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Speaker 1: Hey, Jorge, you know how we end most of our

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Speaker 1: podcast episodes by asking people to submit questions?

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Speaker 3: Yeah, the people actually sibm in questions.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. Do you know that a lot of people actually write.

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Speaker 3: In Oh, and how are the questions? Oh? My god?

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Speaker 1: The questions are awesome. They reflect like people's real desire

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Speaker 1: to understand things about the universe.

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Speaker 3: Well, you read all of them, you know.

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Speaker 1: I'll admit I love the questions so much that I

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Speaker 1: actually read and answer all of them. But some of

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Speaker 1: the quest questions are so fun and I think other

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Speaker 1: people probably share the same questions that I'll ask those

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Speaker 1: people to record themselves asking the question and send it

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Speaker 1: in so we can do a whole podcast episode just

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Speaker 1: about some listener questions.

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Speaker 3: So somebody get to write asking why they couldn't understand

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Speaker 3: this episode.

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Speaker 1: Not if we do a good job explaining it?

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Speaker 3: What's that? What kind of question would you have, Daniel?

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Speaker 1: If you were a listener, if I was listening to

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Speaker 1: my own podcast, I would be like, who is that

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Speaker 1: guy with my voice? And how did he get a podcast?

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Speaker 1: What question would you ask?

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Speaker 4: Orgy?

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Speaker 3: I would probably ask, how do we get more people

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Speaker 3: to listen to this podcast? Hey, I'm Jorgey and I'm Daniel,

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Speaker 3: and welcome to our podcast Daniel and Jorgey Explain the

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Speaker 3: Universe or more accurdly, Today, Daniel and Jorge answer questions

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Speaker 3: about the universe.

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Speaker 1: That's right or explain the universe inside your mind?

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Speaker 3: That's right. Every week, twice a week, we are beaming

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Speaker 3: information and explanations about the incredible mystery that is the

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Speaker 3: universe straight through your ears and into your brain.

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Speaker 1: And we try to make it fun. We try to

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Speaker 1: make it engaging. We try to make sure that you

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Speaker 1: can actually understand what we're talking about. We don't want

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Speaker 1: to impress you with fancy words. We want to impress

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Speaker 1: you with the incredible majesty and wonder that is this

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Speaker 1: universe we find ourselves in.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, and sometimes you know, we don't get all the

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Speaker 3: information out there or some people don't quite understand everything

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Speaker 3: that we covered and we were able to cover in

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Speaker 3: the podcast, and so people still have questions.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, or sometimes we'll explain one thing and it inspires

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Speaker 1: another question, make somebody wonder, oh what about this or

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Speaker 1: what about that? And often I think Jorge does an

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Speaker 1: amazing job of anticipating those questions. A lot of people

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Speaker 1: have written in saying Jorge asks the questions I have

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Speaker 1: in my mind. So kudos to you, Jorge for the

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Speaker 1: great follow ups and for asking the right questions.

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Speaker 3: It feels like a backhanded compliment.

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Speaker 1: No, it's not backhanded at all. It's a great compliment.

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Speaker 1: You're a good science communicator. You understand what is clear

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Speaker 1: and what is not. But sometimes there's a question rattling

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Speaker 1: around in somebody's head that they just really need an

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Speaker 1: answer to, and so they write in and ask us.

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Speaker 3: Yeah. So today on the podcast will be answering listener questions.

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Speaker 1: That means questions from people like you. If you're listening

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Speaker 1: to this and you have questions, you could hear your

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Speaker 1: own voice next time. Write to us at Questions at

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Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge dot com with your questions about the universe,

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Speaker 1: or life or whatever's going on around you.

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Speaker 3: Where you can also reach out to us on Twitter, Instagram,

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Speaker 3: or Facebook. Right, do you check all of those, right, Daniel?

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Speaker 1: I do. I respond to Twitter questions and Facebook questions

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Speaker 1: and all that kind of stuff. So, yeah, engage with us.

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Speaker 1: We're eager to hear from you.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, you can ask us about the universe, about how

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Speaker 3: rude we are.

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Speaker 1: How engaging we are to each other.

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Speaker 3: What our favorite fruit is?

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Speaker 1: Everybody knows. Nobody has a question about what your favorite

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Speaker 1: fruit is right now, everybody knows it's papayas clearly.

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Speaker 3: I feel like I don't know you, Daniel. I feel

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Speaker 3: like you.

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Speaker 1: Don't know I think I think bananas are clearly your

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Speaker 1: favorite fruit. But I wonder, like, is that the favorite

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Speaker 1: fruit to say? I mean to eat? Sure, but what

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Speaker 1: about saying like, isn't papaya more fun word than banana?

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Speaker 3: More fun than banana?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, it's just fun about the word papaya.

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Speaker 3: I think you need to go out into the street

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Speaker 3: and ask people this question.

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Speaker 1: No, here's another question, what's your favorite fruit to draw? Like,

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Speaker 1: as a cartoonist, that's a fun fruit to draw because

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Speaker 1: papaya is just kind of a blob.

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Speaker 3: I feel like if I say banana, people are going

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Speaker 3: to infer something from.

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Speaker 1: That, that's a dangerous.

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Speaker 3: Or if papaya, people might also infer something from that.

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Speaker 3: So let's just stay clear out of cartooning plus fruits.

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Speaker 1: All right, All right, too bad. Well I'm still curious.

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Speaker 1: You can tell me offline later.

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Speaker 3: Well, so today we're going to be answering four questions

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Speaker 3: from all over the universe, or at least all over

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Speaker 3: the planet Earth.

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Speaker 1: That's right, And so here's the first question. It comes

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Speaker 1: from Alessandra from Italy, and he wants to know about

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Speaker 1: how we see so far into space.

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Speaker 5: Hi, guys, it's Alessandro from Italy. I really enjoy your podcast,

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Speaker 5: and I'm curious to know how can we see so

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Speaker 5: far through the space without being hidden by das Nebula

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Speaker 5: and Adela Martin. Thank you, and I will enjoy your answer.

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Speaker 1: Well, Alessandra certainly sounds Italian. He didn't have to tell

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Speaker 1: us where he was from.

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Speaker 3: He Yeah, he's a beautiful accent. Yeah, it is the

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Speaker 3: language of love or is that French?

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Speaker 1: Although I feel like Italian shouldn't just be heard, it

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Speaker 1: should be seen. Right, there's a I'm sure there's some

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Speaker 1: hand gestures that he couldn't capture in that.

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Speaker 3: In that save it for the YouTube podcast.

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Speaker 1: That's right, that's right. But it's a great question.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, it's an interesting question. How can we see so

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Speaker 3: far out through space without being obscured or blocked by

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Speaker 3: nebula and other clouds of dust and stuff that's out there.

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Speaker 3: How is it that we're able to see these stars

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Speaker 3: there are billions and billions of light years away without

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Speaker 3: anything blocking our view.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, Like, is it lucky that we can see so far?

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Speaker 1: Is it coincidence, you know, or is there some reason

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Speaker 1: for it? I think first, let's just take a moment

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Speaker 1: to appreciate that view. You know. We say, like, if

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Speaker 1: you stand at the top of a mountain and you

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Speaker 1: can see hundreds of miles, it seems like a great view.

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Speaker 1: But we don't often realize or consider the fact that

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Speaker 1: the view above our heads, the one's out into the

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Speaker 1: night sky, is the best view we will ever see.

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Speaker 1: You know. It's sort of a It can give you vertigo,

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Speaker 1: just to imagine that you're standing on the tip of

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Speaker 1: a rock, you know, that rock being Earth, and staring

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Speaker 1: out billions of miles across this ocean of space to

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Speaker 1: these other tiny little pricks. Yea. So it's really pretty incredible,

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Speaker 1: not just the space is vast, but that you can

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Speaker 1: see so far through it, right.

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Speaker 3: Right, Yeah, Because like if you stand up top of mountain,

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Speaker 3: you can't see out there forever. Right, Like, if you

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Speaker 3: look at the next mountain, it's going to look a

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Speaker 3: little bit hazy, and if you look at the mountain

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Speaker 3: behind it, it's going to look even hazier. And so

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Speaker 3: I think the question is how is it that we

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Speaker 3: can see with such crystal clarity out there into space?

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Speaker 1: Right And it's a great question, and you know the

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Speaker 1: answer is that mostly space is transparent, right, transparent to

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Speaker 1: light because what mostly what we're doing is we're seeing

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Speaker 1: with light, and so light can pass through space without interacting.

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Speaker 1: And that's what we mean by being transparent. We mean

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Speaker 1: that a particle like a photon, a piece of light

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Speaker 1: can fly through it without being effective, without being changed.

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Speaker 3: So it's not that I mean there is stuff out there.

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Speaker 3: It's not like space is completely empty, but you're saying

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Speaker 3: that we can see really far because the stuff that's

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Speaker 3: there doesn't necessarily block the light.

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Speaker 1: That's right, exactly. Transparent doesn't mean non existent, right, There

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Speaker 1: is stuff out there in space, but mostly the light

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Speaker 1: can pass through it, just the way the light can

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Speaker 1: pass through the window in your living room, right, mostly unaffected. Now,

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Speaker 1: the window is not completely transparent, just like as you said,

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Speaker 1: the air is not completely transparent, but it's mostly transparent.

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Speaker 1: And so there can be stuff there, but as long

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Speaker 1: as the particles don't interact, then they fly through and

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Speaker 1: you can observe them on the other side basically unchanged.

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Speaker 3: Okay, so but what's out there in space that could

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Speaker 3: be blocking or be but isn't it?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And so there actually are some things that block

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Speaker 1: our view. So mostly space is empty, you know, from

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Speaker 1: the point of view of light, like there's just nothing there.

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Speaker 1: There are little particles, but mostly it's empty. And the

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Speaker 1: reason that we can see light from other stars is

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Speaker 1: that there just isn't much stuff between us and them.

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Speaker 1: But sometimes that's not true. So, for example, closer to

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Speaker 1: the center of the galaxy, there are these really big

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Speaker 1: nebulas of gas and dust, and we can't see through

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Speaker 1: them with normal light, the kind of visible light that

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Speaker 1: we're used to seeing with our eyes. And so, for example,

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Speaker 1: if you want to study the center of the gas,

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Speaker 1: you have to find other ways to do it because

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Speaker 1: you can't see it with visible light.

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Speaker 3: Oh, I see. So the dust and gas out there

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Speaker 3: do block or view, but most of it is concentrated

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Speaker 3: in certain spots, like the center of galaxies.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And so if you want to look out

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Speaker 1: away from the center of the galaxy to nearby stars,

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Speaker 1: there's not a whole lot between us and them. The

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Speaker 1: thing that mostly blocks review is our atmosphere, right, our

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Speaker 1: atmosphere interferes with light, and that's probably most of the

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Speaker 1: stuff that's going to do that. So that's why we

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Speaker 1: sometimes launch telescopes in a space so we can get

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Speaker 1: a clear view of what's coming at us from far

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Speaker 1: far away.

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Speaker 3: So if the Earth just happened to be like if

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Speaker 3: our solar system just happened to be inside of a nebula,

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Speaker 3: we would be totally blind to the outside universe.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's right. If we happen to be embedded inside

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Speaker 1: a gas cloud or dust cloud, absolutely, And remember our

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Speaker 1: sun probably was born in a gas cloud or a

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Speaker 1: dust cloud. Most of those places are stellar nurseries, those

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Speaker 1: where stars are born and eventually though all that stuff

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Speaker 1: coalesces and it doesn't just hang out a cold US

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Speaker 1: is into stars, and planets, and that's you know, the

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Speaker 1: ancient history of our solar system.

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Speaker 3: So we really are sort of likely to have such

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Speaker 3: a good view, right because we could have been born

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Speaker 3: in like a we our planet could have been in

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Speaker 3: the middle of a of a the eculumn of Los Angeles, right.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, we could be. But I think that most of

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Speaker 1: the time gravity will do its job, and by the

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Speaker 1: time the planets are formed and life has evolved, et cetera,

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Speaker 1: that gravity will have done its job and cleared out

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Speaker 1: that space will pulled it together into other objects, you know,

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Speaker 1: planets and stars or whatever.

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Speaker 3: Oh, it concentrates all the gas. Yeah, I see, it

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Speaker 3: makes stars, which clears the view.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. And you know, it's no coincidence that the kind

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Speaker 1: of light that we can see, that our eyes can

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Speaker 1: pick up is also the kind of light that can

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Speaker 1: pass through space. Because that light comes from the Sun.

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Speaker 1: It has to pass through space to get to us, right,

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Speaker 1: and then it has to survive the atmosphere. And so

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Speaker 1: the kind of light that we can that is around

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Speaker 1: on Earth is the kind of light that we've evolved

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Speaker 1: to see. So obviously it can get here from the Sun,

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Speaker 1: and so it has to be able to pass through

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Speaker 1: space for us to see it.

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Speaker 3: Right. But what's kind of cool too is that just

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Speaker 3: because there is a gas or a nebula in front

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Speaker 3: of us, it doesn't mean that we can't see through it,

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Speaker 3: because if we other kinds of light do go through

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Speaker 3: that kind of stuff.

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Speaker 1: That's right. When we say visible light, we mean light

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Speaker 1: of certain frequencies, you know, red, green, blue, all those

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Speaker 1: other colors that we can see. But light has lots

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Speaker 1: of other frequencies.

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Speaker 3: Right.

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Speaker 1: You can wiggle more quickly into the ultraviolet, you can

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Speaker 1: wiggle more slowly down into the infrared, or really slowly

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Speaker 1: down into the radio waves. So we don't usually call

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Speaker 1: those light, you know, they call them a radio waves

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Speaker 1: or gamma rays or whatever, depending on the frequency, but

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Speaker 1: they really are just still electromagnetic radiation. They are another

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Speaker 1: form of light, and depending on the wavelength, they have

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Speaker 1: different properties. Some of them can pass right through gas

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Speaker 1: and dust. So, for example, radio waves, which are really

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Speaker 1: long frequencies compared to visible light, it can pass through

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Speaker 1: gas and dust and we can use that to see

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Speaker 1: into the center of the galaxy.

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Speaker 3: Yeah, that's pretty cool. It's like having X ray vision.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, And we can actually use X rays. Also,

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Speaker 1: X rays do also pass through gas and dusts. Right now,

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Speaker 1: some of these things, like X rays, they won't penetrate

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Speaker 1: our atmosphere, So if you want to see that, you

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Speaker 1: have to have something really high in the atmosphere, like

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Speaker 1: on a balloon, or maybe even into space, like an

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Speaker 1: X ray telescope in space to see that.

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Speaker 3: That's interesting. Huh. You have to go up. You have

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Speaker 3: to fly up like Superman to have X ray vision.

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Speaker 3: Mm hmmmm.

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Speaker 1: And these days we even have other ways to see

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Speaker 1: the universe that are not just light, like we can

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Speaker 1: see the universe through neutrinos. There's some weird stuff out

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Speaker 1: there that just makes neutrinos and neutrinos pass through almost everything,

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Speaker 1: so they're a really good way to see really really

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Speaker 1: far away. And then recently we develop this ability to

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Speaker 1: see gravitational waves, and this is not even stuff, right.

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Speaker 1: Gravitational waves are the ripples in space itself, so they

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Speaker 1: can pass through basically everything matter.

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Speaker 3: I am all right, So that's the answer. The answer

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Speaker 3: is the question was how can we see so far

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Speaker 3: through space without being blocked by nebula and other stuff,

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Speaker 3: And the answer is that there isn't that much stuff

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Speaker 3: out there space is pretty empty, and even the stuff

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Speaker 3: that's out there doesn't really block our view.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, and we have other ways to see through the

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Speaker 1: stuff that does block our view.

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Speaker 3: And if we were blocked by nebula and other stuff,

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Speaker 3: eventually all of that stuff would have turned into stars

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Speaker 3: or moved around.

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Speaker 1: Yeah. Just wait a few billion years and you know,

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Speaker 1: and the view will change.

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Speaker 3: Yeah. Yeah, just hang out, Just hang out.

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Speaker 1: You don't need to graduate anytime soon, do you your

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Speaker 1: PhD thesist? Just wait a few bill No big deal, no.

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Speaker 3: BIGI all right, thank you Alissander from Italy. That was

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Speaker 3: a great question. And before we go on, let's take

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Speaker 3: All right, we're answering listener questions today and the next

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Speaker 3: question we have here is from Shelley from Australia, from

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Speaker 3: down Under and.

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Speaker 1: Shelley, Shelley asks a really awesome question and a lot

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Speaker 1: of people wanted the answer to.

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Speaker 3: She's questioning whether whether you have a real job or not?

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Speaker 1: Daniel, and I'm grave enough to play this question on

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Speaker 1: the podcast.

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Speaker 7: Here we go, Hi, Daniel and Joge. I'm Shelley from Brisbane, Australia.

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Speaker 7: And what I would like to know is how does

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Speaker 7: physics actually work? How do you come up with a

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Speaker 7: theory and then create an experiment to test that theory?

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Speaker 7: What does a physicist actually do every day? You get up,

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Speaker 7: you get your hoffee, you got work, and then what

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Speaker 7: how do you go from a theory to an experiment

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Speaker 7: then to an explanation.

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Speaker 1: Now I love that question. I love when she says

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Speaker 1: And then.

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Speaker 3: What my question is, is Shelley your wife, Daniel, or

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Speaker 3: is she sending a question? Is she wondering what do

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Speaker 3: you do all day?

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Speaker 2: No?

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Speaker 1: But it's hilarious because that's what I do. I get up,

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Speaker 1: I drink coffee, and then I go to work and

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Speaker 1: then I go, Okay, now what.

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Speaker 3: I do today. So that's that's pretty much the answer.

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Speaker 3: The question is the answer.

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Speaker 1: No, that's the two sides of academic freedom. You know,

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Speaker 1: as a professor, you basically get to do whatever you like.

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Speaker 1: On the other hand, nobody tells you what to do,

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Speaker 1: so you have to come up with stuff to do yourself. Right,

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Speaker 1: So every day you answer that question today what. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's a great question. It sort of goes to the

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Speaker 1: heart of you know, how is science done?

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Speaker 3: Right. I think she's maybe wondering, like, what's your day

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Speaker 3: to day like, like she probably knows that there is

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Speaker 3: this general process, but at any point, how do you

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Speaker 3: decide what to do?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, so you know, day to day, of course, you

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Speaker 1: get up, you get your coffee, then you start entering

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Speaker 1: the three hundred emails that came in while CERN was

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Speaker 1: awake in Geneva nine time zones ahead and I was sleeping.

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Speaker 1: And then when you get through all that, you get

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Speaker 1: to start to think about sort of the higher level science, right,

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Speaker 1: And she asked a questions, you know, how do you

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Speaker 1: go from theory to experiment? Like how do you come

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Speaker 1: up with an experiment? And I think that's a really

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Speaker 1: interesting question because a lot of times that is the

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Speaker 1: way it works, Like a theorist comes up with an

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Speaker 1: idea saying like I think maybe there's this new particle,

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Speaker 1: or I think maybe there are black holes out there,

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Speaker 1: and then it's a job of the experimentalist to figure

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Speaker 1: out the answer. Right, is that correct or not? Do

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Speaker 1: these things really exist or not?

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Speaker 3: But there's sort of a step before that, right where

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Speaker 3: you I mean, I mean, you have to know what's

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Speaker 3: going on in the field. You can't just posit these

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Speaker 3: things out of the blue. You sort of have to know.

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Speaker 3: You have to read what everyone else has done and

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Speaker 3: what everyone else is doing, and you kind of have

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Speaker 3: to try to ask a quest nobody else's answered.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, that's certainly true, although I get a lot of

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Speaker 1: crackpot ideas from homegrown theorists that haven't yet done that,

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Speaker 1: you know. But yeah, you want to come up with

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Speaker 1: an idea. You want to come up with an idea

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Speaker 1: that's new.

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Speaker 3: Like maybe the difference between a professional physicist is that

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Speaker 3: you spend your life on it, right, You go to conferences,

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Speaker 3: you talk to people, you know what's going on.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, you definitely have to know how things are done

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Speaker 1: and you know what questions have been answered in that perspective.

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Speaker 1: You can sort of think of science like a conversation.

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Speaker 1: You know, we're trying to figure out what is the universe?

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Speaker 1: How does it work? And you want to say something relevant,

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Speaker 1: and so you have to think of, like, what is

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Speaker 1: the question at hand? What is it we're trying to

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Speaker 1: figure out right now? And how can I test it?

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Speaker 1: And that's the bit about being an experimentalist. I'm an experimentalist.

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Speaker 1: And you know what does the job actually involve, Well,

438
00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:52,720
Speaker 1: it involves coming up with a way to ask a

439
00:20:52,800 --> 00:20:56,439
Speaker 1: question of nature that will reveal the answer. You know,

440
00:20:56,600 --> 00:20:58,960
Speaker 1: some theorist says, I think it's a new particle, the

441
00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:01,600
Speaker 1: squiggly on. Well, then you can't just ask nature the

442
00:21:01,640 --> 00:21:04,359
Speaker 1: question does quiggly On exist or not? It's not like

443
00:21:04,440 --> 00:21:07,520
Speaker 1: nature some oracle, right that just answers whatever question you want.

444
00:21:08,040 --> 00:21:09,720
Speaker 1: You have to trap it. You have to trick it,

445
00:21:09,760 --> 00:21:11,520
Speaker 1: you have to corner it. You have to come up

446
00:21:11,560 --> 00:21:14,560
Speaker 1: with an experiment. You can do something that a physical

447
00:21:14,560 --> 00:21:17,399
Speaker 1: thing you can build that will tell you whether this

448
00:21:17,480 --> 00:21:20,160
Speaker 1: thing exists. Because you know, if you do your experiment

449
00:21:20,240 --> 00:21:22,399
Speaker 1: and the data is this, then you know the answer

450
00:21:22,440 --> 00:21:24,080
Speaker 1: is yes, this is quiggly on. If you do the

451
00:21:24,080 --> 00:21:26,359
Speaker 1: experiment and the data comes out differently, then you know

452
00:21:26,400 --> 00:21:27,760
Speaker 1: the answer is not as quigly on.

453
00:21:27,960 --> 00:21:28,080
Speaker 3: Right.

454
00:21:28,280 --> 00:21:31,000
Speaker 1: But that's not trivial, right. That requires some cleverness. You

455
00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:33,080
Speaker 1: have to think about the right way to sort of

456
00:21:33,160 --> 00:21:36,280
Speaker 1: corner nature and make make it tell you whether this

457
00:21:36,359 --> 00:21:39,400
Speaker 1: thing exists by revealing the answer in your experiment.

458
00:21:39,480 --> 00:21:42,680
Speaker 3: And part of that has to do with the null hypothesis. Right,

459
00:21:42,720 --> 00:21:45,719
Speaker 3: like this idea then where you you sort of assume

460
00:21:45,800 --> 00:21:49,119
Speaker 3: that this quiggly on doesn't exist, and you run some

461
00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:53,119
Speaker 3: experiments and if you see something that clearly shows you

462
00:21:53,200 --> 00:21:57,160
Speaker 3: that the quigli not existing is not quite likely, then

463
00:21:57,200 --> 00:21:58,200
Speaker 3: that means you have something.

464
00:21:58,440 --> 00:22:00,880
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. We need conclusive evidence. We need to see

465
00:22:00,960 --> 00:22:04,280
Speaker 1: data that couldn't have been produced if the squigglyon didn't exist, right,

466
00:22:04,280 --> 00:22:07,040
Speaker 1: They could only be produced if the squigglyon existed. We

467
00:22:07,080 --> 00:22:09,399
Speaker 1: need something that's in that sense unique, right. It has

468
00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:13,000
Speaker 1: to be necessary and sufficient. And so often what we

469
00:22:13,119 --> 00:22:17,320
Speaker 1: do is in my particular case, because I'm a particle physicist,

470
00:22:17,920 --> 00:22:20,439
Speaker 1: is you know, we're colliding protons together, and if we

471
00:22:20,480 --> 00:22:23,119
Speaker 1: want to ask the question does the squiggly on exist?

472
00:22:23,200 --> 00:22:25,400
Speaker 1: And we think, well, what would the squiggly on look

473
00:22:25,520 --> 00:22:27,800
Speaker 1: like in our data, how did it appear? You know,

474
00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:30,560
Speaker 1: would it leaves splashes of energy over here? Would it

475
00:22:30,640 --> 00:22:33,480
Speaker 1: leaves traces of its motion over there? And then we

476
00:22:33,520 --> 00:22:36,000
Speaker 1: sort of look for those telltale signs. But then we

477
00:22:36,040 --> 00:22:38,000
Speaker 1: have to think about what else could look like that.

478
00:22:38,119 --> 00:22:40,520
Speaker 1: Is there anything else that could mimic it, anything else

479
00:22:40,520 --> 00:22:42,840
Speaker 1: that could look like this SQUIGGLYI on but not actually

480
00:22:42,880 --> 00:22:45,520
Speaker 1: be the squiggly on. So a lot of the experimental

481
00:22:45,560 --> 00:22:48,320
Speaker 1: work that I actually do involves that kind of statistics,

482
00:22:48,400 --> 00:22:50,480
Speaker 1: like figure out a way to look for this thing

483
00:22:50,800 --> 00:22:52,560
Speaker 1: in a way that nothing else could mimic.

484
00:22:52,760 --> 00:22:55,560
Speaker 3: Yeah, And then but it also works the other way around,

485
00:22:55,560 --> 00:22:58,200
Speaker 3: like somebody maybe did an experiment to look at something

486
00:22:58,240 --> 00:23:00,760
Speaker 3: else and they found something weird, and so that doesn't

487
00:23:00,760 --> 00:23:03,040
Speaker 3: fit the theory, and so then theories have to come

488
00:23:03,119 --> 00:23:05,200
Speaker 3: up with an explanation for the data.

489
00:23:05,440 --> 00:23:07,320
Speaker 1: Yeah, And in my view, this doesn't happen enough. And

490
00:23:07,359 --> 00:23:09,679
Speaker 1: I think a lot of people, especially in particle physics,

491
00:23:09,800 --> 00:23:12,480
Speaker 1: think that it always starts theorist has an idea for

492
00:23:12,520 --> 00:23:15,119
Speaker 1: a new particle, experimentalists just go check to see if

493
00:23:15,119 --> 00:23:18,240
Speaker 1: that's true. Right, And there's actually a really lively debate

494
00:23:18,320 --> 00:23:20,800
Speaker 1: right now about how do we do this in particle

495
00:23:20,840 --> 00:23:25,120
Speaker 1: physics because the theorists predicted, oh, super symmetric particles will

496
00:23:25,160 --> 00:23:27,600
Speaker 1: appear at the Large Hadron Collider, and then we didn't

497
00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:30,360
Speaker 1: find them. And some people think, oh, that's a failure.

498
00:23:30,960 --> 00:23:34,280
Speaker 1: But I think that experimentalists can be explorers that we

499
00:23:34,359 --> 00:23:36,920
Speaker 1: don't have to just answer the question does this new

500
00:23:36,920 --> 00:23:40,000
Speaker 1: particle exist? We can go out and look for weird stuff. Right,

501
00:23:40,520 --> 00:23:42,680
Speaker 1: let's just see what's out there, you know, the way

502
00:23:42,760 --> 00:23:45,560
Speaker 1: like when you land on Mars, you don't ask the

503
00:23:45,600 --> 00:23:48,320
Speaker 1: question are there purple cats and dogs there? You just

504
00:23:48,520 --> 00:23:50,480
Speaker 1: walk around and look to see if there's some new

505
00:23:50,600 --> 00:23:53,080
Speaker 1: kind of life that will blow your mind. So, yeah,

506
00:23:53,119 --> 00:23:56,880
Speaker 1: you're absolutely right. Sometimes an experimentalist find something weird, something

507
00:23:56,920 --> 00:24:00,880
Speaker 1: that can't be explained with our current understanding, forces us

508
00:24:01,080 --> 00:24:03,359
Speaker 1: to come up with a new theory when that can

509
00:24:03,520 --> 00:24:06,399
Speaker 1: explain that. Yeah, and those those are the greatest moments

510
00:24:06,400 --> 00:24:06,800
Speaker 1: in science.

511
00:24:06,840 --> 00:24:11,240
Speaker 3: If you ask me, okay cool, So okay, that's okay cool.

512
00:24:11,280 --> 00:24:13,639
Speaker 3: So that's what you do, and then it's like eleven am,

513
00:24:13,680 --> 00:24:14,840
Speaker 3: and then then what do you do?

514
00:24:15,359 --> 00:24:21,320
Speaker 1: Then it's time for my nap? Right then I do

515
00:24:21,400 --> 00:24:23,320
Speaker 1: this awesome podcast with this cartoonist.

516
00:24:23,640 --> 00:24:28,280
Speaker 3: Yeah, I have no moral stand to criticize a lazy

517
00:24:29,119 --> 00:24:32,840
Speaker 3: lifestyle or work life. But I think that's the kind

518
00:24:32,840 --> 00:24:35,240
Speaker 3: of the general answer is that, you know, it's it's

519
00:24:35,240 --> 00:24:38,240
Speaker 3: like a it's a conversation, right, Like you're it's not

520
00:24:38,320 --> 00:24:40,520
Speaker 3: just you in a room trying to come up with

521
00:24:40,600 --> 00:24:44,399
Speaker 3: ideas and theories and experiments. It's like you're conferring with

522
00:24:44,480 --> 00:24:47,560
Speaker 3: other people. You're reading other people's work. You're you're trying to,

523
00:24:47,800 --> 00:24:51,920
Speaker 3: you know, come up get clues from other people's results

524
00:24:51,920 --> 00:24:53,320
Speaker 3: and things like that. Right, It's it's sort of a

525
00:24:53,359 --> 00:24:57,560
Speaker 3: conversation and it's a process.

526
00:24:57,800 --> 00:24:59,960
Speaker 1: Yeah, And it has to be a conversation because science

527
00:25:00,040 --> 00:25:02,240
Speaker 1: it's just people. Right. If you do some science and

528
00:25:02,280 --> 00:25:05,560
Speaker 1: nobody reads it, then you haven't really pushed human understanding

529
00:25:05,560 --> 00:25:08,080
Speaker 1: forward at all. Right, So you have to do something

530
00:25:08,119 --> 00:25:10,240
Speaker 1: people are interested in so that they will listen and

531
00:25:10,240 --> 00:25:13,160
Speaker 1: they will change sort of the common understanding. It'll move

532
00:25:13,240 --> 00:25:15,359
Speaker 1: forward the wavefront of human thought.

533
00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:23,359
Speaker 3: Yeah, yeah, all right, Shelley from Australia. That's your answer, basically, coffee, coffee,

534
00:25:24,600 --> 00:25:34,600
Speaker 3: coffee fuel, Yeah exactly. All right. Our next listener question

535
00:25:34,760 --> 00:25:37,080
Speaker 3: comes from Alex from Connecticut.

536
00:25:37,480 --> 00:25:41,160
Speaker 8: Here we go, Hey, guys, this is Alex from Connecticut

537
00:25:41,240 --> 00:25:44,400
Speaker 8: and I'm wondering if there's anywhere in the universe where

538
00:25:44,480 --> 00:25:48,840
Speaker 8: dark matter is not present. Thanks, give up the good work.

539
00:25:49,359 --> 00:25:51,240
Speaker 1: Alex sounds pretty excited about his question.

540
00:25:51,960 --> 00:25:57,920
Speaker 3: He has a great trader voice. He should do movie Traders.

541
00:25:56,080 --> 00:25:58,920
Speaker 1: In a world where dark matter is not present everywhere.

542
00:26:00,560 --> 00:26:02,919
Speaker 1: This is a great question because we've talked about how

543
00:26:03,000 --> 00:26:06,680
Speaker 1: dark matter is. There's much more dark matter in the

544
00:26:06,760 --> 00:26:09,040
Speaker 1: universe than normal matter, so it's a very natural question

545
00:26:09,119 --> 00:26:12,040
Speaker 1: to wonder, like, is it feeling the universe is invisible?

546
00:26:12,480 --> 00:26:14,840
Speaker 1: But is it? Is it everywhere?

547
00:26:14,960 --> 00:26:16,680
Speaker 3: Yeah? I mean there's not a little bit of dark

548
00:26:16,720 --> 00:26:19,840
Speaker 3: matter out there. There's five times more dark matter than

549
00:26:20,440 --> 00:26:22,560
Speaker 3: like all the stars and gas and clouds and planets

550
00:26:22,560 --> 00:26:22,960
Speaker 3: out there.

551
00:26:22,880 --> 00:26:26,040
Speaker 1: Right, Yeah, exactly, It's a huge amount, and so it's

552
00:26:26,119 --> 00:26:28,679
Speaker 1: very natural to ask where is it? And the answer

553
00:26:28,680 --> 00:26:31,360
Speaker 1: to his question is yes, there are lots of places

554
00:26:31,359 --> 00:26:34,400
Speaker 1: in the universe without dark matter, because it turns out

555
00:26:34,440 --> 00:26:38,720
Speaker 1: that dark matter and normal matter basically follow the same distributions.

556
00:26:38,760 --> 00:26:41,520
Speaker 1: That is, you can tell where the dark matter is

557
00:26:41,680 --> 00:26:43,720
Speaker 1: just by looking for the non dark matter.

558
00:26:44,680 --> 00:26:49,119
Speaker 3: So who's following who, who's the stalker, and who's the celebrity.

559
00:26:49,200 --> 00:26:51,679
Speaker 1: It's, you know, something of a dance right there. We

560
00:26:51,800 --> 00:26:55,080
Speaker 1: know about dark matter only because if it's gravitational effect

561
00:26:55,119 --> 00:26:59,600
Speaker 1: on stuff, right, and so gravity affects dark matter and

562
00:26:59,680 --> 00:27:01,840
Speaker 1: normal matter, and the two pull on each other, and

563
00:27:01,880 --> 00:27:03,560
Speaker 1: so it's something of a dance as they tug on

564
00:27:03,600 --> 00:27:06,320
Speaker 1: each other. And that's why they're linked together. That's why

565
00:27:06,440 --> 00:27:08,840
Speaker 1: dark matter and normal matter are in the same places,

566
00:27:08,880 --> 00:27:12,320
Speaker 1: because they're gravitationally attracted to each other. Now, because there's

567
00:27:12,320 --> 00:27:15,000
Speaker 1: more dark matter than normal matter, you could probably say

568
00:27:15,040 --> 00:27:17,280
Speaker 1: the normal matter is following the dark matter.

569
00:27:17,240 --> 00:27:19,880
Speaker 3: So invite. That's the only way that dark matter can

570
00:27:19,960 --> 00:27:22,360
Speaker 3: interact with our matter, right that we know of is gravity.

571
00:27:22,640 --> 00:27:24,520
Speaker 1: So far that we know, it's the only way it

572
00:27:24,520 --> 00:27:26,800
Speaker 1: can interact with our matter. It might have some interactions

573
00:27:26,800 --> 00:27:29,399
Speaker 1: with itself that we don't know about, but to interact

574
00:27:29,440 --> 00:27:31,919
Speaker 1: with our matter, to see it to affect our you know,

575
00:27:31,960 --> 00:27:34,760
Speaker 1: the things that we can test and observe, gravity is

576
00:27:34,800 --> 00:27:37,159
Speaker 1: the only way for us to probe that. And you know,

577
00:27:37,200 --> 00:27:40,680
Speaker 1: people really interestingly people do simulations of the universe without

578
00:27:40,720 --> 00:27:42,640
Speaker 1: dark matter. They're like, what would have happened if there

579
00:27:42,800 --> 00:27:46,359
Speaker 1: wasn't dark matter? And things just don't coalesce as.

580
00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:48,760
Speaker 3: Quickly you run the universe, but you run it without

581
00:27:48,840 --> 00:27:52,200
Speaker 3: dark matter, and yeah, get totally different results.

582
00:27:52,320 --> 00:27:54,639
Speaker 1: Yeah, this is amazing, Right, you can stimulate the whole universe.

583
00:27:54,680 --> 00:27:57,600
Speaker 1: It's pretty incredible. And they ask, you, know, what would

584
00:27:57,600 --> 00:27:59,680
Speaker 1: the universe look like under various scenarios, And that's really

585
00:27:59,680 --> 00:28:02,960
Speaker 1: important because it helps them understand what was the various

586
00:28:03,000 --> 00:28:05,840
Speaker 1: fraction of things in the very beginning and how sensitive

587
00:28:06,480 --> 00:28:09,720
Speaker 1: are we do that? Like it was any configuration mostly

588
00:28:09,720 --> 00:28:12,040
Speaker 1: going to give you galaxies and stars and planets or

589
00:28:12,080 --> 00:28:14,479
Speaker 1: is it really sensitive? And it turns out that if

590
00:28:14,480 --> 00:28:16,960
Speaker 1: you didn't have dark matter, then it takes a lot

591
00:28:17,080 --> 00:28:19,600
Speaker 1: longer for stuff to clump. Right, The only reason we

592
00:28:19,680 --> 00:28:23,400
Speaker 1: have stars and galaxies and planets is because gravity's gathered

593
00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:26,240
Speaker 1: this stuff together. Turns out it's gotten a huge boost

594
00:28:26,280 --> 00:28:28,520
Speaker 1: from all the dark matter helping it to pull it together.

595
00:28:28,840 --> 00:28:31,399
Speaker 1: And without that dark matter would take billions more years

596
00:28:31,440 --> 00:28:33,480
Speaker 1: to get all this structure. So we wouldn't even be

597
00:28:33,520 --> 00:28:36,360
Speaker 1: around without the dark matter. So pretty much dark matter

598
00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:37,880
Speaker 1: follows normal matter and helps out.

599
00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:39,480
Speaker 3: Yeah, so pretty much. When you look out into the

600
00:28:39,560 --> 00:28:42,480
Speaker 3: universe and you see what for all the shiny stuff

601
00:28:42,600 --> 00:28:45,600
Speaker 3: is like stars and planets in light that's kind of

602
00:28:45,640 --> 00:28:48,080
Speaker 3: pretty much where dark matter is also.

603
00:28:48,640 --> 00:28:51,320
Speaker 1: Roughly that's correct. But if you look at the for example,

604
00:28:51,320 --> 00:28:54,240
Speaker 1: a galaxy, there's a huge blob of dark matter also

605
00:28:54,280 --> 00:28:55,680
Speaker 1: at the center of the galaxy. But then there's a

606
00:28:55,800 --> 00:28:58,200
Speaker 1: we call it a halo. It extends beyond where the

607
00:28:58,240 --> 00:29:01,560
Speaker 1: visible galaxy is, but mostly it's a blob centered at

608
00:29:01,560 --> 00:29:03,000
Speaker 1: the visible galaxy.

609
00:29:02,720 --> 00:29:05,240
Speaker 3: Right right. I think the question is like a you

610
00:29:05,280 --> 00:29:09,040
Speaker 3: wouldn't see, for example, like between here and Andromeda. You

611
00:29:09,040 --> 00:29:12,680
Speaker 3: wouldn't see a giant blob of dark matter just floating

612
00:29:12,680 --> 00:29:14,200
Speaker 3: by itself, would you.

613
00:29:14,200 --> 00:29:16,960
Speaker 1: You might probably not, though, yeah, probably not. But it's

614
00:29:17,040 --> 00:29:19,840
Speaker 1: possible for dark matter normal matter to get separated, like

615
00:29:19,880 --> 00:29:22,640
Speaker 1: in the Bullet cluster. You know, some of the dark

616
00:29:22,680 --> 00:29:25,200
Speaker 1: matter and the normal matter got separated because of big collision,

617
00:29:25,560 --> 00:29:27,720
Speaker 1: and the normal matter interacts with itself and the dark

618
00:29:27,760 --> 00:29:30,120
Speaker 1: matter passes through. As far as we know, so there

619
00:29:30,120 --> 00:29:31,800
Speaker 1: could be blobs of dark matter, but it's not like

620
00:29:31,840 --> 00:29:34,640
Speaker 1: it's evenly distributed, right, So there's lots of places where

621
00:29:34,640 --> 00:29:36,560
Speaker 1: we think there probably isn't any dark matter.

622
00:29:36,680 --> 00:29:41,959
Speaker 3: Okay, all right, So the answer to Alex's question is, yes,

623
00:29:42,320 --> 00:29:46,840
Speaker 3: there are probably many places in the universe without dark matter.

624
00:29:47,200 --> 00:29:50,280
Speaker 3: Dark matter clumps together in specific locations.

625
00:29:50,440 --> 00:29:52,240
Speaker 1: That's exactly right. This is one case we can give

626
00:29:52,240 --> 00:29:59,240
Speaker 1: a very crisp answer. Yes, that's the TLDR Yes, alex

627
00:29:59,560 --> 00:30:00,360
Speaker 1: yes cool.

628
00:30:00,880 --> 00:30:02,880
Speaker 3: Before we keep going, let's take a short break.

629
00:30:07,680 --> 00:30:09,480
Speaker 1: When you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth

630
00:30:09,560 --> 00:30:12,720
Speaker 1: or enjoy a rich spoonful of Greek yogurt, you're probably

631
00:30:12,760 --> 00:30:16,800
Speaker 1: not thinking about the environmental impact of each and every bite.

632
00:30:16,840 --> 00:30:19,480
Speaker 1: But the people in the dairy industry are. US Dairy

633
00:30:19,480 --> 00:30:23,800
Speaker 1: has set themselves some ambitious sustainability goals, including being greenhouse

634
00:30:23,840 --> 00:30:26,400
Speaker 1: gas neutral by twenty to fifty. That's why they're working

635
00:30:26,440 --> 00:30:28,800
Speaker 1: hard every day to find new ways to reduce waste,

636
00:30:28,840 --> 00:30:33,040
Speaker 1: conserve natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions. Take water,

637
00:30:33,120 --> 00:30:36,200
Speaker 1: for example, most dairy farms reuse water up to four

638
00:30:36,240 --> 00:30:39,720
Speaker 1: times the same water cools the milk, cleans equipment, washes

639
00:30:39,760 --> 00:30:42,560
Speaker 1: the barn, and irrigates the crops. How is US dairy

640
00:30:42,560 --> 00:30:46,320
Speaker 1: tackling greenhouse gases? Many farms use anaerobic digestors that turn

641
00:30:46,360 --> 00:30:50,280
Speaker 1: the methane from maneuver into renewable energy that can power farms, towns,

642
00:30:50,320 --> 00:30:52,400
Speaker 1: and electric cars. So the next time you grab a

643
00:30:52,400 --> 00:30:54,440
Speaker 1: slice of pizza or lick an ice cream cone. Know

644
00:30:54,480 --> 00:30:57,200
Speaker 1: that dairy farmers and processors around the country are using

645
00:30:57,200 --> 00:31:00,720
Speaker 1: the latest practices and innovations to provide the nutrient intents

646
00:31:00,840 --> 00:31:03,560
Speaker 1: dairy products we love with less of an impact. Visit

647
00:31:03,640 --> 00:31:06,440
Speaker 1: usdairy dot com slash sustainability to learn more.

648
00:31:07,480 --> 00:31:10,960
Speaker 9: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on paths

649
00:31:10,960 --> 00:31:13,440
Speaker 9: and roads every day. Remember they're real people with loved

650
00:31:13,440 --> 00:31:15,640
Speaker 9: ones who need them to get home safely. Protect our

651
00:31:15,640 --> 00:31:19,200
Speaker 9: cyclists and pedestrians because they're people too. Go safely California

652
00:31:19,240 --> 00:31:21,560
Speaker 9: from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans.

653
00:31:21,680 --> 00:31:24,880
Speaker 10: Hey there, fellow globetrotters and destination dreamers. If you're anything

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656
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657
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658
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659
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660
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661
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662
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663
00:32:00,240 --> 00:32:02,640
Speaker 3: All right, and so our last question today comes to

664
00:32:02,720 --> 00:32:05,520
Speaker 3: us all the way from Iran. So far as I'm from,

665
00:32:05,560 --> 00:32:10,400
Speaker 3: Iran has a pretty interesting question about the shape of galaxies.

666
00:32:10,640 --> 00:32:11,520
Speaker 1: Yeah, here he is.

667
00:32:12,080 --> 00:32:14,360
Speaker 4: Hi, guys, my name is fire Zom. I'm from Iran.

668
00:32:15,400 --> 00:32:19,320
Speaker 4: After listening to your episodes about the galactic collision and

669
00:32:19,400 --> 00:32:23,400
Speaker 4: the gravity, I have a question to ask why all

670
00:32:23,520 --> 00:32:28,560
Speaker 4: the galaxies and solar systems in the universe are disc shaped?

671
00:32:28,960 --> 00:32:32,000
Speaker 4: I mean, if the gravity extends through all the dimensions

672
00:32:32,040 --> 00:32:35,480
Speaker 4: the same, why they are planar?

673
00:32:36,280 --> 00:32:38,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, this is a great question too, right, yea. You

674
00:32:38,800 --> 00:32:40,800
Speaker 1: look at the sky, you look at these galaxies, you

675
00:32:40,840 --> 00:32:43,240
Speaker 1: look at the Solar system, and they all seem organized

676
00:32:43,240 --> 00:32:44,040
Speaker 1: in these discs.

677
00:32:44,360 --> 00:32:49,320
Speaker 3: Yeah, they look like flat blobs, right, not like perfectly

678
00:32:49,400 --> 00:32:52,360
Speaker 3: spherical blobs, but like flat blobs right.

679
00:32:52,600 --> 00:32:57,000
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, They're mostly flat and they're not spherical yet exactly.

680
00:32:57,440 --> 00:32:59,640
Speaker 1: And so it's a very natural question. It's a totally

681
00:32:59,680 --> 00:33:01,880
Speaker 1: typical thing to see out there in the universe.

682
00:33:02,080 --> 00:33:03,800
Speaker 3: Like if you look at all the models us of

683
00:33:03,840 --> 00:33:07,280
Speaker 3: our Solar system, they look like hula hoops, right, one

684
00:33:07,280 --> 00:33:11,640
Speaker 3: inside of the other. Why doesn't it look like, you know,

685
00:33:11,760 --> 00:33:14,080
Speaker 3: like the model, the old model of the atom, where

686
00:33:14,120 --> 00:33:17,320
Speaker 3: the hula hoops are in all kinds of directions. Why

687
00:33:17,360 --> 00:33:19,880
Speaker 3: are the orbits of all the planets sort of pretty

688
00:33:19,920 --> 00:33:22,360
Speaker 3: much in the same plane or at the same level.

689
00:33:22,680 --> 00:33:25,600
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly. It's a great question because you could imagine otherwise,

690
00:33:25,640 --> 00:33:28,320
Speaker 1: maybe the plants would all be zigging zagging around in

691
00:33:28,400 --> 00:33:30,960
Speaker 1: lots of different directions, right, Yeah, even if they each

692
00:33:30,960 --> 00:33:34,360
Speaker 1: have their own circle, they could be they could be

693
00:33:34,600 --> 00:33:35,880
Speaker 1: all sorts of different directions.

694
00:33:36,200 --> 00:33:36,840
Speaker 3: Yeah.

695
00:33:36,920 --> 00:33:40,360
Speaker 1: The short answer to your question is angular momentum, right

696
00:33:40,920 --> 00:33:44,880
Speaker 1: that This conserved quantity. Is that something you just can't

697
00:33:44,920 --> 00:33:48,000
Speaker 1: get rid of. If an object, if a cluster objects,

698
00:33:48,040 --> 00:33:50,360
Speaker 1: has angular momentum, it just can't get rid of it.

699
00:33:51,280 --> 00:33:53,720
Speaker 1: But let's dig into that just for a moment. Let's

700
00:33:53,760 --> 00:33:56,120
Speaker 1: just think about momentum at first. If you have like

701
00:33:56,160 --> 00:33:58,520
Speaker 1: a rock in space and you push it, then that

702
00:33:58,600 --> 00:34:01,280
Speaker 1: rock is going to go on forever unless something stops it, right,

703
00:34:01,280 --> 00:34:03,920
Speaker 1: if it runs into something or whatever. Otherwise it will

704
00:34:03,960 --> 00:34:06,440
Speaker 1: go on forever. And that's because it has momentum. And

705
00:34:06,440 --> 00:34:09,560
Speaker 1: in our universe, momentum is conserved. Why is it conserved,

706
00:34:09,640 --> 00:34:11,279
Speaker 1: We don't know, but we know that it is, and

707
00:34:11,320 --> 00:34:14,480
Speaker 1: so things keep going if you push them. There's another

708
00:34:14,560 --> 00:34:17,799
Speaker 1: kind of momentum which is about spinning. It's called angular momentum.

709
00:34:18,000 --> 00:34:22,600
Speaker 1: You start something spinning, it'll keep spinning right right unless

710
00:34:22,600 --> 00:34:23,440
Speaker 1: something stops it.

711
00:34:23,680 --> 00:34:27,400
Speaker 3: Right, And you're saying this applies to like the Earth

712
00:34:27,440 --> 00:34:30,120
Speaker 3: going around the Sun. That's spinning around the Sun, and

713
00:34:30,160 --> 00:34:33,440
Speaker 3: it's hard to not spin right like, it's hard to

714
00:34:33,520 --> 00:34:35,719
Speaker 3: suddenly stop and go straight into the Sun.

715
00:34:35,880 --> 00:34:37,440
Speaker 1: Yeah, the only way for that to happen is for

716
00:34:37,520 --> 00:34:39,880
Speaker 1: something from the outside to come and like bang into

717
00:34:39,880 --> 00:34:42,040
Speaker 1: the Earth, and that could change. That could stop the

718
00:34:42,040 --> 00:34:43,919
Speaker 1: Earth from going around the Sun, or stop the Earth

719
00:34:43,960 --> 00:34:46,400
Speaker 1: from spinning. If you want to stop your anger momentum,

720
00:34:46,400 --> 00:34:48,120
Speaker 1: you need to have something from the outside. But a

721
00:34:48,200 --> 00:34:51,319
Speaker 1: closed system like the Earth and the Sun or the

722
00:34:51,360 --> 00:34:54,600
Speaker 1: galaxy or whatever can't just stop spinning. That angle momentum

723
00:34:54,960 --> 00:34:57,840
Speaker 1: can't just disappear. It has to has to be transferred

724
00:34:57,920 --> 00:35:01,239
Speaker 1: somewhere or balanced out by the opposite moment mentum somewhere else, right,

725
00:35:01,480 --> 00:35:03,719
Speaker 1: Like two objects flying through space can stop if they

726
00:35:03,800 --> 00:35:06,520
Speaker 1: bang into each other right right, in the same way,

727
00:35:06,560 --> 00:35:09,839
Speaker 1: two things spinning opposite directions could both stop spinning if

728
00:35:09,880 --> 00:35:12,720
Speaker 1: they touch, and their angler momentum cancels out.

729
00:35:12,600 --> 00:35:17,399
Speaker 3: Right, and things kind of have anger momentum because they

730
00:35:17,400 --> 00:35:21,120
Speaker 3: didn't start from rest. You know, like if you put

731
00:35:21,120 --> 00:35:23,799
Speaker 3: two stones out in space, they're just gonna and there's

732
00:35:23,840 --> 00:35:26,040
Speaker 3: nothing else around them. The two stones are just going

733
00:35:26,120 --> 00:35:28,880
Speaker 3: to fly straight into each other. But if you if

734
00:35:28,880 --> 00:35:30,839
Speaker 3: they're going at different speeds, then they're going to start

735
00:35:30,880 --> 00:35:33,520
Speaker 3: circling each other as they get closer to the other.

736
00:35:33,880 --> 00:35:37,040
Speaker 1: Right exactly exactly, And so you can imagine sort of

737
00:35:37,040 --> 00:35:39,760
Speaker 1: the history of our solar system or a galaxy, depending

738
00:35:39,760 --> 00:35:42,480
Speaker 1: what you're thinking about. And started as a big cloud, right,

739
00:35:42,480 --> 00:35:45,600
Speaker 1: a big chaotic cloud, everything shooting in random directions, and

740
00:35:45,640 --> 00:35:47,600
Speaker 1: it might feel like, well, everything just sort of cancels

741
00:35:47,600 --> 00:35:50,600
Speaker 1: itself out, But there's one place where you can draw

742
00:35:50,680 --> 00:35:52,880
Speaker 1: line through it, and turns out that everything is orbiting

743
00:35:52,960 --> 00:35:56,680
Speaker 1: around that, right. That's called the center of rotation. And

744
00:35:56,760 --> 00:35:59,640
Speaker 1: it's sort of like if you're holding up a stick, right,

745
00:35:59,719 --> 00:36:03,680
Speaker 1: this one place that balances the stick where it'll be

746
00:36:03,719 --> 00:36:06,440
Speaker 1: pulled on by gravity the same amount on both sides.

747
00:36:06,760 --> 00:36:09,040
Speaker 1: The same way you find this big cloud, there's some

748
00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:12,320
Speaker 1: line you can draw through it around which everything is rotating.

749
00:36:12,560 --> 00:36:15,359
Speaker 3: Yeah, and that that point is where basically the center

750
00:36:15,400 --> 00:36:17,480
Speaker 3: of the galaxy or the center of the Solar system

751
00:36:17,560 --> 00:36:18,960
Speaker 3: is going to form, right.

752
00:36:19,040 --> 00:36:23,080
Speaker 1: Yes, exactly, and so everything is rotating around that and

753
00:36:23,120 --> 00:36:25,560
Speaker 1: then gravity does its thing. It pulls things together as

754
00:36:25,600 --> 00:36:29,080
Speaker 1: much as it can, and so but it can't shrink

755
00:36:29,160 --> 00:36:31,840
Speaker 1: everything down too much because it's spinning, right, and the

756
00:36:31,840 --> 00:36:35,600
Speaker 1: spinning keeps it sort of fluffed out, but only in

757
00:36:35,640 --> 00:36:39,160
Speaker 1: the direction perpendicular to that line, to that rotational axis.

758
00:36:39,400 --> 00:36:42,640
Speaker 1: So along that rotational axis, gravity can swish things down

759
00:36:42,840 --> 00:36:45,360
Speaker 1: as much as it wants, right, there's nothing preventing it.

760
00:36:45,400 --> 00:36:48,960
Speaker 1: But around that axis things have to keep spinning, and

761
00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:52,320
Speaker 1: that spinning keeps them from getting too close to the center.

762
00:36:52,680 --> 00:36:55,040
Speaker 1: The same way, like the reason that the Moon doesn't

763
00:36:55,040 --> 00:36:57,319
Speaker 1: fall to the Earth is because it has velocity, right,

764
00:36:57,600 --> 00:37:01,880
Speaker 1: it's spinning around us, and so angler momentum can't go

765
00:37:01,960 --> 00:37:04,400
Speaker 1: away and has to go somewhere, and it keeps the

766
00:37:04,400 --> 00:37:07,719
Speaker 1: stuff from falling too far into that central axis. So

767
00:37:07,760 --> 00:37:09,080
Speaker 1: that's why everything becomes a disk.

768
00:37:09,320 --> 00:37:11,200
Speaker 3: Yeah, And that's kind of why all the hula hoops

769
00:37:11,280 --> 00:37:15,080
Speaker 3: sort of merge. Right, Like, let's say the Earth is

770
00:37:15,080 --> 00:37:18,799
Speaker 3: on a hula hoop orbit around the Sun, right, so

771
00:37:19,080 --> 00:37:22,120
Speaker 3: we're on a disk in a circle, are and an oval,

772
00:37:23,360 --> 00:37:25,719
Speaker 3: And like, let's say that there was another planet that

773
00:37:25,840 --> 00:37:27,680
Speaker 3: was also going around the Sun, but it was going

774
00:37:27,719 --> 00:37:30,879
Speaker 3: in a totally different hula hoop, like totally maybe perpendicular

775
00:37:30,920 --> 00:37:33,440
Speaker 3: to ours. And I think the idea is that, you know,

776
00:37:33,520 --> 00:37:36,799
Speaker 3: the attraction between our planet and that other planet, it's

777
00:37:36,800 --> 00:37:38,680
Speaker 3: not going to make us go closer to the Sun

778
00:37:38,960 --> 00:37:40,920
Speaker 3: or like destroy our orbit, but it is going to

779
00:37:40,920 --> 00:37:43,880
Speaker 3: make the hula hoops sort of merge together, right.

780
00:37:43,840 --> 00:37:45,799
Speaker 1: I think over a long period of time, Yeah, they

781
00:37:45,800 --> 00:37:49,520
Speaker 1: would both come to orbit in another plane that's sort

782
00:37:49,520 --> 00:37:52,320
Speaker 1: of like the average between the two, because the rotational

783
00:37:52,360 --> 00:37:56,600
Speaker 1: center would be some axis that's perpendicular to that new plane. Yeah,

784
00:37:56,800 --> 00:37:58,880
Speaker 1: this is the kind of thing it's easier to describe

785
00:37:58,880 --> 00:37:59,800
Speaker 1: in front of a chalkboard.

786
00:38:01,280 --> 00:38:04,840
Speaker 3: We'll use the chalkboard of the mind. That's kind of

787
00:38:04,840 --> 00:38:07,440
Speaker 3: the idea is that everyone at at the beginning, everyone's

788
00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:10,760
Speaker 3: rotating and going in their own orbits. But over time,

789
00:38:11,520 --> 00:38:14,279
Speaker 3: all these orbits sort of align with each other. And

790
00:38:14,320 --> 00:38:16,960
Speaker 3: so that's why galaxies and solar systems they all look

791
00:38:17,040 --> 00:38:17,960
Speaker 3: like flat disks.

792
00:38:18,239 --> 00:38:22,080
Speaker 1: Yeah, exactly, the direction perpendicular to that disc. Things can

793
00:38:22,280 --> 00:38:25,840
Speaker 1: pull together, and collisions and attraction all that stuff helps

794
00:38:25,840 --> 00:38:27,080
Speaker 1: balance it all out and pull.

795
00:38:26,880 --> 00:38:28,239
Speaker 3: It together flattens it.

796
00:38:28,320 --> 00:38:31,839
Speaker 1: But along that disc it can't get too close in

797
00:38:31,920 --> 00:38:34,440
Speaker 1: because of angler momentum. It has to keep spinning, and

798
00:38:34,480 --> 00:38:37,600
Speaker 1: that spinning keeps it from falling in towards the center. Yeah.

799
00:38:37,920 --> 00:38:41,120
Speaker 3: So like gravity just squishes in one direction, but it's

800
00:38:41,160 --> 00:38:43,520
Speaker 3: can't squish it in the other directions because that's where

801
00:38:43,520 --> 00:38:44,480
Speaker 3: the spinning is happening.

802
00:38:45,239 --> 00:38:47,120
Speaker 1: Yeah, And his question was really interesting because he asked

803
00:38:47,160 --> 00:38:49,839
Speaker 1: about the dimensions, And you're right that gravity works in

804
00:38:49,920 --> 00:38:53,400
Speaker 1: all these dimensions, right, But because we have angler momentum,

805
00:38:53,440 --> 00:38:56,839
Speaker 1: and anglermentum is defined along a plane two dimensions, it

806
00:38:56,880 --> 00:38:59,040
Speaker 1: makes it sort of asymmetric, right, that it doesn't get

807
00:38:59,040 --> 00:39:02,400
Speaker 1: treated the same way. One really fun exercise is to

808
00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:04,440
Speaker 1: think about, like what would physics be like in four

809
00:39:04,480 --> 00:39:07,359
Speaker 1: dimensions or in five dimensions? That can kind of blow

810
00:39:07,400 --> 00:39:10,360
Speaker 1: your mind. But if we had like a four dimensional space,

811
00:39:10,680 --> 00:39:13,520
Speaker 1: then you would actually have two different axes of angular

812
00:39:13,560 --> 00:39:16,600
Speaker 1: momentum that would be conserved, and so things would look

813
00:39:16,640 --> 00:39:17,360
Speaker 1: even crazier.

814
00:39:17,400 --> 00:39:18,799
Speaker 3: Wow, what would you call that?

815
00:39:19,560 --> 00:39:20,040
Speaker 1: A blob?

816
00:39:20,960 --> 00:39:21,240
Speaker 3: Blob?

817
00:39:21,480 --> 00:39:23,960
Speaker 1: And this is why I'm not on the Physics Naming Committee.

818
00:39:25,280 --> 00:39:27,320
Speaker 3: All right, cool. So, and the idea is that gravity

819
00:39:27,360 --> 00:39:31,240
Speaker 3: does work in all directions, but it has trouble bringing

820
00:39:31,239 --> 00:39:33,960
Speaker 3: things together in the direction where they're spinning. Yeah exactly,

821
00:39:34,120 --> 00:39:36,359
Speaker 3: And so but it can bring things together in the

822
00:39:36,360 --> 00:39:40,239
Speaker 3: direction they're not spinning. And so that's why maybe things

823
00:39:40,239 --> 00:39:42,120
Speaker 3: start out in as a big blog, but then they

824
00:39:42,160 --> 00:39:44,560
Speaker 3: eventually get squished down and they pick kind of the

825
00:39:44,640 --> 00:39:47,080
Speaker 3: average spin direction.

826
00:39:47,400 --> 00:39:50,920
Speaker 1: Yeah exactly. So gravity is the great flattener of the universe.

827
00:39:50,600 --> 00:39:54,279
Speaker 3: The great flatter the great squisher.

828
00:39:55,960 --> 00:39:56,640
Speaker 1: It squisher.

829
00:39:56,800 --> 00:39:58,960
Speaker 3: Yeah, you just renaming squish t.

830
00:40:00,480 --> 00:40:03,360
Speaker 1: Yeah, there you go. You got Newton, You've got Einstein,

831
00:40:03,480 --> 00:40:05,920
Speaker 1: and then you got Cham. What was Cham's contribution to

832
00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:08,920
Speaker 1: theory of gravity? Oh, a better name? That definitely definitely

833
00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:09,479
Speaker 1: is up there.

834
00:40:09,600 --> 00:40:11,520
Speaker 3: And then when I break into quantum physics will be

835
00:40:11,600 --> 00:40:12,359
Speaker 3: the squishiton.

836
00:40:15,560 --> 00:40:18,200
Speaker 1: I'm gonna go devise an experiment to look for the squishitar.

837
00:40:18,520 --> 00:40:20,719
Speaker 3: That's right, I'm gonna call it to squishiton, and then

838
00:40:20,760 --> 00:40:23,200
Speaker 3: go get some coffee and then I'm done.

839
00:40:23,680 --> 00:40:24,640
Speaker 1: Boom, there's my day.

840
00:40:25,080 --> 00:40:34,000
Speaker 3: Yeah, and then what then what? All right?

841
00:40:34,080 --> 00:40:37,640
Speaker 1: So those were awesome questions. I love your questions. You

842
00:40:37,719 --> 00:40:39,960
Speaker 1: might think I'm gonna send him a question he's never

843
00:40:40,000 --> 00:40:43,000
Speaker 1: gonna answer. I will surprise you. Send us a question,

844
00:40:43,200 --> 00:40:45,480
Speaker 1: you'll get an answer. You might even hear your voice

845
00:40:45,520 --> 00:40:46,800
Speaker 1: on this podcast eventually.

846
00:40:47,080 --> 00:40:49,759
Speaker 3: Yeah, and if you're Daniel's wife and have also a

847
00:40:49,840 --> 00:40:52,880
Speaker 3: question about his lifestyle or habits.

848
00:40:53,280 --> 00:40:55,200
Speaker 1: Just interrupt me anytime, anytime.

849
00:40:56,520 --> 00:41:01,600
Speaker 3: He'll probably answer that question without interrupting you. That might

850
00:41:01,680 --> 00:41:02,280
Speaker 3: even work.

851
00:41:02,080 --> 00:41:04,160
Speaker 1: Out podcast with an audience of one.

852
00:41:04,880 --> 00:41:07,239
Speaker 3: Well, thanks for joining us once again and again. If

853
00:41:07,280 --> 00:41:09,880
Speaker 3: you have questions, please send it to us at questions

854
00:41:10,000 --> 00:41:11,920
Speaker 3: at Daniel Andhorhead dot com.

855
00:41:11,920 --> 00:41:14,320
Speaker 1: Thanks for listening and thanks for asking questions.

856
00:41:14,600 --> 00:41:15,319
Speaker 3: See you next time.

857
00:41:23,360 --> 00:41:25,680
Speaker 1: If you still have a question after listening to all

858
00:41:25,680 --> 00:41:28,920
Speaker 1: these explanations, please drop us a line. We'd love to

859
00:41:28,960 --> 00:41:31,400
Speaker 1: hear from you. You can find us at Facebook, Twitter,

860
00:41:31,440 --> 00:41:35,120
Speaker 1: and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge that's one word, or

861
00:41:35,239 --> 00:41:47,839
Speaker 1: email us at feedback at Daniel Andorge dot com. When

862
00:41:47,840 --> 00:41:49,560
Speaker 1: you pop a piece of cheese into your mouth, you're

863
00:41:49,600 --> 00:41:53,040
Speaker 1: probably not thinking about the environmental impact, but the people

864
00:41:53,040 --> 00:41:55,960
Speaker 1: in the dairy industry are. That's why they're working hard

865
00:41:56,000 --> 00:41:58,720
Speaker 1: every day to find new ways to reduce waste, conserve

866
00:41:58,840 --> 00:42:02,920
Speaker 1: natural resources, and drive down greenhouse gas emissions house US

867
00:42:03,040 --> 00:42:07,160
Speaker 1: dairy tackling greenhouse gases. Many farms use anaerobic digestors to

868
00:42:07,239 --> 00:42:10,600
Speaker 1: turn the methane from manure into renewable energy that can

869
00:42:10,640 --> 00:42:14,440
Speaker 1: power farms, towns, and electric cars. Visit you as dairy

870
00:42:14,440 --> 00:42:16,919
Speaker 1: dot COM's Last Sustainability to learn more.

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Speaker 9: There are children, friends, and families walking, riding on passing

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Speaker 9: from the California Office of Traffic Safety and Caltrans Hey.

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