1 00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: This episode features some sensitive material about sexual coercion and 2 00:00:04,360 --> 00:00:09,400 Speaker 1: exploitation that may be uncomfortable for some listener. Discretion is advised. 3 00:00:18,280 --> 00:00:22,480 Speaker 1: She was tiny, she was captivating, and she was also very, 4 00:00:22,600 --> 00:00:26,080 Speaker 1: very old. When Johann Vernon plucked her from the Danube 5 00:00:26,120 --> 00:00:28,960 Speaker 1: River soil near the village of villen Dorf in Austria, 6 00:00:29,160 --> 00:00:33,040 Speaker 1: he knew that she was something special. Standing at four 7 00:00:33,080 --> 00:00:35,400 Speaker 1: and a half inches tall, he held her in the 8 00:00:35,440 --> 00:00:38,199 Speaker 1: palm of his hand. She had a ruddy tint to 9 00:00:38,280 --> 00:00:41,879 Speaker 1: her braided hair and a big belly. At tens of 10 00:00:41,880 --> 00:00:44,680 Speaker 1: thousands of years old, she became one of the oldest 11 00:00:44,800 --> 00:00:49,559 Speaker 1: known Paleolithic artifacts, and she's not alone. In fact, she's 12 00:00:49,600 --> 00:00:52,960 Speaker 1: one of dozens of similar figurines that archaeologists have found. 13 00:00:53,600 --> 00:00:58,560 Speaker 1: But who was she really Maybe she was modeled after 14 00:00:58,600 --> 00:01:01,520 Speaker 1: a living woman. Maybe she was a self portrait of 15 00:01:01,520 --> 00:01:05,080 Speaker 1: the artist. Some have even suggested that her wide hips 16 00:01:05,120 --> 00:01:08,640 Speaker 1: and large breasts suggest that she was a fertility fetish. 17 00:01:08,840 --> 00:01:11,520 Speaker 1: It's hard to say. We can never really know. The 18 00:01:11,560 --> 00:01:16,120 Speaker 1: truth is. The archaeology is a discipline of best guesses. 19 00:01:16,520 --> 00:01:19,679 Speaker 1: It has long been the purview of dominating cultures, who 20 00:01:19,720 --> 00:01:23,479 Speaker 1: throughout history have taken their shovels, their dynamite and their 21 00:01:23,520 --> 00:01:27,679 Speaker 1: packing crates, and helped themselves to whatever they wanted. This 22 00:01:27,760 --> 00:01:30,920 Speaker 1: means that the interpretations of the objects and the stories 23 00:01:31,000 --> 00:01:35,080 Speaker 1: we tell about them are always filtered through a contemporary lens. 24 00:01:35,120 --> 00:01:38,399 Speaker 1: So when archaeologists looked at this pint sized woman, they 25 00:01:38,440 --> 00:01:41,600 Speaker 1: just couldn't help but project their ideas and beliefs about 26 00:01:41,600 --> 00:01:45,039 Speaker 1: sexuality and beauty onto her. They gave her a name, 27 00:01:45,560 --> 00:01:49,360 Speaker 1: the Venus of Willendorff, and that name Venus is a 28 00:01:49,480 --> 00:01:53,320 Speaker 1: very specific choice. It was meant to evoke a particular image, 29 00:01:53,560 --> 00:01:56,680 Speaker 1: the goddess of beauty and the white marble bodies so 30 00:01:56,800 --> 00:02:01,040 Speaker 1: favored by the Greco, Roman, Elite and Renaissance painters. But 31 00:02:01,120 --> 00:02:05,760 Speaker 1: our Venus, tiny, red and round, stands in stark relief 32 00:02:05,800 --> 00:02:09,440 Speaker 1: to this more contemporary Western idea of beauty. They are 33 00:02:09,600 --> 00:02:13,359 Speaker 1: total opposites. We have to wonder what the archaeologists were 34 00:02:13,400 --> 00:02:18,280 Speaker 1: hinting at. Because names hold power. They change how we see, 35 00:02:18,840 --> 00:02:24,239 Speaker 1: They create our reality, and sometimes our name is something 36 00:02:24,280 --> 00:02:29,880 Speaker 1: we don't get to choose for ourselves. I'm Aaron Manky, 37 00:02:30,240 --> 00:02:43,440 Speaker 1: and welcome to this side show. Sarki Bartman looked back 38 00:02:43,440 --> 00:02:46,959 Speaker 1: towards table mountain and thought of home. She had lived 39 00:02:46,960 --> 00:02:50,160 Speaker 1: in Cape Town for a decade. By ten it had 40 00:02:50,200 --> 00:02:53,040 Speaker 1: become a booming city, situated at the meeting of two 41 00:02:53,120 --> 00:02:57,799 Speaker 1: different oceans, and for her two different lives. She never 42 00:02:57,840 --> 00:03:00,840 Speaker 1: had much time to herself. Her life as domestic servant 43 00:03:00,919 --> 00:03:04,040 Speaker 1: kept her busy, but her personal life was rich. She 44 00:03:04,080 --> 00:03:08,720 Speaker 1: spoke multiple languages, frequented taverns, laughed with friends, and fell 45 00:03:08,760 --> 00:03:12,920 Speaker 1: in love. Standing on the boat's deck, Sarky took a 46 00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:16,400 Speaker 1: moment to daydream. She touched the tortoise shell necklace around 47 00:03:16,400 --> 00:03:18,920 Speaker 1: her neck, and she closed her eyes. She thought of 48 00:03:18,919 --> 00:03:21,800 Speaker 1: the storms barreling in off the eastern coast, and of 49 00:03:21,880 --> 00:03:25,600 Speaker 1: her handsome father high on horseback. She pictured the faces 50 00:03:25,680 --> 00:03:28,680 Speaker 1: of her family, her friends, all of whose land had 51 00:03:28,720 --> 00:03:33,000 Speaker 1: been encroached upon, fought over, and stolen. The Dutch had 52 00:03:33,040 --> 00:03:38,040 Speaker 1: been greedy, they had wanted everything. She pictured the chaos 53 00:03:38,120 --> 00:03:42,080 Speaker 1: of the colonial frontier, the traders, the missionaries, the farmers, 54 00:03:42,160 --> 00:03:45,760 Speaker 1: the dissidents, the scientists, and the explorers. She thought about 55 00:03:45,760 --> 00:03:48,600 Speaker 1: the gun smoke that lingered over the valleys, and about 56 00:03:48,600 --> 00:03:51,600 Speaker 1: the bloody raids on her home. And then one day, 57 00:03:51,720 --> 00:03:54,720 Speaker 1: amidst all of this, something happened that would forever change 58 00:03:54,760 --> 00:03:57,680 Speaker 1: the course of her life. She met a trader named 59 00:03:57,680 --> 00:04:02,480 Speaker 1: Peter Caesar's and he decided that she would join him. 60 00:04:02,600 --> 00:04:05,920 Speaker 1: Sarki was probably purchased from the Dutch landholders she worked for. 61 00:04:06,400 --> 00:04:09,400 Speaker 1: Slavery was common in the colonies, although it was against 62 00:04:09,400 --> 00:04:12,920 Speaker 1: the rules to enslave indigenous people. If Sarki was ever 63 00:04:12,960 --> 00:04:17,000 Speaker 1: compensated for her labor, though, that's an unanswered question. She 64 00:04:17,080 --> 00:04:19,680 Speaker 1: thought about the bleached human bones that she passed on 65 00:04:19,720 --> 00:04:22,880 Speaker 1: her five hundred mile trek with Peter toward the colonial capital. 66 00:04:23,400 --> 00:04:26,799 Speaker 1: They belonged to her neighbors in Cape Town. She moved 67 00:04:26,839 --> 00:04:30,240 Speaker 1: from house to house, taking jobs in Peter's small network. 68 00:04:30,680 --> 00:04:33,000 Speaker 1: She was installed in the home of his brother Henrik, 69 00:04:33,279 --> 00:04:36,440 Speaker 1: his wife Anna Catherine, and their baby, all of whom 70 00:04:36,520 --> 00:04:39,440 Speaker 1: worked for a fellow by the name of Alexander Dunlop. 71 00:04:40,200 --> 00:04:43,000 Speaker 1: Alexander was a crusty fifty one year old surgeon at 72 00:04:43,000 --> 00:04:46,200 Speaker 1: a local hospital. He had once traveled the world, but 73 00:04:46,279 --> 00:04:48,760 Speaker 1: today he had a problem. You see, this was the 74 00:04:48,880 --> 00:04:50,960 Speaker 1: end of the line for him and he knew it. 75 00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:56,240 Speaker 1: Retirement was looming and with it imminent poverty. He was 76 00:04:56,279 --> 00:04:59,080 Speaker 1: on the lookout for another way to make money. Another 77 00:04:59,320 --> 00:05:02,479 Speaker 1: hustle if you will, and when he met Sarkee, his 78 00:05:02,560 --> 00:05:06,599 Speaker 1: gears turned as an idea took shape. In that moment, rich, 79 00:05:06,720 --> 00:05:11,760 Speaker 1: powerful countries were growing hungrier for foreign treasures they pillaged, plundered, 80 00:05:11,880 --> 00:05:14,960 Speaker 1: and hoarded, and the general public wanted to see the 81 00:05:15,000 --> 00:05:18,400 Speaker 1: fruits of their conquests and to visit museum's chock full 82 00:05:18,480 --> 00:05:22,200 Speaker 1: of exotic wonders. And sometimes those wonders came in the 83 00:05:22,240 --> 00:05:26,720 Speaker 1: form of people. England's newly acquired Cape Colony was an 84 00:05:26,760 --> 00:05:31,600 Speaker 1: object of much European fascination, and in Alexander's mind, Sarkee 85 00:05:31,640 --> 00:05:35,159 Speaker 1: morphed into a living, breathing artifact in Cape Town. The 86 00:05:35,200 --> 00:05:37,760 Speaker 1: tiny woman looked much like other members of her tribe, 87 00:05:38,040 --> 00:05:40,960 Speaker 1: dubbed the hotten Tots, which was a Dutch slur that 88 00:05:41,040 --> 00:05:45,080 Speaker 1: meant to stammer. But in London she would be an anomaly. 89 00:05:45,960 --> 00:05:48,440 Speaker 1: You see. By the end of the eighteenth century, European 90 00:05:48,480 --> 00:05:53,080 Speaker 1: scientists had become fascinated with her people Careless Linnaeus, famous 91 00:05:53,080 --> 00:05:56,880 Speaker 1: for his system of scientific classifications of genus and species, 92 00:05:57,160 --> 00:06:01,920 Speaker 1: had categorized Sarkee's clan as Homo say Beans monstrous. According 93 00:06:01,920 --> 00:06:05,040 Speaker 1: to him, her tribe, with their clicking language and striking 94 00:06:05,080 --> 00:06:09,080 Speaker 1: physical features might be closer to animals than humans, the 95 00:06:09,120 --> 00:06:13,200 Speaker 1: missing link, he suggested. Alexander wanted to take this idea 96 00:06:13,240 --> 00:06:15,599 Speaker 1: and run with it. He wanted to make Sarky a 97 00:06:15,680 --> 00:06:19,320 Speaker 1: star and make himself money, so he spun up a 98 00:06:19,320 --> 00:06:22,080 Speaker 1: deal with Henrik and sark They would go on tour 99 00:06:22,160 --> 00:06:25,559 Speaker 1: to England for six years and split the profits along 100 00:06:25,600 --> 00:06:29,120 Speaker 1: the way. Now we don't know if Sarkey had any 101 00:06:29,160 --> 00:06:31,080 Speaker 1: say in the matter, but we can hope that this 102 00:06:31,120 --> 00:06:34,400 Speaker 1: new endeavor felt promising to her, although certainly not without 103 00:06:34,400 --> 00:06:38,359 Speaker 1: a complicated power dynamic. She wasn't free, but she knew 104 00:06:38,400 --> 00:06:41,960 Speaker 1: that she was freer than some, and with that they 105 00:06:42,000 --> 00:06:44,800 Speaker 1: had a verbal agreement. The group would set sail in 106 00:06:44,880 --> 00:06:49,480 Speaker 1: April of eighteen ten. The cold salt spray shook her 107 00:06:49,560 --> 00:06:52,680 Speaker 1: from her day dream. The boat rocked beneath her, her 108 00:06:52,720 --> 00:06:56,200 Speaker 1: sea legs held on table mountain. Now a mere speck 109 00:06:56,320 --> 00:06:59,800 Speaker 1: in the distance was gone, dodging a tangle of sales 110 00:06:59,839 --> 00:07:02,599 Speaker 1: and ropes. We can imagine her stretching out over the 111 00:07:02,640 --> 00:07:05,000 Speaker 1: side of the ship and trying to catch a glimpse 112 00:07:05,040 --> 00:07:08,479 Speaker 1: of what may lie ahead. Just out of you. She 113 00:07:08,560 --> 00:07:11,680 Speaker 1: had left her home and poison arrived in Cape Town 114 00:07:11,720 --> 00:07:14,280 Speaker 1: as a hot and tot and was leaving Cape Town 115 00:07:14,360 --> 00:07:18,560 Speaker 1: as Sarkey. But soon she would be something else. Entirely, 116 00:07:19,520 --> 00:07:35,320 Speaker 1: she would become the venus. Sarky could hear the crowd 117 00:07:35,400 --> 00:07:39,200 Speaker 1: murmuring from her place behind the curtains. This, she told herself, 118 00:07:39,600 --> 00:07:42,320 Speaker 1: is what she came for. A pipe clenched between her 119 00:07:42,360 --> 00:07:45,280 Speaker 1: teeth and her head held high. She pulled her shoulders 120 00:07:45,320 --> 00:07:48,280 Speaker 1: back and stepped onto stage, a platform in front of 121 00:07:48,280 --> 00:07:51,880 Speaker 1: a glass hut, and then she struck a pose. It 122 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:55,960 Speaker 1: was September and the first day of the rest of 123 00:07:55,960 --> 00:07:59,800 Speaker 1: her life. She was illuminated by oil lamps and looked 124 00:07:59,800 --> 00:08:03,440 Speaker 1: like a golden goddess. She was draped in furs, beads, 125 00:08:03,520 --> 00:08:07,000 Speaker 1: and feathers, a pint sized show girl dressed to the nines. 126 00:08:07,360 --> 00:08:09,960 Speaker 1: Looking down from her stage, she met the audience with 127 00:08:10,000 --> 00:08:13,679 Speaker 1: her firm stare. Some of them gocked, some of them winced. 128 00:08:14,800 --> 00:08:17,520 Speaker 1: The crowd today had come to watch Sarkee pose, sing, 129 00:08:17,640 --> 00:08:20,720 Speaker 1: and play her guitar. The room was packed with men 130 00:08:20,720 --> 00:08:25,000 Speaker 1: in top hats and ladies with folded parasols. Human curiosities 131 00:08:25,000 --> 00:08:27,880 Speaker 1: had become all the rage, and at two shillings ahead, 132 00:08:28,240 --> 00:08:30,520 Speaker 1: the price to come see. Sarkey was well within the 133 00:08:30,520 --> 00:08:34,000 Speaker 1: means of many city dwellers, and after all, she was 134 00:08:34,040 --> 00:08:38,720 Speaker 1: the newest show in town. Piccadilly Circus was London's entertainment 135 00:08:38,720 --> 00:08:41,440 Speaker 1: district at the time. It was known for a cultural 136 00:08:41,559 --> 00:08:46,000 Speaker 1: slurry of science and showmanship. Entertainers doled out their latest acts, 137 00:08:46,000 --> 00:08:50,600 Speaker 1: while scientists and explorers enthusiastically shared their new discoveries. The 138 00:08:50,679 --> 00:08:54,240 Speaker 1: general public didn't really care or know how to differentiate. 139 00:08:54,640 --> 00:08:59,360 Speaker 1: They just came to be entertained. Alexander had dubbed Sarkey 140 00:08:59,520 --> 00:09:02,160 Speaker 1: the Hot and Taught venus the moniker, of course, being 141 00:09:02,160 --> 00:09:06,439 Speaker 1: a reference to her figure. It denoted an explicit contradictory 142 00:09:06,480 --> 00:09:11,000 Speaker 1: mixture of the savage ironic and the civilized beauty. Sure 143 00:09:11,240 --> 00:09:15,000 Speaker 1: Londoners had seen Hot and Taught visitors before, but Alexander 144 00:09:15,040 --> 00:09:18,000 Speaker 1: and Henrick were selling dreams of a natural wonder, a 145 00:09:18,000 --> 00:09:21,080 Speaker 1: whole new species. They were playing to the imagination of 146 00:09:21,080 --> 00:09:25,760 Speaker 1: the lowest common denominator. The audience was teased and tantalized. 147 00:09:26,240 --> 00:09:30,679 Speaker 1: What an impeccable specimen, they thought, What an extraordinary body, 148 00:09:30,720 --> 00:09:33,440 Speaker 1: and they whispered? Were the rumors about the size and 149 00:09:33,559 --> 00:09:37,240 Speaker 1: shape of Hot and Taught Genitalia true. Her slick body 150 00:09:37,280 --> 00:09:41,840 Speaker 1: stocking and strategically placed for pelts insinuated that it might be, 151 00:09:42,760 --> 00:09:46,480 Speaker 1: and their plan worked. London descended into a fever pitch. 152 00:09:46,880 --> 00:09:49,240 Speaker 1: The city loved her, and soon she went from being 153 00:09:49,280 --> 00:09:54,760 Speaker 1: an unprotected, undocumented immigrant to a society darling seemingly overnight, 154 00:09:55,000 --> 00:09:58,480 Speaker 1: the city was plastered with posters, cartoons of her, appeared 155 00:09:58,520 --> 00:10:03,360 Speaker 1: in print papers, and published poetry about her. On briskfall 156 00:10:03,440 --> 00:10:06,920 Speaker 1: Sunday afternoons, she began taking long carriage rides around the 157 00:10:06,960 --> 00:10:10,320 Speaker 1: city to see and be seen. And two things happened 158 00:10:10,360 --> 00:10:13,560 Speaker 1: that set a cascade of events in motion. First, a 159 00:10:13,600 --> 00:10:20,040 Speaker 1: few weeks in, Sarky got the flu, and second, someone laughed. Now, 160 00:10:20,080 --> 00:10:22,880 Speaker 1: I can only speak for myself, but I hate working 161 00:10:23,000 --> 00:10:26,080 Speaker 1: when I'm sick, and I don't have to see anyone 162 00:10:26,120 --> 00:10:28,360 Speaker 1: for Sarkee. On the other hand, the show had to 163 00:10:28,440 --> 00:10:30,960 Speaker 1: go on. According to the story, she was in the 164 00:10:30,960 --> 00:10:34,680 Speaker 1: middle of a performance, filling, worn out and feverish when 165 00:10:34,720 --> 00:10:38,600 Speaker 1: someone in the audience heckled her. She swung at him 166 00:10:38,600 --> 00:10:41,960 Speaker 1: with her guitar and can you blame her? But here's 167 00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:45,120 Speaker 1: where it takes a turn. Henrick, who had modeled himself 168 00:10:45,160 --> 00:10:48,320 Speaker 1: as her, agent in all of this seized the moment, 169 00:10:48,559 --> 00:10:52,520 Speaker 1: declaring her to be wild as a beast. In fact, 170 00:10:52,559 --> 00:10:56,920 Speaker 1: he reveled in her displeasure. After that, the audiences began 171 00:10:57,000 --> 00:11:00,720 Speaker 1: watching more closely. She began to protest more, pushing back 172 00:11:00,760 --> 00:11:04,800 Speaker 1: against Henrick and against irritating audience members as well. And 173 00:11:04,840 --> 00:11:07,240 Speaker 1: then a few weeks into the show, a man by 174 00:11:07,240 --> 00:11:10,320 Speaker 1: the name of Zachary Macauley showed up, adding a new 175 00:11:10,440 --> 00:11:14,520 Speaker 1: level of conflict to her situation. Why because he was 176 00:11:14,559 --> 00:11:18,240 Speaker 1: an abolitionist with a bone to pick. You see, he 177 00:11:18,280 --> 00:11:21,280 Speaker 1: had grown up a slaver in Jamaica, but somewhere along 178 00:11:21,320 --> 00:11:23,360 Speaker 1: the way he had a change of heart. Now he 179 00:11:23,440 --> 00:11:26,079 Speaker 1: ran with a very small, very wealthy group of people 180 00:11:26,080 --> 00:11:28,240 Speaker 1: who were trying to do away with slavery in the 181 00:11:28,280 --> 00:11:31,800 Speaker 1: British colonies. As you might imagine, what he saw before 182 00:11:31,880 --> 00:11:35,920 Speaker 1: him on that London stage looked very much like slavery. 183 00:11:36,200 --> 00:11:39,520 Speaker 1: Zachary was furious. He fired off a letter to the press, 184 00:11:39,760 --> 00:11:44,200 Speaker 1: wanting to prove that Sarky was enslaved. Alexander fired one back, 185 00:11:44,240 --> 00:11:47,080 Speaker 1: though he wanted to know didn't she have as much 186 00:11:47,160 --> 00:11:50,560 Speaker 1: right to show herself as an Irish giant or a dwarf. 187 00:11:51,200 --> 00:11:54,640 Speaker 1: The ebolitionist Zachary questioned whether she could even consent to 188 00:11:54,679 --> 00:11:58,040 Speaker 1: showing herself. He said that slavery was a matter of kind, 189 00:11:58,200 --> 00:12:01,720 Speaker 1: not degree. So Alexander and Henrick quickly hired a lawyer 190 00:12:01,760 --> 00:12:05,160 Speaker 1: to draft a written contract for Sarkey, and of course 191 00:12:05,280 --> 00:12:08,480 Speaker 1: had it backdated to their departure from Cape Town months earlier. 192 00:12:09,160 --> 00:12:11,280 Speaker 1: But in all of this, if you can believe it, 193 00:12:11,840 --> 00:12:15,360 Speaker 1: no one asked Sarky about the matter. That was until 194 00:12:15,400 --> 00:12:22,080 Speaker 1: the case went to trial on November ten. Picture this cold, drafty, 195 00:12:22,320 --> 00:12:27,520 Speaker 1: dimly lit halls, pale skin, white wigs, and equally white men, 196 00:12:28,120 --> 00:12:31,199 Speaker 1: all fighting over this woman, who, should they ask her, 197 00:12:31,520 --> 00:12:35,240 Speaker 1: might actually have an opinion on the matter. Zachary had 198 00:12:35,280 --> 00:12:37,840 Speaker 1: assumed that Sarki wanted to go home. He had also 199 00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:41,160 Speaker 1: very incorrectly assumed that no one else around could speak 200 00:12:41,280 --> 00:12:43,679 Speaker 1: enough of her language to ask her. But then, of 201 00:12:43,720 --> 00:12:47,280 Speaker 1: course he figured he'd try. Right there in the courtroom, 202 00:12:47,559 --> 00:12:51,480 Speaker 1: Sarki was read a translation of the contract twice. Then 203 00:12:51,520 --> 00:12:54,040 Speaker 1: the prosecutors asked her if she'd preferred to stay in 204 00:12:54,080 --> 00:12:58,680 Speaker 1: England or to return home. We can't know her body language, 205 00:12:58,840 --> 00:13:00,840 Speaker 1: we don't know what sort of x sppression she wore, 206 00:13:01,240 --> 00:13:03,959 Speaker 1: but the records do tell us what she said. She 207 00:13:04,120 --> 00:13:09,040 Speaker 1: simply replied, stay here. Sarki later gave an interview to 208 00:13:09,080 --> 00:13:12,000 Speaker 1: the court. She spoke of life in South Africa, of 209 00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:15,280 Speaker 1: her childhood, and of her situation in London, and it 210 00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:18,080 Speaker 1: is one of the only places that history has committed 211 00:13:18,080 --> 00:13:21,240 Speaker 1: her words to the record. But the interview was conducted 212 00:13:21,280 --> 00:13:25,360 Speaker 1: in her language, then translated to Dutch and finally to English, 213 00:13:25,640 --> 00:13:28,200 Speaker 1: so we can only imagine how with each step in 214 00:13:28,200 --> 00:13:31,640 Speaker 1: the process more and more of the true meaning was lost. 215 00:13:32,480 --> 00:13:35,560 Speaker 1: And we're also left with some questions how openly and 216 00:13:35,600 --> 00:13:39,000 Speaker 1: honestly could she actually speak? Did she live in fear 217 00:13:39,040 --> 00:13:42,440 Speaker 1: of Alexander and Henrick or was she actually annoyed by 218 00:13:42,480 --> 00:13:46,840 Speaker 1: the court for crimping her style during her shine Because remember, 219 00:13:47,120 --> 00:13:49,200 Speaker 1: had she gone back to South Africa, she would have 220 00:13:49,200 --> 00:13:52,480 Speaker 1: been classified as an imbecile, hot and taught by the government. 221 00:13:52,480 --> 00:13:55,360 Speaker 1: There in London, she had the ability to earn money, 222 00:13:55,600 --> 00:14:00,400 Speaker 1: fame and adoration. Clearly, freedom looked a lot different, pending 223 00:14:00,480 --> 00:14:03,920 Speaker 1: on where she lived. By the end of that October, 224 00:14:04,080 --> 00:14:06,880 Speaker 1: sark and her crew had won their right to keep exhibiting. 225 00:14:07,320 --> 00:14:10,440 Speaker 1: Months later, in May of eighteen eleven, they closed their 226 00:14:10,440 --> 00:14:14,400 Speaker 1: show and hit the road, and then suddenly and quietly, 227 00:14:14,760 --> 00:14:19,680 Speaker 1: Alexander passed away in July of eighteen twelve. With him gone, 228 00:14:19,800 --> 00:14:23,400 Speaker 1: Sark's contract was null and void. Any assurance that she 229 00:14:23,440 --> 00:14:26,080 Speaker 1: would be able to return home to South Africa was gone, 230 00:14:26,520 --> 00:14:29,400 Speaker 1: and it's here that history lost track of her and Henrik. 231 00:14:29,800 --> 00:14:33,040 Speaker 1: When they finally resurfaced a while later in Paris, all 232 00:14:33,200 --> 00:14:37,720 Speaker 1: was not well. Because Sarki was headed towards imminent danger. 233 00:14:48,560 --> 00:14:51,200 Speaker 1: George Cuvier had a problem. He may have been a 234 00:14:51,240 --> 00:14:55,000 Speaker 1: brilliant thinker, but he was also deeply flawed, deeply insecure, 235 00:14:55,400 --> 00:14:59,960 Speaker 1: and deeply paranoid. His field was comparative biology, and while 236 00:15:00,040 --> 00:15:02,400 Speaker 1: he may have helped Paris become the world center for 237 00:15:02,440 --> 00:15:05,920 Speaker 1: the study of natural history, he wasn't resting on his laurels. 238 00:15:06,360 --> 00:15:10,200 Speaker 1: He was competitive, and rather than seeing his colleagues as collaborators, 239 00:15:10,440 --> 00:15:14,320 Speaker 1: he often saw them as frenemies. He was always looking 240 00:15:14,400 --> 00:15:17,000 Speaker 1: for the next best thing. So when a poster of 241 00:15:17,040 --> 00:15:20,400 Speaker 1: the Hot and Taught Venus arrived in his mailbox, along 242 00:15:20,440 --> 00:15:23,800 Speaker 1: with an invitation to meet Sarkey in person, well it 243 00:15:23,920 --> 00:15:27,720 Speaker 1: was a surprise that he declined. Sarki and a man 244 00:15:27,800 --> 00:15:31,000 Speaker 1: going by the name Henry Taylor, believed by some historians 245 00:15:31,040 --> 00:15:34,280 Speaker 1: to beat Henrik Caesar's under a false name, shrugged off 246 00:15:34,320 --> 00:15:38,360 Speaker 1: the rejection. Despite the setback, Sarky and Henry went about 247 00:15:38,360 --> 00:15:42,720 Speaker 1: setting up shop. Her appearance was announced in the Spectacles 248 00:15:42,800 --> 00:15:46,960 Speaker 1: section of the newspaper, and in Paris, Sarki was exuberant. 249 00:15:47,320 --> 00:15:49,880 Speaker 1: She initially took on the city with vigor and got 250 00:15:49,920 --> 00:15:52,640 Speaker 1: to work, performing for up to ten hours a day. 251 00:15:52,960 --> 00:15:55,920 Speaker 1: It was a busy schedule too. She performed in the theater, 252 00:15:56,040 --> 00:16:00,280 Speaker 1: but also appeared in debaucherous late night salon's, elegant balls, 253 00:16:00,600 --> 00:16:05,440 Speaker 1: and buzzing cafes and restaurants. But this energy wouldn't last 254 00:16:05,480 --> 00:16:08,640 Speaker 1: for long. Sarki was burning out and she was sick 255 00:16:08,720 --> 00:16:12,800 Speaker 1: again with another bout of flu plus pneumonia. Nothing could 256 00:16:12,840 --> 00:16:15,480 Speaker 1: help her sleep, and no amount of brandy could help 257 00:16:15,480 --> 00:16:19,320 Speaker 1: her exhaustion. By the end of eighteen fourteen, Sarki was 258 00:16:19,360 --> 00:16:22,239 Speaker 1: confined to bed. She was too ill to keep performing, 259 00:16:22,560 --> 00:16:25,040 Speaker 1: and Henry was too cheap to get her medical care 260 00:16:25,120 --> 00:16:28,200 Speaker 1: that she clearly needed. He realized that despite all her 261 00:16:28,240 --> 00:16:32,440 Speaker 1: hard work and hustle, his wallet was growing thin. She 262 00:16:32,560 --> 00:16:36,200 Speaker 1: was becoming a liability, and after all this time, Henry 263 00:16:36,240 --> 00:16:40,280 Speaker 1: realized that he was beholden to no one without Sark's knowledge. 264 00:16:40,360 --> 00:16:42,600 Speaker 1: He sold his rights to the show, and then he 265 00:16:42,720 --> 00:16:46,360 Speaker 1: slipped away, and just like that, her business partner and 266 00:16:46,440 --> 00:16:49,560 Speaker 1: companion had vanished the sark It must have felt like 267 00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:54,120 Speaker 1: a fever dream, a sickness induced hallucination, but it wasn't. 268 00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:57,200 Speaker 1: We don't know much about the man who stepped in, 269 00:16:57,400 --> 00:17:01,840 Speaker 1: but history remembers him as row, part dandy, part animal trainer, 270 00:17:01,920 --> 00:17:05,560 Speaker 1: and part time animal resurrectionist. He was familiar with the 271 00:17:05,640 --> 00:17:10,000 Speaker 1: underground body economy. Roe was well connected to the scientific world, 272 00:17:10,240 --> 00:17:12,320 Speaker 1: and he wanted to make good on something Henry has 273 00:17:12,359 --> 00:17:15,159 Speaker 1: suggested to him. Perhaps he should cut a deal with 274 00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:19,560 Speaker 1: the Natural History Museum and attempt another audience with George Cuvier. 275 00:17:20,520 --> 00:17:23,160 Speaker 1: The scientist and his cronies might be interested in Sarke. 276 00:17:23,680 --> 00:17:26,920 Speaker 1: So Rowe approached him with his pitch, and this time 277 00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:29,680 Speaker 1: George was all ears. We don't know what had changed 278 00:17:29,680 --> 00:17:31,719 Speaker 1: since the first time, but it's clear that he had 279 00:17:31,760 --> 00:17:34,679 Speaker 1: begun to see the possibilities that Sarki offered to the 280 00:17:34,800 --> 00:17:38,639 Speaker 1: science of comparative anatomy, and so George made a visit 281 00:17:38,680 --> 00:17:42,240 Speaker 1: to the newest iteration of her show. On stage, Sarky 282 00:17:42,440 --> 00:17:45,639 Speaker 1: was caged. She appeared to be a held captive and 283 00:17:45,720 --> 00:17:50,480 Speaker 1: was displayed alongside a baby rhino sitting standing lying down 284 00:17:50,520 --> 00:17:54,880 Speaker 1: on command row. It seems had positioned himself as her trainer, 285 00:17:55,240 --> 00:17:59,199 Speaker 1: and clearly he was in charge now that spring, Sarky 286 00:17:59,320 --> 00:18:02,840 Speaker 1: strolled into the Chardon Duplants, passed its maze of gardens, 287 00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:07,040 Speaker 1: squawking flamingos and desert cacti. Roe had signed her up 288 00:18:07,119 --> 00:18:09,800 Speaker 1: to pose for George and his team of scientists, a 289 00:18:09,920 --> 00:18:12,879 Speaker 1: still life made of flesh. They were more accustomed to 290 00:18:12,920 --> 00:18:16,440 Speaker 1: painting plants and animals, but to be honest, Sarki wasn't 291 00:18:16,480 --> 00:18:20,000 Speaker 1: that much different to them. Sarki, accustomed to the eyes 292 00:18:20,040 --> 00:18:23,080 Speaker 1: of men, stood tall. They looked at her, and she 293 00:18:23,240 --> 00:18:25,920 Speaker 1: looked back, but this time their eyes roamed in a 294 00:18:25,960 --> 00:18:29,240 Speaker 1: way that suggested something a bit more sinister. The room 295 00:18:29,359 --> 00:18:32,560 Speaker 1: glowed in that familiar lamplight, and the scratching of their 296 00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:36,960 Speaker 1: charcoal captured her figure. And then they finally asked would 297 00:18:37,000 --> 00:18:40,400 Speaker 1: she take off her clothes? Sarky felt the heat rise 298 00:18:40,480 --> 00:18:43,600 Speaker 1: in her chest. How dare they? She had never once 299 00:18:43,680 --> 00:18:46,600 Speaker 1: posed nude, and she wasn't about to start now. For 300 00:18:46,720 --> 00:18:49,800 Speaker 1: all those years, her body Stocking merely gave the illusion 301 00:18:49,920 --> 00:18:52,600 Speaker 1: of nudity, but that was all it was. But what 302 00:18:52,760 --> 00:18:57,159 Speaker 1: these men were asking for was something completely different. For 303 00:18:57,240 --> 00:19:00,440 Speaker 1: over two hundred fifty years, colonial travelers had old tales 304 00:19:00,480 --> 00:19:04,320 Speaker 1: about female hot and taught bodies think locker room talk 305 00:19:04,400 --> 00:19:07,280 Speaker 1: for sailors. But suddenly scientists wanted to know if they 306 00:19:07,320 --> 00:19:10,280 Speaker 1: could use this lore in search of fact. They wondered 307 00:19:10,320 --> 00:19:12,639 Speaker 1: if her body held the key to finally proving that 308 00:19:12,760 --> 00:19:16,639 Speaker 1: South Africa's indigenous people were a distinctly different species than 309 00:19:16,680 --> 00:19:20,879 Speaker 1: white Europeans. George's mind stirred as Sarky posed for him. 310 00:19:21,200 --> 00:19:23,960 Speaker 1: He became obsessed with her, and he wanted to possess 311 00:19:24,080 --> 00:19:27,960 Speaker 1: her body and all the secrets that had held Sarky resisted, though, 312 00:19:28,200 --> 00:19:31,400 Speaker 1: and for three days she stood there still. They kept 313 00:19:31,440 --> 00:19:34,880 Speaker 1: hounding her, hoping to wear her down. It didn't help 314 00:19:34,960 --> 00:19:37,680 Speaker 1: that she was sick again. We can imagine the pressure 315 00:19:37,720 --> 00:19:41,560 Speaker 1: cooker of her situation, the coercion, the fatigue, and the 316 00:19:41,640 --> 00:19:45,080 Speaker 1: obviously disgusting behavior on the part of the men. And 317 00:19:45,320 --> 00:19:47,960 Speaker 1: while I can't speak for women, I have to imagine 318 00:19:47,960 --> 00:19:51,840 Speaker 1: the pressure of just wanting to stop was horrific and sadly, 319 00:19:52,040 --> 00:19:55,640 Speaker 1: Sarky did what most women who feel pressure do. She relented, 320 00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:58,240 Speaker 1: deciding it might be easier to just give the ugly, 321 00:19:58,400 --> 00:20:01,480 Speaker 1: hungry men what they want. She agreed to disrobe, but 322 00:20:01,640 --> 00:20:04,639 Speaker 1: still retained her modesty by using a handkerchief as her 323 00:20:04,920 --> 00:20:08,560 Speaker 1: fig leaf. We don't know if Sarki knew this while 324 00:20:08,600 --> 00:20:11,639 Speaker 1: standing there, but the truth was she was dying. She 325 00:20:11,760 --> 00:20:14,760 Speaker 1: had never recovered from her illnesses that passed winter, and 326 00:20:14,880 --> 00:20:17,680 Speaker 1: she was too worn down. She slipped from life in 327 00:20:17,760 --> 00:20:21,040 Speaker 1: the early days of eighteen fifteen, the exact date unknown 328 00:20:21,400 --> 00:20:24,639 Speaker 1: and the cause still debated by scholars. Like many of 329 00:20:24,680 --> 00:20:27,840 Speaker 1: her stories, she took this one with her too. But 330 00:20:27,920 --> 00:20:31,640 Speaker 1: then something really interesting happened, because although Sarki was gone, 331 00:20:31,840 --> 00:20:34,600 Speaker 1: the venus lived on. You see what happened next was 332 00:20:34,920 --> 00:20:37,920 Speaker 1: nothing short of ghastly. It turns out that Roe and 333 00:20:38,040 --> 00:20:41,600 Speaker 1: Cuvier had cut a deal, so when Sarki died, Roe 334 00:20:41,760 --> 00:20:44,280 Speaker 1: quickly wrapped up her body, put her in a cart, 335 00:20:44,760 --> 00:20:47,840 Speaker 1: and brought her back to the lab, and at his workstation, 336 00:20:48,160 --> 00:20:51,840 Speaker 1: Cuvier and his team got to work. They pressed knives 337 00:20:51,920 --> 00:20:54,440 Speaker 1: into her skin, lopping off the top of her skull 338 00:20:54,560 --> 00:20:58,479 Speaker 1: and excavating her brain, they stripped flesh from muscle. They 339 00:20:58,560 --> 00:21:01,760 Speaker 1: carved out her chest and belly, removing her internal organs. 340 00:21:02,400 --> 00:21:06,160 Speaker 1: And after that, the moment Cuvier had been waiting for arrived. 341 00:21:06,680 --> 00:21:10,640 Speaker 1: He cut out Sark's genitalia. I'll spare you the most 342 00:21:10,720 --> 00:21:14,440 Speaker 1: intimate details of this horrific violation, but when he was finished, 343 00:21:14,720 --> 00:21:17,720 Speaker 1: he pickled her organs in a bell jar. He would 344 00:21:17,720 --> 00:21:20,960 Speaker 1: take these pieces of her body, along with her reassembled skeleton, 345 00:21:21,280 --> 00:21:24,320 Speaker 1: for his own possession. In fact, they would be displayed 346 00:21:24,359 --> 00:21:28,720 Speaker 1: outside the door of his room until he died. Shortly 347 00:21:28,760 --> 00:21:31,200 Speaker 1: after the dissection, he announced to the world that from 348 00:21:31,280 --> 00:21:33,920 Speaker 1: his study of her body, he was able to conclude 349 00:21:33,920 --> 00:21:36,800 Speaker 1: that the hot and toots were indeed closer relatives to 350 00:21:36,920 --> 00:21:40,440 Speaker 1: primates than people. It was simple. He had concocted a 351 00:21:40,520 --> 00:21:45,040 Speaker 1: confirmation to fit his hypothesis. It was all very convenient, 352 00:21:46,160 --> 00:21:48,720 Speaker 1: and with this her body had become the example upon 353 00:21:48,800 --> 00:21:52,520 Speaker 1: which the foundation for scientific racism was built, a theory 354 00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:56,359 Speaker 1: from which eugenics appeared, a principle that fractured a great nation, 355 00:21:56,720 --> 00:21:59,760 Speaker 1: and a rationalization from which the Nazis devised their final 356 00:22:00,080 --> 00:22:03,920 Speaker 1: Lucian a school of thought that the world has never 357 00:22:04,400 --> 00:22:20,760 Speaker 1: recovered from the soul of Sarkee was gone, and there 358 00:22:20,800 --> 00:22:23,000 Speaker 1: are parts of her story that she took with her. 359 00:22:23,600 --> 00:22:25,920 Speaker 1: To sit here in the age of information and still 360 00:22:26,000 --> 00:22:30,639 Speaker 1: have questions about the basics. Well, it feels unfathomable, but 361 00:22:30,760 --> 00:22:33,479 Speaker 1: it does make sense. After all, we have to remember 362 00:22:33,560 --> 00:22:37,119 Speaker 1: who throughout history has largely controlled how the details were 363 00:22:37,160 --> 00:22:40,680 Speaker 1: written down. We may never know her childhood name, or 364 00:22:40,720 --> 00:22:43,760 Speaker 1: her birthday, or for who or what she may have grieved. 365 00:22:44,200 --> 00:22:46,960 Speaker 1: Scholars have spent years trying to put together the missing 366 00:22:47,040 --> 00:22:50,600 Speaker 1: pieces which have been spread across continents and across time, 367 00:22:51,240 --> 00:22:54,280 Speaker 1: but the truth is those things might be gone forever, 368 00:22:55,600 --> 00:22:58,159 Speaker 1: and for a long time after her death, Sarki was 369 00:22:58,240 --> 00:23:01,359 Speaker 1: not allowed to rest. She had many visitors, of course, 370 00:23:01,720 --> 00:23:04,880 Speaker 1: perhaps even more in death than in life. But even 371 00:23:04,920 --> 00:23:08,200 Speaker 1: though the mortal Sarkee Bartman died, the specter of the 372 00:23:08,400 --> 00:23:12,400 Speaker 1: hot and taught Venus lived on. Between eighteen twenty two 373 00:23:12,560 --> 00:23:16,600 Speaker 1: and the nineteen fifties, her skeleton, body, cast brain and 374 00:23:16,760 --> 00:23:19,840 Speaker 1: genitals were all on display at the Parisian Museum of 375 00:23:19,960 --> 00:23:23,000 Speaker 1: Natural History. She went in and out of storage at 376 00:23:23,119 --> 00:23:27,000 Speaker 1: various points after that, but in nineteen two, museum officials 377 00:23:27,119 --> 00:23:32,120 Speaker 1: finally removed her from public viewing. Suddenly her display seemed wrong. 378 00:23:33,800 --> 00:23:37,840 Speaker 1: In nineteen four, South African President Nelson Mandela began his 379 00:23:37,960 --> 00:23:41,920 Speaker 1: efforts to have her repatriated. At first, France was hesitant. 380 00:23:42,280 --> 00:23:44,800 Speaker 1: After all, if they sent Sarkee home, wouldn't it create 381 00:23:44,880 --> 00:23:48,680 Speaker 1: a cascade of more and more repatriation requests. Would their 382 00:23:48,760 --> 00:23:51,640 Speaker 1: museums even have artifacts left after it was all said 383 00:23:51,680 --> 00:23:54,760 Speaker 1: and done. After a drawn out legal battle, the French 384 00:23:54,840 --> 00:23:58,320 Speaker 1: Senate voted in two thousand to finally agree to Mandela's request. 385 00:23:58,880 --> 00:24:01,920 Speaker 1: Her remains were careful, The packed transported back to the 386 00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:04,959 Speaker 1: African continent and handed over to the people who had 387 00:24:05,040 --> 00:24:09,040 Speaker 1: waited nearly one nine years for her return, the descendants 388 00:24:09,080 --> 00:24:12,000 Speaker 1: of her family, her neighbors, and the friends she had 389 00:24:12,080 --> 00:24:29,840 Speaker 1: known in life. Sark had finally come home. Returning home 390 00:24:30,080 --> 00:24:32,880 Speaker 1: is a wonderful thing, and I'm so glad that even 391 00:24:32,960 --> 00:24:37,520 Speaker 1: after all that time, Sarki was welcome back with open arms. Sadly, 392 00:24:37,720 --> 00:24:40,560 Speaker 1: stories like hers aren't as rare as we'd like. And 393 00:24:40,760 --> 00:24:43,240 Speaker 1: if you stick around through this brief sponsor break, my 394 00:24:43,359 --> 00:24:46,879 Speaker 1: co producer Robin Minatur will share one more tale of 395 00:24:47,000 --> 00:25:07,200 Speaker 1: bitter sweet homecoming. You can't please everyone, right, but this, well, 396 00:25:08,160 --> 00:25:12,040 Speaker 1: this wasn't exactly the welcome that she had expected. It 397 00:25:12,200 --> 00:25:16,480 Speaker 1: was Vienna, And as the ostrich pulling her carriage rounded 398 00:25:16,560 --> 00:25:20,119 Speaker 1: the street corner, Josephine Baker knew this was going to 399 00:25:20,200 --> 00:25:24,800 Speaker 1: be one tough audience. The faces waiting for her were 400 00:25:24,880 --> 00:25:29,720 Speaker 1: twisted up and grimaces and sneers. They spatted her. The 401 00:25:29,880 --> 00:25:34,080 Speaker 1: cries of black devil tore through her. Their words rang 402 00:25:34,119 --> 00:25:37,360 Speaker 1: in the air and landed like sucker punches to her gut. 403 00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:42,399 Speaker 1: With the National Socialist Party gaining popularity in parts of Europe, 404 00:25:42,920 --> 00:25:45,000 Speaker 1: the crowd made it clear that there would be no 405 00:25:45,280 --> 00:25:48,840 Speaker 1: room for black beauty in their empire. The Party would 406 00:25:48,960 --> 00:25:51,639 Speaker 1: rise to power on the wings of a new racial 407 00:25:51,840 --> 00:25:54,720 Speaker 1: science that had a place for the people who looked 408 00:25:54,840 --> 00:25:58,080 Speaker 1: like her. She may have been the highest paid performer 409 00:25:58,119 --> 00:26:01,040 Speaker 1: in all of Europe, but in that moment she felt 410 00:26:01,160 --> 00:26:04,320 Speaker 1: like the small, scared servant girl she had once been 411 00:26:04,480 --> 00:26:07,920 Speaker 1: under Jim Crow. And in that moment, in her carriage, 412 00:26:08,200 --> 00:26:11,919 Speaker 1: she turned around and left. She went back to Paris 413 00:26:12,160 --> 00:26:16,760 Speaker 1: and kept on dancing. Josephine had first shimmied onto the 414 00:26:16,800 --> 00:26:20,520 Speaker 1: Parisian entertainment circuit as a nineteen year old, freshly arrived 415 00:26:20,560 --> 00:26:23,440 Speaker 1: from New York City and in the bohemian city of 416 00:26:23,560 --> 00:26:28,600 Speaker 1: Lights of the Roaring twenties. She was magnificent. She shocked 417 00:26:28,640 --> 00:26:32,840 Speaker 1: an odd shrieking audiences with her kinetic energy, and she 418 00:26:32,960 --> 00:26:36,240 Speaker 1: did it all herself too. She booked her own shows, 419 00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:40,680 Speaker 1: She sold out theaters, and she commanded standing ovations. She 420 00:26:40,840 --> 00:26:44,200 Speaker 1: became so popular that it said she received thousands of 421 00:26:44,320 --> 00:26:49,200 Speaker 1: marriage proposals and a mountain of love letters. The tricks 422 00:26:49,280 --> 00:26:52,479 Speaker 1: of her trade were well, let's just say, a bit 423 00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:56,040 Speaker 1: different than most of ours. She had some rhinestones, some 424 00:26:56,160 --> 00:27:00,639 Speaker 1: feather headdresses, a pet cheetah, and one very famous skirt 425 00:27:00,840 --> 00:27:05,040 Speaker 1: made up of sixteen fake bananas. On stage, her body 426 00:27:05,160 --> 00:27:08,680 Speaker 1: convulsed in a dizzying array of thrust and bucks and 427 00:27:08,840 --> 00:27:13,200 Speaker 1: swivels and spins, and sometimes the set behind her was 428 00:27:13,320 --> 00:27:17,040 Speaker 1: decked out as well, like a lush, green jungle paradise. 429 00:27:18,080 --> 00:27:20,320 Speaker 1: It was said that she shook her backside as if 430 00:27:20,359 --> 00:27:24,240 Speaker 1: it were an instrument, and of course to her it was. 431 00:27:25,320 --> 00:27:28,600 Speaker 1: Her costumes and movement were all a celebration of her body, 432 00:27:29,080 --> 00:27:32,840 Speaker 1: a reclamation of all of the hurtful caricatures and judgments 433 00:27:32,960 --> 00:27:36,240 Speaker 1: that had been impressed upon her skin, and it was 434 00:27:36,359 --> 00:27:40,159 Speaker 1: during one of her most famous numbers, called the Donce Savage, 435 00:27:40,560 --> 00:27:44,080 Speaker 1: the Savage dance that she paid homage to her forebearer, 436 00:27:44,680 --> 00:27:48,320 Speaker 1: to a woman who, roughly a century before, had also 437 00:27:48,480 --> 00:27:53,200 Speaker 1: earned the love of Paris. The One and Only Sarki 438 00:27:53,320 --> 00:27:59,400 Speaker 1: Bartman Sideshow was written by Robin Miniter, with production, narration 439 00:27:59,520 --> 00:28:02,879 Speaker 1: and addie editing by me Aaron Mankey research for the 440 00:28:02,920 --> 00:28:07,040 Speaker 1: series was done by Robin Minater, Taylor Haggerdorn, and Sam Alberty. 441 00:28:07,520 --> 00:28:10,240 Speaker 1: Grim and Mild Presents was created in partnership with I 442 00:28:10,400 --> 00:28:13,000 Speaker 1: Heart Radio. You can learn more about this show and 443 00:28:13,119 --> 00:28:15,719 Speaker 1: everything else going on from Grim and mild over at 444 00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:20,280 Speaker 1: grimm and mild dot com and, as always, thanks for listening.