1
00:00:00,440 --> 00:00:02,800
Speaker 1: Nine Days in July is a production of I Heart

2
00:00:02,880 --> 00:00:06,920
Speaker 1: Radio and Trade Draft Studios in association with High five Content.

3
00:00:07,880 --> 00:00:11,640
Speaker 1: It's July eighteenth, just two days before Apollo eleven is

4
00:00:11,680 --> 00:00:14,720
Speaker 1: set to land on the moon. White House speech writer

5
00:00:14,800 --> 00:00:17,520
Speaker 1: Bill Sapphire sits down at his desk to write a

6
00:00:17,560 --> 00:00:21,280
Speaker 1: speech he hopes the world will never hear. Sapphire has

7
00:00:21,320 --> 00:00:25,000
Speaker 1: the unenviable job of giving President Richard Nixon words of

8
00:00:25,040 --> 00:00:28,400
Speaker 1: comfort for the nation. Should Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldren

9
00:00:28,760 --> 00:00:31,240
Speaker 1: not make it off the surface of the moon. Just

10
00:00:31,320 --> 00:00:33,800
Speaker 1: stop and think about that for a second. Pretend you

11
00:00:33,840 --> 00:00:37,640
Speaker 1: don't know how this mission ends. Put yourself in Sapphire's place.

12
00:00:37,880 --> 00:00:41,840
Speaker 1: On July eighteenth, Apollo eleven's triumphant history hadn't even been

13
00:00:41,840 --> 00:00:46,560
Speaker 1: written yet, and given this astronomical challenge, the president had

14
00:00:46,600 --> 00:00:49,199
Speaker 1: to prepare for the worst. I will now read you

15
00:00:49,240 --> 00:00:52,120
Speaker 1: the memo in its entirety, as President Nixon would have

16
00:00:52,479 --> 00:00:57,640
Speaker 1: had tragedy befallen Apollo eleven. Fate has ordained that the

17
00:00:57,680 --> 00:00:59,920
Speaker 1: men who went to the Moon to explore in peace

18
00:01:00,240 --> 00:01:03,560
Speaker 1: will stay on the moon to rest in peace. These

19
00:01:03,600 --> 00:01:07,360
Speaker 1: brave men, Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldren know that there

20
00:01:07,440 --> 00:01:10,319
Speaker 1: is no hope for their recovery, but they also know

21
00:01:10,560 --> 00:01:14,240
Speaker 1: that there is hope for mankind. In their sacrifice. These

22
00:01:14,280 --> 00:01:17,600
Speaker 1: two men are laying down their lives in mankind's most

23
00:01:17,720 --> 00:01:22,640
Speaker 1: noble goal, the search for truth and understanding. They will

24
00:01:22,680 --> 00:01:25,240
Speaker 1: be mourned by their families and friends. They will be

25
00:01:25,319 --> 00:01:27,960
Speaker 1: mourned by their nation. They will be mourned by the

26
00:01:28,000 --> 00:01:30,600
Speaker 1: people of the world. They will be mourned by a

27
00:01:30,680 --> 00:01:34,240
Speaker 1: mother Earth that dared send two of her sons into

28
00:01:34,319 --> 00:01:38,240
Speaker 1: the unknown. In their exploration, they stirred the people of

29
00:01:38,280 --> 00:01:42,320
Speaker 1: the world to feel as one. In their sacrifice, they

30
00:01:42,400 --> 00:01:46,880
Speaker 1: bind more tightly the brotherhood of man. In ancient days,

31
00:01:47,200 --> 00:01:50,720
Speaker 1: men looked at stars and saw their heroes in the constellations.

32
00:01:51,240 --> 00:01:54,200
Speaker 1: In modern times we do much the same, but our

33
00:01:54,240 --> 00:01:58,560
Speaker 1: heroes are epic men of flesh and blood. Others will

34
00:01:58,640 --> 00:02:02,640
Speaker 1: follow and surely find their way home. Man's search will

35
00:02:02,680 --> 00:02:06,760
Speaker 1: not be denied. But these men were the first, and

36
00:02:06,800 --> 00:02:10,160
Speaker 1: they will remain the foremost in our hearts. For every

37
00:02:10,240 --> 00:02:12,160
Speaker 1: human being who looks up at the moon and the

38
00:02:12,280 --> 00:02:15,160
Speaker 1: nights to come will know that there is some corner

39
00:02:15,200 --> 00:02:21,520
Speaker 1: of another world that is forever mankind. That letter now

40
00:02:21,600 --> 00:02:26,520
Speaker 1: rests in the National Archives in Washington, d C. Other

41
00:02:26,560 --> 00:02:29,400
Speaker 1: than some manageable issues with the computer during lunar descent,

42
00:02:29,960 --> 00:02:33,520
Speaker 1: the Apollo elevin mission has gone off without a hitch. Then,

43
00:02:33,680 --> 00:02:36,040
Speaker 1: last night, as buzz Aldrin lay on the floor of

44
00:02:36,040 --> 00:02:38,880
Speaker 1: the lunar module trying to sleep, he noticed that the

45
00:02:38,960 --> 00:02:41,919
Speaker 1: switch that supplies electrical power to their ascend engine had

46
00:02:41,960 --> 00:02:44,560
Speaker 1: been snapped off, probably when he and Neil were taking

47
00:02:44,560 --> 00:02:47,480
Speaker 1: off their bulky gear from the moonwalk. Without that switch,

48
00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:51,239
Speaker 1: there is no way they're getting off the moon. Sapphire's

49
00:02:51,320 --> 00:02:58,760
Speaker 1: letter now seems hauntingly prophetic. It's July, day six of

50
00:02:58,760 --> 00:03:02,320
Speaker 1: the Apollo eleven mission. Since the dawn of time, the

51
00:03:02,400 --> 00:03:05,800
Speaker 1: Moon has captured the human imagination. It began as an

52
00:03:05,800 --> 00:03:11,240
Speaker 1: object of spiritual influence and veneration. As science gradually replaced mysticism,

53
00:03:11,280 --> 00:03:15,760
Speaker 1: the moon became an object of profound intellectual curiosity. We

54
00:03:15,880 --> 00:03:18,200
Speaker 1: spent a lot of time discussing how we got to

55
00:03:18,240 --> 00:03:20,119
Speaker 1: the Moon and what we did once we got there,

56
00:03:20,480 --> 00:03:22,560
Speaker 1: but we spent hardly any time at all talking about

57
00:03:22,560 --> 00:03:25,760
Speaker 1: the moon itself. Today, we're going to dive into how

58
00:03:25,800 --> 00:03:28,240
Speaker 1: the Moon has been viewed down through time, how it

59
00:03:28,320 --> 00:03:31,920
Speaker 1: was created, and what it is still teaching US high

60
00:03:31,919 --> 00:03:35,160
Speaker 1: in orbit around the Moon. Command Module pilot Michael Collins

61
00:03:35,200 --> 00:03:37,760
Speaker 1: is woken by Ronald Evans and the capcom seat back

62
00:03:37,800 --> 00:03:49,960
Speaker 1: in Mission Control. Morning Morning. In just a few hours,

63
00:03:50,160 --> 00:03:53,400
Speaker 1: the Eagle, currently resting on a lunar surface as Tranquility Base,

64
00:03:53,720 --> 00:03:56,280
Speaker 1: will leave the Moon and climb through space to reunite

65
00:03:56,360 --> 00:04:00,280
Speaker 1: with the Columbia. But before that happens, Michael has a

66
00:04:00,400 --> 00:04:02,880
Speaker 1: lot of work to do. He has eight hundred and

67
00:04:02,880 --> 00:04:05,880
Speaker 1: fifty individual key commands to work through in the coming hours,

68
00:04:06,440 --> 00:04:08,960
Speaker 1: eight hundred and fifty chances for me to screw it up.

69
00:04:09,040 --> 00:04:13,120
Speaker 1: Michael things. Now it's time to wake the occupants of

70
00:04:13,160 --> 00:04:21,920
Speaker 1: Tranquility Base. Except they're already awake. Tranquility Base, Houston, Corny Houston,

71
00:04:22,040 --> 00:04:26,000
Speaker 1: Transquility Base. Did you get a chance to curl up

72
00:04:26,040 --> 00:04:30,120
Speaker 1: on the engine camp? All right? Drew deals ate so

73
00:04:31,080 --> 00:04:34,760
Speaker 1: really good at Hammock with weights, and he's been lying

74
00:04:34,800 --> 00:04:37,240
Speaker 1: on the at an engine cover, and I curled up.

75
00:04:37,360 --> 00:04:41,520
Speaker 1: The truth is neither Neil Armstrong nor Buzz altern got

76
00:04:41,600 --> 00:04:45,480
Speaker 1: very much sleep last night, between the terrible accommodations, temperatures

77
00:04:45,480 --> 00:04:48,520
Speaker 1: that never exceeded sixty one degrees fahrenheit all the blinking

78
00:04:48,560 --> 00:04:51,039
Speaker 1: console lates in the darkness, and the knowledge that there

79
00:04:51,040 --> 00:04:54,000
Speaker 1: only means off this rock was compromised. The two men

80
00:04:54,120 --> 00:04:57,839
Speaker 1: spent a miserable night shivering inside their space suits. Finally,

81
00:04:58,120 --> 00:05:00,599
Speaker 1: Buzz gave up trying to sleep and turned attention to

82
00:05:00,600 --> 00:05:03,839
Speaker 1: the broken switch. Without the ability to trip that switch,

83
00:05:04,320 --> 00:05:08,400
Speaker 1: the Eagle isn't going anywhere. They go to Columbia. This

84
00:05:08,600 --> 00:05:13,040
Speaker 1: is a backup crew or congratulations for yesterday's performance person

85
00:05:13,120 --> 00:05:17,600
Speaker 1: with as Neil and Buzz prepare their moonship for departure.

86
00:05:18,040 --> 00:05:19,800
Speaker 1: They take a couple of minutes to gaze out the

87
00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:23,880
Speaker 1: windows at the magnificent desolation outside and snap a few photos.

88
00:05:24,640 --> 00:05:27,279
Speaker 1: They even turn the cameras on each other, capturing several

89
00:05:27,440 --> 00:05:32,600
Speaker 1: iconic images. Both men looked positively exhausted, yet there's a

90
00:05:32,640 --> 00:05:36,040
Speaker 1: sparkle in their eyes, the sign of having experienced something

91
00:05:36,320 --> 00:05:40,479
Speaker 1: utterly transcendent. Okay, we're going for this top and we'll

92
00:05:40,640 --> 00:05:47,640
Speaker 1: stave with THETFC rogers. That's correct, batteries. They're going e

93
00:05:47,839 --> 00:05:51,200
Speaker 1: D stands for explosive devices. When they are ready to launch,

94
00:05:51,560 --> 00:05:55,279
Speaker 1: small targeted explosions will separate the ascent stage from the

95
00:05:55,320 --> 00:06:07,240
Speaker 1: descent stage. That's like a board Okay, it's finally time

96
00:06:07,279 --> 00:06:10,680
Speaker 1: to address that busted circuit breaker. As you can hear, clearly,

97
00:06:10,680 --> 00:06:13,159
Speaker 1: both the crew and mission control think this launch is

98
00:06:13,160 --> 00:06:16,280
Speaker 1: going to happen. So how did they fix it? Given

99
00:06:16,320 --> 00:06:18,440
Speaker 1: the fact that the lunar module is perhaps the most

100
00:06:18,480 --> 00:06:22,039
Speaker 1: technologically advanced thing humans have ever created up to that point,

101
00:06:22,440 --> 00:06:25,200
Speaker 1: and that an army of America's brightest minds are on

102
00:06:25,240 --> 00:06:29,160
Speaker 1: the astronaut's proverbial speed dial, you might be expecting some complex,

103
00:06:29,240 --> 00:06:33,440
Speaker 1: high tech solution, but no. Buzz saved the day with

104
00:06:33,520 --> 00:06:35,720
Speaker 1: something he found in the pocket of his flight suit,

105
00:06:36,279 --> 00:06:39,640
Speaker 1: a chrome body felt tip pen. He sized it against

106
00:06:39,640 --> 00:06:41,839
Speaker 1: the whole where the broken switch used to be and

107
00:06:41,880 --> 00:06:44,960
Speaker 1: discovered that it was almost the exact same size. Buzz

108
00:06:45,000 --> 00:06:48,040
Speaker 1: stabbed the pen into the cavity and discovered, to everyone's relief,

109
00:06:48,400 --> 00:06:52,159
Speaker 1: that it fits perfectly. The ascent engine had its power

110
00:06:53,080 --> 00:06:55,800
Speaker 1: going to and from the Moon was an unbroken daisy

111
00:06:55,880 --> 00:07:02,440
Speaker 1: chain of dumbfounding successes, both sophisticated and simple, more than

112
00:07:02,440 --> 00:07:05,560
Speaker 1: sixty miles above them. Michael feels like a nervous bride.

113
00:07:05,839 --> 00:07:08,960
Speaker 1: Despite nearly two decades of flying and thousands of hours

114
00:07:08,960 --> 00:07:11,960
Speaker 1: in the cockpit, he has never been more anxious than today.

115
00:07:12,600 --> 00:07:15,000
Speaker 1: If everything goes according to plan, he merely has to

116
00:07:15,040 --> 00:07:17,040
Speaker 1: sit tight and wait for Neil and Buzz to come

117
00:07:17,080 --> 00:07:19,680
Speaker 1: to him. But if there are any issues after they

118
00:07:19,760 --> 00:07:23,040
Speaker 1: blast off, he may have to swoop down and retrieve them.

119
00:07:23,040 --> 00:07:26,800
Speaker 1: He needs to be prepared for anything. Michael has been

120
00:07:26,840 --> 00:07:30,000
Speaker 1: harboring a secret dread for months now that something is

121
00:07:30,040 --> 00:07:32,840
Speaker 1: going to go wrong on the Moon, stranding his teammates

122
00:07:33,000 --> 00:07:35,720
Speaker 1: and forcing him to abandon them and return to Earth alone.

123
00:07:36,440 --> 00:07:38,680
Speaker 1: Michael knows that if Neil and Buzz die on the Moon,

124
00:07:39,200 --> 00:07:42,080
Speaker 1: the mission will forever be viewed as a tragedy rather

125
00:07:42,120 --> 00:07:46,320
Speaker 1: than a success. And you're plays for take off rather

126
00:07:46,440 --> 00:07:58,760
Speaker 1: understand one. On the one, he h the ascent engine

127
00:07:58,840 --> 00:08:01,320
Speaker 1: is their only way off the mood. There is no

128
00:08:01,520 --> 00:08:05,040
Speaker 1: plan B. If the ascent engine fails to work, Tranquility

129
00:08:05,120 --> 00:08:08,680
Speaker 1: Base will become a memorial. That's something eleven year old

130
00:08:08,720 --> 00:08:11,680
Speaker 1: Andy Aldrin, Buzz's youngest son, who was glued to the

131
00:08:11,720 --> 00:08:15,480
Speaker 1: TV beside his mother, understood all too well. That was

132
00:08:15,600 --> 00:08:18,239
Speaker 1: the one time that I was, you know, a little

133
00:08:18,280 --> 00:08:22,119
Speaker 1: bit freaked out because I had complete and total faith

134
00:08:22,880 --> 00:08:25,640
Speaker 1: and Nassa's ability to execute the mission. A complete and

135
00:08:25,680 --> 00:08:30,560
Speaker 1: total faith in the technology, but I was very much

136
00:08:30,640 --> 00:08:33,120
Speaker 1: aware that in order to get off of the Moon,

137
00:08:33,880 --> 00:08:37,800
Speaker 1: one engine had to work. Lunar ascent engine, you know,

138
00:08:37,880 --> 00:08:39,920
Speaker 1: it wasn't like the regular launch where you can do

139
00:08:40,000 --> 00:08:44,080
Speaker 1: it do over. To minimize any potential complications, NASA designed

140
00:08:44,120 --> 00:08:46,880
Speaker 1: the engine to be as simple as possible. It doesn't

141
00:08:46,920 --> 00:08:50,000
Speaker 1: even need an ignition source. Twin pumps combine the fuel

142
00:08:50,080 --> 00:08:52,840
Speaker 1: and the oxidizer, which combust on contact with each other,

143
00:08:53,080 --> 00:08:56,719
Speaker 1: and away they go. At least that's the plan. A

144
00:08:56,800 --> 00:08:59,480
Speaker 1: split second before the engine is to fire, a horizontal

145
00:08:59,520 --> 00:09:03,199
Speaker 1: guillotine severs power cables between the two stages, and explosive

146
00:09:03,240 --> 00:09:06,719
Speaker 1: bolts disconnect them from each other. The engine fires, and

147
00:09:06,800 --> 00:09:09,719
Speaker 1: in a cloud of moon dust and insulation, flings the

148
00:09:09,760 --> 00:09:14,880
Speaker 1: ascent stage from the lunar surface. And look at that

149
00:09:15,040 --> 00:09:22,760
Speaker 1: stuff all over the make up. Back on Earth. Glued

150
00:09:22,800 --> 00:09:25,840
Speaker 1: to their living room television sets, Janet Armstrong and Joan

151
00:09:25,920 --> 00:09:29,760
Speaker 1: Aldren begin weeping with relief. As the eagle rises, Buzz

152
00:09:29,760 --> 00:09:32,560
Speaker 1: allows himself a quick glance out the window. The bottom

153
00:09:32,600 --> 00:09:35,120
Speaker 1: half of the lamp shrinks beneath him, surrounded by all

154
00:09:35,160 --> 00:09:37,400
Speaker 1: the experiments and litter they left on the surface to

155
00:09:37,520 --> 00:09:40,880
Speaker 1: lighten the vehicle. The flag they planted yesterday, which was

156
00:09:40,960 --> 00:09:43,679
Speaker 1: so hard to drive into the compacted soil, is blown

157
00:09:43,760 --> 00:09:47,439
Speaker 1: over by their exhaust, and everywhere are their bootprints, evidence

158
00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:51,040
Speaker 1: that humans trod and another world. Given the Moon's lack

159
00:09:51,080 --> 00:09:55,000
Speaker 1: of atmosphere, wind, or water, those bootprints remain there still today,

160
00:09:55,440 --> 00:09:58,160
Speaker 1: just as they left them, a silent witness to history,

161
00:09:58,720 --> 00:10:01,360
Speaker 1: and they will remain that way for millions of years.

162
00:10:03,320 --> 00:10:05,680
Speaker 1: Shortly before Neil and Buzz left for the lunar surface,

163
00:10:06,080 --> 00:10:08,439
Speaker 1: mission control told them what they might expect to find

164
00:10:08,720 --> 00:10:12,000
Speaker 1: on the Moon. Watch for a lovely girl with a

165
00:10:12,080 --> 00:10:16,200
Speaker 1: big rabbit. An ancient legend says a beautiful Chinese girl

166
00:10:16,559 --> 00:10:20,720
Speaker 1: called Chango has been living there for four thousand years.

167
00:10:21,760 --> 00:10:25,280
Speaker 1: It seems she was Spanish to the Moon because she's

168
00:10:25,320 --> 00:10:30,079
Speaker 1: told the tale of immortality from her husband. You might

169
00:10:30,160 --> 00:10:34,079
Speaker 1: also look for her companion, a large Chinese rabbit. And

170
00:10:34,200 --> 00:10:38,040
Speaker 1: you're seeing the live feet from Changa Probe. This is

171
00:10:38,120 --> 00:10:42,000
Speaker 1: the pictures taken on the camera of Changa three off

172
00:10:42,120 --> 00:10:44,800
Speaker 1: the lunar surface. It should come as no surprise, then,

173
00:10:45,160 --> 00:10:47,319
Speaker 1: that when the Chinese landed a rover on the Moon

174
00:10:47,600 --> 00:10:53,240
Speaker 1: in December, it was named Jade rabbit. It landed all

175
00:10:53,400 --> 00:10:57,719
Speaker 1: the moon. Tom Lofree is all the man Chung and

176
00:10:57,840 --> 00:11:00,839
Speaker 1: her rabbit are just one of countless myths associated with

177
00:11:00,920 --> 00:11:05,559
Speaker 1: our celestial neighbor. The Moon has attracted our attention for

178
00:11:06,800 --> 00:11:10,320
Speaker 1: not just millennia, not just tens of thousands of years,

179
00:11:10,840 --> 00:11:14,959
Speaker 1: but presumably even longer. Humans probably even pre humans, have

180
00:11:15,040 --> 00:11:17,360
Speaker 1: been looking at the Moon since the beginning of time,

181
00:11:17,720 --> 00:11:21,280
Speaker 1: because it's this object that's always there, and it's much

182
00:11:21,400 --> 00:11:23,240
Speaker 1: larger than any of the other objects in the sky.

183
00:11:23,800 --> 00:11:26,440
Speaker 1: Those two voices you just heard are Dr Ed Krupp,

184
00:11:26,600 --> 00:11:29,559
Speaker 1: the director of the Griffith Observatory, my favorite spot in

185
00:11:29,640 --> 00:11:33,200
Speaker 1: Los Angeles, and Dr Eddie Dove, a planetary scientist at

186
00:11:33,200 --> 00:11:35,760
Speaker 1: the University of Central Florida. You know what, You could

187
00:11:36,280 --> 00:11:40,400
Speaker 1: look at almost any civilization in antiquity and you would

188
00:11:40,480 --> 00:11:45,640
Speaker 1: find immediately that the moon was deified. There are countless

189
00:11:45,720 --> 00:11:48,679
Speaker 1: legends about the moon spanning every culture on Earth, and

190
00:11:48,840 --> 00:11:52,439
Speaker 1: this would apply for example, chancient Egypt, the moon was

191
00:11:52,640 --> 00:11:56,200
Speaker 1: known as con su Uh, and it was in fact

192
00:11:56,520 --> 00:12:00,679
Speaker 1: a personification of the moon and was a very important

193
00:12:00,800 --> 00:12:05,800
Speaker 1: part of Egyptian religion and and Mesopotamia. Uh the god

194
00:12:05,960 --> 00:12:09,280
Speaker 1: was known as Sing You can go to ancient Greece,

195
00:12:09,679 --> 00:12:14,760
Speaker 1: where the moon was a woman who drove a chariot

196
00:12:14,800 --> 00:12:18,920
Speaker 1: across the sky. Selny was her name, and she followed

197
00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:22,160
Speaker 1: the highway of the Moon and the Sun through the stars,

198
00:12:22,720 --> 00:12:26,480
Speaker 1: just as the moon does. The Romans basically took that

199
00:12:26,760 --> 00:12:31,079
Speaker 1: same image, modified it slightly, but the goddess Luna was

200
00:12:31,280 --> 00:12:34,559
Speaker 1: the Roman goddess of the moon, and so it would go.

201
00:12:34,840 --> 00:12:38,319
Speaker 1: You can work your way around the world from one

202
00:12:38,440 --> 00:12:41,600
Speaker 1: culture to the next. To the Hindus, the moon is Soma.

203
00:12:42,400 --> 00:12:45,600
Speaker 1: To the Maya, she is so Chill, the goddess of fertility.

204
00:12:46,160 --> 00:12:48,800
Speaker 1: For the Inuit, it's the god and Incoan who spends

205
00:12:48,840 --> 00:12:52,400
Speaker 1: every day chasing the sun goddess. Mad with lust, his

206
00:12:52,559 --> 00:12:54,959
Speaker 1: body waxes and wanes as he expands all of his

207
00:12:55,120 --> 00:12:58,160
Speaker 1: energy towards the chase, disappearing a dozen times a year

208
00:12:58,320 --> 00:13:00,719
Speaker 1: to hunt and gorge himself for the next leg of

209
00:13:00,760 --> 00:13:04,640
Speaker 1: the hunt. Two tribes in Western Africa the moon is

210
00:13:04,800 --> 00:13:07,480
Speaker 1: ma Wu, one half of an epic love affair with

211
00:13:07,600 --> 00:13:10,839
Speaker 1: the sun goddess Lisa Eclipse, as they claim, are the

212
00:13:10,960 --> 00:13:14,400
Speaker 1: deities in the throes of love making. Ancient culture is

213
00:13:14,480 --> 00:13:16,960
Speaker 1: quickly realized that the moon was more than a source

214
00:13:17,040 --> 00:13:19,400
Speaker 1: of light and beauty, It was also a means by

215
00:13:19,440 --> 00:13:23,040
Speaker 1: which they could chart time. Our word moon is actually

216
00:13:23,240 --> 00:13:27,040
Speaker 1: derived from an archaic word that means to measure, and

217
00:13:27,200 --> 00:13:31,880
Speaker 1: that alone tells you that from deepest antiquity, the moon

218
00:13:32,400 --> 00:13:35,880
Speaker 1: was in fact a vehicle for measurement. It would tick

219
00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:41,920
Speaker 1: out these convenient bundles of days one month or month

220
00:13:42,160 --> 00:13:45,480
Speaker 1: after another as it went through those changes of phases

221
00:13:45,840 --> 00:13:49,520
Speaker 1: and those months. Those cycles of the moon seemed at

222
00:13:49,640 --> 00:13:53,280
Speaker 1: least to a degree, coordinated with the seasons, and the

223
00:13:53,480 --> 00:13:58,360
Speaker 1: seasons are what it's really all about. Changing seasons affected

224
00:13:58,600 --> 00:14:02,480
Speaker 1: anyone's ability to serve vibe. Many Chinese festivals are rooted

225
00:14:02,480 --> 00:14:05,520
Speaker 1: in the lunar calendar, and both Judaism and Islam are

226
00:14:05,559 --> 00:14:08,959
Speaker 1: guided by its celestial ebb and flow. The moon has

227
00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:11,880
Speaker 1: long been fought to have the power over people's bodies

228
00:14:11,960 --> 00:14:17,280
Speaker 1: and minds. The association of the moon with fertility is

229
00:14:17,480 --> 00:14:21,920
Speaker 1: part of this idea of the birth and growth and

230
00:14:22,240 --> 00:14:25,280
Speaker 1: death and rebirth of the moon. You have the parable

231
00:14:25,720 --> 00:14:31,320
Speaker 1: of fertility built into this idea of cyclical renewal. Fertility

232
00:14:31,360 --> 00:14:33,640
Speaker 1: in the moon have long been linked since the female

233
00:14:33,680 --> 00:14:36,440
Speaker 1: menstrual cycle and the lunar cycle are of similar length.

234
00:14:36,760 --> 00:14:41,680
Speaker 1: People say that there are more babies born, for example,

235
00:14:42,080 --> 00:14:44,280
Speaker 1: at the time of the full moon, but when you

236
00:14:44,360 --> 00:14:47,680
Speaker 1: actually do the statistics, this just doesn't pan out. While

237
00:14:47,680 --> 00:14:50,560
Speaker 1: such police don't hold water in our scientific era, Dr

238
00:14:50,600 --> 00:14:53,320
Speaker 1: Crupp thinks they made perfect sense to our ancestors. And

239
00:14:53,440 --> 00:14:56,160
Speaker 1: you can easily imagine people looking at the world and

240
00:14:56,320 --> 00:15:00,240
Speaker 1: trying to understand how it works, and the most iCal

241
00:15:00,360 --> 00:15:03,720
Speaker 1: thing they see is that things essentially come and go,

242
00:15:04,640 --> 00:15:09,960
Speaker 1: whether it's the plants seasonally, uh animals, other living things,

243
00:15:10,080 --> 00:15:16,680
Speaker 1: and including ourselves. And this idea of birth, growth, death,

244
00:15:17,120 --> 00:15:22,680
Speaker 1: and then rebirth is absolutely underscored in the changing phases

245
00:15:22,760 --> 00:15:26,440
Speaker 1: of the moon over the monthly cycle. Historically, the moon

246
00:15:26,520 --> 00:15:29,200
Speaker 1: has been blamed for the darker elements of the human personality,

247
00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:33,800
Speaker 1: from sleepwalking and suicide to criminal activity and violence. The moon,

248
00:15:33,920 --> 00:15:37,240
Speaker 1: it has been claimed, can drive people mad. In fact,

249
00:15:37,320 --> 00:15:40,440
Speaker 1: the words lunacy and lunatic are derived from the Latin

250
00:15:40,600 --> 00:15:44,080
Speaker 1: name for the moon, Luna. The strange case of Dr

251
00:15:44,160 --> 00:15:47,040
Speaker 1: Jekyl and Mr Hyde was inspired by the strange but

252
00:15:47,120 --> 00:15:49,960
Speaker 1: true tale of a Lendoner who committed crimes during the

253
00:15:50,040 --> 00:15:55,200
Speaker 1: full moon, and of course, the most obvious application of

254
00:15:55,360 --> 00:15:58,720
Speaker 1: lunar madness that most people UH know about comes to

255
00:15:59,000 --> 00:16:03,200
Speaker 1: us via holl He would from a European tradition, and

256
00:16:03,560 --> 00:16:06,760
Speaker 1: this is the idea of the werewolf, where a human

257
00:16:06,880 --> 00:16:23,800
Speaker 1: being is transformed at the time of full moon. There

258
00:16:23,840 --> 00:16:28,080
Speaker 1: you go here one minute, here, look very good. Back

259
00:16:28,120 --> 00:16:31,120
Speaker 1: on the eagle. The moon is falling away. A very

260
00:16:31,240 --> 00:16:34,400
Speaker 1: quiet ride, just a little bit of a slow walloway

261
00:16:34,480 --> 00:16:41,400
Speaker 1: back and forth, Grand fine I d. Soon the Eagle

262
00:16:41,440 --> 00:16:44,520
Speaker 1: reaches a vertical speed of eight ft per second. The

263
00:16:44,640 --> 00:16:47,680
Speaker 1: lamb is now soaring over the same landmarks it descended

264
00:16:47,760 --> 00:16:52,480
Speaker 1: over yesterday. Seven minutes later, the engine cuts offine engine

265
00:16:52,600 --> 00:16:56,640
Speaker 1: or down. Now that the engine is shut down, and

266
00:16:56,760 --> 00:16:59,600
Speaker 1: Neil and buzzer once again in micro gravity, the men

267
00:16:59,720 --> 00:17:02,240
Speaker 1: noticed a slight haze in the cabin. It's all that

268
00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:05,400
Speaker 1: lunar dust now hovering in the air all around them.

269
00:17:12,760 --> 00:17:17,480
Speaker 1: Here you go, the whole world in product. Now that

270
00:17:17,600 --> 00:17:19,640
Speaker 1: the Eagle is in lunar orbit, it's safe to turn

271
00:17:19,680 --> 00:17:23,679
Speaker 1: on their rendezvous radar again. In our minds, miseducated by

272
00:17:23,760 --> 00:17:26,320
Speaker 1: too many sci fi movies, we think of a spacecraft

273
00:17:26,440 --> 00:17:29,399
Speaker 1: merely lifting off and zooming straight to its rendezvous. But

274
00:17:29,520 --> 00:17:32,440
Speaker 1: that's not how orbital mechanics work. From the moment the

275
00:17:32,480 --> 00:17:35,320
Speaker 1: ascent engine fired to the docking of the two craft,

276
00:17:35,720 --> 00:17:38,879
Speaker 1: three and a half hours and two orbits pass before

277
00:17:38,920 --> 00:17:42,520
Speaker 1: they can dock. Eagle has to match Columbia's orbital shape, height,

278
00:17:42,800 --> 00:17:45,120
Speaker 1: and speed, and they don't have a lot of fuel

279
00:17:45,160 --> 00:17:48,440
Speaker 1: to do it with. As Michael monitors their progress, he's

280
00:17:48,480 --> 00:17:51,520
Speaker 1: relieved his greatest fear has not come to pass, But

281
00:17:51,640 --> 00:17:53,680
Speaker 1: now he wonders if they have enough fuel to catch

282
00:17:53,760 --> 00:17:56,760
Speaker 1: each other. Luckily, as you may remember from episode two,

283
00:17:57,359 --> 00:18:00,800
Speaker 1: Buzz literally wrote the book on rendezvous in outer space.

284
00:18:01,640 --> 00:18:06,000
Speaker 1: Here in mission control, flight operations Director Chris Kraft commented

285
00:18:06,080 --> 00:18:08,800
Speaker 1: that he felt, like some five hundred million people around

286
00:18:08,800 --> 00:18:11,440
Speaker 1: the world. We're helping push Eagle off the Moon and

287
00:18:11,520 --> 00:18:14,000
Speaker 1: back into orbit. Now it's time for a series of

288
00:18:14,080 --> 00:18:16,840
Speaker 1: short burns to get the two craft back to each other.

289
00:18:23,560 --> 00:18:26,600
Speaker 1: The Eagles about one nautical miles away from Columbia and

290
00:18:26,720 --> 00:18:35,000
Speaker 1: closing at roughly per second. Since the Eagles set down

291
00:18:35,080 --> 00:18:38,639
Speaker 1: far outside its predicted landing zone yesterday, NASA had Michael

292
00:18:38,680 --> 00:18:41,520
Speaker 1: training his instruments on the Sea of Tranquility with every pass,

293
00:18:41,760 --> 00:18:44,280
Speaker 1: trying to locate the ship. He was never able to

294
00:18:44,359 --> 00:18:49,040
Speaker 1: find his crewmates. This is Apollo Control range between Eagle

295
00:18:49,080 --> 00:18:53,680
Speaker 1: and Columbiana, showing sixty seven point five nautical miles closure

296
00:18:53,800 --> 00:18:59,560
Speaker 1: ratecond black team of flight controllers here in mission control

297
00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:02,560
Speaker 1: or or less and an advisory capacity and hearing this

298
00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:06,520
Speaker 1: round the boos sequence. They're actively computing when over times,

299
00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:10,480
Speaker 1: but in the final analysis, it's onboard confrontations by the

300
00:19:10,560 --> 00:19:14,880
Speaker 1: crew of Columbia and the Eagle which really bring about

301
00:19:14,880 --> 00:19:17,520
Speaker 1: the round the boom. Up to this point, Michael has

302
00:19:17,560 --> 00:19:20,240
Speaker 1: just been waiting. Now he begins to prepare the Command

303
00:19:20,320 --> 00:19:27,240
Speaker 1: and Service module to meet the limb. Okay, two burns down,

304
00:19:27,600 --> 00:19:30,840
Speaker 1: only one to go. The fancy orbital mechanics are more

305
00:19:30,920 --> 00:19:33,400
Speaker 1: or less done. The two spacecraft are less than forty

306
00:19:33,440 --> 00:19:36,159
Speaker 1: miles apart, now close enough for a line of sight thrust.

307
00:19:39,600 --> 00:19:41,960
Speaker 1: The Eagle is making a bee line straight for Columbia.

308
00:19:42,480 --> 00:19:44,920
Speaker 1: It is now about fifteen miles below the Command Service

309
00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:49,159
Speaker 1: Module and closing aboard Columbia. Michael feels like a hotel

310
00:19:49,240 --> 00:19:52,600
Speaker 1: manager preparing to welcome guests in from the cold. He's

311
00:19:52,640 --> 00:19:55,240
Speaker 1: looking for the Eagle through the sextant. The Limb starts

312
00:19:55,280 --> 00:19:58,720
Speaker 1: off as a tiny, indecipherable blinking light framed by the

313
00:19:58,840 --> 00:20:02,159
Speaker 1: enormity of the Moon, but soon it's recognizable bug like

314
00:20:02,280 --> 00:20:07,480
Speaker 1: shape comes into view. For millennia, humans look to the

315
00:20:07,560 --> 00:20:10,399
Speaker 1: heavens and try to tease out their fate, messages from

316
00:20:10,440 --> 00:20:14,680
Speaker 1: their gods and portends for their lives. Then Galileo Galilei

317
00:20:14,840 --> 00:20:18,760
Speaker 1: changed everything. In sixteen o nine, he used a telescope

318
00:20:18,800 --> 00:20:21,960
Speaker 1: to examine the sky, not for signs and wonders, but

319
00:20:22,119 --> 00:20:27,200
Speaker 1: to understand it scientifically doctor ed Krupp. When Galileo first

320
00:20:27,320 --> 00:20:30,760
Speaker 1: points a telescope up to the sky a little over

321
00:20:31,040 --> 00:20:34,880
Speaker 1: four hundred years ago and looks add among other things,

322
00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:38,359
Speaker 1: the Moon, he winds up not just finding out something

323
00:20:38,440 --> 00:20:42,399
Speaker 1: about the Moon, but transforming our perspective on the Earth,

324
00:20:42,920 --> 00:20:47,040
Speaker 1: on the universe, and on ourselves. Since Aristotle, it was

325
00:20:47,119 --> 00:20:50,639
Speaker 1: believed that space was part of nested heavenly orbs, and

326
00:20:50,760 --> 00:20:54,320
Speaker 1: that all the celestial bodies, including the Moon, were perfect spheres.

327
00:20:54,880 --> 00:20:59,160
Speaker 1: But Galileo challenged accepted orthodoxy largely unchanged since the third

328
00:20:59,240 --> 00:21:04,879
Speaker 1: century Dr Eddie Dove. When Galileo built his telescope, he

329
00:21:05,119 --> 00:21:08,399
Speaker 1: was able to start doing even finer details of what

330
00:21:08,520 --> 00:21:10,720
Speaker 1: he could see on the lunar surface. It was this

331
00:21:10,960 --> 00:21:14,760
Speaker 1: completely different way of looking at the universe. Galileo saw

332
00:21:14,880 --> 00:21:17,959
Speaker 1: shadows on the Moon's surface, indicating that it was not smooth.

333
00:21:18,280 --> 00:21:22,359
Speaker 1: It had lofty mountains and deep chasms. Once Galileo, U

334
00:21:22,520 --> 00:21:25,359
Speaker 1: and then other astronomers were able to start looking and

335
00:21:25,440 --> 00:21:27,760
Speaker 1: finder detail, we could see that there was this other

336
00:21:27,880 --> 00:21:31,800
Speaker 1: planetary body that's actually shaped by the similar processes to

337
00:21:31,840 --> 00:21:34,240
Speaker 1: what we have here on Earth. Telescopes didn't mean we

338
00:21:34,359 --> 00:21:39,440
Speaker 1: got everything right. Prominent astronomers began predicting entire civilizations lived

339
00:21:39,440 --> 00:21:43,000
Speaker 1: on the Moon. Even William Herschel, the British astronomer who

340
00:21:43,040 --> 00:21:46,480
Speaker 1: discovered Urnus, asserted that evidence of aliens could be clearly

341
00:21:46,560 --> 00:21:49,920
Speaker 1: seen through his telescope. Still, later observers thought that the

342
00:21:50,000 --> 00:21:53,399
Speaker 1: dark patches might be oceans of liquid water, while others

343
00:21:53,480 --> 00:21:56,600
Speaker 1: swore they could make out vegetation, and where there is

344
00:21:56,640 --> 00:22:00,920
Speaker 1: water and flora, they said there must be life. In fact,

345
00:22:01,200 --> 00:22:03,320
Speaker 1: it wasn't until Neil and Buzz set down on the

346
00:22:03,400 --> 00:22:07,040
Speaker 1: Moon that it finally began giving up its secrets. Sure,

347
00:22:07,359 --> 00:22:09,879
Speaker 1: we built ever better telescopes over the centuries, and then

348
00:22:09,920 --> 00:22:12,840
Speaker 1: built spacecraft to photograph the Moon from orbit, but it

349
00:22:12,920 --> 00:22:16,520
Speaker 1: wasn't until the twentieth century that astronomers applied the principles

350
00:22:16,600 --> 00:22:19,440
Speaker 1: of geology to the study of the Moon and began

351
00:22:19,560 --> 00:22:23,840
Speaker 1: forming hypotheses around how it came to be. Apollo eleven's

352
00:22:23,920 --> 00:22:27,280
Speaker 1: up close inspection and the keepsakes they brought back transformed

353
00:22:27,320 --> 00:22:30,639
Speaker 1: our understanding about what the Moon is. More on that.

354
00:22:30,880 --> 00:22:34,600
Speaker 1: In a moment right now in Columbia, Michael is preparing

355
00:22:34,680 --> 00:22:47,159
Speaker 1: to welcome his shipmates home. Doctor it won't belong now.

356
00:22:47,560 --> 00:22:50,280
Speaker 1: Buzz can see Michael orienting the capsule for their docking.

357
00:22:50,720 --> 00:22:53,240
Speaker 1: Michael turns on the video camera to film the Eagle's

358
00:22:53,280 --> 00:23:01,200
Speaker 1: approachak O. Michael is about to take one of the

359
00:23:01,240 --> 00:23:05,080
Speaker 1: most famous pictures of the entire Apollo program. In one image,

360
00:23:05,440 --> 00:23:08,800
Speaker 1: he gets the Earth, the Moon, and the Eagle. Every

361
00:23:08,880 --> 00:23:12,919
Speaker 1: single human being alive is in that one picture, except

362
00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:19,160
Speaker 1: for one himself. Okay, by got it. Neil and Buzz

363
00:23:19,240 --> 00:23:21,720
Speaker 1: bring the Eagle to a stop, and Mike swoops down

364
00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:25,480
Speaker 1: to complete the docking. Jesus, he thinks to himself, we're

365
00:23:25,520 --> 00:23:28,320
Speaker 1: really going to pull this off. There's a slight nudge

366
00:23:28,400 --> 00:23:36,480
Speaker 1: as the spacecraft meet. I'll tell you right there. Both

367
00:23:36,520 --> 00:23:38,199
Speaker 1: spacecraft have been on the far side of the Moon

368
00:23:38,320 --> 00:23:40,680
Speaker 1: for this final maneuver. They now re emerge on the

369
00:23:40,760 --> 00:23:46,040
Speaker 1: Earth facing side as a single spacecraft control Columbia Eagle

370
00:23:46,160 --> 00:23:58,840
Speaker 1: now reunited to become Apollo eleven again. I can. When

371
00:23:58,880 --> 00:24:01,639
Speaker 1: Michael opens the hatch upgrading the two ships, he finds

372
00:24:01,720 --> 00:24:04,480
Speaker 1: himself face to face with Buzz covered in moon dust.

373
00:24:05,119 --> 00:24:07,960
Speaker 1: Michael is overwhelmed with a sudden urge to grab Buzz's

374
00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:10,800
Speaker 1: balding head and give it a kiss, but imagines that

375
00:24:10,880 --> 00:24:13,040
Speaker 1: act making it into the history books and decides to

376
00:24:13,080 --> 00:24:16,120
Speaker 1: shake his hand instead. Buzz and Neil start passing Michael

377
00:24:16,160 --> 00:24:25,119
Speaker 1: their moon samples of the lot. Michael quickly realizes he

378
00:24:25,160 --> 00:24:26,840
Speaker 1: has to ensure he has a firm hold on the

379
00:24:26,920 --> 00:24:29,560
Speaker 1: rock boxes. As heavy as they are, they feel as

380
00:24:29,600 --> 00:24:31,639
Speaker 1: if they could easily get away from him and sail

381
00:24:31,800 --> 00:24:34,080
Speaker 1: right through the side of the ship. Hello, you go

382
00:24:34,280 --> 00:24:37,320
Speaker 1: give it a beerad over. That's Charlie Duke in the

383
00:24:37,359 --> 00:24:40,160
Speaker 1: capcom seat he took over from Evans while Apollo eleven

384
00:24:40,240 --> 00:24:42,159
Speaker 1: was on the far side of the Moon. Since the

385
00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:44,480
Speaker 1: Eagle is now docked tight, Michael lets him know it's

386
00:24:44,520 --> 00:24:49,280
Speaker 1: the Columbia. He's reached. Clambi Radiol. We're all right back

387
00:24:49,359 --> 00:24:52,399
Speaker 1: and back and now we're running a brand, your degerd

388
00:24:52,480 --> 00:24:57,040
Speaker 1: Decker and going well. Roger Egal correct and rode to Clambia.

389
00:24:57,080 --> 00:24:59,960
Speaker 1: Weake copy you go, you lead it to the fine

390
00:25:00,040 --> 00:25:03,880
Speaker 1: Now get friendly white tame on Beyon do we get

391
00:25:03,960 --> 00:25:07,400
Speaker 1: be on the way home. And we'd like to congratulate

392
00:25:08,520 --> 00:25:11,560
Speaker 1: everybody on a Corrindau and a beautiful b d A.

393
00:25:12,040 --> 00:25:16,560
Speaker 1: It was a great deal for everybody. Or I don't.

394
00:25:17,880 --> 00:25:20,280
Speaker 1: Now that everyone is united and the lunar samples have

395
00:25:20,359 --> 00:25:23,399
Speaker 1: been stowed aboard Columbia, it's time to say goodbye to

396
00:25:23,520 --> 00:25:26,760
Speaker 1: the eagle. Hello Columbia, and we'd like you to start down.

397
00:25:26,840 --> 00:25:29,800
Speaker 1: You get up and pickle or they can't take the

398
00:25:29,840 --> 00:25:33,720
Speaker 1: eagle home with him. It's done its jobs spectacularly, but

399
00:25:33,800 --> 00:25:38,240
Speaker 1: it's no longer needed. You can get a pendicure convenience. Okay,

400
00:25:38,440 --> 00:25:41,480
Speaker 1: under gone. Have you ever tiered up getting rid of

401
00:25:41,520 --> 00:25:44,320
Speaker 1: an old car? Sure you know it's just a machine,

402
00:25:44,480 --> 00:25:47,280
Speaker 1: an assemblage of metal and wires and rubber, but it

403
00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:50,320
Speaker 1: also literally drove you through so much of your history.

404
00:25:51,240 --> 00:25:53,280
Speaker 1: Though they'd spent only a couple of days of border

405
00:25:53,680 --> 00:25:55,840
Speaker 1: Neil and Buzz take the loss of the eagle. Heard

406
00:25:56,400 --> 00:25:58,960
Speaker 1: they can't bring themselves to flip the switch and ask

407
00:25:59,040 --> 00:26:03,399
Speaker 1: Michael to do it instead. It you're good doing a

408
00:26:03,440 --> 00:26:09,520
Speaker 1: good one. R. We got eagle looking good holding cabin

409
00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:11,960
Speaker 1: pressure and it picked up about two feet per second

410
00:26:12,040 --> 00:26:15,360
Speaker 1: from that Jedison. The eagles carcass will remain in orbit

411
00:26:15,440 --> 00:26:18,320
Speaker 1: around the Moon for several years before smashing into the surface,

412
00:26:18,600 --> 00:26:22,800
Speaker 1: rejoining its other half. Afterwards, Charlie, Duke and Michael spend

413
00:26:22,880 --> 00:26:25,119
Speaker 1: some time catching up. How it feel a bed? Have

414
00:26:25,320 --> 00:26:30,840
Speaker 1: some company? Damn, I'll beat you always be talking to

415
00:26:30,880 --> 00:26:35,399
Speaker 1: yourself up where after Ben rev is though it's a

416
00:26:35,480 --> 00:26:38,800
Speaker 1: happy home. My parent be nice to have company. Being

417
00:26:39,119 --> 00:26:43,200
Speaker 1: married back nine. Have a couple of hundred million Americans

418
00:26:43,320 --> 00:26:46,720
Speaker 1: up here right They were with you in spirit anyway,

419
00:26:46,720 --> 00:26:49,240
Speaker 1: at least that many. We heard on the news today

420
00:26:49,280 --> 00:26:51,960
Speaker 1: eleven that plays New York Times came out with a

421
00:26:52,720 --> 00:26:55,560
Speaker 1: uh headlines, the largest headlines they've ever used in the

422
00:26:55,640 --> 00:27:00,960
Speaker 1: history of the newspaper. They had a copy, but I print.

423
00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:03,480
Speaker 1: The motto of the New York Times is, of course

424
00:27:03,920 --> 00:27:07,080
Speaker 1: all the news that's fit to print. Speaking of news,

425
00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:10,800
Speaker 1: congratulate story. Messages on the Apollo eleven mission have been

426
00:27:10,840 --> 00:27:13,200
Speaker 1: pouring into the White House from world leaders in a

427
00:27:13,240 --> 00:27:17,320
Speaker 1: study stream all day. Even the Soviet Union said congratulations,

428
00:27:17,440 --> 00:27:19,600
Speaker 1: though the only mentioned about the moon landing in the

429
00:27:19,640 --> 00:27:22,639
Speaker 1: main Moscow newspaper was a small story at the bottom

430
00:27:22,640 --> 00:27:25,480
Speaker 1: of the page, buried inside the middle of the newspaper.

431
00:27:26,240 --> 00:27:29,080
Speaker 1: Some newsman's estimate that more than six of the news

432
00:27:29,119 --> 00:27:32,920
Speaker 1: houston papers across the country today concern your mission. The

433
00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:35,840
Speaker 1: New York Times has had a such a demand for

434
00:27:35,920 --> 00:27:38,119
Speaker 1: its edition of the paper to day, even though it

435
00:27:38,280 --> 00:27:41,840
Speaker 1: ran nine hundred and fifty thousand copies, that it would

436
00:27:41,880 --> 00:27:44,800
Speaker 1: reprint the whole thing on Thursday as a souvenir edition.

437
00:27:45,280 --> 00:27:47,960
Speaker 1: It turns out that NASA weren't the only ones delighted

438
00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:51,639
Speaker 1: with the follow eleven success. The Italian police reported their

439
00:27:51,680 --> 00:27:54,160
Speaker 1: Sunday night was the most crime free night of the year,

440
00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:57,440
Speaker 1: and in London, a boy who had the faith to

441
00:27:57,480 --> 00:28:00,640
Speaker 1: bet five dollars with a bookie that a man would

442
00:28:00,680 --> 00:28:04,919
Speaker 1: reach the moon before nineteen collected twenty four thousand dollars.

443
00:28:05,720 --> 00:28:09,080
Speaker 1: It's pretty good on Neil's wife jan was asked by

444
00:28:09,119 --> 00:28:11,440
Speaker 1: the press if she considered the moon landing the greatest

445
00:28:11,480 --> 00:28:13,760
Speaker 1: moment of her life. She said, no, that was the

446
00:28:13,840 --> 00:28:17,800
Speaker 1: day we were married, and and about covers the news

447
00:28:18,400 --> 00:28:29,320
Speaker 1: uh this day in Apollo eleven, Man's first landing on

448
00:28:29,400 --> 00:28:32,960
Speaker 1: the Moon, there was no objective more important to science

449
00:28:33,320 --> 00:28:36,280
Speaker 1: than the collection and return of samples of the lunar surface.

450
00:28:36,920 --> 00:28:39,400
Speaker 1: Within five days after the samples were picked up on

451
00:28:39,440 --> 00:28:42,240
Speaker 1: the lunar surface, where they had lain for millions of years,

452
00:28:42,600 --> 00:28:45,120
Speaker 1: they were delivered to the Lunar Receiving Laboratory at the

453
00:28:45,200 --> 00:28:50,160
Speaker 1: Man Spacecraft Center, Houston, Texas, inside special vacuum chambers and

454
00:28:50,280 --> 00:28:54,880
Speaker 1: nitrogen filled cabinets. Decontamination measures were taken and the containers

455
00:28:54,920 --> 00:29:00,360
Speaker 1: were opened. Samples were examined, described, photographed, and wade. They

456
00:29:00,360 --> 00:29:04,600
Speaker 1: were then prepared for preliminary physical and chemical analysis. Amazingly,

457
00:29:05,880 --> 00:29:08,520
Speaker 1: of the Moon Hall has yet to be analyzed. As

458
00:29:08,640 --> 00:29:11,240
Speaker 1: Dr Dobb explains, a lot of the samples we have

459
00:29:11,320 --> 00:29:13,920
Speaker 1: from the lunar surface are still kept in the through

460
00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:16,760
Speaker 1: baggies they came back in and they haven't been opened,

461
00:29:17,240 --> 00:29:20,080
Speaker 1: just because we want to keep them as christine as possible,

462
00:29:20,320 --> 00:29:22,120
Speaker 1: so that when someone has a new idea or a

463
00:29:22,160 --> 00:29:24,920
Speaker 1: new technique, they can study an actual pristine sample and

464
00:29:25,040 --> 00:29:27,880
Speaker 1: not one that's already been exposed to for instance, our

465
00:29:27,880 --> 00:29:31,680
Speaker 1: atmosphere that's going to interact chemically with the rock is

466
00:29:31,720 --> 00:29:35,440
Speaker 1: our ideas mature and we get new ideas on what

467
00:29:35,600 --> 00:29:38,880
Speaker 1: to look for and we get new technology with which

468
00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:42,160
Speaker 1: to look for them. That was a Paulo seventeens Harrison Schmidt,

469
00:29:42,400 --> 00:29:46,840
Speaker 1: geologist and moonwalker. Analytical chemistry has advanced in the last

470
00:29:46,920 --> 00:29:50,840
Speaker 1: fifty years, where now we can tease out of these

471
00:29:51,000 --> 00:29:54,600
Speaker 1: rocks things that we never imagined we could do fifty

472
00:29:54,680 --> 00:29:57,760
Speaker 1: years ago. And the FOLLOW program hasn't ended for lunar

473
00:29:57,840 --> 00:30:01,520
Speaker 1: scientists and probably never will. From their studies and discoveries,

474
00:30:01,760 --> 00:30:06,720
Speaker 1: basic new knowledge and understanding will emerge, and basic new questions,

475
00:30:07,200 --> 00:30:11,040
Speaker 1: the beginning of what one investigator has called a new science.

476
00:30:12,160 --> 00:30:15,120
Speaker 1: Of The rocks that have been studied have completely transformed

477
00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:18,080
Speaker 1: the Moon's origin story. We really didn't know much about

478
00:30:18,160 --> 00:30:22,160
Speaker 1: the Moon. Most of our ideas before Follow eleven more

479
00:30:22,280 --> 00:30:26,640
Speaker 1: were wrong. In the scientists preliminary studies of the lunar

480
00:30:26,680 --> 00:30:30,600
Speaker 1: samples in the Lunar Receiving Laboratory, there were several significant findings.

481
00:30:31,240 --> 00:30:34,400
Speaker 1: For instance, all the rocks are similar chemically, which points

482
00:30:34,440 --> 00:30:38,040
Speaker 1: toward a family relationship. Firstly, the rocks from the Moon

483
00:30:38,120 --> 00:30:41,120
Speaker 1: are very similar to the rocks found right here on Earth.

484
00:30:41,440 --> 00:30:44,120
Speaker 1: We were able to do chemical analyzes and age dating

485
00:30:44,320 --> 00:30:49,280
Speaker 1: and look at isotopes and say, actually, the chemical makeup

486
00:30:49,400 --> 00:30:52,120
Speaker 1: of the lunar rocks and their ages are very similar

487
00:30:52,240 --> 00:30:54,480
Speaker 1: to what we have here on Earth, and it's really

488
00:30:54,560 --> 00:30:59,040
Speaker 1: hard to have those be so identical unless they basically

489
00:30:59,160 --> 00:31:03,760
Speaker 1: came from the same starting pool. Perhaps the most interesting

490
00:31:03,840 --> 00:31:06,680
Speaker 1: discovery was that the volcanic rocks are at least three

491
00:31:06,800 --> 00:31:10,200
Speaker 1: billion years of age, dating back as far, perhaps further

492
00:31:10,320 --> 00:31:13,480
Speaker 1: than the oldest rocks ever discovered on Earth, and that

493
00:31:13,600 --> 00:31:16,320
Speaker 1: gout scientists thinking did the Earth and the Moon share

494
00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:19,280
Speaker 1: a common ancestor. Our current understanding of how the Moon

495
00:31:19,440 --> 00:31:21,640
Speaker 1: was formed is that it was through a giant impact.

496
00:31:22,560 --> 00:31:26,479
Speaker 1: Impacts are very very very common in the early Solar System.

497
00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:29,560
Speaker 1: Something probably a little bit smaller than the Earth was

498
00:31:29,680 --> 00:31:34,200
Speaker 1: hit by a Mars sized body u When that collided,

499
00:31:34,560 --> 00:31:36,520
Speaker 1: there was a lot of material that was thrown out

500
00:31:36,680 --> 00:31:39,960
Speaker 1: into orbit around the Earth and it's sort of coalesced

501
00:31:39,960 --> 00:31:42,800
Speaker 1: together to form the Moon. This is known as the

502
00:31:42,880 --> 00:31:47,080
Speaker 1: giant impact hypothesis. For millions of years, both the Earth

503
00:31:47,160 --> 00:31:50,880
Speaker 1: and the Moon were molten spheres. After about one million years,

504
00:31:51,320 --> 00:31:53,600
Speaker 1: rocks floated up and created the lunar crust of the

505
00:31:53,680 --> 00:31:57,680
Speaker 1: Moon and a planetoid crystallized and hardened. Then came millions

506
00:31:57,680 --> 00:32:01,400
Speaker 1: of asteroids, meteoroids, and commets. The Moon doesn't have an

507
00:32:01,400 --> 00:32:05,160
Speaker 1: atmosphere to protect its surface, so all of these impacts

508
00:32:05,240 --> 00:32:06,960
Speaker 1: get all the ways to the surface and then they're

509
00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:09,960
Speaker 1: recorded over the history of time. All of these impacts

510
00:32:10,040 --> 00:32:13,959
Speaker 1: pulverized the moon surface, creating several inches of a powdery surface.

511
00:32:14,080 --> 00:32:17,960
Speaker 1: We call regulars. The best word I love saying regulars.

512
00:32:18,080 --> 00:32:21,120
Speaker 1: Typically on the Moon, the regulars is actually pretty fine,

513
00:32:21,280 --> 00:32:24,320
Speaker 1: so it gets to particle sizes that are smaller than

514
00:32:24,360 --> 00:32:26,600
Speaker 1: the width of the human hair, for instance. But while

515
00:32:26,640 --> 00:32:29,160
Speaker 1: it may look as soft as fine ash, it is

516
00:32:29,320 --> 00:32:32,400
Speaker 1: anything but sand on the Earth gets rounded because it

517
00:32:32,440 --> 00:32:34,920
Speaker 1: gets rolled around with each other and with the ocean

518
00:32:35,560 --> 00:32:37,880
Speaker 1: and with wind, and so it gets really rounded. On

519
00:32:38,080 --> 00:32:42,160
Speaker 1: the Moon, the broken up bits of rock stay super jagged.

520
00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:45,880
Speaker 1: While Neil and Buzz didn't have any issues, later apolymsians,

521
00:32:45,960 --> 00:32:48,480
Speaker 1: particularly those in which the astronauts were more active and

522
00:32:48,800 --> 00:32:51,800
Speaker 1: as a result Fell more often reported that the lunar

523
00:32:51,840 --> 00:32:54,440
Speaker 1: soil was so abrasive it began to cut into their

524
00:32:54,480 --> 00:33:01,479
Speaker 1: space suits, releasing precious and critical oxygen. Have you ever

525
00:33:01,600 --> 00:33:04,200
Speaker 1: noticed that your view of the Moon never changes. The

526
00:33:04,360 --> 00:33:07,080
Speaker 1: orbit of the Moon around the Earth is interesting because

527
00:33:07,560 --> 00:33:11,040
Speaker 1: it's actually what we call synchronously orbiting or tidally locked.

528
00:33:11,400 --> 00:33:13,920
Speaker 1: Because of this, many people assume that the Moon does

529
00:33:13,960 --> 00:33:17,480
Speaker 1: not rotate, but it does. So it goes around the

530
00:33:17,520 --> 00:33:19,600
Speaker 1: Earth one time, and it also spins on its axis

531
00:33:19,680 --> 00:33:22,040
Speaker 1: one time, and the result of that is that if

532
00:33:22,080 --> 00:33:24,880
Speaker 1: they're perfectly in sync, but we always see the same side.

533
00:33:25,520 --> 00:33:28,880
Speaker 1: So from our perspective observing from down here on Terra Firma,

534
00:33:29,200 --> 00:33:32,080
Speaker 1: the Moon appears as if it's frozen still. Other than

535
00:33:32,160 --> 00:33:35,320
Speaker 1: pictures taken by the spacecraft and the astronauts who visited it,

536
00:33:35,840 --> 00:33:38,480
Speaker 1: no human eyes have ever seen the so called dark

537
00:33:38,560 --> 00:33:41,560
Speaker 1: side of the Moon. In addition to all those craters,

538
00:33:41,880 --> 00:33:43,760
Speaker 1: you've no doubt noticed that the Moon is covered in

539
00:33:43,840 --> 00:33:47,040
Speaker 1: both light and dark patches. These dark regions that are

540
00:33:47,080 --> 00:33:50,680
Speaker 1: called mara and they're actually lower topography, and then lighter

541
00:33:50,760 --> 00:33:53,680
Speaker 1: regions that are called the highlands. Typically, the dark regions

542
00:33:53,720 --> 00:33:56,280
Speaker 1: are from lava flows that's sort of seeped out from

543
00:33:56,360 --> 00:33:59,440
Speaker 1: under the surface when those craters happened um and sort

544
00:33:59,440 --> 00:34:02,160
Speaker 1: of filled in in those regions. So how large is

545
00:34:02,240 --> 00:34:05,960
Speaker 1: the Moon, Well, it's about that of the Earth, roughly

546
00:34:06,000 --> 00:34:09,400
Speaker 1: two of the planet's overall volume. If the Earth were hollow,

547
00:34:09,680 --> 00:34:12,799
Speaker 1: we could fit fifty moons inside. That's a lot more

548
00:34:12,840 --> 00:34:15,319
Speaker 1: than you thought, I bet. In fact, the United States

549
00:34:15,440 --> 00:34:17,960
Speaker 1: is roughly half the circumference of the Moon. If you

550
00:34:18,040 --> 00:34:20,279
Speaker 1: were to lay a scale outline of America over top

551
00:34:20,360 --> 00:34:22,759
Speaker 1: one of the Moon, it would almost perfectly fit on

552
00:34:22,840 --> 00:34:25,360
Speaker 1: the observable surface. We're in a pretty special time in

553
00:34:25,400 --> 00:34:27,400
Speaker 1: the history of the Earth and the Moon, and that

554
00:34:27,960 --> 00:34:31,080
Speaker 1: the Moon right now is the size it is, and

555
00:34:31,160 --> 00:34:34,040
Speaker 1: it's just far en us away that in the sky

556
00:34:34,280 --> 00:34:37,000
Speaker 1: it appears to be the same size as the Sun.

557
00:34:37,719 --> 00:34:41,280
Speaker 1: Lunar and solar eclipses remain a thrilling site for Earthlings.

558
00:34:41,560 --> 00:34:44,439
Speaker 1: So there, um, the Sun is much much further away,

559
00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:47,040
Speaker 1: it's much bigger, so in our sky right now they

560
00:34:47,200 --> 00:34:49,680
Speaker 1: look like they're the same size. So this is how

561
00:34:49,719 --> 00:34:53,080
Speaker 1: we get eclipses. But sometime in the distant future there

562
00:34:53,120 --> 00:34:56,120
Speaker 1: will be no more total solar eclipses because, believe it

563
00:34:56,239 --> 00:34:59,279
Speaker 1: or not, the Moon is drifting away from us at

564
00:34:59,320 --> 00:35:02,320
Speaker 1: the rate of a few centimeters per year. Actually, the

565
00:35:02,400 --> 00:35:04,239
Speaker 1: Moon has been moving away from the Earth. That turns

566
00:35:04,280 --> 00:35:07,399
Speaker 1: out for most of its history. So as the Moon

567
00:35:07,520 --> 00:35:10,160
Speaker 1: moves further away, it's actually going to get a little

568
00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:12,759
Speaker 1: bit smaller to our view, and we won't get these

569
00:35:12,840 --> 00:35:16,520
Speaker 1: total solar clipses like we see today. While the Moon

570
00:35:16,640 --> 00:35:18,880
Speaker 1: is two hundred and thirty eight thousand miles away from

571
00:35:18,880 --> 00:35:22,000
Speaker 1: the Earth now, it was roughly four hundred miles away

572
00:35:22,040 --> 00:35:24,680
Speaker 1: when it was first formed. Imagine how much larger it

573
00:35:24,680 --> 00:35:27,080
Speaker 1: would have appeared in the sky then. And how do

574
00:35:27,160 --> 00:35:29,200
Speaker 1: we know the Moon is moving away from us? The

575
00:35:29,280 --> 00:35:31,960
Speaker 1: crew of Apollo eleven, of course, do you remember that

576
00:35:32,080 --> 00:35:34,440
Speaker 1: laser reflector. We can measure the amount of time it

577
00:35:34,520 --> 00:35:36,759
Speaker 1: takes to get there and then come back, and that

578
00:35:36,880 --> 00:35:39,440
Speaker 1: tells us how far away the Moon is, because we

579
00:35:39,520 --> 00:35:42,080
Speaker 1: know how fast light moved in a couple of billion years.

580
00:35:42,480 --> 00:35:45,880
Speaker 1: Earth's tides will also act very differently, because despite what

581
00:35:46,000 --> 00:35:48,960
Speaker 1: Bill O'Reilly thinks, we know exactly why the Earth's oceans,

582
00:35:49,200 --> 00:35:52,799
Speaker 1: which cover roughly seventy the planet's surface, behave the way

583
00:35:52,840 --> 00:35:56,760
Speaker 1: they do. The Moon has gravity and the Earth has gravity,

584
00:35:56,800 --> 00:35:59,719
Speaker 1: and they tug on each other. If the Earth was

585
00:35:59,800 --> 00:36:02,279
Speaker 1: just a solid body like the Moon, we wouldn't even

586
00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:04,759
Speaker 1: observe this very much. But because the Earth's covered with

587
00:36:04,800 --> 00:36:09,120
Speaker 1: all this water. Um these forces and these tugs actually

588
00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:12,800
Speaker 1: pull at the water at different times of day and

589
00:36:12,840 --> 00:36:16,960
Speaker 1: at different amounts, and it ends up causing tides. The

590
00:36:17,040 --> 00:36:21,000
Speaker 1: Earth's gravitational poll also affects the Moon. It causes moonquakes

591
00:36:21,040 --> 00:36:23,759
Speaker 1: that occur deep beneath the lunar surface. And just how

592
00:36:23,800 --> 00:36:26,920
Speaker 1: do we know that? Yeah, the seizedmometer that Neil and

593
00:36:26,960 --> 00:36:30,600
Speaker 1: Buzz deployed. There's still so much more to learn about

594
00:36:30,600 --> 00:36:34,120
Speaker 1: the Moon. Nearly everything we know came from six Apollo

595
00:36:34,160 --> 00:36:36,680
Speaker 1: moon missions, eighty and one half hours on the surface

596
00:36:37,040 --> 00:36:39,520
Speaker 1: and eight dred and forty two pounds of moon rocks.

597
00:36:43,280 --> 00:36:45,800
Speaker 1: Now that the gear is stowed, it's finally time for

598
00:36:45,880 --> 00:36:50,239
Speaker 1: Apollo eleven to head home. This is Apollo Control. At

599
00:36:50,280 --> 00:36:53,239
Speaker 1: this time, the crew should be involved in their pre

600
00:36:53,880 --> 00:36:57,560
Speaker 1: trans Earth injection status check. The trans Earth injection burn is,

601
00:36:57,640 --> 00:37:00,400
Speaker 1: as Michael Collins refers to it in his biography, the

602
00:37:00,520 --> 00:37:03,600
Speaker 1: get us home burn, the save our as burn, the

603
00:37:03,760 --> 00:37:06,279
Speaker 1: we don't want to be a permanent Moon satellite burn.

604
00:37:07,280 --> 00:37:10,320
Speaker 1: As they strap into their couches, Buzz realizes he is

605
00:37:10,360 --> 00:37:13,120
Speaker 1: at the end of his physical limits. He has barely

606
00:37:13,200 --> 00:37:16,799
Speaker 1: slept in three days and is running on pure adrenaline.

607
00:37:17,400 --> 00:37:19,640
Speaker 1: All he wants to do is sleep the rest of

608
00:37:19,719 --> 00:37:26,680
Speaker 1: the way back to Earth Houston year ago for one minute,

609
00:37:26,800 --> 00:37:31,800
Speaker 1: yellows go sick, thank you well, good once again. You

610
00:37:31,840 --> 00:37:33,960
Speaker 1: will not be surprised to learn that this burn will

611
00:37:33,960 --> 00:37:36,719
Speaker 1: take place while the spacecraft is behind the moon and

612
00:37:36,920 --> 00:37:40,360
Speaker 1: we have lots of signal. Now, so let's say that

613
00:37:40,760 --> 00:37:44,480
Speaker 1: the waters this way and then staffs escave that. Right. Therefore,

614
00:37:44,480 --> 00:37:48,600
Speaker 1: I'm parting like that. Normally a joke like that would

615
00:37:48,640 --> 00:37:51,960
Speaker 1: be all Michael, but that was actually buzz. Perhaps his

616
00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:59,839
Speaker 1: sleep deprivation is relaxing him in more ways than one night.

617
00:38:00,560 --> 00:38:03,120
Speaker 1: The burn is powerful enough to pin them to their seats,

618
00:38:03,760 --> 00:38:09,600
Speaker 1: and it feels like presures are good. Tanter conjectures should

619
00:38:09,640 --> 00:38:13,680
Speaker 1: be completed in about the town seconds any racer and

620
00:38:14,239 --> 00:38:19,399
Speaker 1: shut down. Now, okay, start down. When the engine cuts off,

621
00:38:19,800 --> 00:38:23,959
Speaker 1: the astronauts find themselves witless again. We should have shot

622
00:38:24,040 --> 00:38:26,920
Speaker 1: down at the time at this point of follow eleven

623
00:38:27,560 --> 00:38:30,360
Speaker 1: land of feet of a box eight six hundred sixty

624
00:38:30,400 --> 00:38:32,879
Speaker 1: feet per second, or about five sols nine hundred mile

625
00:38:34,440 --> 00:38:36,680
Speaker 1: to be honest, way back to work, not hated forth

626
00:38:36,719 --> 00:38:39,000
Speaker 1: flashed out in the Pacific ocean at one hundred tiny

627
00:38:39,080 --> 00:38:45,200
Speaker 1: five hours eighteen. I love you. You are eight zero.

628
00:38:47,280 --> 00:38:50,160
Speaker 1: Back on Earth, Charlie Duke and everyone in mission control

629
00:38:50,239 --> 00:38:53,840
Speaker 1: are eager for news. Finally, Columbia emerges for a final

630
00:38:53,960 --> 00:39:01,560
Speaker 1: time from behind the Moon. I've ever seen in my life.

631
00:39:01,600 --> 00:39:07,879
Speaker 1: I'll day, but you guys today Paula levin Houston had

632
00:39:07,960 --> 00:39:10,680
Speaker 1: to go over and I'll open up the r L door.

633
00:39:11,040 --> 00:39:14,120
Speaker 1: L L r L stands for the Lunar Receiving Laboratory,

634
00:39:14,600 --> 00:39:17,680
Speaker 1: the facility at nassa's Man Spacecraft Center in Houston, now

635
00:39:17,840 --> 00:39:21,160
Speaker 1: known as the Johnson Space Center. Here's where the astronauts

636
00:39:21,200 --> 00:39:23,960
Speaker 1: and their lunar booty will be quarantined upon arrival back

637
00:39:24,000 --> 00:39:28,759
Speaker 1: on Earth. There are some very expectant lunar rock scientists waiting. Roger,

638
00:39:29,040 --> 00:39:32,800
Speaker 1: we got you coming home. It's well stocked. Secretly, Michael

639
00:39:32,800 --> 00:39:36,200
Speaker 1: hopes that stock means loaded with vermouth and gin. He

640
00:39:36,520 --> 00:39:39,719
Speaker 1: is craping a martini. As they fly from the Moon,

641
00:39:40,239 --> 00:39:43,400
Speaker 1: they become tourists, once again, gazing out the windows to

642
00:39:43,480 --> 00:39:46,400
Speaker 1: look longingly at the world shrinking behind them, And just

643
00:39:46,600 --> 00:39:49,040
Speaker 1: like that, the hardest phase of the mission is over.

644
00:39:49,560 --> 00:39:53,040
Speaker 1: They successfully landed and walked on the Moon. There's only

645
00:39:53,120 --> 00:39:56,399
Speaker 1: one harrowing element of the mission left, atmospheric cree entry,

646
00:39:56,719 --> 00:40:00,480
Speaker 1: but it's still several days away. For now. D Slayton,

647
00:40:00,560 --> 00:40:03,720
Speaker 1: the director of flight crew Operations, has a more immediate concern.

648
00:40:04,160 --> 00:40:07,120
Speaker 1: Congratulations on an outstanding job. You guys are looping on

649
00:40:07,200 --> 00:40:09,319
Speaker 1: a great show up there. I think it's a fun

650
00:40:09,400 --> 00:40:11,120
Speaker 1: time to power down. I've got a little rest of

651
00:40:11,200 --> 00:40:13,640
Speaker 1: eason and playing along later. Hope girl is going to

652
00:40:13,680 --> 00:40:15,680
Speaker 1: get a good sleep on the way by, given how

653
00:40:15,760 --> 00:40:17,759
Speaker 1: long they were up on the Moon and how little

654
00:40:17,800 --> 00:40:20,400
Speaker 1: sleep they got in the cold and cramped lemb dealon

655
00:40:20,440 --> 00:40:25,520
Speaker 1: buzz can't agree more. We're looking forward to a little

656
00:40:25,560 --> 00:40:30,400
Speaker 1: wrap and wrastle trip back, and as you've heard it.

657
00:40:30,840 --> 00:40:33,360
Speaker 1: Slayton passes the mic back to Duke, who lets the

658
00:40:33,400 --> 00:40:36,800
Speaker 1: crew know that they have ceased receiving data from the Eagle. Okay,

659
00:40:36,960 --> 00:40:42,360
Speaker 1: very good. Without its life support systems and heaters running,

660
00:40:42,719 --> 00:40:45,439
Speaker 1: the vessel has succumbed to the cult of space two

661
00:40:45,520 --> 00:40:49,040
Speaker 1: point seven kelvin a fancy space way of saying negative

662
00:40:49,080 --> 00:40:53,319
Speaker 1: four d and fifty five degrees fahrenheit. As Apollo Levan

663
00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:57,160
Speaker 1: races back to Earth, it is simultaneously moving further away

664
00:40:57,200 --> 00:41:00,319
Speaker 1: from it, because after millennia of humans gazeing up at

665
00:41:00,360 --> 00:41:03,400
Speaker 1: the Moon in both worship and scientific marvel, we have

666
00:41:03,560 --> 00:41:07,320
Speaker 1: finally visited another world, and in so doing we have

667
00:41:07,400 --> 00:41:10,240
Speaker 1: demonstrated to ourselves and anyone else who might be watching

668
00:41:10,320 --> 00:41:14,319
Speaker 1: from the stars, that humanity is now a space faring civilization.

669
00:41:15,600 --> 00:41:19,359
Speaker 1: Day six is over. Day seven July begins with our

670
00:41:19,440 --> 00:41:22,920
Speaker 1: next episode, in which we describe an epic showdown between

671
00:41:23,000 --> 00:41:26,719
Speaker 1: two titans, the United States and the Soviet Union, as

672
00:41:26,800 --> 00:41:29,600
Speaker 1: they used the space race to wage the Cold War,

673
00:41:30,440 --> 00:41:34,480
Speaker 1: and one thing will become abundantly clear, America would have

674
00:41:34,600 --> 00:41:37,640
Speaker 1: never reached the Moon before the Russians without a whole

675
00:41:37,719 --> 00:41:44,120
Speaker 1: lot of help from the Nazis. This podcast is a

676
00:41:44,160 --> 00:41:48,200
Speaker 1: production of I Heart Radio and trade Craft Studios. Executive

677
00:41:48,200 --> 00:41:52,799
Speaker 1: producers Ashe Seroia and Scott Bernstein, in association with High

678
00:41:52,880 --> 00:41:57,719
Speaker 1: five Content and executive producer Andrew Jacobs. Amazing research and

679
00:41:57,760 --> 00:42:01,480
Speaker 1: production assistance by associate producer is Brian show Saw and

680
00:42:01,640 --> 00:42:06,640
Speaker 1: Natalie Robomed. Our incredible editor is Bill Lance. Original music

681
00:42:06,880 --> 00:42:11,040
Speaker 1: by Henry ben Wah. Special thanks to Andy Aldred, Dr

682
00:42:11,239 --> 00:42:15,280
Speaker 1: Ed Krupp, director of the Griffith Observatory and UCF planetary

683
00:42:15,320 --> 00:42:19,480
Speaker 1: scientist Dr Eddie Dove. Special thanks to everyone at NASA

684
00:42:19,640 --> 00:42:24,680
Speaker 1: who made this podcast possible, especially the incredible technological wizardry

685
00:42:24,920 --> 00:42:28,880
Speaker 1: of consulting producer Ben Feist, who's responsible for organizing and

686
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:32,799
Speaker 1: cleaning the eleven thousand hours of mission audio you're hearing

687
00:42:32,880 --> 00:42:37,120
Speaker 1: selections from in this podcast. Special thanks also to consultant

688
00:42:37,160 --> 00:42:41,840
Speaker 1: Gina Delvac. Licensing rights and clearances by Deborah Correa. This

689
00:42:42,040 --> 00:42:44,600
Speaker 1: is a brand new podcast and we're so excited to

690
00:42:44,640 --> 00:42:46,879
Speaker 1: be sharing it with you. Help us spread it far

691
00:42:47,000 --> 00:42:50,560
Speaker 1: and wide, tell your friends, leave ratings and reviews, and

692
00:42:50,719 --> 00:42:53,799
Speaker 1: chat about it on social media. Our hashtag is nine

693
00:42:53,920 --> 00:42:56,440
Speaker 1: D I J. We would love to hear what you think.

694
00:42:56,960 --> 00:42:59,360
Speaker 1: New episodes come out each week, so be sure to

695
00:42:59,440 --> 00:43:03,959
Speaker 1: subscribe wherever you get your podcasts. I'm Brandon Phipps. Thanks

696
00:43:04,000 --> 00:43:06,560
Speaker 1: so much for listening, and I'll see you next episode.

697
00:43:28,040 --> 00:43:28,080
Speaker 1: M