1 00:00:00,200 --> 00:00:02,880 Speaker 1: Hey, everybody. Before we get into this episode today, it 2 00:00:02,960 --> 00:00:06,720 Speaker 1: includes some discussion of a recision package which when we 3 00:00:06,840 --> 00:00:09,320 Speaker 1: recorded it had not been voted on by the US 4 00:00:09,360 --> 00:00:12,680 Speaker 1: House of Representatives. As of now, it has and it 5 00:00:12,720 --> 00:00:15,800 Speaker 1: has passed and has been sent to the President for signature. 6 00:00:16,400 --> 00:00:19,120 Speaker 1: That signature has not happened as of this moment, but 7 00:00:19,200 --> 00:00:22,360 Speaker 1: by the time this episode comes out, it most likely 8 00:00:22,440 --> 00:00:25,040 Speaker 1: will have so by the time you're hearing it, most 9 00:00:25,200 --> 00:00:29,840 Speaker 1: likely that recision package will be law. Just to update everything. 10 00:00:30,200 --> 00:00:34,320 Speaker 1: And now we will get on to the episode. Welcome 11 00:00:34,360 --> 00:00:44,880 Speaker 1: to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production of iHeartRadio. Hello, 12 00:00:44,960 --> 00:00:48,239 Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and 13 00:00:48,280 --> 00:00:52,880 Speaker 1: I'm Holly Frye. It's time for our quarterly installment of Unearthed. 14 00:00:53,520 --> 00:00:55,560 Speaker 1: If you are brand new to the show over the 15 00:00:55,600 --> 00:00:57,480 Speaker 1: last few months, this is when a few times a 16 00:00:57,560 --> 00:01:00,680 Speaker 1: year we talk about things that have been literally and 17 00:01:00,720 --> 00:01:06,000 Speaker 1: figuratively unearthed. This time it's once again two part episode. 18 00:01:06,040 --> 00:01:09,200 Speaker 1: Today we have updates. We have so many updates that 19 00:01:09,280 --> 00:01:13,000 Speaker 1: it is two thirds of this episode being updates. We 20 00:01:13,120 --> 00:01:16,440 Speaker 1: also have art finds in this episode, and we have 21 00:01:16,560 --> 00:01:20,840 Speaker 1: a little bit at the end that I'm calling adult content. 22 00:01:23,480 --> 00:01:29,200 Speaker 1: The last part of this episode has some archaeological finds 23 00:01:29,280 --> 00:01:33,720 Speaker 1: and whatnot that are related to things like drug use 24 00:01:34,520 --> 00:01:38,959 Speaker 1: and sex. It's a little more mature than often what 25 00:01:39,040 --> 00:01:41,560 Speaker 1: we talk about on the show. And I just put 26 00:01:41,560 --> 00:01:43,040 Speaker 1: that at the end of this one so that if 27 00:01:43,080 --> 00:01:46,680 Speaker 1: you're listening with maybe little kids or in a classroom 28 00:01:46,840 --> 00:01:50,440 Speaker 1: or whatever, and you need to just end the episode there, 29 00:01:50,480 --> 00:01:54,240 Speaker 1: it will be easy to do it. So smart. So 30 00:01:54,280 --> 00:01:57,840 Speaker 1: Tracy started out our last installment of Unearthed by talking 31 00:01:57,840 --> 00:02:00,600 Speaker 1: about actions that were being taken to the federal level 32 00:02:00,640 --> 00:02:04,400 Speaker 1: here in the US and how those actions were impacting 33 00:02:04,440 --> 00:02:06,800 Speaker 1: her work on the show and how they might affect 34 00:02:06,800 --> 00:02:09,480 Speaker 1: the show in the future. And this includes budget cuts 35 00:02:09,520 --> 00:02:14,280 Speaker 1: and grant freezes affecting academics, researchers, and institutions that we 36 00:02:14,440 --> 00:02:17,760 Speaker 1: rely on for our research. A lot of that is 37 00:02:17,800 --> 00:02:21,280 Speaker 1: still ongoing and still in flux, as universities and other 38 00:02:21,320 --> 00:02:26,280 Speaker 1: institutions reckon with new financial constraints and with federal hostility 39 00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:30,240 Speaker 1: to the idea of DEI. There are still some legal 40 00:02:30,320 --> 00:02:32,960 Speaker 1: cases related to all of this that are still working 41 00:02:32,960 --> 00:02:36,160 Speaker 1: their way through the courts. Some of those cuts have 42 00:02:36,560 --> 00:02:40,079 Speaker 1: already had an effect on a show, For example, as 43 00:02:40,120 --> 00:02:43,120 Speaker 1: of July fet I no longer have access to a 44 00:02:43,200 --> 00:02:46,160 Speaker 1: long list of databases, several of which I have been 45 00:02:46,280 --> 00:02:50,520 Speaker 1: using for many, many years, which were being funded through 46 00:02:50,600 --> 00:02:55,040 Speaker 1: the Institute of Museum and Library Services Grants to States program. 47 00:02:55,960 --> 00:02:59,320 Speaker 1: As we talked about last time, the IMLS was targeted 48 00:02:59,320 --> 00:03:02,480 Speaker 1: by an executive of order. Its entire staff was placed 49 00:03:02,480 --> 00:03:06,280 Speaker 1: on leave. But the Congress also passed a budget and 50 00:03:06,320 --> 00:03:09,440 Speaker 1: spending bill that was signed into law on July fourth, 51 00:03:09,480 --> 00:03:12,600 Speaker 1: that's of course connected to all of this. Since we 52 00:03:12,639 --> 00:03:15,080 Speaker 1: are recording this just a couple of weeks after I 53 00:03:15,160 --> 00:03:18,280 Speaker 1: lost access to those databases, Like, I'm not really sure 54 00:03:19,200 --> 00:03:24,360 Speaker 1: what the next step is with it, and the President 55 00:03:24,400 --> 00:03:28,640 Speaker 1: has also asked for a recision package in addition to 56 00:03:29,200 --> 00:03:33,280 Speaker 1: that budget that was already passed that would cancel additional 57 00:03:33,360 --> 00:03:38,640 Speaker 1: funds that were already previously allocated. This precision package that's 58 00:03:38,680 --> 00:03:41,480 Speaker 1: still in the works, it is expected to target foreign 59 00:03:41,520 --> 00:03:45,680 Speaker 1: aid and public media. The foreign aid cuts aren't really 60 00:03:45,720 --> 00:03:48,080 Speaker 1: directly related to our podcast, which is what we've been 61 00:03:48,120 --> 00:03:51,480 Speaker 1: kind of sticking with with these updates, but given the scope, 62 00:03:51,520 --> 00:03:53,440 Speaker 1: it just seems weird to me to not mention them 63 00:03:53,440 --> 00:03:56,920 Speaker 1: at all. Research that was published in the Lancet at 64 00:03:56,920 --> 00:04:00,520 Speaker 1: the end of June concludes that cuts just to the 65 00:04:00,680 --> 00:04:04,280 Speaker 1: United States Agency for International Development will lead to the 66 00:04:04,320 --> 00:04:07,880 Speaker 1: deaths of fourteen million people around the world who otherwise 67 00:04:07,920 --> 00:04:11,680 Speaker 1: would have lived by the year twenty thirty. In terms 68 00:04:11,680 --> 00:04:15,440 Speaker 1: of this recision package and what does directly apply to 69 00:04:15,480 --> 00:04:18,839 Speaker 1: our show, we really cannot count the number of times 70 00:04:18,880 --> 00:04:21,960 Speaker 1: we have cited reporting and documentaries and other work from 71 00:04:22,080 --> 00:04:26,719 Speaker 1: NPR and PBS. I just went into the file where 72 00:04:26,720 --> 00:04:29,360 Speaker 1: I have all of our old outlines and I put 73 00:04:29,400 --> 00:04:32,719 Speaker 1: the words NPR and PBS in there to see how 74 00:04:32,760 --> 00:04:36,320 Speaker 1: often they showed up in source lists. It again was 75 00:04:36,360 --> 00:04:40,760 Speaker 1: too many to count, so hundred. The idea of losing 76 00:04:40,839 --> 00:04:44,400 Speaker 1: funding for those is something else likely to affect the show. 77 00:04:45,880 --> 00:04:49,279 Speaker 1: Also still in the works our federal departments taking steps 78 00:04:49,720 --> 00:04:52,400 Speaker 1: to align with the executive orders that we talked about 79 00:04:52,480 --> 00:04:55,480 Speaker 1: last time, one of those being the one that's called 80 00:04:56,880 --> 00:05:01,160 Speaker 1: Restoring Truth and Sanity to American History. I had a 81 00:05:01,200 --> 00:05:04,679 Speaker 1: stomach ache just saying that executive orders are basically memos 82 00:05:04,720 --> 00:05:08,120 Speaker 1: from the President to the federal government about how to operate, 83 00:05:08,200 --> 00:05:10,640 Speaker 1: and then it is up to the relevant departments to 84 00:05:10,680 --> 00:05:14,560 Speaker 1: figure out how to implement those instructions. To that end. 85 00:05:14,680 --> 00:05:18,279 Speaker 1: In May, the Secretary of the Interior issued Order thirty 86 00:05:18,279 --> 00:05:22,520 Speaker 1: four to thirty one, also titled Restoring Truth Insanity to 87 00:05:22,600 --> 00:05:27,120 Speaker 1: American History, and this order reiterated the administration's policy to 88 00:05:27,320 --> 00:05:32,080 Speaker 1: quote restore federal sites dedicated to history to Solomon uplifting 89 00:05:32,120 --> 00:05:37,040 Speaker 1: public monuments that remind Americans of our extraordinary heritage, consistent 90 00:05:37,120 --> 00:05:40,719 Speaker 1: progress toward becoming a more perfect union, and unmatched record 91 00:05:40,800 --> 00:05:45,680 Speaker 1: of advancing liberty, prosperity, and human flourishing. The Secretary's order 92 00:05:45,760 --> 00:05:48,640 Speaker 1: then gave directions to the heads of the government's land 93 00:05:48,680 --> 00:05:52,880 Speaker 1: management bureaus, including the National Park Service, on the concrete 94 00:05:52,920 --> 00:05:57,839 Speaker 1: steps to take to implement the executive order. These steps 95 00:05:58,040 --> 00:06:04,400 Speaker 1: include reviewing and reporting on changes to quote any public monuments, memorials, statues, markers, 96 00:06:04,480 --> 00:06:07,839 Speaker 1: or similar properties that had happened since January first of 97 00:06:07,880 --> 00:06:11,640 Speaker 1: twenty twenty, as well as reviewing those properties for quote 98 00:06:11,760 --> 00:06:16,720 Speaker 1: inappropriate content and removing content that is inconsistent with the 99 00:06:16,760 --> 00:06:22,359 Speaker 1: purposes of that executive order. The Secretary's order also instructed 100 00:06:22,360 --> 00:06:26,000 Speaker 1: the Land Management bureaus to post signs throughout each property 101 00:06:26,040 --> 00:06:29,240 Speaker 1: with QR code that links visitors to a form they 102 00:06:29,279 --> 00:06:33,239 Speaker 1: can fill out at a government website. The signs read 103 00:06:33,400 --> 00:06:36,640 Speaker 1: quote name of property belongs to the American people and 104 00:06:37,240 --> 00:06:40,440 Speaker 1: name of land Management Bureau. Wants your feedback. Please let 105 00:06:40,560 --> 00:06:43,760 Speaker 1: us know if you have identified one any areas of 106 00:06:43,800 --> 00:06:46,760 Speaker 1: the park area, et cetera, as appropriate that need repair, 107 00:06:47,440 --> 00:06:52,440 Speaker 1: to any services that need improvement. Three any signs or 108 00:06:52,480 --> 00:06:57,039 Speaker 1: other information that are negative about either past or living Americans, 109 00:06:57,440 --> 00:07:01,359 Speaker 1: or that fail to emphasize the beauty and abundance of 110 00:07:01,440 --> 00:07:07,160 Speaker 1: landscapes and other natural features. Just to spell this out 111 00:07:08,120 --> 00:07:12,200 Speaker 1: as just one example, there are now signs at places 112 00:07:12,240 --> 00:07:15,640 Speaker 1: like Man's in our National Historic Site, which was the 113 00:07:15,680 --> 00:07:19,440 Speaker 1: site of a concentration camp where the United States imprisoned 114 00:07:19,560 --> 00:07:23,440 Speaker 1: Japanese immigrants and their US citizen children during World War Two, 115 00:07:23,600 --> 00:07:27,760 Speaker 1: and those signs instruct visitors to report negative signage they 116 00:07:27,800 --> 00:07:31,800 Speaker 1: see at the park. We talked about these concentration camps 117 00:07:31,800 --> 00:07:34,640 Speaker 1: in our two part episode on Executive Order ninety sixty 118 00:07:34,680 --> 00:07:37,760 Speaker 1: six on February twelfth and fourteenth of twenty seventeen. Also, 119 00:07:39,480 --> 00:07:42,560 Speaker 1: there are so many people who work in interpretive roles 120 00:07:42,600 --> 00:07:45,920 Speaker 1: at parks and historic sites who have talked really publicly 121 00:07:46,000 --> 00:07:50,640 Speaker 1: about visitors finding things like any mention of slavery whatsoever. 122 00:07:51,440 --> 00:07:56,000 Speaker 1: At a site as cause for outrage. We have seen 123 00:07:56,040 --> 00:08:02,960 Speaker 1: this over the years. In our own email. On June 124 00:08:03,040 --> 00:08:06,800 Speaker 1: eighteenth of this year, the Organization of American Historians, which 125 00:08:06,840 --> 00:08:09,800 Speaker 1: is a professional society for the teaching and studying of 126 00:08:09,920 --> 00:08:13,480 Speaker 1: US history, issued a statement in response to this order, 127 00:08:13,600 --> 00:08:17,200 Speaker 1: saying that it quote represents a clear and troubling intrusion 128 00:08:17,680 --> 00:08:21,960 Speaker 1: into the integrity of historical presentation within the National Park Service. 129 00:08:22,800 --> 00:08:25,680 Speaker 1: That statement went on to say, quote, the directive demands 130 00:08:25,720 --> 00:08:30,600 Speaker 1: that the NPS revised educational materials, exhibits, and programs to 131 00:08:30,680 --> 00:08:35,320 Speaker 1: avoid what it calls ideological bias, language that in practice 132 00:08:35,360 --> 00:08:44,559 Speaker 1: seeks to sanitize complex histories of race, environment, gender and sexuality, immigration, indigeneity, labor, 133 00:08:44,679 --> 00:08:49,280 Speaker 1: and religion. The directive further undermines the NPS's long standing 134 00:08:49,320 --> 00:08:54,439 Speaker 1: mission to present inclusive, evidence based, and publicly accessible history. 135 00:08:55,520 --> 00:08:59,920 Speaker 1: The Organization of American Historians statement also responded directly to 136 00:09:00,160 --> 00:09:04,400 Speaker 1: that signage we just mentioned quote. National Parks have been 137 00:09:04,640 --> 00:09:08,800 Speaker 1: and remain enormously popular with Americans, and visitors to NPS 138 00:09:08,960 --> 00:09:12,080 Speaker 1: sites have always been free to voice their opinions about 139 00:09:12,120 --> 00:09:16,840 Speaker 1: programming and their experiences through the NPS website, comment cards, 140 00:09:16,880 --> 00:09:21,960 Speaker 1: and other mechanisms. This new directive is a manufactured crisis. 141 00:09:22,120 --> 00:09:26,160 Speaker 1: It evokes tactics of authoritarian regimes, not principles of a 142 00:09:26,200 --> 00:09:31,240 Speaker 1: democratic society. The oh also recommended its members make use 143 00:09:31,280 --> 00:09:35,200 Speaker 1: of those same forms to recommend improvements that will quote 144 00:09:35,280 --> 00:09:39,400 Speaker 1: make the histories told at NPS sites accurate, more inclusive, 145 00:09:39,640 --> 00:09:44,680 Speaker 1: and more democratic. The American Historical Association, which is a 146 00:09:44,720 --> 00:09:50,680 Speaker 1: professional association for historians, endorsed this statement. The OAH and 147 00:09:50,720 --> 00:09:54,120 Speaker 1: the AHA had also issued a joint statement in March 148 00:09:54,160 --> 00:09:57,280 Speaker 1: about the executive orders and policies that we talked about 149 00:09:57,320 --> 00:10:00,640 Speaker 1: last time, which was signed by nearly thirty professional and 150 00:10:00,720 --> 00:10:04,920 Speaker 1: academic associations connected to the field of history, including the 151 00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:09,000 Speaker 1: National Council on Public History and the World History Association. 152 00:10:10,040 --> 00:10:14,439 Speaker 1: Moving on to other updates, we have an episode on 153 00:10:14,600 --> 00:10:17,520 Speaker 1: Hatshepsuit that we ran as a Saturday Classic on April 154 00:10:17,559 --> 00:10:20,640 Speaker 1: twenty sixth. One of the things that we talked about 155 00:10:20,640 --> 00:10:24,439 Speaker 1: in that episode is that after Hatshepsuit's death, her successor, 156 00:10:24,640 --> 00:10:27,679 Speaker 1: Tutmosa the third whose name we have also heard pronounced 157 00:10:27,760 --> 00:10:31,880 Speaker 1: just Tutmos, had her name removed from the official list 158 00:10:31,920 --> 00:10:34,959 Speaker 1: of kings and ordered the destruction of statues and other 159 00:10:35,000 --> 00:10:39,400 Speaker 1: depictions of her. When her mortuary temple was rediscovered in 160 00:10:39,440 --> 00:10:43,360 Speaker 1: the nineteenth century, archaeologists didn't initially know who she was, 161 00:10:43,559 --> 00:10:46,760 Speaker 1: and once they started piecing that together, they concluded that 162 00:10:46,840 --> 00:10:51,800 Speaker 1: she must have been some kind of stereotypical wicked stepmother figure, 163 00:10:52,240 --> 00:10:55,840 Speaker 1: and that Tutmosa must have ordered this destruction out of 164 00:10:56,000 --> 00:11:01,600 Speaker 1: anger or vengeance. Historians and archaeologists started revising that view 165 00:11:01,679 --> 00:11:06,440 Speaker 1: in the nineteen sixties after egyptologist Charles nimbs pinpointed this 166 00:11:06,480 --> 00:11:11,000 Speaker 1: destruction as starting twenty years after hat Shepsu's death or 167 00:11:11,160 --> 00:11:14,719 Speaker 1: possibly even later, making it unlikely something that was motivated 168 00:11:14,760 --> 00:11:18,600 Speaker 1: out of fury. We gave some other possible reasons for 169 00:11:18,640 --> 00:11:22,280 Speaker 1: this destruction, including that there might have been concerns about 170 00:11:22,280 --> 00:11:25,800 Speaker 1: the strength of the claims of Tutmoses's successor, a Menhotep, 171 00:11:25,880 --> 00:11:28,760 Speaker 1: the second to the throne, or that it was connected 172 00:11:28,800 --> 00:11:32,360 Speaker 1: to greater concerns about the appropriateness of a woman acting 173 00:11:32,400 --> 00:11:37,040 Speaker 1: as king. Research published in the journal Antiquity in June 174 00:11:37,280 --> 00:11:41,240 Speaker 1: casts further doubt on the idea that hostility was a 175 00:11:41,280 --> 00:11:45,280 Speaker 1: factor in the statue destruction, noting that a lot of 176 00:11:45,360 --> 00:11:49,800 Speaker 1: statues of Hatshepsuit are in relatively good condition, and many 177 00:11:49,880 --> 00:11:54,360 Speaker 1: of those that were broken were broken across the waist, 178 00:11:54,520 --> 00:11:57,480 Speaker 1: the neck, and the knees, and that's something that was 179 00:11:57,640 --> 00:12:01,440 Speaker 1: also done to the statues of other Egyptian kings, possibly 180 00:12:01,520 --> 00:12:05,000 Speaker 1: as part of a ritual deactivation of the statue and 181 00:12:05,080 --> 00:12:08,640 Speaker 1: the power associated with it. At the same time, the 182 00:12:08,679 --> 00:12:12,600 Speaker 1: paper's author, juny Wong of the University of Toronto gave 183 00:12:12,640 --> 00:12:16,360 Speaker 1: a statement to Live Science that included this quote, there 184 00:12:16,400 --> 00:12:19,320 Speaker 1: is no doubt that hat Chepsu did suffer a campaign 185 00:12:19,320 --> 00:12:23,520 Speaker 1: of persecution at many monuments throughout Egypt. Her images and 186 00:12:23,640 --> 00:12:27,280 Speaker 1: names have been systematically hacked out. We know that this 187 00:12:27,400 --> 00:12:30,960 Speaker 1: campaign of persecution was initiated by tutmost of the third 188 00:12:31,360 --> 00:12:35,120 Speaker 1: but we are not exactly sure why uh as is 189 00:12:35,200 --> 00:12:38,439 Speaker 1: so often the case on Unearthed. There was a lot 190 00:12:38,480 --> 00:12:41,000 Speaker 1: of reporting around this paper, and a lot of that 191 00:12:41,160 --> 00:12:46,880 Speaker 1: reporting frames it as conclusively resolving a long standing mystery. 192 00:12:47,679 --> 00:12:52,200 Speaker 1: But aside from the idea of ritually deactivating Egyptian statues, 193 00:12:52,280 --> 00:12:54,120 Speaker 1: a lot of what's in this paper is not actually 194 00:12:54,120 --> 00:12:57,640 Speaker 1: that different from what we talked about in the episode. Also, again, 195 00:12:57,720 --> 00:13:02,360 Speaker 1: this paper is only about the destruction of the statues, 196 00:13:02,880 --> 00:13:06,120 Speaker 1: not the other elements of it. That the paper describes 197 00:13:06,160 --> 00:13:10,800 Speaker 1: as quote the wider campaign of persecution enacted following her death. 198 00:13:12,080 --> 00:13:14,520 Speaker 1: We have more updates coming up, but first let's take 199 00:13:14,520 --> 00:13:27,079 Speaker 1: a quick sponsor break. Pompeii was covered on the show 200 00:13:27,160 --> 00:13:29,719 Speaker 1: in October of two thousand and nine, and we've had 201 00:13:29,720 --> 00:13:33,640 Speaker 1: a lot of updates about it on Unearthed. Most recently, 202 00:13:33,880 --> 00:13:38,400 Speaker 1: archaeologists excavating a tomb at the Portasarno Necropolis m Pompeii 203 00:13:38,880 --> 00:13:44,400 Speaker 1: found two nearly life sized relief sculptures next to each 204 00:13:44,400 --> 00:13:47,400 Speaker 1: other in a niche in a wall. One of these 205 00:13:47,400 --> 00:13:50,400 Speaker 1: sculptures depicts a woman wearing a tunic and a cloak, 206 00:13:50,480 --> 00:13:54,320 Speaker 1: along with earrings, rings, bracelets, and a pendant that shaped 207 00:13:54,360 --> 00:13:57,480 Speaker 1: like a crescent moon. She's holding what looks like a 208 00:13:57,559 --> 00:13:59,960 Speaker 1: laurel branch and a roll of papyrus, and then all 209 00:14:00,280 --> 00:14:03,960 Speaker 1: of this together means that the woman being depicted might 210 00:14:04,080 --> 00:14:09,640 Speaker 1: have been a priestess of series. The other statue next 211 00:14:09,679 --> 00:14:12,520 Speaker 1: to her is of a man wearing a toga, and 212 00:14:12,720 --> 00:14:15,280 Speaker 1: other than the fact that the toga suggests that he 213 00:14:15,360 --> 00:14:19,040 Speaker 1: was a Roman citizen, less has been speculated about him. 214 00:14:19,080 --> 00:14:22,800 Speaker 1: The depiction just as not as detailed or elaborate. It's 215 00:14:22,920 --> 00:14:25,320 Speaker 1: possible that these two were a married couple, but we 216 00:14:25,360 --> 00:14:28,920 Speaker 1: don't really know. This was unearthed last year, but it 217 00:14:28,960 --> 00:14:33,280 Speaker 1: wasn't reported on until this spring. In other Pompeii news, 218 00:14:33,520 --> 00:14:37,960 Speaker 1: archaeologists at Pompeii Archaeological Park have released a statement about 219 00:14:37,960 --> 00:14:40,600 Speaker 1: work at the House of Hele and Phrixus, named for 220 00:14:40,680 --> 00:14:44,520 Speaker 1: a fresco in the dining room of the home. Excavations 221 00:14:44,560 --> 00:14:48,000 Speaker 1: at the home suggest that during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, 222 00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:51,520 Speaker 1: four people in the home attempted to take refuge in 223 00:14:51,560 --> 00:14:54,600 Speaker 1: a small room, which they barricaded with a bed frame 224 00:14:54,680 --> 00:14:58,720 Speaker 1: to keep out volcanic debris. At some point it probably 225 00:14:58,800 --> 00:15:01,400 Speaker 1: became obvious that they would have to flee if they 226 00:15:01,400 --> 00:15:04,360 Speaker 1: hope to survive, but by that point they were not 227 00:15:04,520 --> 00:15:07,000 Speaker 1: able to get out of the house. We do not 228 00:15:07,280 --> 00:15:10,000 Speaker 1: actually know who these people were, though they may have 229 00:15:10,080 --> 00:15:12,520 Speaker 1: been the owners of the home, or they could have 230 00:15:12,560 --> 00:15:15,000 Speaker 1: been people who tried to take shelter there after the 231 00:15:15,040 --> 00:15:19,800 Speaker 1: inhabitants had already fled. Something else that has made frequent 232 00:15:19,840 --> 00:15:23,680 Speaker 1: appearances on Unearthed does the Roman fort Vendolanda, south of 233 00:15:23,720 --> 00:15:28,560 Speaker 1: Hadrian's Wall in northern England. Volunteer diggers working there have 234 00:15:28,720 --> 00:15:32,880 Speaker 1: uncovered a sandstone relief carving that's believed to be the 235 00:15:32,920 --> 00:15:35,960 Speaker 1: Goddess Victory, which might have been part of a much 236 00:15:36,200 --> 00:15:41,200 Speaker 1: larger carving adorning one of the fort's barracks. Most likely 237 00:15:41,280 --> 00:15:44,200 Speaker 1: when it was created, this carving was very brightly painted, 238 00:15:44,360 --> 00:15:46,640 Speaker 1: and there's some research underway to see if there are 239 00:15:46,640 --> 00:15:50,320 Speaker 1: any traces of paint still there. Not really any traces 240 00:15:50,400 --> 00:15:52,680 Speaker 1: visible to the naked eye, but they might be at 241 00:15:52,680 --> 00:15:57,160 Speaker 1: the microscopic level. This carving is also planned to be 242 00:15:57,280 --> 00:16:01,360 Speaker 1: on display at Vendalanda in twenty twenty sees. A new 243 00:16:01,440 --> 00:16:04,720 Speaker 1: dig just started there earlier this month, so we may 244 00:16:04,760 --> 00:16:10,360 Speaker 1: have some more finds from this fort next time. Anthony Gaudi, 245 00:16:10,560 --> 00:16:13,120 Speaker 1: who we covered in a two part episode in January 246 00:16:13,120 --> 00:16:16,880 Speaker 1: of twenty fifteen, was declared venerable by the late Pope 247 00:16:16,920 --> 00:16:21,080 Speaker 1: Francis in April before Francis passed. This is the second 248 00:16:21,120 --> 00:16:23,760 Speaker 1: of four steps that are part of his potentially being 249 00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:28,160 Speaker 1: recognized as a saint. Gaudi's most famous architectural work, the 250 00:16:28,160 --> 00:16:32,880 Speaker 1: Basilica de la Sagrada Familia in Barcelona, is still under construction. 251 00:16:33,560 --> 00:16:36,560 Speaker 1: Construction started in eighteen eighty two, and the most recent 252 00:16:36,720 --> 00:16:39,920 Speaker 1: estimates suggest that it might be finished within a decade. 253 00:16:40,720 --> 00:16:43,400 Speaker 1: One major issue that still persists at this point is 254 00:16:43,400 --> 00:16:47,400 Speaker 1: that finishing a planned stairway will require evicting about three 255 00:16:47,480 --> 00:16:50,840 Speaker 1: thousand people from their homes in the areas adjacent to 256 00:16:50,840 --> 00:16:56,480 Speaker 1: the basilica and demolishing those residences. Prior hosts of the 257 00:16:56,480 --> 00:16:59,720 Speaker 1: show talked about the Vasa in their episode More Ship 258 00:16:59,800 --> 00:17:04,159 Speaker 1: Rate Stories Battleships in twenty eleven. The Vasa was a 259 00:17:04,200 --> 00:17:07,560 Speaker 1: Swedish warship that sank shortly after setting sail on its 260 00:17:07,680 --> 00:17:10,639 Speaker 1: very first voyage in sixteen twenty eight, but then it 261 00:17:10,720 --> 00:17:13,359 Speaker 1: was raised and preserved and is now housed at the 262 00:17:13,480 --> 00:17:17,240 Speaker 1: Vasa Museum in Stockholm. So we've talked about this ship 263 00:17:17,320 --> 00:17:21,359 Speaker 1: and several previous installments of Unearthed, including in twenty twenty 264 00:17:21,400 --> 00:17:25,280 Speaker 1: three when we talked about the vessel urgently needing a 265 00:17:25,359 --> 00:17:29,919 Speaker 1: new support structure. The museum opened in nineteen ninety, but 266 00:17:30,080 --> 00:17:32,520 Speaker 1: the support structure for the vessel was built in the 267 00:17:32,600 --> 00:17:36,520 Speaker 1: nineteen sixties and by now it was starting to sag. 268 00:17:37,520 --> 00:17:39,679 Speaker 1: Work on that has now begun as part of a 269 00:17:39,720 --> 00:17:43,399 Speaker 1: four year restoration project. The ship's new support will be 270 00:17:43,440 --> 00:17:46,680 Speaker 1: both lighter and stronger than the earlier one, as well 271 00:17:46,680 --> 00:17:49,600 Speaker 1: as more resistant to corrosion, and it will also put 272 00:17:49,680 --> 00:17:53,680 Speaker 1: less pressure on the ship itself. This is a multi 273 00:17:53,760 --> 00:17:57,960 Speaker 1: phase project involving the installation of exterior support cradles and 274 00:17:58,000 --> 00:18:02,560 Speaker 1: then an internal skeleton to reinforce the ship. The restoration 275 00:18:02,720 --> 00:18:05,119 Speaker 1: project is expected to be complete in time for the 276 00:18:05,160 --> 00:18:08,520 Speaker 1: four hundredth anniversary of the ship sinking that will take 277 00:18:08,560 --> 00:18:12,760 Speaker 1: place in twenty twenty eight. Next, the six Triple eight 278 00:18:12,880 --> 00:18:17,560 Speaker 1: Central Postal Directory Battalion was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal 279 00:18:17,600 --> 00:18:21,679 Speaker 1: in April. Congress voted to make this award back in 280 00:18:21,760 --> 00:18:25,000 Speaker 1: twenty twenty two, but due to some logistical delays, the 281 00:18:25,040 --> 00:18:28,400 Speaker 1: actual ceremony did not take place until April twenty ninth 282 00:18:28,440 --> 00:18:31,600 Speaker 1: of this year. We alluded to this ceremony in a 283 00:18:31,680 --> 00:18:34,199 Speaker 1: listener mail that I read earlier this year, but I 284 00:18:34,240 --> 00:18:36,240 Speaker 1: did not get into the specifics of what we were 285 00:18:36,240 --> 00:18:38,640 Speaker 1: talking about, because it just wasn't clear to me at 286 00:18:38,640 --> 00:18:42,800 Speaker 1: that point whether the ceremony, which had not happened yet, 287 00:18:43,240 --> 00:18:46,560 Speaker 1: whether that was supposed to be public knowledge yet. The 288 00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:50,959 Speaker 1: medal was presented to descendants of Lieutenant Colonel Charity Adams Early, 289 00:18:51,080 --> 00:18:54,360 Speaker 1: who was the battalion's commanding officer, and there were more 290 00:18:54,400 --> 00:18:57,680 Speaker 1: than three hundred descendants of members of the Six Triple 291 00:18:57,720 --> 00:19:01,200 Speaker 1: Eight at the ceremony. Our episode on the Six Triple 292 00:19:01,200 --> 00:19:03,640 Speaker 1: Eight ran as a Saturday Classic on March twenty six, 293 00:19:03,720 --> 00:19:08,280 Speaker 1: twenty twenty two. Researchers in Australia have examined a set 294 00:19:08,320 --> 00:19:12,000 Speaker 1: of swords from the West African kingdom of Dahome. We 295 00:19:12,080 --> 00:19:15,160 Speaker 1: talked about this kingdom in our episodes on the Palaces 296 00:19:15,200 --> 00:19:19,000 Speaker 1: of a Beaume and the all female fighting Force colloquially 297 00:19:19,080 --> 00:19:22,719 Speaker 1: known as the Amazons on July twenty second and August 298 00:19:22,840 --> 00:19:27,640 Speaker 1: fifth of twenty fifteen. These swords are associated with the Amazons, 299 00:19:27,720 --> 00:19:30,399 Speaker 1: but they also have some design elements that are found 300 00:19:30,440 --> 00:19:33,640 Speaker 1: in swords from other parts of the world, including Europe, 301 00:19:33,680 --> 00:19:36,960 Speaker 1: North Africa, and the Middle East, so it hasn't been 302 00:19:37,040 --> 00:19:40,080 Speaker 1: clear whether these swords were locally made or whether they 303 00:19:40,160 --> 00:19:44,640 Speaker 1: might be imports. This team used an assortment of non 304 00:19:44,640 --> 00:19:50,120 Speaker 1: invasive testing methods including neutron tomography, powdered diffraction, full pattern analysis, 305 00:19:50,160 --> 00:19:54,760 Speaker 1: and diffraction residual stress measurements. Based on all of this work, 306 00:19:54,800 --> 00:19:58,760 Speaker 1: they concluded that these swords were locally made, possibly from 307 00:19:58,880 --> 00:20:01,720 Speaker 1: locally smelted ey iron, but that they did have some 308 00:20:01,920 --> 00:20:06,960 Speaker 1: influences or inspiration that came from European imports. This research 309 00:20:07,080 --> 00:20:10,280 Speaker 1: also suggests that the forging techniques that were used for 310 00:20:10,359 --> 00:20:13,760 Speaker 1: some of these swords was unique to the Kingdom. In 311 00:20:13,800 --> 00:20:16,760 Speaker 1: our Unearthed installment in the fall of twenty twenty two, 312 00:20:17,320 --> 00:20:19,879 Speaker 1: we talked about a burial site that had been discovered 313 00:20:19,880 --> 00:20:23,919 Speaker 1: in southern Germany. A child had been entombed at this site, 314 00:20:23,920 --> 00:20:27,000 Speaker 1: which was sealed so well that sediments were not able 315 00:20:27,040 --> 00:20:30,560 Speaker 1: to penetrate it and form layers around the contents inside, 316 00:20:30,680 --> 00:20:33,240 Speaker 1: so that meant that the site was well preserved, but 317 00:20:33,400 --> 00:20:39,159 Speaker 1: also extremely delicate. Archaeologists flash froze the entire interior of 318 00:20:39,200 --> 00:20:42,000 Speaker 1: the tomb with liquid nitrogen so they could remove the 319 00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:46,280 Speaker 1: entire block and transport it elsewhere without jostling or damaging 320 00:20:46,320 --> 00:20:50,400 Speaker 1: its contents, leading this child to be nicknamed the Ice Prints. 321 00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:55,960 Speaker 1: Research into this burial site has now been carried out. First, 322 00:20:56,200 --> 00:20:58,600 Speaker 1: the block had to be thawed in an environment that 323 00:20:58,680 --> 00:21:03,800 Speaker 1: was very carefully controlled for temperature and humidity. Researchers confirmed 324 00:21:03,840 --> 00:21:06,320 Speaker 1: that this child died toward the end of the seventh 325 00:21:06,359 --> 00:21:10,240 Speaker 1: century and was only about eighteen months old when that happened. 326 00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:14,080 Speaker 1: Based on the analysis of the remains. This child likely 327 00:21:14,160 --> 00:21:18,040 Speaker 1: died of sepsis following an ear infection, but the family 328 00:21:18,160 --> 00:21:21,080 Speaker 1: was probably wealthy and prominent. This child was dressed in 329 00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:24,879 Speaker 1: linen trimmed with silk, along with having leather shoes on, 330 00:21:25,400 --> 00:21:28,760 Speaker 1: and was laid to rest on furs. Silver and gold 331 00:21:28,800 --> 00:21:31,800 Speaker 1: accessories and jewelry were found in the gravesite as well. 332 00:21:32,240 --> 00:21:35,479 Speaker 1: There was also a short sword, a bronze basin, a comb, 333 00:21:35,680 --> 00:21:39,320 Speaker 1: a wooden bowl, a cup, and some food offerings. There 334 00:21:39,320 --> 00:21:42,080 Speaker 1: were also some animal bones in this grave site which 335 00:21:42,119 --> 00:21:45,119 Speaker 1: were initially thought to be from a dog, but it 336 00:21:45,160 --> 00:21:48,800 Speaker 1: turns out they were really from a piglet. Our episode 337 00:21:48,840 --> 00:21:51,440 Speaker 1: on the Nasca Lines in Peru ran as a Saturday 338 00:21:51,440 --> 00:21:56,520 Speaker 1: Classic in February of twenty twenty one. These etchings of animals, plants, 339 00:21:56,560 --> 00:22:00,119 Speaker 1: and geometric figures were created roughly two thousand years ago, 340 00:22:00,440 --> 00:22:02,960 Speaker 1: and they were named as a UNESCO World Heritage Site 341 00:22:02,960 --> 00:22:07,040 Speaker 1: in nineteen ninety four. In May, Peru's Ministry of Culture 342 00:22:07,040 --> 00:22:10,000 Speaker 1: announced a plan to cut the amount of protected land 343 00:22:10,119 --> 00:22:14,359 Speaker 1: around the Nascal Lines by about forty percent, as something 344 00:22:14,359 --> 00:22:16,919 Speaker 1: that led to concern and criticism due to fears that 345 00:22:16,920 --> 00:22:20,600 Speaker 1: it would leave the site more vulnerable to illegal mining operations, 346 00:22:20,640 --> 00:22:24,240 Speaker 1: which are already a known issue in the area. The 347 00:22:24,320 --> 00:22:27,720 Speaker 1: areas affected are not within the part that's been inscribed 348 00:22:27,720 --> 00:22:30,800 Speaker 1: by UNESCO, but experts who work with the Nascal lines 349 00:22:30,880 --> 00:22:32,879 Speaker 1: said that the areas that were being removed from the 350 00:22:32,920 --> 00:22:37,080 Speaker 1: protections contained some of the oldest and most delicate etchings. 351 00:22:38,160 --> 00:22:41,239 Speaker 1: Then in June, the government of Peru announced that it 352 00:22:41,280 --> 00:22:45,040 Speaker 1: was dropping that plan and leaving the protected area unchanged. 353 00:22:45,800 --> 00:22:49,560 Speaker 1: It did not abandon the idea of changing the borders 354 00:22:49,600 --> 00:22:53,440 Speaker 1: of the protected area, though. The Peruvian Ministry of Culture 355 00:22:53,560 --> 00:22:58,400 Speaker 1: also said that a panel was being convened including archaeologists, academics, 356 00:22:58,400 --> 00:23:03,880 Speaker 1: and members of international organisations including UNESCO, to evaluate future 357 00:23:03,960 --> 00:23:08,520 Speaker 1: plans for zoning and land use in the area. And 358 00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:13,480 Speaker 1: our last update, we covered Greenwood, Oklahoma, known as Blackwall 359 00:23:13,520 --> 00:23:16,520 Speaker 1: Street and its nineteen twenty one destruction by a white 360 00:23:16,600 --> 00:23:19,120 Speaker 1: mob in an episode that we ran as a Saturday 361 00:23:19,119 --> 00:23:23,480 Speaker 1: Classic on November ninth, twenty nineteen. We have also talked 362 00:23:23,480 --> 00:23:25,879 Speaker 1: about the search for the grave sites of victims of 363 00:23:25,920 --> 00:23:30,120 Speaker 1: this massacre on multiple installments of Unearthed. Now, the city 364 00:23:30,160 --> 00:23:33,080 Speaker 1: of Tulsa has announced a one hundred five million dollar 365 00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:37,680 Speaker 1: reparations plan called Road to Repair It was announced by 366 00:23:37,720 --> 00:23:41,280 Speaker 1: Monroe Nichols, Tulsa's first black mayor, during the city's first 367 00:23:41,320 --> 00:23:46,240 Speaker 1: Tulsa Race Massacre Observance Day. During his address, Nichols noted 368 00:23:46,240 --> 00:23:49,240 Speaker 1: that the economic harms caused by the massacre were compounded 369 00:23:49,280 --> 00:23:52,560 Speaker 1: by other issues, including the building of a highway and 370 00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:55,280 Speaker 1: the practice of redlining, which is something else we have 371 00:23:55,320 --> 00:23:57,520 Speaker 1: talked about on the show in a two parter in 372 00:23:57,560 --> 00:24:01,960 Speaker 1: October of twenty fifteen. As of June twelfth, when the 373 00:24:02,040 --> 00:24:05,400 Speaker 1: last reporting on this happened, there were two known survivors 374 00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:08,439 Speaker 1: of the massacres still living, both of them more than 375 00:24:08,440 --> 00:24:12,399 Speaker 1: one hundred and ten years old. They had previously sought 376 00:24:12,440 --> 00:24:17,160 Speaker 1: compensation under Oklahoma laws, but those efforts were ultimately dismissed 377 00:24:17,160 --> 00:24:21,240 Speaker 1: by the state Supreme Court last year. This repatriation plan 378 00:24:21,359 --> 00:24:26,200 Speaker 1: does not involve direct cash payments to either of them. Instead, 379 00:24:26,240 --> 00:24:30,000 Speaker 1: it is focused on creating a private charitable trust to 380 00:24:30,359 --> 00:24:34,679 Speaker 1: address the impacts of the attack on Tulsa's black communities, 381 00:24:34,720 --> 00:24:38,639 Speaker 1: which are still present today. It's proposed to include a 382 00:24:38,680 --> 00:24:42,520 Speaker 1: twenty four million dollar fund for housing and housing assistants 383 00:24:42,640 --> 00:24:46,280 Speaker 1: meant to counteract the generational impact of the loss of 384 00:24:46,320 --> 00:24:49,760 Speaker 1: all of those lives and homes and businesses. There's also 385 00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:54,440 Speaker 1: a sixty million dollar historic preservation fund and twenty one 386 00:24:54,480 --> 00:24:58,080 Speaker 1: million dollar fund for things like scholarships, small business grants, 387 00:24:58,080 --> 00:25:00,919 Speaker 1: and land acquisition and development. It's all planned to be 388 00:25:01,000 --> 00:25:04,680 Speaker 1: part of this That last part of the funding will 389 00:25:04,720 --> 00:25:07,480 Speaker 1: also be used to pay for the ongoing efforts to 390 00:25:07,720 --> 00:25:12,280 Speaker 1: find and identify victims of the massacre. Funds have to 391 00:25:12,320 --> 00:25:15,159 Speaker 1: be raised for this trust and it is hoped for 392 00:25:15,240 --> 00:25:18,919 Speaker 1: that to be completed over the next year. Art is 393 00:25:18,960 --> 00:25:21,119 Speaker 1: on the horizon, but first we're gonna pause for a 394 00:25:21,160 --> 00:25:35,919 Speaker 1: sponsor break. Now we've got a number of art related fines. First, 395 00:25:36,160 --> 00:25:38,679 Speaker 1: work on a bedroom at a hunting lodge called the 396 00:25:38,800 --> 00:25:43,520 Speaker 1: Ashes in Inglewood Forest in Cumbria, England has revealed Tudor 397 00:25:43,760 --> 00:25:47,920 Speaker 1: arrow wall paintings under some old plaster. These are black 398 00:25:47,920 --> 00:25:51,439 Speaker 1: and white paintings. They depict strange animals and kind of 399 00:25:51,560 --> 00:25:55,959 Speaker 1: weird foliage. This was pretty common for wall paintings at 400 00:25:56,000 --> 00:25:59,679 Speaker 1: the time. One description of the wall paintings of this 401 00:25:59,760 --> 00:26:05,680 Speaker 1: air calls them quote an unnatural or unorderly composition for 402 00:26:05,760 --> 00:26:13,280 Speaker 1: delight's sake, which I love. Even with that unnatural, unorderly 403 00:26:13,359 --> 00:26:17,840 Speaker 1: composition in mind, though, experts have described the combination of 404 00:26:17,960 --> 00:26:24,000 Speaker 1: motifs in these particular paintings as unusual. Based on when 405 00:26:24,040 --> 00:26:26,720 Speaker 1: the house was built, it's likely that these paintings were 406 00:26:26,720 --> 00:26:30,520 Speaker 1: created during the reign of Queen Elizabeth the First. While 407 00:26:30,520 --> 00:26:34,200 Speaker 1: these specific wallpaintings are a new find, it's not entirely 408 00:26:34,240 --> 00:26:38,200 Speaker 1: surprising that they were there. Similar paintings have been found 409 00:26:38,200 --> 00:26:40,960 Speaker 1: in other parts of the lodge during earlier work going 410 00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:44,520 Speaker 1: back to the nineteen seventies. At the same time, though 411 00:26:44,760 --> 00:26:49,200 Speaker 1: not many Tutor era wallpaintings survive at this point, particularly 412 00:26:49,240 --> 00:26:52,640 Speaker 1: in this part of England, the UK Department for Culture, 413 00:26:52,720 --> 00:26:56,320 Speaker 1: Media and Sport has granted additional protections to the lodge 414 00:26:56,400 --> 00:27:01,760 Speaker 1: and its surrounding buildings. In other wall painting news, digs 415 00:27:01,840 --> 00:27:04,959 Speaker 1: out a Roman villa on the Mediterranean coast of Spain 416 00:27:05,080 --> 00:27:07,919 Speaker 1: have unearthed a wall painting dating back to the second 417 00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:13,119 Speaker 1: century CE, but this wall has collapsed, so archaeologists have 418 00:27:13,160 --> 00:27:17,560 Speaker 1: found this painting in about four thousand pieces. While conservators 419 00:27:17,680 --> 00:27:21,359 Speaker 1: are trying to reassemble this painting, it is a painstaking process. 420 00:27:21,520 --> 00:27:25,000 Speaker 1: One of the panels that they've separated the pieces out 421 00:27:25,000 --> 00:27:28,760 Speaker 1: for has eight hundred and sixty six pieces and as 422 00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:31,840 Speaker 1: of the news reporting on this in late April. Only 423 00:27:31,880 --> 00:27:34,560 Speaker 1: twenty two of those pieces had been put back together 424 00:27:34,600 --> 00:27:38,119 Speaker 1: into one thing, and they formed a floral garland with 425 00:27:38,240 --> 00:27:42,320 Speaker 1: birds and a painted molding along the top. In twenty 426 00:27:42,400 --> 00:27:45,520 Speaker 1: twenty three, a park supervisor on a climbing trip in 427 00:27:45,600 --> 00:27:50,920 Speaker 1: Itachiaya National Park in Brazil spotted some previously unknown cave art, 428 00:27:51,280 --> 00:27:53,800 Speaker 1: and the find was just announced to the public earlier 429 00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:57,199 Speaker 1: this year. It is still very very early in the 430 00:27:57,240 --> 00:28:00,320 Speaker 1: process of studying this art. It is believed to be 431 00:28:00,320 --> 00:28:03,920 Speaker 1: between two thousand or three thousand years old, but experts 432 00:28:03,960 --> 00:28:07,040 Speaker 1: are not sure about that yet. There's also an ongoing 433 00:28:07,080 --> 00:28:09,719 Speaker 1: search to try to find other cave art in the area, 434 00:28:09,920 --> 00:28:12,680 Speaker 1: since in this part of the world caves and rock 435 00:28:12,720 --> 00:28:16,520 Speaker 1: shelters with artwork are not usually found in isolation, so 436 00:28:16,840 --> 00:28:19,919 Speaker 1: that is very early in the process as well. Hopefully 437 00:28:19,960 --> 00:28:22,520 Speaker 1: it will come up again on a future on Earth. Yeah. 438 00:28:22,520 --> 00:28:26,600 Speaker 1: I just I like that a park supervisor just happened 439 00:28:26,600 --> 00:28:29,120 Speaker 1: to be doing non work things and was like, oh, 440 00:28:29,480 --> 00:28:33,920 Speaker 1: rock art here. Uh, I should tell somebody issue that 441 00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:39,080 Speaker 1: everybody know. Next, renovation work on the plaster facade of 442 00:28:39,080 --> 00:28:42,560 Speaker 1: a building near the Rialto Bridge in Venice has uncovered 443 00:28:42,600 --> 00:28:47,400 Speaker 1: a previously unknown mural that dates back to the sixteenth century. 444 00:28:48,080 --> 00:28:51,520 Speaker 1: These kinds of murals on the exteriors of buildings were 445 00:28:51,760 --> 00:28:55,680 Speaker 1: very common in Venice around this time, but very few 446 00:28:55,720 --> 00:28:59,560 Speaker 1: of them have survived until today because of Venice's high 447 00:28:59,680 --> 00:29:03,760 Speaker 1: humanity levels and very salty air, as well as you know, 448 00:29:03,800 --> 00:29:07,840 Speaker 1: the passage of time other construction and renovation projects that 449 00:29:07,920 --> 00:29:12,880 Speaker 1: destroyed many of them. This mural depicts three allegorical figures 450 00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:16,840 Speaker 1: whose meaning has not been deciphered yet. It's been described 451 00:29:16,880 --> 00:29:20,240 Speaker 1: as an example of lost heritage, but it was also 452 00:29:20,320 --> 00:29:23,360 Speaker 1: in very poor condition when it was found, including fading 453 00:29:23,400 --> 00:29:27,440 Speaker 1: of the colors and pitting of the surface. Conservation work 454 00:29:27,480 --> 00:29:31,440 Speaker 1: has been ongoing, with experts working to identify and recreate 455 00:29:31,480 --> 00:29:37,240 Speaker 1: its original colors and elements. Next, the Bronte Parsonage Museum 456 00:29:37,320 --> 00:29:40,680 Speaker 1: has acquired a painting by Emily Bronte, who was of 457 00:29:40,720 --> 00:29:44,680 Speaker 1: course better known for her novel Weathering Heights. She created 458 00:29:44,680 --> 00:29:47,520 Speaker 1: the painting called The North Wind in eighteen forty two 459 00:29:47,560 --> 00:29:50,200 Speaker 1: while she was studying at a boarding school in Brussels. 460 00:29:50,800 --> 00:29:54,240 Speaker 1: It's based on an engraving from Finden's illustration of the 461 00:29:54,320 --> 00:29:58,040 Speaker 1: Life and Works of Lord Byron. This is a portrait 462 00:29:58,120 --> 00:30:01,240 Speaker 1: depicting a woman with curly brown hair, and that hair 463 00:30:01,320 --> 00:30:04,440 Speaker 1: seems to be flowing in the wind. She similarly has 464 00:30:04,480 --> 00:30:08,520 Speaker 1: a wind blown blue caper on her shoulders. While Emily 465 00:30:08,600 --> 00:30:11,720 Speaker 1: Bronte is known to have taken art lessons while living 466 00:30:11,720 --> 00:30:15,640 Speaker 1: in Brussels, there are many pieces by her surviving today. 467 00:30:16,520 --> 00:30:19,040 Speaker 1: After a bidding war, the museum bought the painting at 468 00:30:19,080 --> 00:30:23,120 Speaker 1: auction for thirty two thousand pounds, thus roughly forty two 469 00:30:23,120 --> 00:30:26,520 Speaker 1: thousand dollars, which was more than ten thousand pounds above 470 00:30:26,600 --> 00:30:29,880 Speaker 1: the pre auction estimates. The painting is going to be 471 00:30:29,960 --> 00:30:34,200 Speaker 1: conserved and then placed on display at the museum. While 472 00:30:34,200 --> 00:30:37,160 Speaker 1: we're on the subject of the Brontes, the birthplace of 473 00:30:37,280 --> 00:30:42,080 Speaker 1: Anne Branwell, Charlotte and Emily in Bradford, England, before the 474 00:30:42,120 --> 00:30:46,000 Speaker 1: family moved to the parsonage, has been restored and opened 475 00:30:46,080 --> 00:30:49,360 Speaker 1: as a public museum, and there is also a plan 476 00:30:49,440 --> 00:30:52,120 Speaker 1: for people to be able to stay there in the 477 00:30:52,160 --> 00:30:56,960 Speaker 1: bedrooms as overnight guests. Are you booking your trip, Well, 478 00:30:57,000 --> 00:30:59,760 Speaker 1: I wanted to, but when I tried to get information 479 00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:02,600 Speaker 1: about when that will actually be possible, I did not 480 00:31:02,800 --> 00:31:08,800 Speaker 1: find a concrete explanation. You just plan ahead it'll be great. 481 00:31:09,360 --> 00:31:12,840 Speaker 1: According to research published in the Journal of Astronomical History 482 00:31:12,840 --> 00:31:16,120 Speaker 1: and Heritage, the Milky Way may be depicted in an 483 00:31:16,200 --> 00:31:19,280 Speaker 1: ancient Egyptian artwork and it may have had some kind 484 00:31:19,280 --> 00:31:23,600 Speaker 1: of connection to the sky goddess Nout. This research examined 485 00:31:23,640 --> 00:31:28,120 Speaker 1: depictions of Newt found on ancient Egyptian coffins. Newt is 486 00:31:28,160 --> 00:31:31,480 Speaker 1: often depicted as a nude woman adorned with stars or 487 00:31:31,560 --> 00:31:34,640 Speaker 1: solar discs arched over the earth god who is her 488 00:31:34,680 --> 00:31:37,520 Speaker 1: brother whose name is either Geb or Jeb. I'm not 489 00:31:37,560 --> 00:31:40,280 Speaker 1: one hundred percent sure, but on one of the coffins, 490 00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:44,400 Speaker 1: Nut's body has an undulating black curve adorned with stars. 491 00:31:45,160 --> 00:31:48,920 Speaker 1: This paper interprets this dark star studded curve as possibly 492 00:31:48,960 --> 00:31:51,960 Speaker 1: representing the Milky Way and the dark band of dust 493 00:31:52,000 --> 00:31:57,600 Speaker 1: around it. And lastly, work done by a London based 494 00:31:57,880 --> 00:32:01,280 Speaker 1: dentist has added a new layer to the interpretation of 495 00:32:01,760 --> 00:32:06,160 Speaker 1: Leonardo da Vinci's famous Vitruvian man. That's the one of 496 00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:09,880 Speaker 1: a nude male figure superimposed with his arms and legs 497 00:32:09,880 --> 00:32:13,720 Speaker 1: in two different positions, situated within a circle and a square. 498 00:32:14,760 --> 00:32:19,520 Speaker 1: This is a representation of idealized body proportions, but Leonardo 499 00:32:19,560 --> 00:32:23,320 Speaker 1: da Vinci didn't explain the ratios behind what he depicted. 500 00:32:23,960 --> 00:32:26,480 Speaker 1: In a paper published in the Journal of Mathematics in 501 00:32:26,520 --> 00:32:30,040 Speaker 1: the Arts, Rory mac sweeney notes that there's an equilateral 502 00:32:30,120 --> 00:32:34,040 Speaker 1: triangle formed by the figure's legs, something that Leonardo also 503 00:32:34,120 --> 00:32:39,160 Speaker 1: referenced in his text. Sweeney connects that triangle to Bonwell's triangle, 504 00:32:39,200 --> 00:32:42,840 Speaker 1: which is a concept from dental and facial anatomy. That's 505 00:32:42,880 --> 00:32:46,400 Speaker 1: an equilateral triangle formed by the mandibular condiles at the 506 00:32:46,400 --> 00:32:50,600 Speaker 1: point where the middle bottom teeth meet. Incorporating this triangle 507 00:32:50,720 --> 00:32:54,360 Speaker 1: into the calculations helped produce a ratio of one point 508 00:32:54,400 --> 00:32:57,719 Speaker 1: sixty four to one point sixty five between the side 509 00:32:57,760 --> 00:33:01,000 Speaker 1: of the square and the radius of the circle. That 510 00:33:01,160 --> 00:33:03,800 Speaker 1: is very close to the number one point sixty three three, 511 00:33:03,880 --> 00:33:07,560 Speaker 1: which is often found in nature, especially in very efficient 512 00:33:07,640 --> 00:33:12,320 Speaker 1: structures like hexagonal close packed crystals. It's also close to 513 00:33:12,480 --> 00:33:17,320 Speaker 1: ratios that are part of the human cranium. Bonwell's triangle 514 00:33:17,600 --> 00:33:21,840 Speaker 1: was described by William Gibson Arlington Bonwell in eighteen sixty four, 515 00:33:22,520 --> 00:33:25,720 Speaker 1: more than three hundred and fifty years after the creation 516 00:33:25,960 --> 00:33:30,280 Speaker 1: of the Vitruvian man. So if there really is a 517 00:33:30,360 --> 00:33:33,960 Speaker 1: connection here, this triangle may be something that Leonardo da 518 00:33:34,040 --> 00:33:38,880 Speaker 1: Vinci observed hundreds of years before it was described by dentists. 519 00:33:39,680 --> 00:33:43,400 Speaker 1: All right, it's time for adult content. So we're closing 520 00:33:43,440 --> 00:33:46,320 Speaker 1: out part one of Unearthed with what Tracy is calling 521 00:33:46,360 --> 00:33:49,720 Speaker 1: adult content, meaning a little more risque than the beer 522 00:33:49,720 --> 00:33:52,360 Speaker 1: and wine finds that we often talk about on on Earth. 523 00:33:52,480 --> 00:33:55,400 Speaker 1: So if you listen with younger folks, this might be 524 00:33:55,440 --> 00:33:58,760 Speaker 1: something to prescreen. And as Tracy mentioned at the top, 525 00:33:59,320 --> 00:34:01,320 Speaker 1: going at the end of the episodes, so you could 526 00:34:01,360 --> 00:34:05,400 Speaker 1: just stop it right here if you want. First. Researchers 527 00:34:05,440 --> 00:34:08,480 Speaker 1: from the University of Florida have published work in the 528 00:34:08,520 --> 00:34:12,360 Speaker 1: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences that suggest that 529 00:34:12,440 --> 00:34:16,680 Speaker 1: an ancient civilization in the Andes Mountains in Peru, dating 530 00:34:16,760 --> 00:34:20,200 Speaker 1: back about two thousand years before the Inca Empire, used 531 00:34:20,239 --> 00:34:24,839 Speaker 1: hallucinogens to help maintain the social order. This conclusion came 532 00:34:24,840 --> 00:34:27,280 Speaker 1: from the study of tubes that were made from hollow 533 00:34:27,400 --> 00:34:31,960 Speaker 1: bones and were found at a prehistoric ceremonial site. Analysis 534 00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:35,560 Speaker 1: of the interiors of these tubes found traces of nicotine, 535 00:34:35,600 --> 00:34:38,480 Speaker 1: which of course would have come from a wild relative 536 00:34:38,600 --> 00:34:42,160 Speaker 1: of tobacco and vilcabine. Residue, which is a source of 537 00:34:42,200 --> 00:34:47,480 Speaker 1: the hallucinogen DMT. These tubes were found in private rooms 538 00:34:47,520 --> 00:34:49,960 Speaker 1: that would have held only a few people at a time. 539 00:34:50,719 --> 00:34:54,480 Speaker 1: In the words of study co author Daniel Contreras, quote, 540 00:34:54,520 --> 00:34:58,320 Speaker 1: taking psychoactives was not just about seeing visions. It was 541 00:34:58,400 --> 00:35:01,440 Speaker 1: part of a tightly controlled rich uu, likely reserved for 542 00:35:01,480 --> 00:35:07,720 Speaker 1: a select few, reinforcing the social hierarchy. Next, researchers working 543 00:35:07,760 --> 00:35:10,760 Speaker 1: with the Bayu tapestry have been trying to determine whether 544 00:35:10,800 --> 00:35:14,200 Speaker 1: there is a greater meaning behind the penises depicted on 545 00:35:14,320 --> 00:35:19,040 Speaker 1: the embroidery. According to George Garnett, a professor of medieval 546 00:35:19,120 --> 00:35:22,840 Speaker 1: history at Oxford University, there are ninety three penises on 547 00:35:22,960 --> 00:35:26,080 Speaker 1: the embroidery, and eighty eight of them belong to horses 548 00:35:26,120 --> 00:35:30,600 Speaker 1: and five to human men. Three of the horse penises 549 00:35:30,680 --> 00:35:34,279 Speaker 1: are larger than all the rest, one belonging to the 550 00:35:34,360 --> 00:35:37,799 Speaker 1: horse of Duke William aka William the Conqueror, which is 551 00:35:37,840 --> 00:35:42,080 Speaker 1: the biggest. The horse of Harold Godwinson, the Anglo Saxon 552 00:35:42,160 --> 00:35:45,279 Speaker 1: king of England, has the next largest penis, and then 553 00:35:45,320 --> 00:35:48,880 Speaker 1: the horse of Odo of Bayu, William's half brother, is 554 00:35:48,960 --> 00:35:52,560 Speaker 1: the third largest. The condition is that the size of 555 00:35:52,600 --> 00:35:55,279 Speaker 1: the penises of these horses is an indicator of these 556 00:35:55,320 --> 00:36:00,279 Speaker 1: three men's relative importance. The human genitilia is shown in 557 00:36:00,360 --> 00:36:04,399 Speaker 1: figures along the embroidery's border, and all of them are 558 00:36:04,400 --> 00:36:08,040 Speaker 1: on men who are engaged in sexual activity, and it's 559 00:36:08,080 --> 00:36:11,680 Speaker 1: all activity that would have been seen as shameful or taboo. 560 00:36:12,480 --> 00:36:16,040 Speaker 1: Garnett has connected these depictions to stories and fables that 561 00:36:16,080 --> 00:36:20,960 Speaker 1: are all about deceit, betrayal, and shame. His conclusion is 562 00:36:20,960 --> 00:36:23,880 Speaker 1: that there's something of a code meant to suggest that 563 00:36:23,920 --> 00:36:26,640 Speaker 1: the historical events being illustrated in the rest of the 564 00:36:26,680 --> 00:36:32,239 Speaker 1: tapestry are suspect. That means the tapestry likely wasn't commissioned 565 00:36:32,239 --> 00:36:35,439 Speaker 1: by Odo of Bayeux, often cited as the most likely 566 00:36:35,480 --> 00:36:39,080 Speaker 1: person to have commissioned the embroidery, because Odo would not 567 00:36:39,239 --> 00:36:42,160 Speaker 1: have wanted those elements of shame and deceit to be 568 00:36:42,200 --> 00:36:45,560 Speaker 1: a part of it. Past hosts put on an episode 569 00:36:45,640 --> 00:36:48,600 Speaker 1: on this tapestry, which again is really an embroidery, on 570 00:36:48,719 --> 00:36:52,120 Speaker 1: July twenty seventh, twenty eleven, and it has made several 571 00:36:52,160 --> 00:36:55,800 Speaker 1: appearances on Unearthed. I think this is the first time 572 00:36:55,920 --> 00:36:59,520 Speaker 1: we have talked about any penises on there. I feel 573 00:36:59,520 --> 00:37:02,840 Speaker 1: like it's name checked a lot in historical talk, and 574 00:37:02,920 --> 00:37:05,719 Speaker 1: there is not very frequently a mention of any of 575 00:37:05,719 --> 00:37:09,840 Speaker 1: the the more adult parts of it. Yeah. This, I 576 00:37:09,880 --> 00:37:11,640 Speaker 1: don't remember if it was the paper or if it 577 00:37:11,680 --> 00:37:14,279 Speaker 1: was like interviews related to the paper, but it was 578 00:37:14,360 --> 00:37:17,479 Speaker 1: pointed out that most of the discussion has been more 579 00:37:17,560 --> 00:37:24,160 Speaker 1: about how later people working with this textile like tried 580 00:37:24,239 --> 00:37:28,560 Speaker 1: to minimize the size of them to be a little 581 00:37:28,560 --> 00:37:33,759 Speaker 1: more discreet. I love it. Moving on. Back in the 582 00:37:33,840 --> 00:37:38,120 Speaker 1: nineteen nineties, excavations ahead of a construction project unearthed a 583 00:37:38,280 --> 00:37:43,040 Speaker 1: fourteenth century brothel in Belgium. During this work, a burial 584 00:37:43,080 --> 00:37:46,319 Speaker 1: site was also uncovered, one of a baby about three 585 00:37:46,360 --> 00:37:51,200 Speaker 1: months old. This raised questions of whether this baby might 586 00:37:51,239 --> 00:37:54,920 Speaker 1: have been the victim of infanticide, but recent analysis of 587 00:37:54,960 --> 00:37:58,080 Speaker 1: this has come to a different conclusion that the baby 588 00:37:58,200 --> 00:38:01,040 Speaker 1: had been well nourished and well care for during its 589 00:38:01,080 --> 00:38:05,279 Speaker 1: short life, including probably being breastfed, and that it likely 590 00:38:05,320 --> 00:38:09,319 Speaker 1: died of a disease. Researchers did not find evidence of 591 00:38:09,360 --> 00:38:12,319 Speaker 1: a number of bacterial illnesses, so it's possible that the 592 00:38:12,360 --> 00:38:16,600 Speaker 1: cause of death was viral. It's not entirely clear why 593 00:38:16,640 --> 00:38:19,799 Speaker 1: this baby wasn't buried in a cemetery, but there is 594 00:38:19,840 --> 00:38:23,279 Speaker 1: some speculation that his mother just wanted him nearby, so 595 00:38:23,360 --> 00:38:25,680 Speaker 1: she buried him near the hearth where he would be 596 00:38:25,719 --> 00:38:29,319 Speaker 1: warm and safe. This also suggests that at least some 597 00:38:29,440 --> 00:38:32,200 Speaker 1: women doing sex work were able to keep their own 598 00:38:32,280 --> 00:38:35,480 Speaker 1: children nearby and to care for them in their infancy. 599 00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:40,960 Speaker 1: And lastly, for today's episode, in November of last year, 600 00:38:41,280 --> 00:38:45,399 Speaker 1: curators at the Reichs Museum acquired a nineteenth century condom, 601 00:38:46,000 --> 00:38:48,840 Speaker 1: likely made from a sheep's appendix and decorated with a 602 00:38:49,000 --> 00:38:53,000 Speaker 1: very body image that some people would also interpret as 603 00:38:53,640 --> 00:38:57,600 Speaker 1: sacrilegious since it involves a nun and male clergy in 604 00:38:57,680 --> 00:39:02,920 Speaker 1: a sexual situation. Condom might have been a souvenir condom 605 00:39:02,920 --> 00:39:06,719 Speaker 1: from a brothel. This was the first condom to ever 606 00:39:06,800 --> 00:39:10,080 Speaker 1: become part of the Reichs Museum collection. There was actually 607 00:39:10,160 --> 00:39:14,319 Speaker 1: no way to catalog a condom into the collection before this, 608 00:39:15,040 --> 00:39:18,160 Speaker 1: and it became part of an exhibit on nineteenth century 609 00:39:18,200 --> 00:39:21,680 Speaker 1: sex work called Safe Sex, which started earlier this year. 610 00:39:22,719 --> 00:39:27,360 Speaker 1: This led the Catholic foundation Civitas Christiana to protest outside 611 00:39:27,360 --> 00:39:30,279 Speaker 1: the museum and to start a petition to have the 612 00:39:30,360 --> 00:39:35,880 Speaker 1: condom removed. We will have more unearthed on Wednesday. Do 613 00:39:35,920 --> 00:39:39,280 Speaker 1: you have listener mail today? I do, I have listener mail. 614 00:39:39,360 --> 00:39:43,680 Speaker 1: I did not intentionally look for an episode about national 615 00:39:43,680 --> 00:39:47,240 Speaker 1: parks after our conversation about national parks at the beginning 616 00:39:47,239 --> 00:39:49,120 Speaker 1: of the episode, but that's kind of where we are 617 00:39:49,640 --> 00:39:54,719 Speaker 1: in the catching up on listener email, and it's you know, 618 00:39:54,960 --> 00:39:58,520 Speaker 1: makes it particularly relevant. So this is from Sarah. Sarah wrote, 619 00:39:58,560 --> 00:40:02,760 Speaker 1: High Ladies, writing to U from the Big Meadows Lodge 620 00:40:02,840 --> 00:40:06,719 Speaker 1: at Shenandoah National Park. While I've loved every podcasting release 621 00:40:06,760 --> 00:40:09,680 Speaker 1: since I started listening ten plus years ago, your recent 622 00:40:09,760 --> 00:40:13,960 Speaker 1: episode on Skyline Drive and Shenandoah was particularly timely, as 623 00:40:13,960 --> 00:40:16,560 Speaker 1: my husband took me here for my grad school graduation 624 00:40:16,680 --> 00:40:19,440 Speaker 1: present and we saved the episode for our drive in. 625 00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:23,640 Speaker 1: Given the complicated history of the park's founding you shared, 626 00:40:23,760 --> 00:40:26,680 Speaker 1: I was very interested to see how the park would 627 00:40:26,680 --> 00:40:30,080 Speaker 1: tell its own story. I am pleased to report that 628 00:40:30,160 --> 00:40:34,800 Speaker 1: the visitors center we frequented does not disappoint. There exhibits 629 00:40:34,800 --> 00:40:38,720 Speaker 1: are transparent about eminent domain forcing people out of their homes, 630 00:40:39,040 --> 00:40:41,759 Speaker 1: the racial segregation in the park's early years, and the 631 00:40:41,800 --> 00:40:45,360 Speaker 1: current challenges to the local ecosystems wrought by pollution and 632 00:40:45,400 --> 00:40:49,359 Speaker 1: climate change. I also spoke with a lovely ranger who 633 00:40:49,400 --> 00:40:53,000 Speaker 1: told me about the one hundred plus cemeteries throughout Shenandoah, 634 00:40:53,320 --> 00:40:56,120 Speaker 1: many of which are overgrown and inactive. Is that the 635 00:40:56,200 --> 00:41:00,480 Speaker 1: right word dormant? Retired? But others still have family members 636 00:41:00,480 --> 00:41:03,080 Speaker 1: and the valleys who visit frequently and even plans to 637 00:41:03,120 --> 00:41:06,560 Speaker 1: be buried there themselves. Learning their stories and those of 638 00:41:06,600 --> 00:41:09,799 Speaker 1: the indigenous peoples here has been a valuable reminder that 639 00:41:09,840 --> 00:41:12,960 Speaker 1: these parks have their own histories for many people and 640 00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:16,320 Speaker 1: cultures that are far deeper than my own little national 641 00:41:16,360 --> 00:41:20,640 Speaker 1: park's passport stamp. Finally, the ranger told me how his 642 00:41:20,920 --> 00:41:24,640 Speaker 1: own home in Alabama has been seized by eminent domain 643 00:41:24,719 --> 00:41:27,200 Speaker 1: for a highway when he was a teenager, and he 644 00:41:27,280 --> 00:41:29,759 Speaker 1: used his grandparents' address to be able to attend the 645 00:41:29,800 --> 00:41:32,440 Speaker 1: final two years at the school heat attendant since he 646 00:41:32,520 --> 00:41:36,160 Speaker 1: was a child. Ironically, his grandfather had participated in the 647 00:41:36,200 --> 00:41:39,960 Speaker 1: Civilian Conservation Corps as a young man. I wonder if 648 00:41:40,000 --> 00:41:43,279 Speaker 1: a history of Eminent domain might perhaps be one for 649 00:41:43,320 --> 00:41:47,440 Speaker 1: the episode ideas list. Thank you for ali Do, and 650 00:41:47,520 --> 00:41:51,640 Speaker 1: I especially appreciate how you have contextualized your episodes recently 651 00:41:51,680 --> 00:41:55,360 Speaker 1: with current events, making each that much more relevant to 652 00:41:55,400 --> 00:41:58,480 Speaker 1: our everyday lives. In lieu of my own sweet kitty 653 00:41:58,680 --> 00:42:01,880 Speaker 1: as pet tax, pleasease enjoy the attached shot of some 654 00:42:02,040 --> 00:42:07,520 Speaker 1: of the residents at Pittsburgh Squealers, a pig rescue and 655 00:42:07,719 --> 00:42:13,760 Speaker 1: rehabilitation center near us in the Pittsburgh area. They enjoyed 656 00:42:13,880 --> 00:42:16,960 Speaker 1: so many pets during our recent group visit, even as 657 00:42:17,000 --> 00:42:21,920 Speaker 1: they mistook our fingers for carrots. Cheers, Sarah. PS. We 658 00:42:22,040 --> 00:42:24,440 Speaker 1: also replayed your episode on John Brown's Raid on this 659 00:42:24,520 --> 00:42:26,839 Speaker 1: trip as we stopped at Harper's Ferry on our drive 660 00:42:26,880 --> 00:42:30,319 Speaker 1: to Shenandoah. Thank you for helping us appreciate the complexities 661 00:42:30,360 --> 00:42:32,840 Speaker 1: of that site before we even got out of the car. 662 00:42:33,719 --> 00:42:40,600 Speaker 1: Oh my goodness, Peace. Two pigs, A black pig and 663 00:42:40,680 --> 00:42:45,200 Speaker 1: a white pig more like gray maybe. Uh boy, do 664 00:42:45,320 --> 00:42:52,920 Speaker 1: they look excited to be greeting visitors. Pittsburgh Squealers. What 665 00:42:53,000 --> 00:42:56,799 Speaker 1: a great name, Pig Rescue and Rehabilitation Center, What a 666 00:42:57,000 --> 00:43:02,359 Speaker 1: great thing to have. These pigs look fairly small. If 667 00:43:02,400 --> 00:43:04,040 Speaker 1: I had to guess, I would think that they might 668 00:43:04,080 --> 00:43:07,760 Speaker 1: be that like pet pigs, not farm pigs that people 669 00:43:07,840 --> 00:43:12,960 Speaker 1: maybe got and found that they could not adequately deal with. 670 00:43:13,040 --> 00:43:19,399 Speaker 1: That is just my guess lois still maybe so they're 671 00:43:19,480 --> 00:43:24,279 Speaker 1: littl they're relatively speaking, they're about knee high. I would 672 00:43:24,360 --> 00:43:28,560 Speaker 1: like to see one eating a plate of spaghetti, maybe 673 00:43:28,560 --> 00:43:33,960 Speaker 1: wearing a tiny hat. Thank you so much for this email, Sarah. 674 00:43:34,320 --> 00:43:38,040 Speaker 1: Uh fortuitous that it happened to align with another discussion 675 00:43:38,160 --> 00:43:41,520 Speaker 1: of the National Park Service at the top of this episode. 676 00:43:42,080 --> 00:43:45,480 Speaker 1: That pair of episodes about Skyline Drive and Shenandoah and 677 00:43:45,520 --> 00:43:47,480 Speaker 1: then the Blue Ridge Parkway were kind of a love 678 00:43:47,560 --> 00:43:50,040 Speaker 1: letter to the National Park Service. I might have said 679 00:43:50,040 --> 00:43:54,400 Speaker 1: that already while also trying to acknowledge the more complicated 680 00:43:54,440 --> 00:43:58,439 Speaker 1: parts of their history. I don't know if we could 681 00:43:58,480 --> 00:44:00,759 Speaker 1: do a history of eminent domain because I have not 682 00:44:00,880 --> 00:44:04,600 Speaker 1: really thought about whether that would be like a local 683 00:44:04,640 --> 00:44:08,080 Speaker 1: to the US episode or like a more global episode. 684 00:44:08,120 --> 00:44:12,520 Speaker 1: I don't actually know how eminent domain works in other places, 685 00:44:12,640 --> 00:44:15,200 Speaker 1: or if it does work in other places. I also, though, 686 00:44:15,239 --> 00:44:18,400 Speaker 1: have had a family member who was part of an 687 00:44:18,440 --> 00:44:22,200 Speaker 1: eminent domain dispute involving the widening of a road. There 688 00:44:22,239 --> 00:44:24,760 Speaker 1: are a lot of things that exist in the United 689 00:44:24,760 --> 00:44:30,560 Speaker 1: States because of eminent domain, including a lot a lot 690 00:44:30,560 --> 00:44:34,680 Speaker 1: of parks and roads just as examples. So thank you again. 691 00:44:34,840 --> 00:44:37,759 Speaker 1: Sarah for this email. I hope your trip was great, man. 692 00:44:37,840 --> 00:44:39,800 Speaker 1: I hope you get to just love on these pigs 693 00:44:39,800 --> 00:44:42,719 Speaker 1: as often as you want. If you'd like to send 694 00:44:42,800 --> 00:44:45,160 Speaker 1: us some notes about this or any other podcasts for 695 00:44:45,280 --> 00:44:49,279 Speaker 1: a history podcast at iHeartRadio dot com, and you can 696 00:44:49,440 --> 00:44:52,880 Speaker 1: subscribe to the show on the iHeartRadio app and anywhere 697 00:44:52,920 --> 00:45:01,239 Speaker 1: else you like to get your podcasts. Stuff you Missed 698 00:45:01,239 --> 00:45:04,399 Speaker 1: in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more 699 00:45:04,440 --> 00:45:08,800 Speaker 1: podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or 700 00:45:08,840 --> 00:45:12,800 Speaker 1: wherever you listen to your favorite shows.