1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,200 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, We're rerunning two episodes today in Troy the show. 2 00:00:05,280 --> 00:00:09,119 Speaker 1: Hi everyone, Welcome to this day in History class, where 3 00:00:09,160 --> 00:00:19,759 Speaker 1: we uncover the remnants of history every day. The day 4 00:00:19,880 --> 00:00:24,960 Speaker 1: was May second, eighteen eighty two. Puerto Rican activists Isabel 5 00:00:25,040 --> 00:00:28,960 Speaker 1: Gonzalez was born in San Juan, Puerto Rico, to her parents, 6 00:00:29,120 --> 00:00:33,559 Speaker 1: Several Gonzalez and Antonia da Villa. When she traveled to 7 00:00:33,600 --> 00:00:37,760 Speaker 1: the US in nineteen o two, new immigration laws affected 8 00:00:37,800 --> 00:00:41,000 Speaker 1: the status of Puerto Ricans, and she became a so 9 00:00:41,159 --> 00:00:46,840 Speaker 1: called alien. Isabelle's subsequent challenges of U s immigration laws 10 00:00:46,880 --> 00:00:50,479 Speaker 1: and advocacy for the rights of Puerto Ricans contributed to 11 00:00:50,520 --> 00:00:55,680 Speaker 1: Puerto Ricans gaining US citizenship in nineteen seventeen. Her nineteen 12 00:00:55,720 --> 00:01:00,080 Speaker 1: oh three Supreme Court case, Gonzalez versus Williams, was a 13 00:01:00,160 --> 00:01:03,680 Speaker 1: move towards the US addressing the citizenship status of people 14 00:01:03,760 --> 00:01:08,240 Speaker 1: in territories the US acquired in the late eighteen hundreds, 15 00:01:08,240 --> 00:01:11,880 Speaker 1: but the issue was still not settled. At the time 16 00:01:11,920 --> 00:01:16,280 Speaker 1: of Isabel's birth, Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony, but 17 00:01:16,560 --> 00:01:20,120 Speaker 1: under the Treaty of Paris of eighteen ninety eight, Puerto 18 00:01:20,240 --> 00:01:24,240 Speaker 1: Rico was annexed by the United States. It became an 19 00:01:24,280 --> 00:01:28,280 Speaker 1: unincorporated territory, which meant that it was controlled by the U. 20 00:01:28,360 --> 00:01:30,840 Speaker 1: S government, but it was not part of the U S. 21 00:01:32,000 --> 00:01:36,200 Speaker 1: The Foraker Act, enacted in nineteen hundred, replaced the military 22 00:01:36,280 --> 00:01:39,919 Speaker 1: regime in Puerto Rico with the civilian government. It also 23 00:01:39,959 --> 00:01:43,520 Speaker 1: invented a Puerto Rican citizenship for island born Perto Rican 24 00:01:43,600 --> 00:01:47,200 Speaker 1: inhabitants and required them to renounce their allegiance to the 25 00:01:47,280 --> 00:01:53,120 Speaker 1: US in order to get US citizenship. That contradictory requirement 26 00:01:53,280 --> 00:01:58,040 Speaker 1: meant that Puerto Ricans were effectively barred from getting US citizenship. 27 00:01:58,840 --> 00:02:02,840 Speaker 1: On the other hand, Spanish born Puerto Rican inhabitants were 28 00:02:02,880 --> 00:02:06,880 Speaker 1: able to keep their Spanish citizenship or acquire Puerto Rican 29 00:02:07,160 --> 00:02:12,720 Speaker 1: or U S citizenship. Racial and social prejudices largely contributed 30 00:02:12,760 --> 00:02:17,000 Speaker 1: to Americans unwillingness to give Puerto Rican's U S citizenship. 31 00:02:18,320 --> 00:02:21,560 Speaker 1: Not much is known about Isabel's life before she left 32 00:02:21,600 --> 00:02:25,079 Speaker 1: Puerto Rico. It is known that she had a child 33 00:02:25,160 --> 00:02:28,880 Speaker 1: with her first husband, who died, and when she was 34 00:02:28,919 --> 00:02:32,400 Speaker 1: twenty years old, she became pregnant with her second child. 35 00:02:33,440 --> 00:02:38,320 Speaker 1: One Francisco Torres was the child's father and Isabel's fiance 36 00:02:39,320 --> 00:02:42,200 Speaker 1: he was a native Islander, but he moved to New 37 00:02:42,280 --> 00:02:46,520 Speaker 1: York for work before he knew Isabel was pregnant. Isabel 38 00:02:46,760 --> 00:02:49,680 Speaker 1: planned to George Torres in New York so they could 39 00:02:49,680 --> 00:02:53,040 Speaker 1: marry and find a place to stay. So in nineteen 40 00:02:53,080 --> 00:02:56,600 Speaker 1: o two, Isabel worded a steamship to leave San Juan 41 00:02:56,760 --> 00:02:59,480 Speaker 1: and head to New York. But while she was on 42 00:02:59,680 --> 00:03:04,079 Speaker 1: the S S Philadelphia, the U S. Treasury Departments Immigration 43 00:03:04,080 --> 00:03:10,080 Speaker 1: Commissioner General FP Sergeant changed U S immigration policy. Puerto 44 00:03:10,240 --> 00:03:15,200 Speaker 1: Ricans became classified as aliens. When Isabel arrived in New 45 00:03:15,280 --> 00:03:18,440 Speaker 1: York on August four, she was sent to Ellis Island 46 00:03:18,480 --> 00:03:21,920 Speaker 1: in New York Harbor, where an immigration station was located. 47 00:03:23,000 --> 00:03:27,360 Speaker 1: Their immigration officials detained her as a quote alien immigrant 48 00:03:27,560 --> 00:03:32,119 Speaker 1: with the intention of deporting her. At Ellis Island, policy 49 00:03:32,320 --> 00:03:36,920 Speaker 1: was to detain unmarried pregnant women for further investigation and 50 00:03:37,200 --> 00:03:40,080 Speaker 1: bar them from entering the mainland unless they were claimed 51 00:03:40,080 --> 00:03:43,840 Speaker 1: by a family member. Since Isabel was unmarried and she 52 00:03:43,960 --> 00:03:47,200 Speaker 1: was pregnant, she was deemed quote likely to be a 53 00:03:47,280 --> 00:03:52,560 Speaker 1: public charge. The next day, Isabel's uncle, Domingo Cojazo and 54 00:03:52,600 --> 00:03:57,160 Speaker 1: her brother Luis Gonzalez showed up for her hearing. They 55 00:03:57,200 --> 00:04:01,160 Speaker 1: attempted to prove that she could be financially responsible and 56 00:04:01,200 --> 00:04:03,200 Speaker 1: that she was not coming to the U s for 57 00:04:03,240 --> 00:04:07,200 Speaker 1: a moral reason, but those attempts did not work. Not 58 00:04:07,280 --> 00:04:10,320 Speaker 1: to mention her fiance could not be in attendant due 59 00:04:10,320 --> 00:04:15,760 Speaker 1: to work, Isabel was not allowed to leave. KASO issued 60 00:04:15,760 --> 00:04:19,799 Speaker 1: a habeas corpus petition for Isabel, and in circuit court 61 00:04:20,120 --> 00:04:23,320 Speaker 1: the judge ruled that Isabel could not enter the mainland. 62 00:04:24,000 --> 00:04:27,159 Speaker 1: Courts continued to deny her entry to the mainland US, 63 00:04:28,000 --> 00:04:31,640 Speaker 1: so Gonzalez eventually appealed her case to the Supreme Court, 64 00:04:32,200 --> 00:04:35,640 Speaker 1: arguing that all Puerto Ricans were US citizens and should 65 00:04:35,640 --> 00:04:39,800 Speaker 1: not be treated as aliens. Fun In fact, US officials 66 00:04:39,880 --> 00:04:44,560 Speaker 1: misspelled Isabel's name in the case title, calling her Isabella Gonzalez, 67 00:04:44,720 --> 00:04:47,080 Speaker 1: with the last letter being an S rather than a Z. 68 00:04:47,800 --> 00:04:52,640 Speaker 1: Versus William Williams. Anyway, Gonzalez Versus. Williams was argued in 69 00:04:52,680 --> 00:04:56,440 Speaker 1: the Supreme Court on December four and seventh of nineteen 70 00:04:56,480 --> 00:05:00,880 Speaker 1: oh three. While Isabel was out on bond, she got married, 71 00:05:00,920 --> 00:05:04,320 Speaker 1: thus becoming a citizen through marriage, but she kept this 72 00:05:04,440 --> 00:05:06,840 Speaker 1: a secret as it would have ended her court case 73 00:05:06,880 --> 00:05:10,600 Speaker 1: and allowed her to remain in New York on January four, 74 00:05:10,839 --> 00:05:14,000 Speaker 1: nineteen o four. The Court decided that the Treaty of 75 00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:18,000 Speaker 1: Paris and the Immigration Act of eighteen ninety one prevented 76 00:05:18,080 --> 00:05:21,719 Speaker 1: inhabitants of U S territories from being treated as aliens, 77 00:05:22,480 --> 00:05:27,520 Speaker 1: but native Puerto Ricans were not US citizens either. Instead, 78 00:05:27,640 --> 00:05:31,840 Speaker 1: Puerto Ricans were considered non citizen nationals, or people who 79 00:05:31,880 --> 00:05:35,960 Speaker 1: are neither so called aliens nor citizens. That meant that 80 00:05:36,040 --> 00:05:38,800 Speaker 1: they did not have the same rights and benefits as 81 00:05:38,800 --> 00:05:42,200 Speaker 1: full citizens of the United States, But the Supreme Court 82 00:05:42,320 --> 00:05:45,600 Speaker 1: did not rule on the constitutionality of the Puerto Rican 83 00:05:45,680 --> 00:05:50,760 Speaker 1: citizenship or on the naturalization of Puerto Ricans. Gonzalez versus 84 00:05:50,800 --> 00:05:55,560 Speaker 1: Williams mainly addressed Puerto Rican's ability to migrate or move 85 00:05:55,680 --> 00:06:00,000 Speaker 1: between the island and mainland and throughout the mainland East. 86 00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:03,120 Speaker 1: Sabel proceeded to write letters to The New York Times 87 00:06:03,440 --> 00:06:06,280 Speaker 1: denouncing the results of the case and US treatment of 88 00:06:06,320 --> 00:06:09,719 Speaker 1: Puerto Ricans. She wrote the following in a letter to 89 00:06:09,760 --> 00:06:14,920 Speaker 1: the newspaper on September one, nineteen o five. Puerto Rico's 90 00:06:15,040 --> 00:06:19,120 Speaker 1: organic laws are clogged with different states codes and posed 91 00:06:19,160 --> 00:06:21,520 Speaker 1: on her by the American rulers who have carried to 92 00:06:21,560 --> 00:06:25,360 Speaker 1: the island the system of laws corresponding to the places 93 00:06:25,400 --> 00:06:28,720 Speaker 1: from which they held and for which they felt most inclined. 94 00:06:29,720 --> 00:06:32,920 Speaker 1: Isabel's case is thought to have influenced the influx of 95 00:06:32,960 --> 00:06:37,080 Speaker 1: Puerto Ricans that moved to the mainland US from nineteen 96 00:06:37,080 --> 00:06:41,480 Speaker 1: o eight to nineteen sixteen, and in March of nineteen seventeen, 97 00:06:41,839 --> 00:06:46,359 Speaker 1: the Jones Shaffross Act was signed, extending US citizenship to 98 00:06:46,440 --> 00:06:50,720 Speaker 1: Puerto Ricans. A nationalist movement sprang up in Puerto Rico 99 00:06:50,800 --> 00:06:55,479 Speaker 1: in the nineteen thirties opposing US assimilation, but in nineteen 100 00:06:55,520 --> 00:06:59,280 Speaker 1: forty people in Puerto Rico gained birth fright US citizenship, 101 00:07:00,040 --> 00:07:03,360 Speaker 1: and by nineteen fifty two, the US approved of Puerto 102 00:07:03,480 --> 00:07:08,440 Speaker 1: Rican constitution that made Puerto Rico an autonomous US Commonwealth. 103 00:07:09,600 --> 00:07:15,080 Speaker 1: Isabel died on June eleventh, ninetee. Today, the status of 104 00:07:15,080 --> 00:07:19,440 Speaker 1: Puerto Rico and its inhabitants, and the United States treatment 105 00:07:19,480 --> 00:07:24,280 Speaker 1: of Puerto Ricans is still hotly debated. Issues like whether 106 00:07:24,320 --> 00:07:27,400 Speaker 1: Puerto Ricans should have the right to vote in presidential 107 00:07:27,400 --> 00:07:31,160 Speaker 1: elections and whether Puerto Rico should become a state have 108 00:07:31,280 --> 00:07:36,760 Speaker 1: become major points of contention and American national discussion. I'm 109 00:07:36,800 --> 00:07:39,400 Speaker 1: Eves jeffco and hopefully you know a little more about 110 00:07:39,480 --> 00:07:43,920 Speaker 1: history today than you did yesterday. Get more Notes from 111 00:07:43,960 --> 00:07:48,480 Speaker 1: History on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook at t d i 112 00:07:48,920 --> 00:07:53,560 Speaker 1: h C podcast. Thank you so much for listening, and 113 00:07:53,600 --> 00:07:56,360 Speaker 1: I hope to see you again tomorrow for more tidbits 114 00:07:56,440 --> 00:08:04,200 Speaker 1: of history. Hey y'all, I'm Eves and welcome to the 115 00:08:04,280 --> 00:08:07,080 Speaker 1: Stand History Class, a podcast that brings you a new 116 00:08:07,120 --> 00:08:18,040 Speaker 1: tidbit of history every day. The day was May second, 117 00:08:18,200 --> 00:08:22,280 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty four. A group of Chinese climbers became the 118 00:08:22,320 --> 00:08:25,480 Speaker 1: first people to reach the summit of Shisha Pangma, a 119 00:08:25,520 --> 00:08:29,559 Speaker 1: mountain in Tibet. At more than twenty six thousand feet 120 00:08:29,640 --> 00:08:33,360 Speaker 1: or eight thousand meters, she Shapagma is the fourteenth highest 121 00:08:33,400 --> 00:08:37,800 Speaker 1: mountain in the world. Chapagma is thought to mean range 122 00:08:37,840 --> 00:08:40,760 Speaker 1: above the grassy plain. The mountain is a part of 123 00:08:40,760 --> 00:08:44,120 Speaker 1: the Himalayas and it's located in southern Tibet near the 124 00:08:44,160 --> 00:08:47,840 Speaker 1: border of Nepal. She Cha Pangma was the last of 125 00:08:47,880 --> 00:08:51,199 Speaker 1: the eight thousand errs, or mountains more than eight thousand 126 00:08:51,200 --> 00:08:55,320 Speaker 1: meters in height above sea level, to be climbed. In 127 00:08:55,440 --> 00:08:58,280 Speaker 1: June of nine thirty on a Porta one became the 128 00:08:58,360 --> 00:09:01,320 Speaker 1: first eight thousand meter peak to be climbed, and in 129 00:09:01,440 --> 00:09:05,440 Speaker 1: nineteen sixty a team of climbers summited Delagery One that 130 00:09:05,559 --> 00:09:08,320 Speaker 1: made it the thirteen eight thousand or to be summitted, 131 00:09:08,520 --> 00:09:11,520 Speaker 1: making Shisha Pogma the only one that had not yet 132 00:09:11,559 --> 00:09:16,600 Speaker 1: seen a successful ascent. Since Tibet and China imposed restrictions 133 00:09:16,600 --> 00:09:19,959 Speaker 1: on travel to the region, few western climbers had been 134 00:09:20,000 --> 00:09:23,880 Speaker 1: near Shisha Pangma. People were sent to scout the mountain 135 00:09:24,000 --> 00:09:28,640 Speaker 1: before the expedition began. The chosen climbers began training, orders 136 00:09:28,640 --> 00:09:32,320 Speaker 1: were put in for clothing, equipment, and food, and early 137 00:09:32,400 --> 00:09:35,920 Speaker 1: in nineteen sixty four an expedition of one and ninety 138 00:09:35,960 --> 00:09:40,240 Speaker 1: five people was put together. The team included experienced mountaineers 139 00:09:40,280 --> 00:09:43,800 Speaker 1: who climbed Mount Everest as well as less experienced climbers. 140 00:09:44,160 --> 00:09:49,280 Speaker 1: It also included scientists, journalists, photographers, and medical workers, among others. 141 00:09:50,760 --> 00:09:53,959 Speaker 1: On March eighteenth, the expedition set up base camp north 142 00:09:54,040 --> 00:09:57,480 Speaker 1: of the peak at around five thousand meters above sea level. 143 00:09:58,559 --> 00:10:02,120 Speaker 1: By April twenty one, final assault camp was pitched just 144 00:10:02,280 --> 00:10:06,120 Speaker 1: below the summit. There were thirteen people in the summit party, 145 00:10:06,440 --> 00:10:10,720 Speaker 1: including expedition leader Shu Jing, deputy leader of the assault 146 00:10:10,760 --> 00:10:14,680 Speaker 1: party Cheong Chun Yin, and Wang fu Jo, who took 147 00:10:14,720 --> 00:10:17,280 Speaker 1: part in the first ascent of Mount Everest via the 148 00:10:17,320 --> 00:10:20,040 Speaker 1: north face, but only ten people took part in the 149 00:10:20,080 --> 00:10:23,720 Speaker 1: final assault since three people were dealing with altitude sickness. 150 00:10:25,280 --> 00:10:27,880 Speaker 1: On the morning of May two, they reached the summit. 151 00:10:29,160 --> 00:10:31,240 Speaker 1: Not long after they made it to the top, they 152 00:10:31,280 --> 00:10:35,120 Speaker 1: began their descent back to the final assault camp. Over 153 00:10:35,120 --> 00:10:38,920 Speaker 1: the next several decades, more people attempted to summit the mountain. 154 00:10:40,120 --> 00:10:43,079 Speaker 1: The next ascent of Shisha Pagma did not happen until 155 00:10:43,160 --> 00:10:46,480 Speaker 1: nineteen eighty when the mountain was opened to foreign teams. 156 00:10:47,640 --> 00:10:50,120 Speaker 1: The first winter ascent of the peak took place in 157 00:10:50,120 --> 00:10:53,960 Speaker 1: two thousand five. Otherwise, hundreds of people have made it 158 00:10:54,000 --> 00:10:58,600 Speaker 1: to the main summit of Shisha Pagma. As of thirty 159 00:10:58,600 --> 00:11:01,880 Speaker 1: one people have died on Cha Panma. Some of those 160 00:11:01,920 --> 00:11:06,960 Speaker 1: deaths were caused by avalanches, falls, altitude sickness, and fluid 161 00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:11,040 Speaker 1: accumulation in the lawns caused by ascending to high altitudes rapidly. 162 00:11:13,240 --> 00:11:16,000 Speaker 1: I'm Eve Jeff Coote, and hopefully you know a little 163 00:11:16,040 --> 00:11:19,920 Speaker 1: more about history today than you did yesterday and if 164 00:11:19,960 --> 00:11:22,040 Speaker 1: you like to send us any kind words, you can 165 00:11:22,120 --> 00:11:24,959 Speaker 1: hit us up on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. We're at 166 00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:28,080 Speaker 1: t d i h C Podcast. You can also send 167 00:11:28,120 --> 00:11:31,080 Speaker 1: us a note via email at this day at I 168 00:11:31,200 --> 00:11:34,880 Speaker 1: heeart media dot com. Thanks again for listening to the 169 00:11:34,920 --> 00:11:42,800 Speaker 1: show and we'll see you tomorrow. For more podcasts from 170 00:11:42,800 --> 00:11:45,640 Speaker 1: My Heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 171 00:11:45,679 --> 00:11:47,360 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.