color, 127 00:07:19,920 --> 00:07:22,840 Speaker 1: and you close one eye and you look at the 128 00:07:22,880 --> 00:07:25,760 Speaker 1: opposite the dot opposite to your eye, and then you 129 00:07:25,840 --> 00:07:29,080 Speaker 1: kind of move back and forth and tell the the 130 00:07:29,120 --> 00:07:32,760 Speaker 1: other dot across from your eye disappears. Actually have it 131 00:07:32,840 --> 00:07:36,120 Speaker 1: up here so that you can do it. So if 132 00:07:36,120 --> 00:07:38,960 Speaker 1: you're looking at it, what should happen is that the 133 00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:42,360 Speaker 1: background color just kind of fills in where and it's 134 00:07:42,480 --> 00:07:45,400 Speaker 1: it's interesting because it's not just a white spot. If 135 00:07:45,480 --> 00:07:47,760 Speaker 1: you're looking at the background that's green, it's going to 136 00:07:47,880 --> 00:07:50,560 Speaker 1: fill in green. And if you're looking at the background 137 00:07:50,560 --> 00:07:53,000 Speaker 1: that's yellow, it's going to fill in yellow where that 138 00:07:53,160 --> 00:07:54,920 Speaker 1: cross or that dot is supposed to be. So it 139 00:07:54,960 --> 00:07:57,600 Speaker 1: just looks like a big yellow square, even though there's 140 00:07:57,600 --> 00:07:59,560 Speaker 1: a black dot in the middle of it. And that's 141 00:07:59,560 --> 00:08:03,400 Speaker 1: because you're brain is yea, yeah, you see it. Yeah, 142 00:08:03,760 --> 00:08:06,160 Speaker 1: it's really it's really interesting and it's kind of fun 143 00:08:06,160 --> 00:08:08,360 Speaker 1: to do. There's all sorts of these tests online that 144 00:08:08,400 --> 00:08:11,560 Speaker 1: you can do and see. Uh, And it's not just 145 00:08:11,800 --> 00:08:16,880 Speaker 1: filling in color. It can actually fill in complex patterns. Sometimes. 146 00:08:16,960 --> 00:08:19,760 Speaker 1: If you see, if there's a line that's broken in 147 00:08:20,160 --> 00:08:22,720 Speaker 1: the area where the break is, is it right in 148 00:08:22,760 --> 00:08:24,880 Speaker 1: your blind spot? Your brain will actually fill in the 149 00:08:24,960 --> 00:08:27,920 Speaker 1: line so it looks like a contiguous line even though 150 00:08:27,920 --> 00:08:32,360 Speaker 1: there's in reality nothing there, because your brain is just guessing, like, 151 00:08:32,400 --> 00:08:35,360 Speaker 1: oh well, it seems like a big line. So that's 152 00:08:35,400 --> 00:08:38,720 Speaker 1: so interesting. I feel like that probably is true on 153 00:08:38,760 --> 00:08:41,880 Speaker 1: a broader scale of how our mind's work of like, oh, 154 00:08:41,960 --> 00:08:44,600 Speaker 1: this is probably what I was doing two weeks ago 155 00:08:44,679 --> 00:08:48,960 Speaker 1: around noon. Yes, absolutely, building me kind of false memories 156 00:08:49,000 --> 00:08:53,240 Speaker 1: a little bit. Absolutely. In fact, I talked about confabulation before, 157 00:08:53,440 --> 00:08:56,560 Speaker 1: and that is also a term to describe gaps in 158 00:08:56,640 --> 00:09:01,160 Speaker 1: memory where we built like it can rain from severe 159 00:09:01,520 --> 00:09:06,559 Speaker 1: disorders like dementia, but also just too normal brain functioning 160 00:09:06,559 --> 00:09:09,720 Speaker 1: where you miss a memory and you you're basically fabricating 161 00:09:09,760 --> 00:09:12,600 Speaker 1: what should be in that memory, but you don't think 162 00:09:12,600 --> 00:09:16,640 Speaker 1: it's a fabrication. I think it's real. So you can 163 00:09:16,679 --> 00:09:19,560 Speaker 1: also with the blind spot, what your brain is doing 164 00:09:19,640 --> 00:09:23,840 Speaker 1: is it's making a statistical determination based on the surrounding 165 00:09:23,960 --> 00:09:28,080 Speaker 1: visual information. So say if you focus on like a 166 00:09:28,200 --> 00:09:31,480 Speaker 1: yellow doughnut and you get your blind spot right in 167 00:09:31,520 --> 00:09:33,240 Speaker 1: the center of that donut, your brain is going to 168 00:09:33,360 --> 00:09:36,280 Speaker 1: fill in the rest. It's gonna look like a yellow circle. 169 00:09:36,400 --> 00:09:38,880 Speaker 1: There won't be any whole because your brain is going like, okay, 170 00:09:39,480 --> 00:09:41,679 Speaker 1: everything around it is yellow, so this has to be 171 00:09:41,760 --> 00:09:45,800 Speaker 1: yellow too. And you can even It even works on 172 00:09:46,320 --> 00:09:49,959 Speaker 1: moving patterns like TV snow. So there's a test where 173 00:09:50,000 --> 00:09:53,040 Speaker 1: you do the whole blind spot thing, but instead it's 174 00:09:53,080 --> 00:09:54,880 Speaker 1: like you know, you know that, like fuzzy black and 175 00:09:54,880 --> 00:09:58,600 Speaker 1: white TV snow, and people will fill in the static 176 00:09:59,200 --> 00:10:01,439 Speaker 1: into their line spot and then if you quickly look 177 00:10:01,480 --> 00:10:03,920 Speaker 1: away to a white wall, you'll see a little square 178 00:10:04,559 --> 00:10:08,120 Speaker 1: of of TV static on the wall because your brain 179 00:10:08,200 --> 00:10:11,200 Speaker 1: is so basically, your brain has so actively tried to 180 00:10:11,280 --> 00:10:13,640 Speaker 1: plug in the snow and put it in. Once you 181 00:10:14,040 --> 00:10:16,120 Speaker 1: suddenly remove it, it's still kind of going for a 182 00:10:16,120 --> 00:10:18,800 Speaker 1: little while. I feel like that is kind of a 183 00:10:18,800 --> 00:10:23,040 Speaker 1: familiar feeling too, that some something like that just sort 184 00:10:23,080 --> 00:10:26,079 Speaker 1: of projects onto it. Yeah, it can happen. Say you're 185 00:10:26,200 --> 00:10:28,320 Speaker 1: staring at a bold color for a while and then 186 00:10:28,360 --> 00:10:30,080 Speaker 1: you suddenly look at the wall. You can see an 187 00:10:30,120 --> 00:10:33,839 Speaker 1: afterimage because you're basically your eyes and your brain are 188 00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:37,200 Speaker 1: confused by the sudden lack of I never thought of 189 00:10:37,240 --> 00:10:41,320 Speaker 1: it that way, like like the wheels are just still running. Yes, yeah, 190 00:10:41,559 --> 00:10:45,040 Speaker 1: And so I was curious about how whether animals have 191 00:10:45,320 --> 00:10:48,959 Speaker 1: blind spots, and in fact they must. Yeah, they do. 192 00:10:49,320 --> 00:10:52,280 Speaker 1: And as I was researching this, I found some really 193 00:10:52,320 --> 00:10:55,640 Speaker 1: interesting things about animal visions. So let's start with rats. 194 00:10:56,160 --> 00:10:59,200 Speaker 1: They do have a blind spot. Their eyes are very 195 00:10:59,280 --> 00:11:03,120 Speaker 1: similar to ours, except that they have double vision, and 196 00:11:03,160 --> 00:11:08,720 Speaker 1: they can move their eyes independent of each other, like, yeah, exactly, 197 00:11:08,760 --> 00:11:12,040 Speaker 1: like Pennywise from it, Yeah exactly, So like if there's 198 00:11:12,040 --> 00:11:16,400 Speaker 1: a predator coming, they could feel like this is here exactly. 199 00:11:16,960 --> 00:11:20,200 Speaker 1: And so actually, did you know that the actor who 200 00:11:20,200 --> 00:11:23,920 Speaker 1: plays Pennywise, uh, the more recent one, Bill Scars Guard, 201 00:11:23,960 --> 00:11:29,360 Speaker 1: he can do that. That's that's really yeah. Yeah, there's 202 00:11:29,400 --> 00:11:32,000 Speaker 1: an interview with him where he does the weird smile 203 00:11:32,120 --> 00:11:34,720 Speaker 1: and he does the have has one of his eyes 204 00:11:34,800 --> 00:11:38,079 Speaker 1: kind of go to the side, and it's it's really 205 00:11:38,400 --> 00:11:41,360 Speaker 1: that is he doesn't he like almost doesn't need the makeup. 206 00:11:41,720 --> 00:11:44,480 Speaker 1: You can do it all with a facial expression. The perfect, 207 00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:48,400 Speaker 1: I know, I know. So researchers at the Max Planck 208 00:11:48,600 --> 00:11:53,680 Speaker 1: Institute for Biological Cybernetics in m to Bingjin, it's a 209 00:11:53,720 --> 00:11:57,400 Speaker 1: good job Germany on doing this research. So they attached 210 00:11:57,480 --> 00:12:01,319 Speaker 1: teeny tiny high speed camera hats to ats and looked 211 00:12:01,320 --> 00:12:04,360 Speaker 1: at their eye gays. They found that their eye gays 212 00:12:04,559 --> 00:12:09,199 Speaker 1: indicates that they prioritize keeping a view of the sky 213 00:12:09,440 --> 00:12:13,439 Speaker 1: over just looking ahead, so they have a good view 214 00:12:13,520 --> 00:12:16,960 Speaker 1: of their immediate surroundings, but they're always at least keeping 215 00:12:17,040 --> 00:12:20,640 Speaker 1: one eye or both eyes trained on the sky and 216 00:12:20,720 --> 00:12:23,520 Speaker 1: have to have the sky in their field of vision, 217 00:12:23,960 --> 00:12:27,280 Speaker 1: which is assumed to be to avoid predatory birds, which 218 00:12:27,320 --> 00:12:31,960 Speaker 1: is one of their main predators. And they determined by 219 00:12:31,960 --> 00:12:34,880 Speaker 1: tracing their eye movement that their field of vision in 220 00:12:35,360 --> 00:12:38,600 Speaker 1: either eye differs too much from the other in order 221 00:12:38,640 --> 00:12:41,640 Speaker 1: to be fused into one image, so they have to 222 00:12:41,840 --> 00:12:47,800 Speaker 1: have binocular vision basically two distinct orbs, yeah, views that 223 00:12:47,880 --> 00:12:54,480 Speaker 1: they somehow process in their ACCEPTITALB. That's so they're constantly 224 00:12:54,559 --> 00:12:59,680 Speaker 1: living in VR exactly. That sounds nauseating, So it's terrible. 225 00:13:00,040 --> 00:13:03,080 Speaker 1: I you know, I get terrible motion sickness when I 226 00:13:03,120 --> 00:13:07,160 Speaker 1: have to do the VR rides where you know universal 227 00:13:07,280 --> 00:13:10,080 Speaker 1: and I guess Disney is doing that now to get 228 00:13:10,080 --> 00:13:12,400 Speaker 1: on the ride and it's sort of like it's a track, right, 229 00:13:12,480 --> 00:13:15,720 Speaker 1: so you're actually moving, but then instead of having puppets 230 00:13:15,800 --> 00:13:19,920 Speaker 1: or animatronics, it's VR or three D and I didn't 231 00:13:19,920 --> 00:13:24,160 Speaker 1: want tom so sick. They yeah, because you're they If 232 00:13:24,240 --> 00:13:28,120 Speaker 1: VR if truly of the future of media and video games, 233 00:13:28,240 --> 00:13:30,240 Speaker 1: I don't know what we're gonna do about that. I'm 234 00:13:30,240 --> 00:13:35,559 Speaker 1: just gonna be too, just gonna be constantly high on drama. Me. Yeah, yeah, 235 00:13:35,600 --> 00:13:38,280 Speaker 1: it's you're just in a boat. You're like it a submarine, 236 00:13:38,440 --> 00:13:42,600 Speaker 1: just rocking around. I did a VR what's it called 237 00:13:42,720 --> 00:13:46,960 Speaker 1: Silent No No, No, No, Resident Evil, and it really 238 00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:49,080 Speaker 1: scared me. It was really funny because I kept yelling 239 00:13:49,080 --> 00:13:52,120 Speaker 1: at people, like get out of my area. Oh totally, 240 00:13:52,160 --> 00:13:54,760 Speaker 1: because it's it feels so real. I went to the 241 00:13:54,880 --> 00:13:58,360 Speaker 1: arcade here two Bit Circus, I think, and did their 242 00:13:58,440 --> 00:14:02,679 Speaker 1: VR game, and like it's terrifying because you look behind 243 00:14:02,720 --> 00:14:06,280 Speaker 1: you and all of a sudden, something attacking and you're 244 00:14:06,679 --> 00:14:11,040 Speaker 1: you have to like move your hands to I caldn't defeat, 245 00:14:11,080 --> 00:14:14,240 Speaker 1: couldn't write, and I couldn't convince myself it wasn't real. 246 00:14:15,360 --> 00:14:18,320 Speaker 1: That's terrifying. I would be a very bad animal, I 247 00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:22,680 Speaker 1: think because I hate video games that are like I 248 00:14:22,720 --> 00:14:24,800 Speaker 1: like video games that are like you just exist in 249 00:14:24,800 --> 00:14:28,360 Speaker 1: the world, like sim style. But I hate being chased. 250 00:14:28,920 --> 00:14:31,800 Speaker 1: I hate having to like shoot at something or run 251 00:14:31,880 --> 00:14:35,280 Speaker 1: from something. I just could not handle predators. Well, you 252 00:14:35,320 --> 00:14:37,520 Speaker 1: would hate to be and I don't mean this as 253 00:14:37,560 --> 00:14:39,520 Speaker 1: an insult, but you would hate to be the brown 254 00:14:39,960 --> 00:14:44,640 Speaker 1: brown snout spook spits the brown snout spook fish. Yeah, 255 00:14:44,720 --> 00:14:46,560 Speaker 1: I would hate it. Why would I hate it? Well, 256 00:14:46,680 --> 00:14:50,360 Speaker 1: so the brown snout spooks fish, well, that is a mouthful. 257 00:14:50,480 --> 00:14:53,080 Speaker 1: Oh my god. They can see up and down at 258 00:14:53,120 --> 00:14:56,840 Speaker 1: the same time. So they are not to be confused 259 00:14:56,880 --> 00:14:58,880 Speaker 1: with the ghost shark, which we've talked about on the 260 00:14:58,920 --> 00:15:03,040 Speaker 1: show before. But the brown snout spook fish is a 261 00:15:03,120 --> 00:15:06,360 Speaker 1: species of barrel eye fish that lives all over the 262 00:15:06,400 --> 00:15:10,520 Speaker 1: world in tropical and temperate regions. It's not too big, 263 00:15:10,600 --> 00:15:15,400 Speaker 1: it's pretty slender. It's about um seven inches long, has 264 00:15:15,480 --> 00:15:21,400 Speaker 1: a completely transparent body. There in the family Opus though Procididae, 265 00:15:21,680 --> 00:15:27,440 Speaker 1: which in Greek means behind an us, whoa a whole family, 266 00:15:27,520 --> 00:15:32,240 Speaker 1: But they're in the family of butt butts. But but so, 267 00:15:33,000 --> 00:15:37,040 Speaker 1: one of its larger close relatives is the Pacific barrel 268 00:15:37,080 --> 00:15:39,440 Speaker 1: eye fish. And there's a video that went viral a 269 00:15:39,520 --> 00:15:42,640 Speaker 1: while ago of this fish that had a basically a 270 00:15:42,720 --> 00:15:46,880 Speaker 1: transparent dome like head and these weird eyes. Let me 271 00:15:47,000 --> 00:15:52,520 Speaker 1: show you that. Whoa, this feels like a fake fish. 272 00:15:52,760 --> 00:15:55,480 Speaker 1: It's not. It's completely real. I know. It looks like 273 00:15:55,560 --> 00:15:57,840 Speaker 1: a science fiction fish, right, Yeah, it looks like they 274 00:15:57,960 --> 00:16:01,760 Speaker 1: put oh my gosh, it looks like they put a 275 00:16:01,880 --> 00:16:06,760 Speaker 1: lightbulb inside of some jello, some clear jello. Honestly, this 276 00:16:06,960 --> 00:16:09,880 Speaker 1: is like a Pixar movie because inside this fish are 277 00:16:10,000 --> 00:16:14,680 Speaker 1: like the little snemones or like the little bacteria that 278 00:16:14,760 --> 00:16:17,560 Speaker 1: are the star of this animated movie, riding in their 279 00:16:18,040 --> 00:16:23,520 Speaker 1: inside out Yeah, like inside out style. They're a fish bus. Yeah, 280 00:16:23,560 --> 00:16:25,760 Speaker 1: it is. It is. It also does remind me of 281 00:16:25,920 --> 00:16:28,800 Speaker 1: those gelatin desserts from the fifties where you just put 282 00:16:28,880 --> 00:16:34,400 Speaker 1: a whole fruit right in there. I think that, Yeah, yeah, 283 00:16:34,480 --> 00:16:39,720 Speaker 1: where you put in grapes or yes, or like olives 284 00:16:39,800 --> 00:16:45,320 Speaker 1: and eggs. Yes. Just it's crazy that was ever a 285 00:16:45,440 --> 00:16:49,760 Speaker 1: preferred food, right, Why do you want savory inside of jello? 286 00:16:50,040 --> 00:16:53,640 Speaker 1: Don't know unless you've been watching videos of this fish 287 00:16:53,680 --> 00:16:56,000 Speaker 1: a lot, all right, this fish does look pretty delicious. 288 00:16:56,680 --> 00:16:59,480 Speaker 1: So this is the spook fish. So this is no. 289 00:16:59,680 --> 00:17:02,880 Speaker 1: So this is the barrel the Pacific barrel eye fish, 290 00:17:03,320 --> 00:17:06,720 Speaker 1: which is a relative of the brown snout spookfish. And 291 00:17:06,760 --> 00:17:08,960 Speaker 1: I'll show you a picture of that one too. So 292 00:17:09,280 --> 00:17:13,640 Speaker 1: the Pacific barrel eye fish. Uh, it has a transparent 293 00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:16,439 Speaker 1: dome like head and tubular eyes, and the things at 294 00:17:16,480 --> 00:17:18,119 Speaker 1: the front of its head that kind of look like 295 00:17:18,240 --> 00:17:22,000 Speaker 1: eyes are actually basically it's nose, whereas the eyes are 296 00:17:22,240 --> 00:17:28,080 Speaker 1: inside that dome and are these two round, rounded cylinders 297 00:17:28,160 --> 00:17:31,000 Speaker 1: that look like they're just two telescopes pointing up or 298 00:17:31,040 --> 00:17:33,720 Speaker 1: a pair of binoculars pointing up. And that's in fact 299 00:17:33,760 --> 00:17:36,680 Speaker 1: exactly what they are, because their their eyes pointed straight 300 00:17:36,760 --> 00:17:40,520 Speaker 1: up to look for silhouettes of food above them, and 301 00:17:40,600 --> 00:17:43,919 Speaker 1: then once they've zoomed in on some food, then they 302 00:17:43,960 --> 00:17:46,679 Speaker 1: can actually swivel those eyes in front of them. They 303 00:17:46,680 --> 00:17:50,960 Speaker 1: are submarines, their submarines, exact, fish are floating, their little submarines. 304 00:17:51,160 --> 00:17:55,280 Speaker 1: I love that. Now this doesn't happen, but because their 305 00:17:55,320 --> 00:17:57,960 Speaker 1: heads are transparent, it does look like they should be 306 00:17:58,359 --> 00:18:01,320 Speaker 1: sort of a transportation vest. So for some like tiny, 307 00:18:01,880 --> 00:18:05,880 Speaker 1: tiny sea people. Yeah, and they're like inside they're steering 308 00:18:06,119 --> 00:18:12,000 Speaker 1: the binoculars. There happened, I say something on the port side. 309 00:18:12,960 --> 00:18:16,160 Speaker 1: It was just a fart. That's exactly what the little 310 00:18:16,359 --> 00:18:21,560 Speaker 1: sea creatures inside of this fish. Right. Submariners saying, so 311 00:18:21,880 --> 00:18:26,480 Speaker 1: it's cousin the brown snout spookfish takes this vision a 312 00:18:26,560 --> 00:18:29,280 Speaker 1: step further. So, now here is a picture of this 313 00:18:29,440 --> 00:18:33,880 Speaker 1: little guy. Okay, he's completely transparent, as you can see. 314 00:18:35,600 --> 00:18:39,840 Speaker 1: This also looks incredibly big, it doesn't. It looks something 315 00:18:39,920 --> 00:18:43,320 Speaker 1: about the clear bodies with this neon glow inside just 316 00:18:43,520 --> 00:18:47,680 Speaker 1: feels like an art department got really creative. Yeah, it 317 00:18:47,720 --> 00:18:50,880 Speaker 1: looks like one of the fake animals in life aquatic 318 00:18:51,440 --> 00:18:57,159 Speaker 1: yea that they had especially fake exactly. Yeah, they're like 319 00:18:57,440 --> 00:19:00,560 Speaker 1: stop motion that was put into the live film or 320 00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:03,720 Speaker 1: something like that. Yes, it looks exactly like that. And 321 00:19:04,320 --> 00:19:07,320 Speaker 1: it is the only vertebrate that is known to, in 322 00:19:07,400 --> 00:19:11,040 Speaker 1: addition to an eye lens, employ a mirror in order 323 00:19:11,080 --> 00:19:14,040 Speaker 1: to see. So this is something that is used by 324 00:19:14,080 --> 00:19:17,680 Speaker 1: other animals, just not vertebrates. So scalops use the mirror 325 00:19:17,720 --> 00:19:20,080 Speaker 1: technique in order and to see out of their horrible 326 00:19:20,119 --> 00:19:24,320 Speaker 1: little eyes. We have a bunch of eyes too. They 327 00:19:24,400 --> 00:19:26,720 Speaker 1: have so many eyes. They can have up to like 328 00:19:26,760 --> 00:19:30,080 Speaker 1: a hundred eyes, these little blue eyes, I know. And 329 00:19:30,560 --> 00:19:33,359 Speaker 1: so the mirror in the eye is thought to be 330 00:19:33,760 --> 00:19:37,720 Speaker 1: made of guantine crystal. Seguanning is protein. It's found in 331 00:19:37,840 --> 00:19:41,879 Speaker 1: DNA uh, and it can also be formed into this 332 00:19:42,040 --> 00:19:47,280 Speaker 1: crystalline mass basically. And it's so in addition to the 333 00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:50,359 Speaker 1: normal eye that looks upwards and just functions like a 334 00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:54,879 Speaker 1: regular mammalian or other vertebrate eye words using the lens uh, 335 00:19:55,000 --> 00:19:57,879 Speaker 1: the other eyes like kind of jammed onto the side 336 00:19:57,920 --> 00:20:00,960 Speaker 1: of the eye of this little eyeball, and and it 337 00:20:01,119 --> 00:20:04,840 Speaker 1: has a mirror that can look downwards and reflect it 338 00:20:04,920 --> 00:20:07,280 Speaker 1: onto the retina. So let me show you this diagram. 339 00:20:07,359 --> 00:20:11,040 Speaker 1: It's a little confusing otherwise. So there's just this one eye. 340 00:20:12,160 --> 00:20:15,280 Speaker 1: Basically a normal eye like gets focused through the lens 341 00:20:15,520 --> 00:20:18,920 Speaker 1: and hits the retina. And then this weird little annex 342 00:20:19,040 --> 00:20:21,520 Speaker 1: just like built onto the side of the eye where 343 00:20:21,600 --> 00:20:25,359 Speaker 1: the light enters and bounces off of the mirror and 344 00:20:25,440 --> 00:20:28,040 Speaker 1: then hits the retina. So what is the purpose of 345 00:20:28,119 --> 00:20:31,000 Speaker 1: this eye? It's like a last minute I like they 346 00:20:31,600 --> 00:20:34,480 Speaker 1: someone was designing this fish in an art department because 347 00:20:34,480 --> 00:20:37,320 Speaker 1: I'm still not convinced to. I was just like, I 348 00:20:37,520 --> 00:20:39,879 Speaker 1: just throw this on and make it look creepier. I mean, 349 00:20:39,960 --> 00:20:42,040 Speaker 1: if you think about it, when you're in the ocean, 350 00:20:42,359 --> 00:20:44,640 Speaker 1: you not only have to worry about what's in front 351 00:20:44,680 --> 00:20:46,720 Speaker 1: of you or what's behind you. You have to worry 352 00:20:46,720 --> 00:20:49,600 Speaker 1: about what's above you and what's below you. So being 353 00:20:49,680 --> 00:20:55,480 Speaker 1: able to see above, below, and around you is really important. 354 00:20:56,119 --> 00:20:59,240 Speaker 1: So it's actually interesting to me that there aren't more 355 00:20:59,560 --> 00:21:03,000 Speaker 1: fish than do this. That's true because yet at least 356 00:21:04,040 --> 00:21:09,600 Speaker 1: if you're on land, the ground is safe unless trimmers happens. 357 00:21:09,680 --> 00:21:13,520 Speaker 1: But it's true essentially, it is usually And also I 358 00:21:13,720 --> 00:21:16,520 Speaker 1: guess things can like burrow up from the ground, but 359 00:21:16,840 --> 00:21:19,760 Speaker 1: usually that's the one part we're not looking at, which 360 00:21:19,880 --> 00:21:24,160 Speaker 1: is interesting because I feel like this is a problem 361 00:21:24,280 --> 00:21:26,680 Speaker 1: I have and maybe a lot of people. I look 362 00:21:26,760 --> 00:21:29,840 Speaker 1: down when I walk along. I'm afraid of stepping in poop, 363 00:21:29,920 --> 00:21:32,240 Speaker 1: so I do too. Yeah yeah, or like if I'm 364 00:21:32,359 --> 00:21:35,280 Speaker 1: running or something, I feel like I looked down and 365 00:21:35,359 --> 00:21:39,840 Speaker 1: I remember this book, the last of the really great 366 00:21:40,119 --> 00:21:44,240 Speaker 1: Whang Doodles to read that whang Doodles Win Doodles. It's 367 00:21:44,280 --> 00:21:48,159 Speaker 1: this children's chapter book about whang doodles this dragon, but 368 00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:52,840 Speaker 1: wang doodles the dragon. Yes, and they One of the 369 00:21:53,040 --> 00:21:56,320 Speaker 1: lessons is that you should be looking up more because 370 00:21:56,400 --> 00:21:58,440 Speaker 1: as people, we tend to look down. And so there's 371 00:21:58,480 --> 00:22:00,879 Speaker 1: this guy who has like a rain book umbrella to 372 00:22:01,080 --> 00:22:04,280 Speaker 1: encourage children to look up. I see. So there's something 373 00:22:04,359 --> 00:22:10,119 Speaker 1: about looking up that is like maybe more free or something. 374 00:22:10,320 --> 00:22:14,480 Speaker 1: But then you step and dog dog. That's the thing, 375 00:22:14,800 --> 00:22:18,400 Speaker 1: like I've tried that where I'm just like gallivanting head 376 00:22:18,520 --> 00:22:21,560 Speaker 1: eyes on the sky and then but right in the 377 00:22:22,040 --> 00:22:25,200 Speaker 1: right in the poop or on the sidewalk here, because 378 00:22:25,760 --> 00:22:28,760 Speaker 1: one time this guy was jogging past me and he 379 00:22:28,960 --> 00:22:33,720 Speaker 1: stomped on a unintentional mistake, stepped on a catchup packet 380 00:22:34,240 --> 00:22:36,800 Speaker 1: splattered all over me, and he looked at me and 381 00:22:36,840 --> 00:22:39,119 Speaker 1: he was completely stunned, and then he just kept running. 382 00:22:40,480 --> 00:22:43,920 Speaker 1: He kept running. Well, yeah, I think he just didn't 383 00:22:43,960 --> 00:22:46,480 Speaker 1: know how to react. He was horrified, right, because it 384 00:22:46,600 --> 00:22:50,600 Speaker 1: looked like I had just exploded in blood. But that's true. 385 00:22:50,800 --> 00:22:53,040 Speaker 1: Still not still probably should have checked on me. But 386 00:22:53,160 --> 00:22:56,359 Speaker 1: you should have checked exactly. But you know, if he 387 00:22:56,680 --> 00:23:00,520 Speaker 1: was a brown snout spookfish, then he could of seeing 388 00:23:00,560 --> 00:23:03,680 Speaker 1: that catch exactly. So that's why they did it so 389 00:23:03,760 --> 00:23:07,119 Speaker 1: they can see poop and catch up. It's important for 390 00:23:07,160 --> 00:23:12,560 Speaker 1: all five. Our brains do a huge amount of heavy 391 00:23:12,600 --> 00:23:15,040 Speaker 1: lifting when it comes to our vision. There was a 392 00:23:15,160 --> 00:23:18,600 Speaker 1: rather famous mirror flipping experiment, though you may have heard 393 00:23:18,640 --> 00:23:23,000 Speaker 1: the incorrect version. So in this experiment, people wore glasses 394 00:23:23,119 --> 00:23:26,520 Speaker 1: that used mirrors to flip the world upside down. Though 395 00:23:26,600 --> 00:23:29,640 Speaker 1: the popular understanding of the study was that the participants 396 00:23:29,760 --> 00:23:34,080 Speaker 1: brains flipped the world right side up, this never really happened. Instead, 397 00:23:34,240 --> 00:23:37,840 Speaker 1: they rapidly adapted to the upside down world and regained 398 00:23:37,920 --> 00:23:41,080 Speaker 1: the ability to walk around without falling over, and though 399 00:23:41,119 --> 00:23:45,119 Speaker 1: they were spectacularly good at adapting, they never consciously flipped 400 00:23:45,119 --> 00:23:48,280 Speaker 1: the world to the upright position. However, there have been 401 00:23:48,359 --> 00:23:51,720 Speaker 1: studies where the participants wore goggles that distorted the world, 402 00:23:52,040 --> 00:23:55,800 Speaker 1: such as weird magnifications or distorting how close things seemed 403 00:23:55,880 --> 00:23:58,680 Speaker 1: like a rear view mirror, and the wearers were able 404 00:23:58,720 --> 00:24:02,200 Speaker 1: to quickly adapt their new fun house mirror world. Their 405 00:24:02,240 --> 00:24:05,200 Speaker 1: brains had to overcompensate so much to make things appear 406 00:24:05,320 --> 00:24:08,400 Speaker 1: normal while wearing the glasses that when they were removed 407 00:24:08,640 --> 00:24:13,480 Speaker 1: they experienced temporary distortions. With the naked eye. When we return, 408 00:24:13,560 --> 00:24:15,760 Speaker 1: we'll talk about what happens when one side of your 409 00:24:15,840 --> 00:24:21,360 Speaker 1: brain goes rogue. I like food, and I like home 410 00:24:21,440 --> 00:24:23,720 Speaker 1: cooked meals, but what I don't like is going to 411 00:24:23,760 --> 00:24:26,280 Speaker 1: the grocery store. I have to change out of my sweatpants, 412 00:24:26,320 --> 00:24:29,120 Speaker 1: and that's just that's just not fair. With Hello Fresh, 413 00:24:29,240 --> 00:24:32,320 Speaker 1: America's number one meal kit, you can get easy, seasonal 414 00:24:32,440 --> 00:24:35,640 Speaker 1: recipes and pre measured ingredients delivered right to your door. 415 00:24:35,840 --> 00:24:38,760 Speaker 1: No change now that your sweatpants necessary. All you gotta 416 00:24:38,800 --> 00:24:41,800 Speaker 1: do is cook and enjoy. Hello Fresh makes cooking easy 417 00:24:41,960 --> 00:24:45,399 Speaker 1: and delicious. You get new recipes every week. You can 418 00:24:45,480 --> 00:24:48,560 Speaker 1: try things, and it's got easy step by step recipes, 419 00:24:48,680 --> 00:24:51,560 Speaker 1: pre measured ingredients and everything you need to make an 420 00:24:51,600 --> 00:24:56,399 Speaker 1: incredible meal from vegetarian to calorie, smart and fun menu series. 421 00:24:56,680 --> 00:24:59,560 Speaker 1: Hello Fresh is even flexible and it fits your lifestyle. 422 00:24:59,640 --> 00:25:02,600 Speaker 1: You can add extra meals to your weekly order yummy 423 00:25:02,680 --> 00:25:04,920 Speaker 1: add ons, and you can skip weeks when you don't 424 00:25:04,960 --> 00:25:07,760 Speaker 1: need it. I just tried the Telapia with scallion, Sara 425 00:25:07,920 --> 00:25:10,200 Speaker 1: cha pesto and it was amazing, and it was a 426 00:25:10,280 --> 00:25:13,200 Speaker 1: recipe I wouldn't have tried otherwise. To get nine free 427 00:25:13,240 --> 00:25:15,640 Speaker 1: meals with Hello fresh. You can go to Hello Fresh 428 00:25:15,840 --> 00:25:20,280 Speaker 1: dot com slash creature nine and use code creature nine. 429 00:25:20,760 --> 00:25:25,280 Speaker 1: That's Hello Fresh dot com slash creature nine to start 430 00:25:25,440 --> 00:25:33,760 Speaker 1: enjoying credible home cooked meals. Imagine that one of your 431 00:25:33,880 --> 00:25:36,320 Speaker 1: hands starts to have a mind of its own. It 432 00:25:36,480 --> 00:25:39,679 Speaker 1: moves around, reaches for things, fiddles with your shirt, all 433 00:25:39,760 --> 00:25:44,040 Speaker 1: without your conscious input or permission. You'd probably be forgiven 434 00:25:44,119 --> 00:25:47,280 Speaker 1: for thinking that you've been possessed by an alien parasite 435 00:25:47,680 --> 00:25:51,680 Speaker 1: or are in some sort of Doctor Strangelove situation. In fact, 436 00:25:51,880 --> 00:25:54,639 Speaker 1: this is a real thing called Alien Hands syndrome or 437 00:25:54,760 --> 00:25:58,520 Speaker 1: Doctor Strangelove syndrome after the movie. People with this rare 438 00:25:58,640 --> 00:26:01,960 Speaker 1: neurological disorder few a loss of control over one of 439 00:26:02,000 --> 00:26:05,520 Speaker 1: their hands. Those with alien hand syndrome may feel like 440 00:26:05,600 --> 00:26:07,879 Speaker 1: their hand has a mind of its own, and they 441 00:26:07,960 --> 00:26:11,600 Speaker 1: may actually be right. Most patients with this condition had 442 00:26:11,760 --> 00:26:16,879 Speaker 1: a corpus colostomy, a medical procedure also called split brain procedure. 443 00:26:17,440 --> 00:26:21,399 Speaker 1: It's a neurosurgical procedure wherein the corpus colosum, the neural 444 00:26:21,480 --> 00:26:25,080 Speaker 1: tissue connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is severed. 445 00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:29,040 Speaker 1: It's rarely used anymore and is mostly a last resort 446 00:26:29,119 --> 00:26:33,920 Speaker 1: to treat dangerous and otherwise untreatable epilepsy. It interrupts the 447 00:26:34,040 --> 00:26:37,200 Speaker 1: feedback loop between the two hemispheres of the brain, which 448 00:26:37,280 --> 00:26:41,120 Speaker 1: helps stop seizures, but it can also result in uncomfortable 449 00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:46,560 Speaker 1: side effects, including alien hand syndrome. By severing the corpus colosum, 450 00:26:46,680 --> 00:26:49,720 Speaker 1: the communication between the two hemispheres of the brain is 451 00:26:49,880 --> 00:26:53,719 Speaker 1: greatly inhibited, which may result in people having two separate 452 00:26:53,800 --> 00:26:58,879 Speaker 1: conscious experiences at once alien hand. Therefore, maybe one side 453 00:26:58,920 --> 00:27:01,720 Speaker 1: of the brain taking control of the hand while the 454 00:27:01,800 --> 00:27:05,119 Speaker 1: other side of the brain expresses discomfort with the situation. 455 00:27:05,760 --> 00:27:08,119 Speaker 1: It's hard to know exactly what it means to have 456 00:27:08,320 --> 00:27:12,240 Speaker 1: two half brains in one person, whether consciousness resides in 457 00:27:12,359 --> 00:27:15,800 Speaker 1: each hemisphere and has a separate experience, what it feels 458 00:27:15,840 --> 00:27:17,600 Speaker 1: like to be in conflict with the side of your 459 00:27:17,640 --> 00:27:21,359 Speaker 1: brain that can control speech or vice versa. Maybe it 460 00:27:21,480 --> 00:27:23,600 Speaker 1: makes sense that one of your hands would lash out 461 00:27:23,640 --> 00:27:28,280 Speaker 1: at the frustrating experience. So this is really it's one 462 00:27:28,320 --> 00:27:33,879 Speaker 1: of the most existentially terrifying things to me in neurology. 463 00:27:34,040 --> 00:27:37,920 Speaker 1: This idea that especially if you have split brain procedure, 464 00:27:37,960 --> 00:27:42,040 Speaker 1: which is very rarely done, especially now, but it's Could 465 00:27:42,119 --> 00:27:46,240 Speaker 1: you have two consciousness is in one body, and because 466 00:27:46,480 --> 00:27:49,400 Speaker 1: each hemisphere of your brain controls different things, like controls 467 00:27:49,440 --> 00:27:52,560 Speaker 1: the different side of your body, speech is located in 468 00:27:52,720 --> 00:27:57,120 Speaker 1: one hemisphere of the brain. Would you have basically two 469 00:27:57,200 --> 00:28:01,600 Speaker 1: people inside you and strug link to communicate together, and 470 00:28:01,840 --> 00:28:04,160 Speaker 1: one of the people can talk, one of the people 471 00:28:04,240 --> 00:28:08,040 Speaker 1: can maybe draw, and it's it's you know, I wonder, 472 00:28:08,240 --> 00:28:11,240 Speaker 1: and I wonder if people with multiple personality disorders have 473 00:28:11,359 --> 00:28:15,960 Speaker 1: ever experienced some version of this. Yeah, I think so 474 00:28:16,080 --> 00:28:20,800 Speaker 1: there's actually multiple personality disorder is not really what it's 475 00:28:20,840 --> 00:28:25,639 Speaker 1: called anymore. It's called dissociative identity disorder. And it is 476 00:28:26,040 --> 00:28:30,280 Speaker 1: interesting because I do think that I think that people, 477 00:28:30,400 --> 00:28:34,520 Speaker 1: even neurotypical people, people don't who don't have a neurological condition. 478 00:28:34,720 --> 00:28:38,200 Speaker 1: Will we even though we have the illusion of having 479 00:28:38,360 --> 00:28:41,560 Speaker 1: a unified consciousness, that may not actually be the case. 480 00:28:41,680 --> 00:28:45,200 Speaker 1: That may just be an illusion of one contiguous consciousness, 481 00:28:45,240 --> 00:28:48,800 Speaker 1: and that we may have sort of different conscious experiences 482 00:28:49,200 --> 00:28:53,440 Speaker 1: and maybe some that can't maybe communicate with our speech 483 00:28:53,520 --> 00:28:56,760 Speaker 1: center of the brain, but still are somehow consciously aware. 484 00:28:57,240 --> 00:29:00,640 Speaker 1: Like so here's an example. One thing I you you know, 485 00:29:00,720 --> 00:29:02,400 Speaker 1: I do the sort of thing of you step into 486 00:29:02,440 --> 00:29:04,600 Speaker 1: a room, gosh darn it, I don't remember what I 487 00:29:04,680 --> 00:29:07,800 Speaker 1: came in here for. And then you you know you 488 00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:10,120 Speaker 1: you don't know, you forgot what you're there for. Basically, 489 00:29:10,360 --> 00:29:12,480 Speaker 1: if I just relax and kind of go into a 490 00:29:12,560 --> 00:29:15,320 Speaker 1: meditative state and let my body like walk over to 491 00:29:15,440 --> 00:29:18,200 Speaker 1: where it wants to go, it's usually towards the thing 492 00:29:18,280 --> 00:29:20,160 Speaker 1: I came in for. In it like I'll open a 493 00:29:20,240 --> 00:29:21,920 Speaker 1: drawer and not really thinking him like, I have no 494 00:29:22,040 --> 00:29:24,120 Speaker 1: idea what I'm doing here, and then it's like, oh, right, 495 00:29:24,360 --> 00:29:28,520 Speaker 1: a napkin. So there is something in your body, be right, 496 00:29:28,640 --> 00:29:31,160 Speaker 1: that is kind of similar. And also there are these 497 00:29:31,240 --> 00:29:34,680 Speaker 1: studies that were done for people who had the corpus 498 00:29:34,760 --> 00:29:39,320 Speaker 1: colossum severed and had the split brain condition. And so 499 00:29:39,680 --> 00:29:43,000 Speaker 1: as I kind of talked about, you have the right side. 500 00:29:43,200 --> 00:29:46,640 Speaker 1: So one thing to know about vision and your body 501 00:29:46,840 --> 00:29:49,400 Speaker 1: is that you have the two hemispheres of the brain. 502 00:29:49,920 --> 00:29:54,280 Speaker 1: But the right hemisphere of the brain is responsible for 503 00:29:54,400 --> 00:29:57,600 Speaker 1: processing the left field of vision and the left side 504 00:29:57,640 --> 00:30:00,680 Speaker 1: of the body, where's the left side of the brain 505 00:30:00,760 --> 00:30:03,360 Speaker 1: processes the right field of vision and the right side 506 00:30:03,400 --> 00:30:05,920 Speaker 1: of the body. So they're flipped, which can make it 507 00:30:05,960 --> 00:30:11,800 Speaker 1: a little confusing. But basically, when you present someone uh 508 00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:14,200 Speaker 1: pictures like you know how we did the thing with 509 00:30:14,240 --> 00:30:16,680 Speaker 1: a blind spot earlier, and you had one thing in 510 00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:18,720 Speaker 1: your right field of vision and one in your left, 511 00:30:19,040 --> 00:30:21,680 Speaker 1: and you present them with two pictures. And these are 512 00:30:21,720 --> 00:30:25,240 Speaker 1: people who had the split brain procedure done. Okay, So 513 00:30:25,360 --> 00:30:29,680 Speaker 1: if they see something with their right field of vision, 514 00:30:30,400 --> 00:30:33,240 Speaker 1: it's gonna go be processed in the left side of 515 00:30:33,280 --> 00:30:36,320 Speaker 1: the brain, and the left side of the brain control speech, 516 00:30:36,880 --> 00:30:39,360 Speaker 1: and so they'll be able to say what that thing is. 517 00:30:39,560 --> 00:30:42,120 Speaker 1: But then if they're asked to draw it, they will 518 00:30:42,320 --> 00:30:45,200 Speaker 1: draw the thing that's in their left field of vision 519 00:30:45,920 --> 00:30:49,360 Speaker 1: that makes sense, that makes sense, and not realize really 520 00:30:49,520 --> 00:30:52,640 Speaker 1: because exactly, and they won't say they see that that's 521 00:30:53,200 --> 00:30:56,560 Speaker 1: really crazy, right exactly. I mean it's I think it's 522 00:30:56,640 --> 00:31:00,560 Speaker 1: kind of it's a little spooky, but I think it's spooky. 523 00:31:00,680 --> 00:31:05,040 Speaker 1: Or when you think about how I think we're maybe 524 00:31:05,160 --> 00:31:08,960 Speaker 1: more similar to people who have the split brain syndrome, 525 00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:12,760 Speaker 1: then we may think in that we're probably perceiving things 526 00:31:12,840 --> 00:31:16,600 Speaker 1: and conscious of things that we don't communicate verbally nor 527 00:31:16,760 --> 00:31:21,280 Speaker 1: maybe even think about consciously, especially because so much of 528 00:31:21,320 --> 00:31:24,560 Speaker 1: our conscious thought is sort of framed in language. So 529 00:31:24,720 --> 00:31:27,680 Speaker 1: if we're not processing it through language, you know, maybe 530 00:31:27,720 --> 00:31:30,360 Speaker 1: there's part of our conscious experience that we're kind of 531 00:31:30,400 --> 00:31:35,840 Speaker 1: not aware of because we have that internal monologue exactly exactly, 532 00:31:35,960 --> 00:31:39,640 Speaker 1: always run in its mouth. Yeah, yeah, writing its internal mouth. 533 00:31:40,920 --> 00:31:43,320 Speaker 1: That's why I love your comics because I mean I 534 00:31:43,360 --> 00:31:45,720 Speaker 1: almost feel like when you kind of have warring parts 535 00:31:45,760 --> 00:31:49,000 Speaker 1: of your brain. Yeah, I mean it's almost like you 536 00:31:49,280 --> 00:31:52,960 Speaker 1: do have two people that you're talking to, negotiating with, 537 00:31:53,880 --> 00:31:56,720 Speaker 1: you know. That's I mean, it makes sense. We have 538 00:31:57,240 --> 00:32:00,400 Speaker 1: like eighty billion neurons. It would make sense were more 539 00:32:00,520 --> 00:32:05,400 Speaker 1: complex than just like one little person, a little person. 540 00:32:05,480 --> 00:32:09,640 Speaker 1: We're a billion little people exactly. Wow, So this is 541 00:32:09,760 --> 00:32:12,920 Speaker 1: terrifying to you. It's one of the more I wouldn't 542 00:32:12,920 --> 00:32:15,800 Speaker 1: say it's terrifying. I think it's and it's more of 543 00:32:15,840 --> 00:32:19,320 Speaker 1: an existential crisis because when I think about who I 544 00:32:19,440 --> 00:32:22,680 Speaker 1: am as a person, I feel like, you know, hey, 545 00:32:22,760 --> 00:32:25,440 Speaker 1: it's me Katie. But then when you think about it, 546 00:32:26,160 --> 00:32:29,240 Speaker 1: you know, maybe I'm sharing my body with another consciousness 547 00:32:29,320 --> 00:32:33,520 Speaker 1: in my brain that doesn't communicate directly to the world 548 00:32:33,600 --> 00:32:36,960 Speaker 1: and doesn't communicate directly to what I perceive as my 549 00:32:37,120 --> 00:32:41,200 Speaker 1: conscious experience. Because so much of me as I think 550 00:32:41,200 --> 00:32:43,640 Speaker 1: about it is probably based in that kind of language 551 00:32:43,720 --> 00:32:46,720 Speaker 1: processing center. Yeah. So have you ever had an out 552 00:32:46,760 --> 00:32:50,680 Speaker 1: of body experience? Yeah? Actually so. I took a medication 553 00:32:50,840 --> 00:32:53,640 Speaker 1: for my o CD once and one of the side 554 00:32:53,680 --> 00:32:57,200 Speaker 1: effects was dissociation. So it felt like I was floating 555 00:32:57,240 --> 00:33:00,080 Speaker 1: above my body. I really did not enjoy that. That 556 00:33:00,240 --> 00:33:03,280 Speaker 1: was not It's terrifying. That is terrifying. Yes, it was 557 00:33:03,400 --> 00:33:05,720 Speaker 1: not fun. And it's also weird that that can be 558 00:33:05,880 --> 00:33:09,840 Speaker 1: boiled down to a side effect like that is because 559 00:33:09,840 --> 00:33:12,960 Speaker 1: I would think it's so complex, that feeling, and it's 560 00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:16,960 Speaker 1: somewhat existential, but that it literally I mean, it's something 561 00:33:17,040 --> 00:33:19,920 Speaker 1: that people, I'm sure people who meditate to get that 562 00:33:20,080 --> 00:33:23,120 Speaker 1: feeling go through a much more thoughtful process and it's 563 00:33:23,160 --> 00:33:26,719 Speaker 1: probably a lot more. It's probably not as weird as 564 00:33:26,800 --> 00:33:29,040 Speaker 1: it is when it's just a medication side effect, because 565 00:33:29,120 --> 00:33:31,480 Speaker 1: for that it's just like your suddenly like whoa, yeah, 566 00:33:31,680 --> 00:33:33,960 Speaker 1: not inside my body right now. That's kind of weird. Yeah, 567 00:33:34,640 --> 00:33:38,120 Speaker 1: it has that anxiety still, right exactly. Yeah, Yeah, it's 568 00:33:38,320 --> 00:33:43,040 Speaker 1: very strange. I wonder those to me feel somewhat connected 569 00:33:43,480 --> 00:33:47,160 Speaker 1: in that it's like and I have to look, maybe 570 00:33:47,200 --> 00:33:49,160 Speaker 1: I shouldn't say this on a podcast, but it happened 571 00:33:49,160 --> 00:33:56,440 Speaker 1: to be on drugs dar Boys God, where there are 572 00:33:56,440 --> 00:34:02,000 Speaker 1: all these cops but you don't un mushrooms or something 573 00:34:02,080 --> 00:34:04,800 Speaker 1: like that. I just happened more than once. But in 574 00:34:04,920 --> 00:34:07,800 Speaker 1: that it is this feeling of like, oh, I'm I 575 00:34:08,120 --> 00:34:10,560 Speaker 1: don't and maybe this is even a little different than 576 00:34:10,640 --> 00:34:15,160 Speaker 1: what you experienced, but it feels like I don't know 577 00:34:15,600 --> 00:34:19,759 Speaker 1: this person right now. Interesting. There's like a like an 578 00:34:19,880 --> 00:34:23,759 Speaker 1: unconscious familiarity. And I think that has a lot to 579 00:34:23,840 --> 00:34:26,759 Speaker 1: do with language that you feel in your body when 580 00:34:26,800 --> 00:34:30,600 Speaker 1: you are not thinking about your existence or whatever. And 581 00:34:30,680 --> 00:34:35,640 Speaker 1: I feel in those moments that I was like accessing 582 00:34:35,800 --> 00:34:39,600 Speaker 1: something else interesting, some other experience. I mean, I've I've 583 00:34:39,640 --> 00:34:42,560 Speaker 1: heard that a lot with people who have either um 584 00:34:43,160 --> 00:34:47,960 Speaker 1: felt that through recreational drugs or from prescribed drugs, And 585 00:34:48,400 --> 00:34:50,719 Speaker 1: for me it was a little different. I think it 586 00:34:51,120 --> 00:34:54,239 Speaker 1: mostly just felt like I was watching myself act and 587 00:34:54,520 --> 00:34:58,399 Speaker 1: it was It wasn't scary. It was just unpleasant because 588 00:34:58,440 --> 00:35:00,520 Speaker 1: it's like I just felt like I is maybe two 589 00:35:00,560 --> 00:35:05,160 Speaker 1: feet away watching myself. It's like that's scary. It's it's 590 00:35:05,200 --> 00:35:07,400 Speaker 1: just it was uncomfortable. It wasn't scary. It was just 591 00:35:08,000 --> 00:35:10,800 Speaker 1: just kind of uncomfortable. It was like, I'd rather be 592 00:35:11,120 --> 00:35:13,239 Speaker 1: catch up. I kind of want to catch up to 593 00:35:13,360 --> 00:35:18,879 Speaker 1: myself there. Yeah, So speaking of this kind of experience, 594 00:35:18,960 --> 00:35:22,279 Speaker 1: I want to talk about a somatic nosia, which is 595 00:35:22,560 --> 00:35:26,040 Speaker 1: a rare neurological disorder wherein you don't feel like you 596 00:35:26,239 --> 00:35:29,640 Speaker 1: own one of your limbs. And so this could mean 597 00:35:29,719 --> 00:35:33,840 Speaker 1: you either can't feel, sense, recognize, or be conscious of 598 00:35:34,000 --> 00:35:38,399 Speaker 1: a body part. It's usually caused by damage to the brain, 599 00:35:38,600 --> 00:35:43,040 Speaker 1: either by traumatic injury, illness, or a stroke. Typically the 600 00:35:43,160 --> 00:35:46,000 Speaker 1: damage is in the right side of the brain, which 601 00:35:46,160 --> 00:35:50,440 Speaker 1: causes patients to lose recognition of their left arm. Like specifically, 602 00:35:50,520 --> 00:35:54,520 Speaker 1: that pattern is the most common, and sometimes the arm 603 00:35:54,600 --> 00:35:57,680 Speaker 1: is also paralyzed, which would contribute to the illusion. But 604 00:35:58,000 --> 00:36:01,640 Speaker 1: it's not typical. It's not like a typical thing that 605 00:36:01,719 --> 00:36:05,320 Speaker 1: happens to people with paralysis, nor is paralysis necessary to 606 00:36:05,400 --> 00:36:10,440 Speaker 1: be part of a somato noosea disorder. So somato paraphrenia 607 00:36:10,800 --> 00:36:14,200 Speaker 1: is a form of a somatic noosea wherein the patient 608 00:36:14,320 --> 00:36:19,160 Speaker 1: believes their appendage belongs to someone else. So here's an example. 609 00:36:19,520 --> 00:36:23,000 Speaker 1: In one case study, a woman thought her left arm 610 00:36:23,680 --> 00:36:27,960 Speaker 1: was her dead husband's arm. Here's a quote she said. Quote. 611 00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:30,319 Speaker 1: He left them. He didn't want them. He just left 612 00:36:30,400 --> 00:36:33,560 Speaker 1: them like he and she's talking about her arm in hand. 613 00:36:34,080 --> 00:36:36,760 Speaker 1: He left them like he left his clothes. Up until 614 00:36:36,920 --> 00:36:38,920 Speaker 1: the other day, they used to fall in my chest. 615 00:36:39,120 --> 00:36:40,920 Speaker 1: I said, I got to get rid of them. Put 616 00:36:40,960 --> 00:36:43,480 Speaker 1: them in the garbage, yes, two days ago. Still in 617 00:36:43,520 --> 00:36:46,200 Speaker 1: the garbage, a black hand with a plastic cover. You'll 618 00:36:46,280 --> 00:36:48,960 Speaker 1: find them. Be careful though. The nails are very long 619 00:36:49,080 --> 00:36:54,080 Speaker 1: and very sharp, which sounds I mean, she m no, no, um. 620 00:36:54,640 --> 00:37:00,920 Speaker 1: This is confabulation. This is uh. She is interpreting information 621 00:37:01,080 --> 00:37:05,759 Speaker 1: that her brain is missing, and it's you know, she's not. 622 00:37:06,360 --> 00:37:08,080 Speaker 1: I don't want people to come away from this thing like, 623 00:37:08,160 --> 00:37:13,759 Speaker 1: oh man, she's she's crazy like she is. This is 624 00:37:13,800 --> 00:37:19,320 Speaker 1: a very specific delusion to her smitta paraphrenia. So basically, 625 00:37:19,880 --> 00:37:23,080 Speaker 1: she has an inexplicable sensation, which is that the arm 626 00:37:23,120 --> 00:37:26,239 Speaker 1: attached to her isn't her own. So in order to 627 00:37:26,400 --> 00:37:31,080 Speaker 1: understand it, her brain confabulates a response. It's fabricating a 628 00:37:31,239 --> 00:37:34,560 Speaker 1: situation in which this makes sense, and then she's connecting 629 00:37:34,640 --> 00:37:38,080 Speaker 1: it to a traumatic experience of the loss of her husband. 630 00:37:38,239 --> 00:37:43,560 Speaker 1: So in a way, it's rational because you're dealing with 631 00:37:43,760 --> 00:37:48,520 Speaker 1: an irrational situation where you are not getting and it's 632 00:37:48,560 --> 00:37:51,160 Speaker 1: not just like that your arm is numb. You're literally 633 00:37:51,320 --> 00:37:54,319 Speaker 1: because like even your arm being numb or paralyzed, you're 634 00:37:54,360 --> 00:37:58,400 Speaker 1: getting information. You're getting like null information, uh that you 635 00:37:58,560 --> 00:38:01,040 Speaker 1: can't feel it or that you can't move it. It's 636 00:38:01,280 --> 00:38:05,880 Speaker 1: when you're not getting information at all, which does that 637 00:38:06,239 --> 00:38:09,200 Speaker 1: it's almost hard to understand what that would feel like. Yeah, 638 00:38:09,440 --> 00:38:11,840 Speaker 1: it is hard to understand what that feel like, what 639 00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:17,319 Speaker 1: that feels like, because numbness is itself a feeling exactly exactly. Yeah, yeah, 640 00:38:18,160 --> 00:38:21,000 Speaker 1: this is so interesting. I'm watching the show Legion on 641 00:38:21,120 --> 00:38:24,799 Speaker 1: f FX and they literally talk about and I think 642 00:38:24,880 --> 00:38:31,040 Speaker 1: the second episode, Yeah, of course in that case, as 643 00:38:31,120 --> 00:38:34,560 Speaker 1: they're describing this condition, the guy does cut it's his leg, 644 00:38:34,640 --> 00:38:38,600 Speaker 1: And yeah, I do know that can be there is 645 00:38:39,280 --> 00:38:41,440 Speaker 1: there are cases of people who feel the need to 646 00:38:41,640 --> 00:38:46,360 Speaker 1: remove Yeah, I don't know as much about that. I 647 00:38:46,760 --> 00:38:52,799 Speaker 1: think it may be connected or a similar sometimes feels conceivable. Yeah, 648 00:38:53,120 --> 00:38:56,360 Speaker 1: like in the same way that if I have like 649 00:38:56,600 --> 00:38:58,719 Speaker 1: dust on me or dirt, it's like I want to 650 00:38:58,760 --> 00:39:01,520 Speaker 1: get this off right, Like if you suddenly just sprouted 651 00:39:01,560 --> 00:39:04,160 Speaker 1: an extra arm, that like you didn't have control over 652 00:39:04,280 --> 00:39:08,760 Speaker 1: it would feel like a parasite. Yeah, exactly, like God 653 00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:12,120 Speaker 1: or I mean, this is such a lame example, but 654 00:39:12,280 --> 00:39:14,360 Speaker 1: like when you get a pimple that's really bad and 655 00:39:14,440 --> 00:39:15,960 Speaker 1: it's like I just want to get this, you want 656 00:39:15,960 --> 00:39:17,839 Speaker 1: to get it rid rid of it. It's like it's 657 00:39:17,880 --> 00:39:21,719 Speaker 1: invading your body. Yeah, no, I totally understand that. One 658 00:39:21,760 --> 00:39:24,399 Speaker 1: of the theories for how this happens is that when 659 00:39:24,480 --> 00:39:27,239 Speaker 1: you have so this is specifically for like you feel 660 00:39:27,280 --> 00:39:29,799 Speaker 1: like your left arm doesn't belong to you right if 661 00:39:29,880 --> 00:39:33,880 Speaker 1: you have a right brain lesion or damage resulting in airs, 662 00:39:33,960 --> 00:39:38,240 Speaker 1: processing information from again, it's flips, so you're processing information 663 00:39:38,320 --> 00:39:40,480 Speaker 1: from your left side of the body goes into your 664 00:39:40,560 --> 00:39:43,680 Speaker 1: right brain. So basically, you have a lesion in the 665 00:39:43,840 --> 00:39:46,120 Speaker 1: right side of your brain, which causes a loss of 666 00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:49,560 Speaker 1: information coming from the left side of your body, and 667 00:39:49,760 --> 00:39:52,840 Speaker 1: so the verbal hemisphere of your brain, which is on 668 00:39:52,960 --> 00:39:58,000 Speaker 1: the left isn't receiving the right isn't receiving information from 669 00:39:58,040 --> 00:40:00,360 Speaker 1: the right side of the brain about what's going on. 670 00:40:00,680 --> 00:40:03,600 Speaker 1: So it's like your left side of the brain is undamaged, 671 00:40:03,760 --> 00:40:05,640 Speaker 1: but the right side is damaged. In your right side 672 00:40:05,719 --> 00:40:09,879 Speaker 1: is unable to send that that information about your left 673 00:40:10,040 --> 00:40:12,440 Speaker 1: arm to your left brain. This is I know this 674 00:40:12,640 --> 00:40:15,319 Speaker 1: is confusing. Let me, I think I can kind of yeah, 675 00:40:15,400 --> 00:40:17,680 Speaker 1: let me put it. Let me like remove the the 676 00:40:18,040 --> 00:40:20,759 Speaker 1: left right side from it, because I think that can 677 00:40:20,800 --> 00:40:26,839 Speaker 1: be kind of confusing. Uh, you're in your right the brain. 678 00:40:26,960 --> 00:40:30,839 Speaker 1: Information from your left hand is not going to your 679 00:40:31,680 --> 00:40:36,239 Speaker 1: um your verbal processing motor processing area of the brain. 680 00:40:36,800 --> 00:40:38,719 Speaker 1: So it's similar to what we talked about with the 681 00:40:38,960 --> 00:40:43,520 Speaker 1: cortical blindness, the disorder where you you're blind, you're functionally blind, 682 00:40:43,600 --> 00:40:47,879 Speaker 1: but you're experiencing you think you can see because you're 683 00:40:48,200 --> 00:40:50,759 Speaker 1: you actually may be receiving visual information. It is just 684 00:40:50,840 --> 00:40:54,719 Speaker 1: not going anywhere useful in your brain. So it's it's 685 00:40:54,760 --> 00:40:57,160 Speaker 1: a similar thing where you but in this case, you're 686 00:40:57,160 --> 00:41:01,560 Speaker 1: just not receiving any information from your left hand and 687 00:41:01,680 --> 00:41:05,160 Speaker 1: your your left side and so you're your brain is like, well, 688 00:41:05,200 --> 00:41:09,040 Speaker 1: there's nothing there is you could be touching for and 689 00:41:09,160 --> 00:41:12,800 Speaker 1: it wouldn't know. And it's different from paralysis or numbness 690 00:41:12,880 --> 00:41:17,000 Speaker 1: because your brain it's just not getting it's getting zero information. 691 00:41:17,080 --> 00:41:19,880 Speaker 1: It's not that it's oh it's numb or I'm not 692 00:41:20,000 --> 00:41:22,279 Speaker 1: feeling it. It's like that there's an absence of that 693 00:41:22,960 --> 00:41:26,000 Speaker 1: even recognizing that as being part of your body, because 694 00:41:26,040 --> 00:41:28,239 Speaker 1: the part of your brain that even recognizes that you 695 00:41:28,400 --> 00:41:32,640 Speaker 1: have this limb is has been damaged. That's staggering because 696 00:41:32,680 --> 00:41:35,400 Speaker 1: now I'm thinking of the times I've been numbed for 697 00:41:35,600 --> 00:41:37,719 Speaker 1: like surgery or something like that, and you still feel 698 00:41:37,800 --> 00:41:41,239 Speaker 1: this like lump. You can, yeah, you can fathom what 699 00:41:41,440 --> 00:41:44,320 Speaker 1: is going on. Yeah, but it's also interesting when you 700 00:41:44,360 --> 00:41:46,440 Speaker 1: do get numbed up and you feel something, it feels 701 00:41:46,480 --> 00:41:50,239 Speaker 1: like there's something stuck on your face, like it doesn't right, 702 00:41:50,320 --> 00:41:52,399 Speaker 1: So there is a little bit of a thing where 703 00:41:52,400 --> 00:41:54,400 Speaker 1: you're like, oh, that's weird. It just doesn't feel like 704 00:41:54,480 --> 00:41:57,120 Speaker 1: it's part of me. But like that, but my brain knows. 705 00:41:57,400 --> 00:42:00,840 Speaker 1: Your brain can, yeah, you can, but the if it 706 00:42:00,960 --> 00:42:03,680 Speaker 1: can kind of get the idea across that. Okay, you 707 00:42:03,760 --> 00:42:06,160 Speaker 1: still have the part of your brain that logs that 708 00:42:06,320 --> 00:42:09,000 Speaker 1: in as part of your face, but if that part 709 00:42:09,040 --> 00:42:11,960 Speaker 1: of your brain was like just gone or damaged, then 710 00:42:12,080 --> 00:42:16,040 Speaker 1: you suddenly lose even the ability to conceive of that 711 00:42:16,160 --> 00:42:18,680 Speaker 1: as being part of your body. We're hanging by a thread. 712 00:42:19,920 --> 00:42:23,040 Speaker 1: As humans, we are hanging by a thread. Yeah, it's 713 00:42:23,640 --> 00:42:27,320 Speaker 1: I mean, it is crazy. But we're not. We're not 714 00:42:27,440 --> 00:42:29,640 Speaker 1: the only one, so we're not alone in the world. 715 00:42:30,080 --> 00:42:34,320 Speaker 1: So phantom limb and these limb processing disorders are also 716 00:42:34,400 --> 00:42:39,560 Speaker 1: found in animals, So there's evidence that animals can get 717 00:42:39,760 --> 00:42:43,920 Speaker 1: phantom limb syndrome, which is a similar disorder, although kind 718 00:42:43,960 --> 00:42:46,520 Speaker 1: of inversed from what I was just talking about. So 719 00:42:47,000 --> 00:42:50,719 Speaker 1: phantom limb is where you are you're missing you are 720 00:42:50,800 --> 00:42:53,399 Speaker 1: actually in reality missing a limb, either you have had 721 00:42:53,480 --> 00:42:57,319 Speaker 1: an amputation or even a congenital condition where you don't 722 00:42:57,400 --> 00:43:01,160 Speaker 1: have that limb, but your brain still as the the 723 00:43:01,239 --> 00:43:03,400 Speaker 1: area of the brain that is saying like, hey, I 724 00:43:03,520 --> 00:43:06,000 Speaker 1: got a left arm is still there and it's still 725 00:43:06,200 --> 00:43:10,960 Speaker 1: perfectly functional, so you sense that the limb is still there. 726 00:43:11,400 --> 00:43:14,000 Speaker 1: Sometimes it gets stuck in weird positions, like it can 727 00:43:14,040 --> 00:43:17,279 Speaker 1: feel like it's clenched or raised or you know, doing 728 00:43:17,440 --> 00:43:21,719 Speaker 1: a phantom gesture um, and it can be really distressing 729 00:43:21,800 --> 00:43:25,200 Speaker 1: for people because it can actually cause real pain. It's 730 00:43:25,239 --> 00:43:28,920 Speaker 1: not and I think this is something that's important to 731 00:43:28,960 --> 00:43:32,080 Speaker 1: get across. Pain is experienced inside of the brain. You 732 00:43:32,239 --> 00:43:36,800 Speaker 1: may have nerves on your body where pain sensory input 733 00:43:37,000 --> 00:43:39,840 Speaker 1: is received, but it travels into your brain and the 734 00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:43,080 Speaker 1: experience of pain happens in your brain. So if someone 735 00:43:43,280 --> 00:43:46,600 Speaker 1: is feeling pain from a phantom limb, that is exactly 736 00:43:46,680 --> 00:43:49,120 Speaker 1: the same experience as if they're getting stabbed in a 737 00:43:49,200 --> 00:43:54,279 Speaker 1: real limb. So famed neurologist the s Rama Chandron is 738 00:43:54,480 --> 00:43:59,480 Speaker 1: the inventor of mirror therapy, and it specializes in I mean, 739 00:43:59,560 --> 00:44:03,040 Speaker 1: he's are it's almost weird to say he specializes in anything, 740 00:44:03,040 --> 00:44:06,120 Speaker 1: because he's like a genius who knows everything, but he's 741 00:44:06,120 --> 00:44:11,160 Speaker 1: studied phantom limb. And basically, you place your existing limb 742 00:44:11,280 --> 00:44:14,120 Speaker 1: in front of the mirror and your phantom limb on 743 00:44:14,200 --> 00:44:17,239 Speaker 1: the other side. So you've got your your hand that 744 00:44:17,400 --> 00:44:21,680 Speaker 1: still exists, and then you imagine placing your your other 745 00:44:21,760 --> 00:44:24,600 Speaker 1: hand on the other side, but you're the the amputated 746 00:44:25,000 --> 00:44:27,840 Speaker 1: area or the missing limb is not in view, and 747 00:44:28,040 --> 00:44:32,240 Speaker 1: so then you just do cemetric symmetrical actions like clapping 748 00:44:32,400 --> 00:44:34,920 Speaker 1: or raising both hands, and you imagine doing it, and 749 00:44:35,040 --> 00:44:37,840 Speaker 1: you look and it looks because of the symmetry of 750 00:44:37,920 --> 00:44:40,400 Speaker 1: the mirror, it looks like you your two hands are 751 00:44:40,440 --> 00:44:43,720 Speaker 1: doing it. And that can help you because you're getting 752 00:44:43,760 --> 00:44:46,600 Speaker 1: that visual feedback. Your brain is seeing like okay, I'm 753 00:44:46,640 --> 00:44:49,560 Speaker 1: stretching out my arm. And so if it felt like 754 00:44:49,760 --> 00:44:53,080 Speaker 1: your left hand was clenched in this uncomfortable position and 755 00:44:53,200 --> 00:44:56,759 Speaker 1: you see it stretching out, it actually kind of um 756 00:44:56,920 --> 00:44:59,480 Speaker 1: convinces your brain that your arm is stretching out, and 757 00:44:59,560 --> 00:45:02,400 Speaker 1: it real accident and it can fascinate and it can 758 00:45:02,480 --> 00:45:06,400 Speaker 1: help with treatment of pain. Rama. Schendre believes that this 759 00:45:06,719 --> 00:45:11,680 Speaker 1: is caused by reorganization in the semanti sensory cortex, or 760 00:45:11,800 --> 00:45:14,160 Speaker 1: the part of the brain that handles sensory and puts 761 00:45:14,280 --> 00:45:19,479 Speaker 1: from your body. So it's this idea is actually leads 762 00:45:19,480 --> 00:45:22,720 Speaker 1: into our next question, which is can animals get phantom limb? 763 00:45:22,880 --> 00:45:26,320 Speaker 1: And in fact, the hypothesis that phantom limb syndrome is 764 00:45:26,400 --> 00:45:30,080 Speaker 1: caused by reorganization of neurons in the semanti sensory cortex, 765 00:45:30,239 --> 00:45:32,480 Speaker 1: the part of your brain that controls your arms and 766 00:45:32,520 --> 00:45:34,680 Speaker 1: it controls the feelings of your arms and your arms 767 00:45:34,719 --> 00:45:39,160 Speaker 1: and space has some neural plasticity, has to rearrange and 768 00:45:39,520 --> 00:45:42,959 Speaker 1: compensate for the fact that you no longer have that limb. 769 00:45:43,480 --> 00:45:46,960 Speaker 1: There has been a study done on macaux which so 770 00:45:47,080 --> 00:45:50,400 Speaker 1: that's a type of monkey, where there semanti sensory cortex 771 00:45:51,000 --> 00:45:55,040 Speaker 1: was found that to have undergone restructuring after losing sensory 772 00:45:55,160 --> 00:45:59,480 Speaker 1: information from one of their limbs. So there was a 773 00:45:59,560 --> 00:46:02,120 Speaker 1: neural just that made use of a pretty infamous and 774 00:46:02,360 --> 00:46:06,000 Speaker 1: crappy situation. So this is sort of a set. It 775 00:46:06,160 --> 00:46:09,640 Speaker 1: begins with a sad story. So the about a decade 776 00:46:09,719 --> 00:46:13,080 Speaker 1: before they did this study, there was another study on 777 00:46:13,320 --> 00:46:18,160 Speaker 1: the infamous Silver Spring monkeys who had their nerves to 778 00:46:18,280 --> 00:46:21,880 Speaker 1: one of their arms cut in an experiment. And it 779 00:46:22,280 --> 00:46:26,400 Speaker 1: was so this person who was like undercover Peeda like, 780 00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:29,440 Speaker 1: was in the lab and reported it to the police 781 00:46:29,520 --> 00:46:32,800 Speaker 1: because it was not it was like the experiments itself 782 00:46:33,080 --> 00:46:37,120 Speaker 1: was like unnecessarily cruel. The living conditions were poor, So yeah, 783 00:46:37,160 --> 00:46:39,680 Speaker 1: it was really I mean, you know, the idea of 784 00:46:39,800 --> 00:46:43,560 Speaker 1: using animals and experiments is there's some complexity to it, 785 00:46:43,719 --> 00:46:47,160 Speaker 1: but in this case, it was like very clearly unnecessarily cruel. 786 00:46:47,800 --> 00:46:51,160 Speaker 1: Veterinarians looked at these monkeys and they tried to rehabilitate them, 787 00:46:51,200 --> 00:46:53,520 Speaker 1: but they determined that they were just suffering, and so 788 00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:57,040 Speaker 1: euthanizing them was the most um merciful thing to do, 789 00:46:57,960 --> 00:47:01,880 Speaker 1: I know. But so an are alogist, I was like, well, okay, 790 00:47:01,960 --> 00:47:04,359 Speaker 1: if we're we have to euthanize them, maybe we can 791 00:47:04,440 --> 00:47:08,080 Speaker 1: learn something from their brains at least. So the researchers 792 00:47:08,120 --> 00:47:11,600 Speaker 1: found that there's somatosensory cortex is so the cortex that 793 00:47:11,960 --> 00:47:15,560 Speaker 1: control like processes information from your your limbs and your 794 00:47:15,600 --> 00:47:21,640 Speaker 1: body changed significantly compared to control monkeys. So that indicated 795 00:47:21,880 --> 00:47:25,560 Speaker 1: the neural plasticity the brain changing in response to their 796 00:47:25,640 --> 00:47:29,040 Speaker 1: limb being essentially like the nerves had all been severed 797 00:47:29,120 --> 00:47:31,400 Speaker 1: from the rest of their bodies. So so they have 798 00:47:31,520 --> 00:47:35,560 Speaker 1: it too. So they had, yeah, phantom limb probably, and 799 00:47:35,920 --> 00:47:39,680 Speaker 1: brain scans of people with amputations showed the same kind 800 00:47:39,760 --> 00:47:45,160 Speaker 1: of brain reorganization as these macaques. So the yeah, basically, 801 00:47:45,400 --> 00:47:48,080 Speaker 1: as far as we can tell, we can obviously never 802 00:47:48,320 --> 00:47:51,600 Speaker 1: understand how the monkeys felt, but very likely that they 803 00:47:51,640 --> 00:47:55,680 Speaker 1: had phantom limia. You can actually just observe phantom limb 804 00:47:55,719 --> 00:47:58,560 Speaker 1: and animals. So there's a video of a cat with 805 00:47:58,680 --> 00:48:02,440 Speaker 1: an amputated limb who tries to dig in his litter box, 806 00:48:02,680 --> 00:48:05,440 Speaker 1: and this is equal parts cute and sad, so of 807 00:48:05,520 --> 00:48:07,520 Speaker 1: course I got to show you. I mean, that is 808 00:48:07,560 --> 00:48:10,760 Speaker 1: a cute cat though, So you can see real fluffy 809 00:48:11,320 --> 00:48:14,239 Speaker 1: little guy and she's trying to you can see her 810 00:48:14,320 --> 00:48:17,440 Speaker 1: moving her shoulder muscles as she's trying to scratch at 811 00:48:17,480 --> 00:48:21,160 Speaker 1: the litter box. Now, I know it feels like a 812 00:48:21,239 --> 00:48:24,279 Speaker 1: really sad video, but she's probably perfectly had. I mean, 813 00:48:24,320 --> 00:48:28,799 Speaker 1: look at her, she's chubby, perfectly happy. She's just kind 814 00:48:28,840 --> 00:48:34,120 Speaker 1: of doesn't necessarily recognize that her her forelum is miss 815 00:48:34,200 --> 00:48:37,719 Speaker 1: she's adapting to it. She exactly getting in that litter 816 00:48:37,800 --> 00:48:40,839 Speaker 1: box exactly. It's just a saddered visual. I think that's 817 00:48:41,239 --> 00:48:46,279 Speaker 1: of animals with like a limb missing they are capable of. Yeah, 818 00:48:46,480 --> 00:48:49,520 Speaker 1: I mean I think that. I think sometimes our pity 819 00:48:49,680 --> 00:48:52,480 Speaker 1: is a little bit misplaced there. I mean, obviously, I 820 00:48:52,520 --> 00:48:55,759 Speaker 1: think it's good to feel sympathy and empathy for an 821 00:48:55,800 --> 00:48:59,040 Speaker 1: animal that is suffering, but I think it's there's almost 822 00:48:59,080 --> 00:49:01,440 Speaker 1: a little bit of condest engine sometimes where it's like, oh, 823 00:49:01,800 --> 00:49:04,960 Speaker 1: this animal can't be happy, and I'm sure that's kind 824 00:49:04,960 --> 00:49:07,920 Speaker 1: of aggravating to people also with disability. That's what I 825 00:49:08,480 --> 00:49:12,680 Speaker 1: think it pity that maybe over conversat people with disabilities 826 00:49:12,719 --> 00:49:16,160 Speaker 1: because I feel it and I feel a little dirty 827 00:49:16,360 --> 00:49:20,439 Speaker 1: about it when helping someone with the door when it's 828 00:49:20,520 --> 00:49:23,840 Speaker 1: like I think you can always I mean, I'm not 829 00:49:24,080 --> 00:49:26,279 Speaker 1: it's hard for me to speak to this because I 830 00:49:26,320 --> 00:49:30,120 Speaker 1: don't have a physical disability. But I think it's fine 831 00:49:30,239 --> 00:49:32,839 Speaker 1: to ask if someone needs help with something, as long 832 00:49:32,880 --> 00:49:35,600 Speaker 1: as you're doing it in a respectful way and not 833 00:49:35,840 --> 00:49:38,399 Speaker 1: assuming that they can't do it, but just like trying 834 00:49:38,440 --> 00:49:40,520 Speaker 1: to be a nice person, like I mean, you know, 835 00:49:40,640 --> 00:49:43,440 Speaker 1: I hold doors for people all the time, like, and 836 00:49:44,080 --> 00:49:48,520 Speaker 1: I think just recognizing that it doesn't you know, they're 837 00:49:48,520 --> 00:49:51,719 Speaker 1: not They're not less capable as a person. They're just 838 00:49:52,080 --> 00:49:56,200 Speaker 1: they you know, they have a different experience and with life, 839 00:49:56,239 --> 00:49:59,520 Speaker 1: and they may have some extra physical challenges, but that 840 00:49:59,560 --> 00:50:02,960 Speaker 1: doesn't make them like that doesn't mean they're unhappy or 841 00:50:03,680 --> 00:50:07,640 Speaker 1: or infantilized or in any way. Yeah, so this all 842 00:50:07,719 --> 00:50:10,960 Speaker 1: this talk of phantom limb makes me think about this 843 00:50:11,120 --> 00:50:13,600 Speaker 1: is just kind of a thought experiment because as far 844 00:50:13,640 --> 00:50:15,640 Speaker 1: as I know that, the research isn't there yet. But 845 00:50:16,080 --> 00:50:18,719 Speaker 1: there's a behavior known as a taught to me. So 846 00:50:18,880 --> 00:50:22,919 Speaker 1: it's like a lizard abandoning its tail. Sometimes crabs will 847 00:50:23,360 --> 00:50:26,480 Speaker 1: pull off their own forelimbs to kind of as a 848 00:50:26,560 --> 00:50:29,080 Speaker 1: way to when they feel they're losing a fight with 849 00:50:29,160 --> 00:50:31,600 Speaker 1: a predator, they'll do that so the predator has a 850 00:50:31,680 --> 00:50:33,719 Speaker 1: nice claw to chew on while the rest of the 851 00:50:33,760 --> 00:50:36,920 Speaker 1: crab escapes, and eventually the crab can regrow it. And 852 00:50:37,520 --> 00:50:40,480 Speaker 1: I wonder if they feel phantom limb, and if so, 853 00:50:40,960 --> 00:50:44,239 Speaker 1: what that experience is like as the new limb grows 854 00:50:44,360 --> 00:50:46,880 Speaker 1: back in, because that's something we can as humans, we 855 00:50:46,960 --> 00:50:51,040 Speaker 1: can basically never know. We don't have that, right, but 856 00:50:51,200 --> 00:50:54,680 Speaker 1: we do know that prosthetics can help with phantom limb, 857 00:50:54,920 --> 00:50:57,920 Speaker 1: especially if you can move the prosthetics. So, yeah, I 858 00:50:58,080 --> 00:51:01,040 Speaker 1: just it's so interesting thing to me, this idea that 859 00:51:01,560 --> 00:51:04,080 Speaker 1: like in between growing back the limb, like, could a 860 00:51:04,200 --> 00:51:07,560 Speaker 1: crab or a lizard feel phantom limb in the meantime 861 00:51:08,719 --> 00:51:13,120 Speaker 1: when it just has a little baby and then exactly 862 00:51:13,160 --> 00:51:15,520 Speaker 1: and then what what that experience is like as the 863 00:51:15,600 --> 00:51:19,279 Speaker 1: new limb is growing back in. Yeah, I don't, I 864 00:51:19,400 --> 00:51:23,520 Speaker 1: mean they must feel phantom limb. Yeah, right, Everything kind 865 00:51:23,520 --> 00:51:25,239 Speaker 1: of adds up to if you are a lizard who 866 00:51:25,320 --> 00:51:30,000 Speaker 1: loses its tail, you feel you have to yeah, and 867 00:51:30,080 --> 00:51:33,040 Speaker 1: then what is Obviously lizards and crabs are a great 868 00:51:33,080 --> 00:51:36,800 Speaker 1: deal less complicated than humans, so it's hard to know 869 00:51:37,000 --> 00:51:40,480 Speaker 1: what that is like. You know, crabs are basically like 870 00:51:40,600 --> 00:51:44,879 Speaker 1: glorified insects of the seas and lizards are a little 871 00:51:44,920 --> 00:51:47,920 Speaker 1: more complex, but they're still pretty pretty simple. But what 872 00:51:48,680 --> 00:51:52,000 Speaker 1: you know, I still think they are in a way conscious. 873 00:51:52,080 --> 00:51:54,480 Speaker 1: I just don't know what that any like, what that 874 00:51:54,560 --> 00:51:58,960 Speaker 1: would be like. And but I'm sure they probably get 875 00:51:59,040 --> 00:52:03,440 Speaker 1: phantom sensation. I bet that happens. They must, and they 876 00:52:03,520 --> 00:52:06,399 Speaker 1: do feel pain lizards and crabs when they lose these limbs, 877 00:52:06,400 --> 00:52:09,480 Speaker 1: even though they're regenerative. I believe so. I mean, I 878 00:52:09,640 --> 00:52:14,440 Speaker 1: think that there are nerves, right, so I'm not sure 879 00:52:15,000 --> 00:52:18,239 Speaker 1: how their brain interprets that pain. It's hard to not 880 00:52:18,440 --> 00:52:22,240 Speaker 1: enough that they don't do it right. Yeah, that is interesting. 881 00:52:22,280 --> 00:52:24,600 Speaker 1: I wonder if there's some way to compensate for the 882 00:52:24,680 --> 00:52:28,800 Speaker 1: pain of popping off. I guess we have that to 883 00:52:28,960 --> 00:52:31,319 Speaker 1: a degree where it's like, in order to get out 884 00:52:31,400 --> 00:52:34,520 Speaker 1: of this situation, I'm going to need to It's like 885 00:52:34,600 --> 00:52:38,960 Speaker 1: getting waxed. Yeah, that is exactly what it's like. So 886 00:52:39,200 --> 00:52:43,520 Speaker 1: lizards and crabs just have that pain relationship where they 887 00:52:43,560 --> 00:52:47,200 Speaker 1: can get a bikini wax right by rapping, yanking off 888 00:52:47,239 --> 00:52:50,400 Speaker 1: their whole tail. That's that is actually I'm like, and 889 00:52:50,560 --> 00:52:53,840 Speaker 1: throwing it at their predator. I tweez eyebrows. Yeah, I 890 00:52:53,920 --> 00:52:57,399 Speaker 1: tweets by eyebrows. That's I know the pain is coming, Yeah, 891 00:52:57,800 --> 00:52:59,560 Speaker 1: but you do it anyways. I mean, I think that's 892 00:52:59,600 --> 00:53:02,239 Speaker 1: going to be my new strategy for predators is like 893 00:53:02,440 --> 00:53:05,120 Speaker 1: just wax a big, big chunk of air and then 894 00:53:05,200 --> 00:53:10,680 Speaker 1: throw it at them and then run away, smooth, aerodynamic 895 00:53:10,800 --> 00:53:16,799 Speaker 1: legs exactly. Man, yeah, my legs. There would be a lot, 896 00:53:17,080 --> 00:53:24,319 Speaker 1: a lot to take. As we've previously discussed, phantom limb 897 00:53:24,440 --> 00:53:28,359 Speaker 1: syndrome can be treated by mirror therapy. There's some new 898 00:53:28,480 --> 00:53:32,120 Speaker 1: research on this form of treatment. Neuroimaging has shown that 899 00:53:32,320 --> 00:53:37,760 Speaker 1: mirror therapy indeed helps reshape the brain sematosensory cortex. Patients 900 00:53:37,840 --> 00:53:41,640 Speaker 1: with phantom limb syndrome had their brain scanned before treatment 901 00:53:41,960 --> 00:53:46,280 Speaker 1: and showed hyperactivity in the somatosensory cortex when shown pictures 902 00:53:46,360 --> 00:53:50,320 Speaker 1: of limbs corresponding to what they've had amputated as compared 903 00:53:50,400 --> 00:53:56,120 Speaker 1: to controls. After treatment, this excess brain activity decreased, indicating that, 904 00:53:56,280 --> 00:53:59,520 Speaker 1: in addition to the patient's self reported decrease in pain 905 00:53:59,680 --> 00:54:04,000 Speaker 1: in their phantom limb, their somata sensory cortex was restructuring 906 00:54:04,080 --> 00:54:07,280 Speaker 1: itself to have a calmer response to the amputated limb. 907 00:54:08,000 --> 00:54:11,520 Speaker 1: Mirror therapy has pretty incredible results for humans, but could 908 00:54:11,560 --> 00:54:14,759 Speaker 1: it work for animals. It depends on whether animals can 909 00:54:14,880 --> 00:54:19,399 Speaker 1: understand mirrors. Unlike humans, animals don't necessarily have the same 910 00:54:19,520 --> 00:54:22,560 Speaker 1: meta awareness or sense of self that we do, though 911 00:54:22,600 --> 00:54:25,759 Speaker 1: there's some evidence to suggest that some primates, dolphins, and 912 00:54:25,880 --> 00:54:29,520 Speaker 1: elephants may be closer to this self awareness than previously thought. 913 00:54:30,160 --> 00:54:34,160 Speaker 1: Chimpanzees and orangutans, elephants, killer whales, and dolphins have all 914 00:54:34,239 --> 00:54:37,280 Speaker 1: shown a capacity for recognizing their image in a mirror 915 00:54:37,600 --> 00:54:40,880 Speaker 1: by moving their hands, trunks, or bodies around to inspect 916 00:54:41,200 --> 00:54:45,160 Speaker 1: marks on their faces, showing and understanding that this image 917 00:54:45,280 --> 00:54:48,600 Speaker 1: is of themselves. Maybe a new mirror test could be 918 00:54:48,680 --> 00:54:51,640 Speaker 1: done for the benefit of animals in the future, seeing 919 00:54:51,719 --> 00:54:54,840 Speaker 1: if animals with amputations respond to mirror therapy in the 920 00:54:55,000 --> 00:54:57,600 Speaker 1: same way that humans do. Because I swear to God, 921 00:54:57,640 --> 00:54:59,480 Speaker 1: if I have to see another sad video of a 922 00:54:59,520 --> 00:55:01,759 Speaker 1: kid each trying to scoop litter with her phantom limb, 923 00:55:01,760 --> 00:55:04,480 Speaker 1: I'm gonna start crying. So scientists, you better get on this. 924 00:55:05,080 --> 00:55:08,640 Speaker 1: When we return, we'll talk about facial recognition, like, could 925 00:55:08,680 --> 00:55:11,840 Speaker 1: you guys still recognize me after I ugly cry over kitties? 926 00:55:11,880 --> 00:55:18,479 Speaker 1: And litter boxes. Sometimes I want to research the show 927 00:55:18,640 --> 00:55:20,799 Speaker 1: and go to the gym at the same time. That's 928 00:55:20,800 --> 00:55:23,840 Speaker 1: why I love Audible. Right now I'm listening to David 929 00:55:23,920 --> 00:55:26,759 Speaker 1: Attenborough's Life on Earth. I get to listen to his 930 00:55:26,920 --> 00:55:30,279 Speaker 1: wonderful voice narrating his own book while learning about the 931 00:55:30,360 --> 00:55:32,640 Speaker 1: animals of the world. You can give yourself the gift 932 00:55:32,680 --> 00:55:35,239 Speaker 1: of an Audible membership. Now is the best time to 933 00:55:35,320 --> 00:55:38,520 Speaker 1: do it, with a special offer of off your first 934 00:55:38,600 --> 00:55:42,720 Speaker 1: three months access an unbeatable selection of audio books, including 935 00:55:42,800 --> 00:55:47,480 Speaker 1: best sellers, motivation mysteries, thrillers, memoirs. You can even get 936 00:55:47,560 --> 00:55:50,680 Speaker 1: evolutionary biology books like I do. You can choose three 937 00:55:50,760 --> 00:55:54,200 Speaker 1: titles every month, one audio book and two exclusive Audible 938 00:55:54,239 --> 00:55:57,800 Speaker 1: originals you can't hear anywhere else. Listen on any device, 939 00:55:57,920 --> 00:56:01,040 Speaker 1: any time, anywhere with the Audible app. With Audible, you 940 00:56:01,160 --> 00:56:04,600 Speaker 1: can also enjoy easy audio book exchanges in your own 941 00:56:04,680 --> 00:56:08,000 Speaker 1: audio book library you keep forever, even if you cancel. 942 00:56:08,320 --> 00:56:10,520 Speaker 1: Right now, for a limited time, you can get three 943 00:56:10,600 --> 00:56:13,560 Speaker 1: months of Audible for just six month. That's more than 944 00:56:13,640 --> 00:56:16,920 Speaker 1: half off the regular price. Choose one audiobook and two 945 00:56:17,000 --> 00:56:21,840 Speaker 1: Audible originals absolutely free. Visit audible dot com, slash creature 946 00:56:22,040 --> 00:56:25,399 Speaker 1: or text creature to five zero zero, five zero zero. 947 00:56:25,680 --> 00:56:30,040 Speaker 1: That's audible dot com slash creature or text creature to 948 00:56:30,239 --> 00:56:39,319 Speaker 1: five zero zero, five zero zero. Typically humans are great 949 00:56:39,360 --> 00:56:42,640 Speaker 1: at recognizing faces. We even have a whole area of 950 00:56:42,719 --> 00:56:47,040 Speaker 1: the brain that specializes in faces, the fusiform gyrus. But 951 00:56:47,239 --> 00:56:50,840 Speaker 1: if something unusual happens to the fusiform gyrus, the results 952 00:56:50,880 --> 00:56:54,040 Speaker 1: are pretty trippy. A patient with epilepsy worked with a 953 00:56:54,160 --> 00:56:57,640 Speaker 1: Stanford neurologist not just to treat his epilepsy, but to 954 00:56:57,760 --> 00:57:00,960 Speaker 1: do a little experiment. The neural just decided that to 955 00:57:01,080 --> 00:57:04,680 Speaker 1: treat his patient's epilepsy, he could locate the specific part 956 00:57:04,719 --> 00:57:09,160 Speaker 1: of the brain responsible for the epilepsy and surgically removed 957 00:57:09,280 --> 00:57:12,480 Speaker 1: just that little chunk. In order to locate it, he 958 00:57:12,680 --> 00:57:16,120 Speaker 1: used electrodes to stimulate the brain to trigger the seizure 959 00:57:16,200 --> 00:57:19,840 Speaker 1: in a safe clinical environment, and to locate the culprit area. 960 00:57:20,360 --> 00:57:22,760 Speaker 1: But heck, while they were in there poking around, the 961 00:57:22,840 --> 00:57:26,880 Speaker 1: neurologist and his completely conscious patient decided to see what 962 00:57:27,080 --> 00:57:30,520 Speaker 1: happens if, say, you poke the fusiform gyrus with an electrode. 963 00:57:30,840 --> 00:57:34,120 Speaker 1: When they did this, the patient told his neurologists, quote, 964 00:57:34,440 --> 00:57:37,800 Speaker 1: you just turned into somebody else. Your whole face just 965 00:57:37,920 --> 00:57:42,600 Speaker 1: sort of metamorphized. In fact, if the fusiform gyrus is damaged, 966 00:57:42,880 --> 00:57:46,280 Speaker 1: this can result in a condition known as prosopagnosia, or 967 00:57:46,400 --> 00:57:51,560 Speaker 1: face blindness. Those with prosopagnosia are unable to recognize familiar faces, 968 00:57:52,000 --> 00:57:55,520 Speaker 1: sometimes even including their own. But are humans the only 969 00:57:55,600 --> 00:57:58,480 Speaker 1: ones with such a fine tuned ability to recognize faces? 970 00:57:58,760 --> 00:58:02,000 Speaker 1: Heck no, I mean on bron feature feature. You know, 971 00:58:02,840 --> 00:58:05,800 Speaker 1: this is tripping me out really hard because the idea 972 00:58:05,920 --> 00:58:07,760 Speaker 1: that you have a face in front of you that 973 00:58:07,880 --> 00:58:11,640 Speaker 1: you don't recognize, Like even those disassociative moments or those 974 00:58:11,640 --> 00:58:14,920 Speaker 1: sadd of body experiences, I at least had a sense 975 00:58:15,240 --> 00:58:17,600 Speaker 1: of who that face was. But to not recognize the 976 00:58:17,680 --> 00:58:19,680 Speaker 1: face in front of you is crazy. Have you ever 977 00:58:20,360 --> 00:58:23,040 Speaker 1: stared at in a mirror for like a really long 978 00:58:23,160 --> 00:58:28,480 Speaker 1: time and you start to feel weird that you don't 979 00:58:28,920 --> 00:58:32,560 Speaker 1: see yourself anymore? Yeah, where you start like moving around 980 00:58:32,880 --> 00:58:35,840 Speaker 1: your face in weird ways and just like stare in 981 00:58:35,920 --> 00:58:39,720 Speaker 1: your life. Oh yeah, this is weird, this is this 982 00:58:39,960 --> 00:58:43,280 Speaker 1: is just a skin mass. Yeah, here's a fun experiment. Uh, 983 00:58:44,600 --> 00:58:48,479 Speaker 1: if you go into a bathroom, preferably in the middle 984 00:58:48,520 --> 00:58:52,080 Speaker 1: of the night and with low lights, so you want 985 00:58:52,120 --> 00:58:55,000 Speaker 1: it pretty dark, but you can just see a little 986 00:58:55,080 --> 00:58:58,040 Speaker 1: bit and look in the mirror. You will start to 987 00:58:58,320 --> 00:59:02,120 Speaker 1: more if your features will get weird. Uh, you may 988 00:59:02,160 --> 00:59:04,720 Speaker 1: even feel like, oh man, my face is turning into 989 00:59:04,800 --> 00:59:07,680 Speaker 1: a ghost or a demon. Because you're getting such little 990 00:59:07,800 --> 00:59:12,440 Speaker 1: information from your face, you're interpretating the rest of the information, 991 00:59:12,600 --> 00:59:15,400 Speaker 1: so you see all sorts of weird changes changes your face. 992 00:59:15,600 --> 00:59:18,760 Speaker 1: In fact, that's like one of the my feeling of 993 00:59:18,880 --> 00:59:20,720 Speaker 1: like what the bloody Mary thing is where you look 994 00:59:20,760 --> 00:59:23,360 Speaker 1: in the mirror and say bloody marry three times. It's 995 00:59:23,440 --> 00:59:25,800 Speaker 1: usually the middle of the night where you're not getting 996 00:59:25,920 --> 00:59:28,800 Speaker 1: a lot of light, so that you're basically that's why 997 00:59:28,880 --> 00:59:31,520 Speaker 1: you see the demon in the mirror. That makes a 998 00:59:31,600 --> 00:59:34,080 Speaker 1: lot of sense. Yeah, that's why I like young girls 999 00:59:34,320 --> 00:59:38,040 Speaker 1: do it because your face exactly, because it's it's yeah, 1000 00:59:38,080 --> 00:59:40,560 Speaker 1: it's it's a good time. You get scared and pee yourself. 1001 00:59:40,600 --> 00:59:43,680 Speaker 1: Maryone laughs at you. Fun fun slumber party things. We 1002 00:59:43,880 --> 00:59:45,880 Speaker 1: we used to do it. I was so tempting to 1003 00:59:46,000 --> 00:59:50,080 Speaker 1: believe in magic too. Yeah, like I still do enough, 1004 00:59:50,720 --> 00:59:54,120 Speaker 1: but yeah, I I when I was a kid, I 1005 00:59:54,360 --> 00:59:56,560 Speaker 1: would really try to summon bloody Mary and then I 1006 00:59:56,600 --> 00:59:59,320 Speaker 1: would also really try to like go through the mirror 1007 00:59:59,440 --> 01:00:03,720 Speaker 1: to you, Alice in Wonderland that, yeah, it's I spent 1008 01:00:03,760 --> 01:00:05,560 Speaker 1: a lot of time like staring in the mirror, like 1009 01:00:05,640 --> 01:00:08,439 Speaker 1: going like if I stare hard enough, and then that's 1010 01:00:08,440 --> 01:00:10,440 Speaker 1: how I discovered that if you stare too long, then 1011 01:00:10,440 --> 01:00:12,760 Speaker 1: you start to lose your sense of identity and get 1012 01:00:12,800 --> 01:00:15,920 Speaker 1: a little freaked out. Exactly, well, too bad, I'm not 1013 01:00:16,040 --> 01:00:20,919 Speaker 1: a horse. That's a segue into this. So horses will 1014 01:00:21,320 --> 01:00:25,560 Speaker 1: judge you based on your facial expression, which is pretty 1015 01:00:25,600 --> 01:00:29,520 Speaker 1: astounding because I don't know if you've noticed, but horses 1016 01:00:29,560 --> 01:00:32,240 Speaker 1: and humans don't share a lot in terms of facial 1017 01:00:33,080 --> 01:00:38,080 Speaker 1: not at all. Yeah, so horses will judge you, good news, huh. 1018 01:00:38,480 --> 01:00:42,360 Speaker 1: So they will judge you as in if you're if 1019 01:00:42,360 --> 01:00:44,800 Speaker 1: you're like an angry face, they will judge you for it. 1020 01:00:44,960 --> 01:00:49,760 Speaker 1: So researchers showed horses pictures of angry or happy faces 1021 01:00:49,840 --> 01:00:54,320 Speaker 1: of humans. Then they introduced the real humans to the horses, 1022 01:00:54,360 --> 01:00:57,280 Speaker 1: and the humans were the people were told to have 1023 01:00:57,400 --> 01:01:00,800 Speaker 1: a neutral expression in front of the horse, which seems 1024 01:01:00,840 --> 01:01:03,240 Speaker 1: really hard for me because if I'm like faced with 1025 01:01:03,320 --> 01:01:05,360 Speaker 1: a horse that I don't know what their impression of 1026 01:01:05,400 --> 01:01:08,840 Speaker 1: me was because like the participants, part of the way 1027 01:01:08,880 --> 01:01:11,720 Speaker 1: the experiment works, so they wouldn't be biased towards the horses. 1028 01:01:11,920 --> 01:01:14,640 Speaker 1: They didn't know whether the horses had seen their happy picture. 1029 01:01:14,720 --> 01:01:17,680 Speaker 1: They're angry picture, so they have to go face the 1030 01:01:17,800 --> 01:01:21,320 Speaker 1: horse but the neutral expression, Oh my god, and like 1031 01:01:21,920 --> 01:01:24,120 Speaker 1: I don't know how they did it. I would just 1032 01:01:24,160 --> 01:01:27,320 Speaker 1: be so nervous, like, I hope you saw the nice 1033 01:01:27,400 --> 01:01:29,520 Speaker 1: picture of me, Mr, Horse, And then I would think 1034 01:01:29,560 --> 01:01:33,200 Speaker 1: a horse can pick up on that. I know, probably, 1035 01:01:33,440 --> 01:01:38,320 Speaker 1: But so the horses ended up responding more positively to 1036 01:01:38,640 --> 01:01:42,600 Speaker 1: the people where they had seen a happy face, and 1037 01:01:42,800 --> 01:01:46,280 Speaker 1: more negatively to the angry faced humans that they had 1038 01:01:46,320 --> 01:01:50,120 Speaker 1: been primed before seeing the neutral person. So you know, 1039 01:01:50,280 --> 01:01:52,680 Speaker 1: they see the person, they look totally neutral, but they 1040 01:01:52,760 --> 01:01:55,960 Speaker 1: remember that picture and they had the stink eyes, and 1041 01:01:56,080 --> 01:01:59,840 Speaker 1: so they're like, you had you looked angry that because 1042 01:01:59,840 --> 01:02:02,280 Speaker 1: I would have thought, because I know that horses can 1043 01:02:02,320 --> 01:02:05,200 Speaker 1: pick up on your emotions, because they say that you know, 1044 01:02:05,320 --> 01:02:08,120 Speaker 1: when you're like learning to horseback, right or whatever, that 1045 01:02:08,840 --> 01:02:10,960 Speaker 1: you have to be like calm with the horse and 1046 01:02:11,040 --> 01:02:14,240 Speaker 1: they pick up on whatever you're feeling. But I always 1047 01:02:14,280 --> 01:02:17,720 Speaker 1: assumed that that was just like your heart rate and 1048 01:02:17,920 --> 01:02:22,439 Speaker 1: like just your general demeanor, but that is literally your face. Yes, yes, 1049 01:02:23,080 --> 01:02:26,840 Speaker 1: how well, I don't know if they've gone into how 1050 01:02:27,440 --> 01:02:29,960 Speaker 1: they're able to do it, but I would assume it's 1051 01:02:30,000 --> 01:02:33,320 Speaker 1: got to be learned because it has to be angry. 1052 01:02:33,520 --> 01:02:39,280 Speaker 1: Human doesn't really look anything like an angry horse, you know, 1053 01:02:39,400 --> 01:02:42,560 Speaker 1: so I think they have to make an association with 1054 01:02:42,720 --> 01:02:47,960 Speaker 1: an angry face. Yes, and that would be right. I 1055 01:02:48,120 --> 01:02:50,919 Speaker 1: don't know. I mean, it could be something that after 1056 01:02:51,400 --> 01:02:53,960 Speaker 1: you know, hundreds of thousands of the years of domestication, 1057 01:02:54,040 --> 01:02:57,320 Speaker 1: that has become ingrained in the kind of like dogs exactly. 1058 01:02:57,440 --> 01:03:00,360 Speaker 1: Dogs can see faces, they can see a moms and 1059 01:03:00,400 --> 01:03:02,440 Speaker 1: they focus on the side of our faces that are 1060 01:03:02,480 --> 01:03:05,960 Speaker 1: more expressive. So it could be that they've learned, you know, 1061 01:03:06,240 --> 01:03:10,440 Speaker 1: sort of through you know, selection for the more compatible 1062 01:03:10,600 --> 01:03:16,640 Speaker 1: dogs and the compatible horses. Yeah, or it could be 1063 01:03:16,720 --> 01:03:20,600 Speaker 1: completely learned, It's hard to know, or combination of the two, 1064 01:03:20,640 --> 01:03:23,000 Speaker 1: which is often often the case. So the way the 1065 01:03:23,080 --> 01:03:26,080 Speaker 1: researchers could tell the horses weren't jazzed about meeting the 1066 01:03:26,200 --> 01:03:28,920 Speaker 1: humans that they had seen angry pictures are they have 1067 01:03:29,240 --> 01:03:33,280 Speaker 1: certain behaviors that indicate anxieties. So like scratching and chewing behaviors, 1068 01:03:33,920 --> 01:03:37,120 Speaker 1: which indicates their stressed out. But also they wanted a 1069 01:03:37,200 --> 01:03:42,080 Speaker 1: more non subjective measures so they can see how the 1070 01:03:42,160 --> 01:03:46,479 Speaker 1: horses feel about something by gaze bias. So basically, here's 1071 01:03:46,480 --> 01:03:49,280 Speaker 1: another this is going to be another confusing thing where 1072 01:03:49,280 --> 01:03:51,520 Speaker 1: it's like left right side of the brain. But basically, 1073 01:03:52,040 --> 01:03:56,320 Speaker 1: so horses process threatening stimuli and the right hemisphere of 1074 01:03:56,360 --> 01:03:59,880 Speaker 1: the brains, So guests where they would look which region 1075 01:04:00,080 --> 01:04:03,840 Speaker 1: their gaze they would look to process that left yes, exactly, 1076 01:04:04,280 --> 01:04:09,400 Speaker 1: so if I leave your learning anything, it's that side 1077 01:04:09,440 --> 01:04:15,360 Speaker 1: of yours apple sauce. So if they are trying to 1078 01:04:15,440 --> 01:04:19,360 Speaker 1: process something threatening, they'll look with their left gaze and 1079 01:04:19,480 --> 01:04:23,640 Speaker 1: if it's something um or pro social, something positive, they 1080 01:04:23,720 --> 01:04:26,600 Speaker 1: have a right gaze bias. And then they measured the 1081 01:04:26,720 --> 01:04:28,960 Speaker 1: eye gaze and they indeed found that they had a 1082 01:04:29,080 --> 01:04:31,920 Speaker 1: left gaze bias. That means they're looking for stink face 1083 01:04:33,040 --> 01:04:35,280 Speaker 1: towards the people where they had been primed with the 1084 01:04:35,320 --> 01:04:39,920 Speaker 1: angry face versus right gays. So basically they knew they're like, okay, 1085 01:04:40,400 --> 01:04:42,760 Speaker 1: this person, I remember they had a stink face, they 1086 01:04:42,760 --> 01:04:46,040 Speaker 1: had an angry face, So I'm I'm checking, I'm alert 1087 01:04:46,200 --> 01:04:49,200 Speaker 1: I'm worried they're going to try something. Wow, I'm even 1088 01:04:49,280 --> 01:04:54,919 Speaker 1: amazed that they can remember a human face. Yeah that easily. Yeah, well, 1089 01:04:55,040 --> 01:04:56,960 Speaker 1: I mean a lot of animals can We know that 1090 01:04:57,840 --> 01:05:01,600 Speaker 1: birds can do that. Corvid's crows can remember human faces. 1091 01:05:02,280 --> 01:05:07,120 Speaker 1: Uh yeah, it's pretty interesting. And also animals can make 1092 01:05:07,200 --> 01:05:12,120 Speaker 1: faces specifically for humans. So dogs have facial expressions. I 1093 01:05:12,280 --> 01:05:15,040 Speaker 1: know what they have made for humans. I feel crazy, 1094 01:05:15,200 --> 01:05:18,680 Speaker 1: but you're not crazy. When my mom's dog, who's so cute, 1095 01:05:19,480 --> 01:05:23,760 Speaker 1: is trying to get like your sympathy because she's just 1096 01:05:23,920 --> 01:05:28,360 Speaker 1: pete inside, she got a face that she does well, 1097 01:05:28,720 --> 01:05:32,120 Speaker 1: science is confirming that you are correct. So dogs will 1098 01:05:32,160 --> 01:05:36,480 Speaker 1: make expressions specifically when you're watching them. They're more likely 1099 01:05:36,600 --> 01:05:39,200 Speaker 1: to raise their eyebrows and stick out their tongues when 1100 01:05:39,280 --> 01:05:42,760 Speaker 1: someone is watching them, and they're also more likely to 1101 01:05:42,840 --> 01:05:46,640 Speaker 1: show just a larger range of facial expressions in general 1102 01:05:46,840 --> 01:05:51,400 Speaker 1: when human eye gazs. I know, and I this is 1103 01:05:51,520 --> 01:05:54,200 Speaker 1: confirmed what I've long believed about my dog, which is 1104 01:05:54,360 --> 01:05:57,080 Speaker 1: she when she sees me looking at her, she pulls 1105 01:05:57,120 --> 01:05:59,280 Speaker 1: a really cute face so that I come over and 1106 01:05:59,320 --> 01:06:02,439 Speaker 1: pet her. I think she's learned, she's learned what faces work. 1107 01:06:02,520 --> 01:06:05,240 Speaker 1: The best to get me to go scratch her tommy, 1108 01:06:05,440 --> 01:06:08,600 Speaker 1: And she knows what noises are cute, so she she's 1109 01:06:08,760 --> 01:06:11,040 Speaker 1: just playing me like a fiddle. She's playing you like 1110 01:06:11,120 --> 01:06:14,480 Speaker 1: a fiddle. And dogs are so socially smart. They're a 1111 01:06:14,600 --> 01:06:18,360 Speaker 1: little manipulators. They Yeah, I mean, I guess it comes 1112 01:06:18,400 --> 01:06:21,040 Speaker 1: from the territory. If you are raised to just be 1113 01:06:21,400 --> 01:06:25,880 Speaker 1: cuddled and pad and like coud at. Yeah, that would 1114 01:06:25,920 --> 01:06:29,040 Speaker 1: feel good. I would court it too. But even really 1115 01:06:29,240 --> 01:06:35,439 Speaker 1: simple creatures like wasps can recognize each other's faces, so yeah, 1116 01:06:35,560 --> 01:06:37,880 Speaker 1: it's I mean, I don't think there's any evidence they 1117 01:06:37,920 --> 01:06:41,520 Speaker 1: can recognize human faces, but they can recognize each other's 1118 01:06:41,600 --> 01:06:44,880 Speaker 1: faces and change their responses to each other based on 1119 01:06:44,960 --> 01:06:48,200 Speaker 1: whether they recognize someone or don't recognize someone. So yeah, 1120 01:06:48,280 --> 01:06:50,720 Speaker 1: it's really interesting. It's not even like like I would 1121 01:06:50,720 --> 01:06:53,240 Speaker 1: think with wasps it would be a smell or something right, 1122 01:06:53,480 --> 01:06:56,520 Speaker 1: like a pheromone signal, But they can. They have some 1123 01:06:56,640 --> 01:07:01,040 Speaker 1: pretty complex visual processing for such a tiny rain. Whenever 1124 01:07:01,120 --> 01:07:05,200 Speaker 1: I learn how smart and social animals are, I'm just 1125 01:07:05,400 --> 01:07:09,360 Speaker 1: like hit with a wave of sadness about how much 1126 01:07:09,600 --> 01:07:14,400 Speaker 1: we're're hurting, Yes, just as a society, and the sort 1127 01:07:14,440 --> 01:07:18,240 Speaker 1: of guilt of like, oh, yeah, they they're pretty yeah, 1128 01:07:18,400 --> 01:07:20,840 Speaker 1: pretty smart. Yeah, no, I feel that too, And no 1129 01:07:21,000 --> 01:07:23,480 Speaker 1: offense to anyone who eats meat. But I always come 1130 01:07:23,520 --> 01:07:27,960 Speaker 1: back to like, oh, pigs are like dogs, those poor pigs. Yeah, yeah, no, 1131 01:07:28,120 --> 01:07:31,400 Speaker 1: I mean I'm full disclosure. I'm not a vegetarian, but 1132 01:07:31,920 --> 01:07:34,760 Speaker 1: pork is the one thing that I really can't. It's 1133 01:07:35,320 --> 01:07:38,520 Speaker 1: like I I really struggle with because of how smart 1134 01:07:38,560 --> 01:07:42,640 Speaker 1: pigs are social. Yeah, and I sort of I've tried, 1135 01:07:43,160 --> 01:07:46,240 Speaker 1: even though I'm not vegetarian. I've massively cut down on 1136 01:07:46,360 --> 01:07:51,160 Speaker 1: my meat for you know, environmental and ethical purposes. Right. 1137 01:07:51,560 --> 01:07:54,400 Speaker 1: Obviously I'm biased because it's what I'm doing, but I 1138 01:07:54,520 --> 01:07:56,880 Speaker 1: think it's like fine to do whatever you can do. 1139 01:07:57,560 --> 01:08:00,880 Speaker 1: But yeah, I I ate a lot of fish because 1140 01:08:00,960 --> 01:08:04,080 Speaker 1: I'm not just don't. I love fish and I am 1141 01:08:04,160 --> 01:08:07,280 Speaker 1: actually keeping a query and I love fish. But I'm 1142 01:08:07,320 --> 01:08:10,120 Speaker 1: also like, they know, they don't know what well, they 1143 01:08:10,160 --> 01:08:13,280 Speaker 1: don't feel pain. I don't know, but they if you 1144 01:08:13,640 --> 01:08:15,760 Speaker 1: at least kill them humanely, they don't won't know what 1145 01:08:16,160 --> 01:08:19,320 Speaker 1: hit them. Not that fishing that something does hit them. Yeah. 1146 01:08:19,640 --> 01:08:22,839 Speaker 1: Gone fishing with my grandma and she took the stone 1147 01:08:23,320 --> 01:08:27,840 Speaker 1: when she smacked. That's That's how I moralize it with 1148 01:08:28,040 --> 01:08:29,840 Speaker 1: myself because I don't eat meat, but I eat fish 1149 01:08:29,880 --> 01:08:32,439 Speaker 1: because I used to go fishing with my grandma and Sweden, 1150 01:08:33,040 --> 01:08:35,800 Speaker 1: and you know, we'd have to kill the fish. She 1151 01:08:36,040 --> 01:08:38,559 Speaker 1: it just felt so barbaric. She would take the stone 1152 01:08:38,720 --> 01:08:42,840 Speaker 1: that she used specific fish killing stuff, killing fish, and 1153 01:08:42,920 --> 01:08:46,879 Speaker 1: it would be bloody, dried with blood, and she'd smash 1154 01:08:47,000 --> 01:08:49,760 Speaker 1: it and it would be there wiggling, and I was like, 1155 01:08:51,040 --> 01:08:54,439 Speaker 1: if I can face this, I can eat it. I 1156 01:08:55,240 --> 01:08:58,200 Speaker 1: learned that the best way to do it, the least 1157 01:08:58,320 --> 01:09:01,840 Speaker 1: cruel way, is to hit it on the head, stun it, 1158 01:09:01,960 --> 01:09:05,200 Speaker 1: and then you immediately cut its main arm. Yeah, so 1159 01:09:05,320 --> 01:09:08,400 Speaker 1: that it you're you don't want to just throw it 1160 01:09:08,479 --> 01:09:10,320 Speaker 1: on a pile of ice and let it slowly die. 1161 01:09:10,439 --> 01:09:12,280 Speaker 1: That's like the worst thing to do. You want to 1162 01:09:12,360 --> 01:09:16,880 Speaker 1: make it quick. Um. But yeah, that's what she did. Yeah, 1163 01:09:17,000 --> 01:09:19,840 Speaker 1: it's crazy that you did it that way. No, No, 1164 01:09:20,040 --> 01:09:22,679 Speaker 1: that is. It feels barbaric. But if you're gonna eat 1165 01:09:22,680 --> 01:09:26,960 Speaker 1: a fish, you've gotta have you gotta have the you know, 1166 01:09:27,160 --> 01:09:29,760 Speaker 1: courage to actually kill it quickly, otherwise you're just letting 1167 01:09:29,800 --> 01:09:35,800 Speaker 1: it exactly. So, para idolia is a sort of brain 1168 01:09:36,000 --> 01:09:39,800 Speaker 1: thing that happens. It's the habit of misinterpreting information, like 1169 01:09:39,960 --> 01:09:43,800 Speaker 1: seeing shapes and clouds or hearing hidden messages and music, 1170 01:09:44,479 --> 01:09:47,640 Speaker 1: or like when you see faces and random patterns like 1171 01:09:47,800 --> 01:09:51,200 Speaker 1: pattern textures or tree leaves or like on the carpet 1172 01:09:51,439 --> 01:09:54,600 Speaker 1: or clouds. Yeah, and you see like a face and 1173 01:09:54,600 --> 01:09:57,000 Speaker 1: it's like, whoa, that looks exactly like a face. That's 1174 01:09:57,320 --> 01:10:02,160 Speaker 1: para idolia. So that's just because we're so highly attuned 1175 01:10:02,200 --> 01:10:06,400 Speaker 1: to recognizing facial patterns. Sometimes our brains are too sensitive 1176 01:10:06,439 --> 01:10:08,240 Speaker 1: and we just pick up on a face when it's 1177 01:10:08,280 --> 01:10:11,160 Speaker 1: not really a face, but it's hitting all the proportions 1178 01:10:11,240 --> 01:10:14,000 Speaker 1: of like of like, okay, this is where the noses. 1179 01:10:14,080 --> 01:10:16,840 Speaker 1: That's where the eyes learned, so it registers as a face. 1180 01:10:17,479 --> 01:10:21,519 Speaker 1: But poi anion. Mimicry is when nature does this on purpose. 1181 01:10:21,840 --> 01:10:26,160 Speaker 1: So flowers will sometimes mimic the female of an insect 1182 01:10:26,320 --> 01:10:30,240 Speaker 1: species so that the insect tries mating with it, pollinating 1183 01:10:30,320 --> 01:10:33,840 Speaker 1: it unwittingly. And this is a really sneaky trick. It's 1184 01:10:33,880 --> 01:10:36,040 Speaker 1: often done by orchids, and this is a way for 1185 01:10:36,160 --> 01:10:38,519 Speaker 1: the flower to not have to invest in nectar. So 1186 01:10:39,000 --> 01:10:41,799 Speaker 1: one way that a lot of flowers get pollinators interested. 1187 01:10:41,960 --> 01:10:45,880 Speaker 1: Is nectar fragrances, things like that. But if you can 1188 01:10:46,360 --> 01:10:48,920 Speaker 1: seduce it, then you don't actually have to invest in 1189 01:10:49,040 --> 01:10:51,479 Speaker 1: nectar because that's a lot of sugars involved the nectar, 1190 01:10:51,520 --> 01:10:56,120 Speaker 1: and that's a high cost um. So here's the hammer 1191 01:10:56,280 --> 01:10:59,439 Speaker 1: orchid that it's maybe not as clear as a human 1192 01:10:59,520 --> 01:11:02,479 Speaker 1: sometimes to see these, but that little black spot is 1193 01:11:02,520 --> 01:11:06,600 Speaker 1: supposed to be a specific species of wasp that is 1194 01:11:06,760 --> 01:11:11,040 Speaker 1: black and fuzzy. Yeah, and so the males will be 1195 01:11:11,720 --> 01:11:13,639 Speaker 1: fooled and we'll try to mate with it. And actually 1196 01:11:13,640 --> 01:11:17,559 Speaker 1: what's interesting is you don't see flowers are sleece bags. 1197 01:11:18,800 --> 01:11:22,280 Speaker 1: It's called consent. Flowers try to get it. It's like 1198 01:11:22,439 --> 01:11:26,360 Speaker 1: lying on their tinder profile. Yeah, like yeah, I'm a wasp, 1199 01:11:26,640 --> 01:11:29,439 Speaker 1: Yeah sure, I'm not. There an orchid on their tin 1200 01:11:29,479 --> 01:11:34,320 Speaker 1: drill profile. Plant plant job. Here's a here's a bee 1201 01:11:34,800 --> 01:11:37,840 Speaker 1: orchid where you can see that really clearly because you 1202 01:11:37,880 --> 01:11:41,439 Speaker 1: can see the antenna looks like a bee. Yeah, and 1203 01:11:41,760 --> 01:11:46,639 Speaker 1: this is not an example of the I wonder how bugs, 1204 01:11:47,280 --> 01:11:51,920 Speaker 1: i should say, insects feel when they do this, like 1205 01:11:53,000 --> 01:11:55,880 Speaker 1: they've just yeah, they've just made it with a flower. 1206 01:11:56,000 --> 01:11:57,920 Speaker 1: Is it like a little disappointing or do they get 1207 01:11:57,960 --> 01:12:01,080 Speaker 1: their yahyas out. I have no idea. I hope it's 1208 01:12:01,479 --> 01:12:04,000 Speaker 1: for them too, I hope. So yeah, maybe it's like 1209 01:12:04,040 --> 01:12:06,599 Speaker 1: a sex doll or something. Yeah, they're like, whoa, we're 1210 01:12:06,600 --> 01:12:09,160 Speaker 1: bo getting something out of this. So this is actually 1211 01:12:09,240 --> 01:12:14,120 Speaker 1: not an example of of the sexual mimicry. But this 1212 01:12:14,360 --> 01:12:17,120 Speaker 1: is just super cool. This is called a monkey orchid. 1213 01:12:17,360 --> 01:12:20,160 Speaker 1: And I don't know why. It looks exactly like a 1214 01:12:20,240 --> 01:12:23,080 Speaker 1: monkey face, but it looks exactly like a monkey face 1215 01:12:23,320 --> 01:12:26,360 Speaker 1: that is a monkey. It looks exactly like a monkey, 1216 01:12:26,479 --> 01:12:29,479 Speaker 1: and it's I don't know why it looks like and 1217 01:12:30,280 --> 01:12:32,680 Speaker 1: probably there's no reason for it to look this way. 1218 01:12:32,800 --> 01:12:36,880 Speaker 1: It's just coincidence. That feels crazy. That feels so nail 1219 01:12:36,960 --> 01:12:39,840 Speaker 1: on the head. Yeah, though, doesn't it look I'm looking 1220 01:12:39,920 --> 01:12:44,760 Speaker 1: at the lion king. Yeah, that is that exact. Yeah, 1221 01:12:44,880 --> 01:12:48,040 Speaker 1: it's probably just coincidence in a little mix of the 1222 01:12:48,120 --> 01:12:52,560 Speaker 1: pair idylia where we're looking for the face. But it's uncanny. 1223 01:12:52,840 --> 01:12:55,400 Speaker 1: I don't I don't know that. Sometimes when I see 1224 01:12:55,439 --> 01:12:57,560 Speaker 1: things like that, I'm like, we're living in a simulation 1225 01:12:57,640 --> 01:12:59,800 Speaker 1: and some of that lazy and copied some CODEA this 1226 01:13:00,439 --> 01:13:04,400 Speaker 1: the same code that made certain monkey faces made back 1227 01:13:04,600 --> 01:13:09,880 Speaker 1: flower they copy tasted. Yeah. So the habit of these 1228 01:13:10,360 --> 01:13:14,280 Speaker 1: orchids to lure in the insects and that that fake 1229 01:13:14,400 --> 01:13:19,120 Speaker 1: sex is called pseudocopulation. And there is an Australian orchid 1230 01:13:19,240 --> 01:13:22,880 Speaker 1: called crypto Stylus which uh, and there's a study to 1231 01:13:23,240 --> 01:13:26,080 Speaker 1: found that there is actually a pretty bad cost for 1232 01:13:26,240 --> 01:13:30,000 Speaker 1: the insects that get tricked because they waste large amounts 1233 01:13:30,040 --> 01:13:35,360 Speaker 1: of sperm by um, you know, ejaculating onto the flower 1234 01:13:35,479 --> 01:13:38,320 Speaker 1: not to get nasty. But I have like a certain 1235 01:13:38,360 --> 01:13:42,519 Speaker 1: amount in them. I wonder, I wonder if it's I 1236 01:13:42,560 --> 01:13:48,040 Speaker 1: don't care a little one then you die. Yeah. I 1237 01:13:48,160 --> 01:13:51,280 Speaker 1: do think that there is a certain limit to how 1238 01:13:51,360 --> 01:13:54,840 Speaker 1: much they have or can produce, and it's certainly does 1239 01:13:54,920 --> 01:13:57,600 Speaker 1: come at a cost for them because that is a 1240 01:13:57,720 --> 01:14:01,559 Speaker 1: lot of proteins. They're perfect, that is their purpose. Yeah, 1241 01:14:01,600 --> 01:14:04,000 Speaker 1: they don't want to waste it. And so here's a 1242 01:14:04,040 --> 01:14:07,160 Speaker 1: picture to it feels good for you. So here's a 1243 01:14:07,240 --> 01:14:09,280 Speaker 1: picture of it, and you can. They definitely look like 1244 01:14:09,920 --> 01:14:13,519 Speaker 1: wasps to me. Are is there a wasp in there? No, 1245 01:14:13,720 --> 01:14:17,760 Speaker 1: there's no wasp. Yeah, this is just the little thing. Yes, okay, yeah, 1246 01:14:18,000 --> 01:14:21,240 Speaker 1: it looks like bugs. It looks like bugs. I'm probably 1247 01:14:21,400 --> 01:14:27,960 Speaker 1: bastardizing looks like bugs. Um. And then so there's also 1248 01:14:28,080 --> 01:14:33,639 Speaker 1: the inverse of this, which is when insects imitate plants, 1249 01:14:33,800 --> 01:14:39,480 Speaker 1: which happens often in crypsis like you have leaf imitating insects. 1250 01:14:39,560 --> 01:14:43,639 Speaker 1: You've seen stick bugs or the stick insects. Uh see, 1251 01:14:43,680 --> 01:14:47,040 Speaker 1: now you've got me saying bugs. Bugs is just such 1252 01:14:47,080 --> 01:14:49,679 Speaker 1: a cute word. It is a cute word. And one 1253 01:14:49,920 --> 01:14:53,920 Speaker 1: of the coolest things that I've seen are the predators 1254 01:14:54,040 --> 01:15:00,479 Speaker 1: that imitate flowers. So here's a crab spider imitating a flower, 1255 01:15:01,280 --> 01:15:05,840 Speaker 1: and it's beautiful. It's the shiny white with little some 1256 01:15:06,040 --> 01:15:08,840 Speaker 1: little detail and it looks like a pretty flower. It 1257 01:15:09,000 --> 01:15:11,120 Speaker 1: is beautiful. So that's the color they are. They're that 1258 01:15:11,280 --> 01:15:15,200 Speaker 1: glowy white all the time and beautier. They are beautiful. 1259 01:15:15,360 --> 01:15:19,640 Speaker 1: And then here, this is one of the most spectacular examples, 1260 01:15:19,920 --> 01:15:24,280 Speaker 1: is the orchid mantis and it is absolutely gorgeous. Whoa, 1261 01:15:25,040 --> 01:15:29,920 Speaker 1: it's pink and white with it looks exactly like an 1262 01:15:30,000 --> 01:15:34,120 Speaker 1: orchid because it has pink just like dust. It like 1263 01:15:34,200 --> 01:15:38,960 Speaker 1: an orchid would just kind of like it's watercolors. It's 1264 01:15:39,040 --> 01:15:42,200 Speaker 1: really it's real. It's beautiful and it has it looks 1265 01:15:42,240 --> 01:15:45,439 Speaker 1: like petals. It has sort of the the yellow and 1266 01:15:45,680 --> 01:15:49,120 Speaker 1: green towards the base of its abdomen that looks like 1267 01:15:49,320 --> 01:15:51,360 Speaker 1: you know when you look inside an orchid and it 1268 01:15:51,520 --> 01:15:54,800 Speaker 1: has that kind of ombre from pink to yellow and green. 1269 01:15:56,280 --> 01:16:02,240 Speaker 1: The attention to detail, it's are incredible. Crazy. That's what 1270 01:16:02,320 --> 01:16:06,559 Speaker 1: I should call this show. Yes, yes, it is really 1271 01:16:06,640 --> 01:16:09,680 Speaker 1: the bottom line of each lesson I have learned on 1272 01:16:09,800 --> 01:16:15,719 Speaker 1: this show with you. That's crazy nature. Whoa slow down? Slow? 1273 01:16:16,560 --> 01:16:19,280 Speaker 1: Could you just calm down for one's nature? Just just 1274 01:16:19,400 --> 01:16:23,400 Speaker 1: calm down, just chill, just chill. First, so I gotta 1275 01:16:23,439 --> 01:16:28,800 Speaker 1: ask these orchids, spiders and mantis, yes, and mantis they 1276 01:16:28,880 --> 01:16:31,800 Speaker 1: look like or kids, is like, how do you trick 1277 01:16:31,840 --> 01:16:35,519 Speaker 1: an orchid? No, they're not tricking an orchid. They're tricking 1278 01:16:35,560 --> 01:16:41,720 Speaker 1: potential trick predators because these are predators, right, So the 1279 01:16:42,000 --> 01:16:45,000 Speaker 1: prey maybe approaches them because they think they're flower, or 1280 01:16:45,080 --> 01:16:48,479 Speaker 1: they just at least don't suspect them. And so it's 1281 01:16:48,600 --> 01:16:52,879 Speaker 1: just imagine you're you're kind of walking through the forest 1282 01:16:53,040 --> 01:16:55,280 Speaker 1: and you see a beautiful flower and you go down 1283 01:16:55,320 --> 01:16:57,439 Speaker 1: to smell it, and then it just starts to eat you. 1284 01:16:59,600 --> 01:17:02,960 Speaker 1: You know, Oh, there are uglier things to be eaten by. 1285 01:17:03,880 --> 01:17:06,720 Speaker 1: That is true. Yeah, I can't really argue with that. 1286 01:17:07,160 --> 01:17:11,280 Speaker 1: It's a beautiful spider. I am slightly terrified of spiders. 1287 01:17:12,080 --> 01:17:17,479 Speaker 1: I mean, of of all the creatures, probably roaches the most. 1288 01:17:18,320 --> 01:17:20,679 Speaker 1: You know what, I actually agree with you on roaches. 1289 01:17:20,840 --> 01:17:24,000 Speaker 1: I disagree on spiders. I'm not really that grossed out 1290 01:17:24,080 --> 01:17:27,920 Speaker 1: or scared of spiders. But roaches I have I think 1291 01:17:27,960 --> 01:17:32,120 Speaker 1: a negative association with because they are it's that they're 1292 01:17:32,200 --> 01:17:36,560 Speaker 1: so greasy. They're literally fatty in terms of like and 1293 01:17:36,640 --> 01:17:39,000 Speaker 1: I'm not saying like in terms of way. It's like 1294 01:17:39,240 --> 01:17:43,479 Speaker 1: they have these fatty excretions all over their body, which 1295 01:17:43,640 --> 01:17:52,879 Speaker 1: is like, is gross, and they feel like, I'm sorry, buttery. 1296 01:17:54,400 --> 01:17:56,519 Speaker 1: But at least a spider, I'm like, I know, we eat. 1297 01:17:56,560 --> 01:17:59,719 Speaker 1: Spiders are the good guys. It's like Charlotte's web spider 1298 01:17:59,880 --> 01:18:04,880 Speaker 1: was sweet little lady. But roaches, I'm like, or what 1299 01:18:05,240 --> 01:18:07,120 Speaker 1: all they're going to do is outlive of So when 1300 01:18:07,479 --> 01:18:12,920 Speaker 1: nuclear apocalypse comes an importantly ecological niation, they are you know, 1301 01:18:13,280 --> 01:18:16,920 Speaker 1: they eat organic material, but they I do a great spare. 1302 01:18:17,120 --> 01:18:20,519 Speaker 1: My problem is that I've here's I can trace back 1303 01:18:20,640 --> 01:18:23,920 Speaker 1: my dislike approaches to a specific experience, which was stepping 1304 01:18:24,000 --> 01:18:26,200 Speaker 1: on one in bare feet and getting the geu on 1305 01:18:26,320 --> 01:18:29,600 Speaker 1: my foot. No wonder you call them buttery there. It 1306 01:18:29,720 --> 01:18:33,000 Speaker 1: was such a crunchy buttery experience. I didn't like it. 1307 01:18:34,920 --> 01:18:38,599 Speaker 1: I have not scared away your listeners by really leaning 1308 01:18:38,680 --> 01:18:41,479 Speaker 1: into this issue of approaches. I like to. So there 1309 01:18:41,520 --> 01:18:44,080 Speaker 1: are some really I might do an episode or explore 1310 01:18:44,200 --> 01:18:46,400 Speaker 1: roaches or something, because there are some really cool one 1311 01:18:46,439 --> 01:18:49,400 Speaker 1: like the Madagow's characters and cock roach that is pretty cool. 1312 01:18:49,560 --> 01:18:56,240 Speaker 1: But yeah, just I'm I'm very tolerant towards of animals 1313 01:18:56,720 --> 01:19:01,680 Speaker 1: and insects and bacteria and everything except for roaches. I 1314 01:19:01,800 --> 01:19:05,840 Speaker 1: think silverfish are kind of nasty. And the mosquitoes just 1315 01:19:05,880 --> 01:19:08,760 Speaker 1: because of all the people they can Yeah, that is 1316 01:19:08,880 --> 01:19:12,120 Speaker 1: the one, right and please and please say torture my 1317 01:19:12,200 --> 01:19:17,880 Speaker 1: dog and I hate it. Well, thanks so much for 1318 01:19:18,000 --> 01:19:21,320 Speaker 1: joining me today. Thank you. Um is there? Can you 1319 01:19:21,760 --> 01:19:25,519 Speaker 1: just tell people about things that they can look online? 1320 01:19:25,560 --> 01:19:29,000 Speaker 1: Absolutely that will bring them into your world? Which is 1321 01:19:29,040 --> 01:19:31,400 Speaker 1: my complicated way of saying, do you have anything to plug? 1322 01:19:32,520 --> 01:19:36,360 Speaker 1: I do? Um? Yeah, check out my web comic. It 1323 01:19:36,640 --> 01:19:40,080 Speaker 1: is at bad Comics with an X by Anna. But 1324 01:19:40,200 --> 01:19:43,680 Speaker 1: if you just type in bad comics, it'll pop up. Um. 1325 01:19:44,120 --> 01:19:49,360 Speaker 1: I do comics pretty much every week about depression, anxiety, dairy. Um, 1326 01:19:50,240 --> 01:19:52,760 Speaker 1: they're all interlinked. To be honest, they truly in my 1327 01:19:52,880 --> 01:19:55,920 Speaker 1: world they are. You can also catch me on Twitter 1328 01:19:56,120 --> 01:19:59,479 Speaker 1: at bad Comics by Anna and uh, you know, let 1329 01:19:59,600 --> 01:20:04,559 Speaker 1: us know your thoughts on these animals, Like I really 1330 01:20:04,640 --> 01:20:07,720 Speaker 1: I love when people comment on Twitter about episodes. Yes, 1331 01:20:07,960 --> 01:20:10,519 Speaker 1: it's so fun. Could you guys do me a favor 1332 01:20:10,720 --> 01:20:14,799 Speaker 1: and send on some dick Dick pick picks somewhat dictic 1333 01:20:14,880 --> 01:20:17,800 Speaker 1: pick picks. So dictics are a little tiny, dear like 1334 01:20:18,040 --> 01:20:21,960 Speaker 1: animals and they're very cute. It'll be fine, I promise. 1335 01:20:22,080 --> 01:20:24,280 Speaker 1: Okay it dude, sound like you're saying send on a 1336 01:20:24,360 --> 01:20:26,120 Speaker 1: dick pics And I was like, no, no, no, I 1337 01:20:26,160 --> 01:20:30,439 Speaker 1: don't know why you think that it's picks engagement. Hey, 1338 01:20:30,720 --> 01:20:34,479 Speaker 1: I'm expecting just cute, little cuddly animals. Cute animals, yes, 1339 01:20:35,439 --> 01:20:38,200 Speaker 1: uh yeah, And you can find us on the internet 1340 01:20:38,560 --> 01:20:42,160 Speaker 1: Creature feature Pod dot com, Creature feature Pot on Instagram. 1341 01:20:42,280 --> 01:20:45,920 Speaker 1: It's mostly pictures of my dog. Creature feet Pot on Twitter. 1342 01:20:46,040 --> 01:20:47,880 Speaker 1: That's f e a T, not f e e T. 1343 01:20:48,120 --> 01:20:51,840 Speaker 1: That one is something of front. Definitely a wicked feet. Yeah, 1344 01:20:55,680 --> 01:20:59,639 Speaker 1: or maybe it's just dog pots. We knows, and thank 1345 01:20:59,680 --> 01:21:02,280 Speaker 1: you how much for listening. If you're like in the show, 1346 01:21:02,520 --> 01:21:05,880 Speaker 1: you know, there's buttons, there's stars, there's subscription buttons you 1347 01:21:05,960 --> 01:21:08,360 Speaker 1: can press and all that actually really does help me 1348 01:21:08,400 --> 01:21:12,080 Speaker 1: out like tremendously, so please please do that. Thanks to 1349 01:21:12,160 --> 01:21:16,040 Speaker 1: the Space Classics for their super spectacular song Exo Alumina. 1350 01:21:16,400 --> 01:21:19,519 Speaker 1: Creature features a production of My Heart Radios How Stuff Works. 1351 01:21:19,840 --> 01:21:22,280 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from My Heart Radio, visit that I 1352 01:21:22,400 --> 01:21:25,080 Speaker 1: Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to 1353 01:21:25,120 --> 01:21:27,479 Speaker 1: your favorite shows. See you next Wednesday.