1 00:00:00,200 --> 00:00:00,840 Speaker 1: Everybody. 2 00:00:01,160 --> 00:00:03,560 Speaker 2: I want to tell a story. No, I don't want 3 00:00:03,560 --> 00:00:06,720 Speaker 2: you to tell a story because you never tell stories, right. 4 00:00:06,800 --> 00:00:10,120 Speaker 2: You always start adding all this extra stuff that didn't 5 00:00:10,160 --> 00:00:10,879 Speaker 2: actually happen. 6 00:00:11,000 --> 00:00:14,560 Speaker 1: No, I just give a lot of descriptors, and I 7 00:00:14,600 --> 00:00:17,880 Speaker 1: think sometimes you're just worried about the wrong things when 8 00:00:18,320 --> 00:00:20,840 Speaker 1: I truth. No, I tell the truth, but I want 9 00:00:20,920 --> 00:00:23,480 Speaker 1: people to feel like they are there. I tell stories 10 00:00:23,520 --> 00:00:27,840 Speaker 1: in a Doobe digital im asks three D on. 11 00:00:27,720 --> 00:00:31,080 Speaker 2: A leather sofa. That's not times, that's not true because 12 00:00:31,240 --> 00:00:33,880 Speaker 2: you tell stories and all of a sudden, there's all 13 00:00:33,880 --> 00:00:37,240 Speaker 2: these added layers and all this added drama that wasn't there. 14 00:00:37,640 --> 00:00:40,720 Speaker 2: And so I feel like that's not the actual story. 15 00:00:40,800 --> 00:00:42,559 Speaker 2: And you have me out here looking crazy. 16 00:00:42,760 --> 00:00:46,599 Speaker 1: You're punishing me for being perceptive. I can feel the 17 00:00:46,720 --> 00:00:49,280 Speaker 1: tension in the room. I can feel I'm you know, 18 00:00:49,400 --> 00:00:50,800 Speaker 1: I'm I have these big old eyeballs. 19 00:00:50,840 --> 00:00:51,560 Speaker 2: I'm always looking. 20 00:00:51,600 --> 00:00:54,200 Speaker 1: I'm always seeing stuff, and maybe I'm just seeing stuff 21 00:00:54,200 --> 00:00:54,960 Speaker 1: that you're not seeing. 22 00:00:55,600 --> 00:00:57,279 Speaker 2: No, I don't think that's what's happening at all. 23 00:00:57,360 --> 00:00:58,480 Speaker 1: Do you know the story I'm about to tell? 24 00:00:59,000 --> 00:01:00,760 Speaker 2: Yes, I know this story about to tell. Are you 25 00:01:00,800 --> 00:01:02,440 Speaker 2: telling this now? Are you telling it? In the intro. 26 00:01:02,800 --> 00:01:08,200 Speaker 2: I'm telling it now. I'm t T and I'm Zekiah 27 00:01:08,240 --> 00:01:10,679 Speaker 2: and from Spotify Studios. This is dope Laps. 28 00:01:25,680 --> 00:01:32,040 Speaker 1: Sometimes we were out and this man was drunk and 29 00:01:32,080 --> 00:01:34,520 Speaker 1: we were at this place that had big open windows, 30 00:01:34,640 --> 00:01:37,200 Speaker 1: and the guy tried to like everybody was dancing, but 31 00:01:37,240 --> 00:01:37,880 Speaker 1: we weren't dancing. 32 00:01:37,880 --> 00:01:41,600 Speaker 2: We were too cool for that. And the also known 33 00:01:41,640 --> 00:01:44,560 Speaker 2: as TV doesn't know how to dance. Well speak for you. Well, 34 00:01:44,600 --> 00:01:47,480 Speaker 2: yeah you said, I said t T. So no need 35 00:01:47,520 --> 00:01:52,640 Speaker 2: to be spicy. Yeah, I tell the truth, have an arrow. 36 00:01:54,560 --> 00:01:56,560 Speaker 2: So there's this guy. 37 00:01:56,640 --> 00:01:58,560 Speaker 1: He comes up and he tries to like dance with 38 00:01:58,560 --> 00:02:00,680 Speaker 1: t T but also almost like tries to pick her up. 39 00:02:00,720 --> 00:02:01,800 Speaker 2: Almost, Oh my god? 40 00:02:02,120 --> 00:02:02,840 Speaker 1: True or false? 41 00:02:03,520 --> 00:02:04,320 Speaker 2: Yes? True? 42 00:02:04,440 --> 00:02:08,760 Speaker 1: And my friend got so mad. Y'all know, like, Bruce Banner. 43 00:02:08,760 --> 00:02:12,720 Speaker 2: Bruce Banner, where is this story going? Because I know 44 00:02:12,800 --> 00:02:14,720 Speaker 2: what happened, but I feel like this is getting out 45 00:02:14,720 --> 00:02:15,200 Speaker 2: of hand. 46 00:02:15,800 --> 00:02:18,200 Speaker 1: Y'all know that nursey around and is like, grab you 47 00:02:18,280 --> 00:02:21,040 Speaker 1: by the collar? Boy, you better holler? Did he grabbed 48 00:02:21,040 --> 00:02:22,000 Speaker 1: that man by the collar? 49 00:02:22,400 --> 00:02:22,720 Speaker 2: WHOA? 50 00:02:23,400 --> 00:02:26,919 Speaker 1: I said, she grabbed a collar. 51 00:02:26,639 --> 00:02:27,920 Speaker 2: And turned your wrists? 52 00:02:28,240 --> 00:02:32,240 Speaker 1: What would that be counterclockwise? I don't know, turned your 53 00:02:32,280 --> 00:02:34,160 Speaker 1: wrists picked him up. 54 00:02:34,360 --> 00:02:37,119 Speaker 2: Okay, see this is this is when this is when 55 00:02:37,160 --> 00:02:40,679 Speaker 2: the lie. Your arms go up? Did I pick him up? No? 56 00:02:41,040 --> 00:02:44,440 Speaker 2: My arms did not go up. Did he raise? No? 57 00:02:45,200 --> 00:02:48,480 Speaker 2: See what's wrong with you? Right? 58 00:02:49,480 --> 00:02:52,480 Speaker 1: My friend picked that man up off the ground his toes. 59 00:02:52,840 --> 00:02:55,520 Speaker 2: His toes were just barely He would have to be 60 00:02:55,600 --> 00:02:57,680 Speaker 2: the size of a toddler for that to happen, and 61 00:02:57,680 --> 00:03:00,320 Speaker 2: he was tall too. So how is that possible low 62 00:03:00,360 --> 00:03:05,920 Speaker 2: center gravity? I don't know. Well, my version of that 63 00:03:06,040 --> 00:03:11,160 Speaker 2: story is this man, this person was like trying to 64 00:03:11,200 --> 00:03:13,919 Speaker 2: pick me up, and I was like, no, thank you, No, 65 00:03:14,120 --> 00:03:16,000 Speaker 2: I would like my feet to remain on the ground. 66 00:03:17,160 --> 00:03:19,880 Speaker 2: What yeah, are you saying? That's what I said? No, 67 00:03:19,919 --> 00:03:21,880 Speaker 2: that's what I'm saying. How you felt? Okay, so this 68 00:03:21,880 --> 00:03:23,480 Speaker 2: has turned into a comic book now it's. 69 00:03:23,360 --> 00:03:27,640 Speaker 1: Like pow yeah, yeah, damn, that's exactly that's exactly what 70 00:03:27,680 --> 00:03:28,440 Speaker 1: I'd like to add. 71 00:03:28,560 --> 00:03:34,440 Speaker 2: No, you want a narrative, you want me to say? 72 00:03:34,480 --> 00:03:36,520 Speaker 2: And then TT said this, and then he said because 73 00:03:36,520 --> 00:03:38,640 Speaker 2: there wasn't nothing said. It was just like whoa, whoa, 74 00:03:39,240 --> 00:03:41,240 Speaker 2: none of that, and that's all it was. 75 00:03:41,320 --> 00:03:43,840 Speaker 1: Basically, So I haven't heard you say the part where 76 00:03:43,880 --> 00:03:44,960 Speaker 1: you grabbed him by the collar. 77 00:03:45,040 --> 00:03:47,680 Speaker 2: I didn't grab him by the collar. I didn't grab 78 00:03:47,720 --> 00:03:50,440 Speaker 2: him by the collar. I put my hands on his 79 00:03:50,560 --> 00:03:53,080 Speaker 2: chest and pushed him away. I was like, stop, we 80 00:03:53,120 --> 00:03:54,200 Speaker 2: got to get to the bottom of this. 81 00:03:56,680 --> 00:03:58,520 Speaker 1: I told this story a million times and people know 82 00:03:58,560 --> 00:03:59,960 Speaker 1: that TT grabbed a man about the collar. 83 00:04:00,080 --> 00:04:03,600 Speaker 2: Okay, but there's I was there. You were there, and 84 00:04:03,760 --> 00:04:06,080 Speaker 2: you were in a moment it was you can't remember what, 85 00:04:06,400 --> 00:04:08,600 Speaker 2: if anything, I should remember more than you. You don't 86 00:04:08,600 --> 00:04:10,560 Speaker 2: know your own strength. I know if I could pick 87 00:04:10,680 --> 00:04:14,080 Speaker 2: a six foot man up off the ground, that's not happening. 88 00:04:14,280 --> 00:04:16,440 Speaker 2: You don't got to shrink yourself for these people. 89 00:04:16,760 --> 00:04:20,800 Speaker 1: Sure that you're a next man, show them your true powers. 90 00:04:21,120 --> 00:04:23,800 Speaker 2: I don't have any powers. All I did was remove 91 00:04:23,839 --> 00:04:27,359 Speaker 2: that man from my vicinity, and that was that. My 92 00:04:27,520 --> 00:04:29,680 Speaker 2: version is a gorilla in the club. 93 00:04:31,880 --> 00:04:34,839 Speaker 1: Across my friend and we were like whoa, whoa, whoa, 94 00:04:35,520 --> 00:04:39,359 Speaker 1: and my friends like, uh uh, grab some bottle collar twist, 95 00:04:39,720 --> 00:04:43,160 Speaker 1: no pull up that can't come from his heels. Came 96 00:04:43,240 --> 00:04:48,680 Speaker 1: up off the ground, but it felt like it because 97 00:04:48,720 --> 00:04:50,160 Speaker 1: he didn't bother us anymore. 98 00:04:50,320 --> 00:04:50,560 Speaker 3: Pow. 99 00:04:53,640 --> 00:04:56,560 Speaker 2: We were both there. I was definitely there. I saw you, 100 00:04:56,920 --> 00:04:57,679 Speaker 2: and I saw. 101 00:04:57,520 --> 00:04:58,960 Speaker 1: It, but I was standing back, so I saw it 102 00:04:59,000 --> 00:04:59,400 Speaker 1: real good. 103 00:04:59,520 --> 00:05:01,320 Speaker 2: No, I was in it, so I know what happened. 104 00:05:01,360 --> 00:05:03,920 Speaker 1: And I think there's a problem here because I want 105 00:05:03,920 --> 00:05:06,240 Speaker 1: to know why do we remember this differently? 106 00:05:06,400 --> 00:05:08,360 Speaker 2: I can name a few reasons, but I think I 107 00:05:08,640 --> 00:05:11,640 Speaker 2: understand where you're going. I think I understand where you're going. Yes, 108 00:05:11,640 --> 00:05:15,480 Speaker 2: I would like to know too. Let's walk down memory lane. 109 00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:18,520 Speaker 2: So today's episode is about memory. 110 00:05:18,720 --> 00:05:20,720 Speaker 1: All this back and forth about stories being told the 111 00:05:20,760 --> 00:05:23,159 Speaker 1: wrong way really has us thinking about our brains and 112 00:05:23,200 --> 00:05:27,040 Speaker 1: how these memories, whether true or false, come to be right. 113 00:05:27,200 --> 00:05:30,400 Speaker 2: So let's start with what we know. We know that 114 00:05:30,440 --> 00:05:32,560 Speaker 2: you and I have different recollections of some of the 115 00:05:32,560 --> 00:05:36,320 Speaker 2: things that have happened during our friendship, right, and so 116 00:05:36,440 --> 00:05:39,400 Speaker 2: clearly two people can remember the same event differently. 117 00:05:39,839 --> 00:05:42,560 Speaker 1: We also know that we can remember these things even 118 00:05:42,600 --> 00:05:43,760 Speaker 1: though they happened a long time ago. 119 00:05:44,160 --> 00:05:45,520 Speaker 2: We can still access memories. 120 00:05:45,520 --> 00:05:47,360 Speaker 1: So memories that we've had for a really long time, 121 00:05:47,480 --> 00:05:48,680 Speaker 1: we can still access them. 122 00:05:48,720 --> 00:05:51,440 Speaker 2: But we also know that we don't remember everything. So 123 00:05:51,560 --> 00:05:52,839 Speaker 2: you remember what you have for breakfast? 124 00:05:52,839 --> 00:05:58,760 Speaker 1: Like last week, Cake, I know you know what we 125 00:05:58,839 --> 00:05:59,680 Speaker 1: have breakfast together? 126 00:05:59,839 --> 00:06:00,280 Speaker 3: We go. 127 00:06:00,839 --> 00:06:01,599 Speaker 1: Isn't that wild? 128 00:06:01,880 --> 00:06:02,680 Speaker 2: When see this? 129 00:06:02,680 --> 00:06:04,120 Speaker 1: What I'm talking about then they say they call you 130 00:06:04,160 --> 00:06:09,159 Speaker 1: a life. When down the National Press Club we had croissants. 131 00:06:09,200 --> 00:06:11,120 Speaker 1: You have one that had banana curd and that. 132 00:06:11,160 --> 00:06:15,480 Speaker 2: Was disgusting, very nice warm. I hate bananas. They are 133 00:06:15,560 --> 00:06:19,159 Speaker 2: so nasty. Imagine biten into something that you think is 134 00:06:19,200 --> 00:06:22,839 Speaker 2: a croissant and there's banana puree in the center. Yummy. 135 00:06:23,279 --> 00:06:25,279 Speaker 2: I thought I was gonna Vomit. Tastes like baby food, 136 00:06:25,400 --> 00:06:27,159 Speaker 2: That's what I was gonna say. So convenient, just like 137 00:06:27,200 --> 00:06:32,960 Speaker 2: baby food. Oh man. 138 00:06:33,200 --> 00:06:36,320 Speaker 1: So yeah, it's interesting, right because like how could you 139 00:06:36,360 --> 00:06:39,560 Speaker 1: go from not remembering that at all to the exact 140 00:06:39,640 --> 00:06:42,559 Speaker 1: detail of like the banana curd and how it felt 141 00:06:42,560 --> 00:06:43,559 Speaker 1: when you ate it? 142 00:06:43,600 --> 00:06:44,279 Speaker 2: Isn't that crazy? 143 00:06:44,360 --> 00:06:44,480 Speaker 3: Right? 144 00:06:44,520 --> 00:06:48,599 Speaker 2: I just needed like a couple of cues. So what 145 00:06:48,680 --> 00:06:51,640 Speaker 2: do we want to know? I want to know how 146 00:06:52,000 --> 00:06:54,680 Speaker 2: memories are made in the brain? Is it like lying? Yeah? 147 00:06:54,720 --> 00:06:56,600 Speaker 2: And I want to know, like are there different types 148 00:06:56,640 --> 00:06:59,000 Speaker 2: of memory? Like because I know there's short term memory 149 00:06:59,000 --> 00:07:01,360 Speaker 2: of long term memory, but what are all the other 150 00:07:01,440 --> 00:07:03,919 Speaker 2: types that are going on in your brain? 151 00:07:04,480 --> 00:07:07,200 Speaker 1: And I know that I was just able to jog 152 00:07:07,279 --> 00:07:10,440 Speaker 1: your memory, but is there any like tried and true 153 00:07:10,480 --> 00:07:14,000 Speaker 1: way to like help people remember things. 154 00:07:14,400 --> 00:07:17,040 Speaker 2: That's a good question. And I want to know what 155 00:07:17,200 --> 00:07:20,000 Speaker 2: happens in our brains over time. 156 00:07:20,280 --> 00:07:24,400 Speaker 1: Right, who's prioritizing these memories? Like is it like a 157 00:07:24,400 --> 00:07:26,440 Speaker 1: filing system or is it like, oh, you haven't touched 158 00:07:26,640 --> 00:07:28,400 Speaker 1: Is it like the trash can on your computer? Like 159 00:07:28,440 --> 00:07:30,000 Speaker 1: could you move something to the trash but if you 160 00:07:30,040 --> 00:07:32,320 Speaker 1: don't open it again, it gets deleted? 161 00:07:32,560 --> 00:07:35,320 Speaker 2: Right? Maybe maybe it is something like that. 162 00:07:35,480 --> 00:07:37,160 Speaker 1: And then I want to know once the memory is 163 00:07:37,160 --> 00:07:39,480 Speaker 1: in there, right, Like, once we have a memory of 164 00:07:39,520 --> 00:07:43,240 Speaker 1: an event, can you change that memory? Is it like inception? 165 00:07:43,560 --> 00:07:44,000 Speaker 2: Oh? 166 00:07:44,120 --> 00:07:45,360 Speaker 1: Is that based on anything real? 167 00:07:45,960 --> 00:07:47,720 Speaker 2: Oh my goodness, I don't even want to start thinking 168 00:07:47,720 --> 00:07:49,840 Speaker 2: about inception. I'm gonna get so confused that. And you 169 00:07:49,920 --> 00:07:51,680 Speaker 2: haven't even started the episode. We're not even in the 170 00:07:51,680 --> 00:07:53,920 Speaker 2: dissection yet. I don't want to be confused right now, 171 00:07:54,160 --> 00:07:54,920 Speaker 2: wait for the drop? 172 00:07:58,440 --> 00:08:02,080 Speaker 1: You remember that in the movie? Yeah, yes, man, that's 173 00:08:02,080 --> 00:08:08,720 Speaker 1: exactly what we waking me up when I'm sleep at work, Like, oh, 174 00:08:08,800 --> 00:08:09,760 Speaker 1: back out of that dream. 175 00:08:10,640 --> 00:08:13,160 Speaker 2: And the last thing I want to know is why 176 00:08:13,240 --> 00:08:17,000 Speaker 2: is the keyst memory so bad? I think it's a 177 00:08:17,040 --> 00:08:18,880 Speaker 2: valid question. Well, one of us knew what we had 178 00:08:18,960 --> 00:08:21,400 Speaker 2: for breakfast last Friday? Yeah, all I needed was you 179 00:08:21,440 --> 00:08:22,320 Speaker 2: to jog my memory. 180 00:08:22,880 --> 00:08:24,280 Speaker 1: Then whose memory is bad? 181 00:08:24,760 --> 00:08:27,600 Speaker 2: You got a bad memory? 182 00:08:30,040 --> 00:08:32,320 Speaker 1: All right, welcome to the dissection. We are ready to 183 00:08:32,559 --> 00:08:35,360 Speaker 1: dive in t T. I want to know why you 184 00:08:35,400 --> 00:08:38,000 Speaker 1: have repressed your memory of picking that man up. 185 00:08:38,840 --> 00:08:41,880 Speaker 2: Okay, because it didn't actually happen, but okay. Our guest 186 00:08:41,880 --> 00:08:44,760 Speaker 2: expert this week is doctor Elizabeth Loftis. 187 00:08:45,160 --> 00:08:48,560 Speaker 3: My name is Elizabeth Loftus, and I'm a professor at 188 00:08:48,600 --> 00:08:50,520 Speaker 3: the University of California, Irvine. 189 00:08:50,600 --> 00:08:53,839 Speaker 2: Doctor Loftis is an experimental psychologist who specializes in the 190 00:08:53,880 --> 00:08:55,400 Speaker 2: study of human memory. 191 00:08:55,640 --> 00:08:59,840 Speaker 3: Memory is important because without it, you wouldn't know how 192 00:09:00,040 --> 00:09:03,280 Speaker 3: when you woke up in the morning to make coffee 193 00:09:03,360 --> 00:09:06,800 Speaker 3: or make toast, or figure out where you left your 194 00:09:06,800 --> 00:09:09,760 Speaker 3: car keys, or find your way to the bus stop. 195 00:09:10,520 --> 00:09:13,719 Speaker 3: Memory is important because our memories are part of our 196 00:09:13,760 --> 00:09:18,960 Speaker 3: identity and make us feel something about who we are. 197 00:09:19,160 --> 00:09:22,360 Speaker 2: Specifically, she studies how memories can be changed or corrupted. 198 00:09:22,520 --> 00:09:26,080 Speaker 3: The problem with memory is that it's not always accurate, 199 00:09:26,240 --> 00:09:30,480 Speaker 3: and inaccuracies can creep into memory for a number of reasons. 200 00:09:30,840 --> 00:09:34,839 Speaker 3: In some situations, memory is exceedingly important, such as when 201 00:09:34,880 --> 00:09:38,440 Speaker 3: it's involved in a court case and somebody's liberty. Their 202 00:09:38,520 --> 00:09:40,480 Speaker 3: freedom is at stake. 203 00:09:40,760 --> 00:09:42,520 Speaker 1: But the first thing we wanted to know is about 204 00:09:42,559 --> 00:09:45,160 Speaker 1: memories in general. Are all memories the same? 205 00:09:45,440 --> 00:09:47,600 Speaker 2: Doctor Lofta says, there are a lot of different types 206 00:09:47,600 --> 00:09:48,240 Speaker 2: of memories. 207 00:09:48,320 --> 00:09:54,120 Speaker 3: For example, we have episodic memories, which are memories about 208 00:09:54,160 --> 00:09:59,120 Speaker 3: our personal past. Sometimes we use the term autobiographical memory 209 00:09:59,160 --> 00:10:03,400 Speaker 3: when it's a about our life. There are semantic memories, 210 00:10:04,040 --> 00:10:08,520 Speaker 3: which are memories that we have about words and concepts 211 00:10:08,880 --> 00:10:13,360 Speaker 3: and knowledge of the world. There are procedural memories, such 212 00:10:13,400 --> 00:10:16,080 Speaker 3: as remembering how to ride a bike or how to 213 00:10:16,080 --> 00:10:16,920 Speaker 3: play the piano. 214 00:10:17,280 --> 00:10:21,439 Speaker 1: We asked doctor loftis, how do you study memory. What 215 00:10:21,600 --> 00:10:23,760 Speaker 1: is a typical experiment, What does it look like? How 216 00:10:23,760 --> 00:10:26,120 Speaker 1: does it help you understand how memory works. 217 00:10:26,440 --> 00:10:29,520 Speaker 3: Well, In many of the experiments that I've done and 218 00:10:29,600 --> 00:10:33,760 Speaker 3: other scientists, we'll show people a simulated event. It might 219 00:10:33,800 --> 00:10:38,240 Speaker 3: be a simulated crime or a simulated accident, and later 220 00:10:38,320 --> 00:10:40,840 Speaker 3: on we're going to expose them to some new information. 221 00:10:41,440 --> 00:10:45,720 Speaker 3: So you might see a robbery where the perpetrator is 222 00:10:45,720 --> 00:10:50,280 Speaker 3: wearing a green jacket, and later on you encounter another 223 00:10:50,320 --> 00:10:52,880 Speaker 3: witness who says, well, I saw the guy take the 224 00:10:52,920 --> 00:10:56,360 Speaker 3: wallet and he had a brown jacket. What is that 225 00:10:56,400 --> 00:11:01,120 Speaker 3: going to do to the original witnesses memory? For many witnesses, 226 00:11:01,840 --> 00:11:05,320 Speaker 3: they succumb to the suggestion and now they say I 227 00:11:05,360 --> 00:11:06,640 Speaker 3: saw a brown jacket too. 228 00:11:06,920 --> 00:11:08,680 Speaker 1: All of our memories are stored in the brain. 229 00:11:08,760 --> 00:11:10,800 Speaker 2: In the lining episode, we talked about white matter and 230 00:11:10,840 --> 00:11:13,560 Speaker 2: gray matter in the brain, but the most important parts 231 00:11:13,559 --> 00:11:16,720 Speaker 2: of the brain for memories are the cerebrum and the cerebellum. 232 00:11:16,840 --> 00:11:19,000 Speaker 1: We're not going to dive into the neurobiology of memories 233 00:11:19,040 --> 00:11:20,720 Speaker 1: in this episode, so you can check out our show 234 00:11:20,760 --> 00:11:22,240 Speaker 1: notes for more information about that. 235 00:11:22,600 --> 00:11:25,600 Speaker 2: But we will tell you this. Where the memories are 236 00:11:25,640 --> 00:11:28,680 Speaker 2: stored in the brain depends on the type of memories 237 00:11:28,679 --> 00:11:29,000 Speaker 2: they are. 238 00:11:29,400 --> 00:11:31,560 Speaker 1: And most people assume that once a memory is in 239 00:11:31,600 --> 00:11:33,880 Speaker 1: your brain is locked it can't change. 240 00:11:34,080 --> 00:11:37,360 Speaker 2: But a big part of doctor Loftus's work is proving 241 00:11:37,440 --> 00:11:40,720 Speaker 2: that memory is malleable and that it can be changed 242 00:11:40,800 --> 00:11:42,840 Speaker 2: or corrupted due to outside influences. 243 00:11:43,120 --> 00:11:45,360 Speaker 1: So what are some examples of things that can influence 244 00:11:45,360 --> 00:11:46,319 Speaker 1: a person's memory. 245 00:11:46,440 --> 00:11:50,240 Speaker 3: One of the things that can influence a person's memory, 246 00:11:50,760 --> 00:11:54,600 Speaker 3: for say, a past event, is whether they get some 247 00:11:55,240 --> 00:12:01,720 Speaker 3: new information about the event. For in some of these 248 00:12:01,760 --> 00:12:07,080 Speaker 3: studies that we have done, we might expose people to 249 00:12:07,200 --> 00:12:11,680 Speaker 3: a simulated accident where a car goes through an intersection 250 00:12:12,800 --> 00:12:17,040 Speaker 3: with a yield sign, and we can suggest to people 251 00:12:18,240 --> 00:12:21,200 Speaker 3: that what they saw is a stop sign, not a 252 00:12:21,280 --> 00:12:25,559 Speaker 3: yield sign, and many people then will accept the suggestion 253 00:12:26,800 --> 00:12:29,800 Speaker 3: and come to remember that they saw a stop sign. 254 00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:31,680 Speaker 2: This is very true. 255 00:12:32,120 --> 00:12:35,920 Speaker 1: You remember that story that we told earlier about being 256 00:12:35,960 --> 00:12:39,280 Speaker 1: at my house watching scary movies and then we both 257 00:12:39,320 --> 00:12:42,240 Speaker 1: heard the door handle at the back door like jiggle. 258 00:12:42,320 --> 00:12:44,160 Speaker 2: It sounded like somebody had grabbed the door knob and 259 00:12:44,280 --> 00:12:45,440 Speaker 2: was trying to get inside the house. 260 00:12:45,880 --> 00:12:47,840 Speaker 1: We all we did was look at each other, and 261 00:12:47,920 --> 00:12:50,440 Speaker 1: the next thing I knew, we were out the front 262 00:12:50,440 --> 00:12:52,640 Speaker 1: door barefoot, barefoot in the night. 263 00:12:53,440 --> 00:12:57,439 Speaker 2: Yes, and I was Becausezikia, as we know it, is 264 00:12:57,480 --> 00:12:59,600 Speaker 2: a very good cook, and she had barbecue that day. 265 00:12:59,600 --> 00:13:01,720 Speaker 2: She grilled out and so I had a rib in 266 00:13:01,800 --> 00:13:04,200 Speaker 2: my mouth. I was mid bite when we heard that sound, 267 00:13:04,400 --> 00:13:05,959 Speaker 2: And as soon as we heard that sound, I dropped 268 00:13:05,960 --> 00:13:07,680 Speaker 2: that rib smooth on the floor. 269 00:13:07,960 --> 00:13:10,120 Speaker 1: And the crazy thing is, every time I tell that story, 270 00:13:10,160 --> 00:13:11,719 Speaker 1: I say, I looked at T T. She dropped that 271 00:13:11,800 --> 00:13:15,160 Speaker 1: rib right onto the carpet boom, and we ran out 272 00:13:15,200 --> 00:13:18,400 Speaker 1: the door. But I don't remember seeing that. I know 273 00:13:18,520 --> 00:13:20,520 Speaker 1: I didn't see it because I know I locked eyes 274 00:13:20,559 --> 00:13:22,440 Speaker 1: with you. And then the next thing I remember, I 275 00:13:22,520 --> 00:13:23,400 Speaker 1: was out the front. 276 00:13:23,200 --> 00:13:25,760 Speaker 2: Looking at the night sky. Yeah, and I was like, 277 00:13:26,960 --> 00:13:29,480 Speaker 2: we gotta get some help. But that goes to what 278 00:13:29,600 --> 00:13:32,839 Speaker 2: doctor Loftus is saying. I told you that I dropped 279 00:13:32,840 --> 00:13:34,720 Speaker 2: the rib on the floor, and when we came back in, 280 00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:38,120 Speaker 2: we saw the rib on the wall, So that was 281 00:13:38,160 --> 00:13:42,080 Speaker 2: additional information that then changed your memory of that event. 282 00:13:42,280 --> 00:13:44,959 Speaker 2: Isn't that wild? That's really interesting. I think another thing 283 00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:47,240 Speaker 2: that a lot of people think or say, or that 284 00:13:47,280 --> 00:13:50,480 Speaker 2: I've heard people say, is that smell is the strongest 285 00:13:50,520 --> 00:13:55,000 Speaker 2: link to memory. I have definitely both heard and said that. 286 00:13:55,480 --> 00:13:57,520 Speaker 2: There have been times where I'm like, ooh, this soap 287 00:13:57,559 --> 00:14:01,640 Speaker 2: reminds me of kindergarten. Yeah, but is that true. 288 00:14:02,000 --> 00:14:06,400 Speaker 3: There are smells that can act as retrieval cues and 289 00:14:06,480 --> 00:14:10,760 Speaker 3: can remind you of something that happened in the past, 290 00:14:10,840 --> 00:14:13,760 Speaker 3: maybe a time when you smelled something similar, but I 291 00:14:13,800 --> 00:14:17,840 Speaker 3: wouldn't call it the strongest retrieval cue. In fact, much 292 00:14:17,880 --> 00:14:22,320 Speaker 3: more scientific work has been probably done on visual information 293 00:14:22,560 --> 00:14:27,760 Speaker 3: or even auditory information than the old factory or smell information. 294 00:14:28,040 --> 00:14:30,800 Speaker 1: So memories can be influenced by new information, like with 295 00:14:30,880 --> 00:14:33,280 Speaker 1: T T in the rib. But what if the new 296 00:14:33,320 --> 00:14:35,280 Speaker 1: information we get is inaccurate. 297 00:14:35,520 --> 00:14:39,280 Speaker 2: That's what doctor Loftus calls the misinformation effect, and it 298 00:14:39,320 --> 00:14:41,600 Speaker 2: can result in memory contamination. 299 00:14:41,920 --> 00:14:44,720 Speaker 3: We get new information when we talk to other people 300 00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:48,200 Speaker 3: who might have witnessed the same event, or if we 301 00:14:48,280 --> 00:14:53,840 Speaker 3: are interviewed or interrogated by somebody who perhaps has an 302 00:14:53,840 --> 00:14:58,960 Speaker 3: agenda or a bias and maybe inadvertently contaminates us. If 303 00:14:58,960 --> 00:15:01,600 Speaker 3: we see a high pl publicity event and then turn 304 00:15:01,680 --> 00:15:05,479 Speaker 3: on the TV or the get internet news or newspaper 305 00:15:05,560 --> 00:15:10,680 Speaker 3: news about some event, all of these provide an opportunity 306 00:15:10,840 --> 00:15:15,040 Speaker 3: for this new information to enter a person's memory and 307 00:15:15,160 --> 00:15:20,840 Speaker 3: cause an alteration or a contamination, a transformation in the memory. 308 00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:23,280 Speaker 2: So this makes me think about Lab three when we 309 00:15:23,320 --> 00:15:25,880 Speaker 2: talked about lying, because I think that there's an important 310 00:15:25,880 --> 00:15:30,040 Speaker 2: distinction here. You might think that somebody is deliberately lying 311 00:15:30,040 --> 00:15:33,280 Speaker 2: to you, but they might just have a contaminated memory, 312 00:15:33,560 --> 00:15:35,239 Speaker 2: or they might just be contaminated. 313 00:15:36,920 --> 00:15:40,160 Speaker 1: Not me, but they might be they universal day DJ 314 00:15:40,240 --> 00:15:43,080 Speaker 1: Khalid day in the DJ Kalid Day, that's right. 315 00:15:43,440 --> 00:15:47,280 Speaker 3: The kinds of memory distortions that I study and spend 316 00:15:47,280 --> 00:15:50,760 Speaker 3: a lot of time thinking about are not deliberate lies. 317 00:15:50,960 --> 00:15:55,600 Speaker 3: These are distortions in the minds of people who are 318 00:15:55,680 --> 00:15:58,680 Speaker 3: trying to be accurate and honest and trying to tell 319 00:15:58,680 --> 00:16:02,600 Speaker 3: you what they truly remember, but they have been influenced 320 00:16:02,640 --> 00:16:08,880 Speaker 3: by some sort of suggestion that causes these memory distortions 321 00:16:08,920 --> 00:16:14,720 Speaker 3: and inaccurate reporting. It's very different from deliberate, intentional lying. 322 00:16:15,280 --> 00:16:17,400 Speaker 2: Okay, so back to that night that I did not 323 00:16:17,840 --> 00:16:20,840 Speaker 2: pick that man up by his collar. Why does the 324 00:16:20,920 --> 00:16:24,240 Speaker 2: Kia not remember things how I remember them. We were 325 00:16:24,240 --> 00:16:27,960 Speaker 2: both there, and any outside influences that were around, we 326 00:16:28,160 --> 00:16:31,600 Speaker 2: both experience them, and we still don't tell the same story. 327 00:16:31,720 --> 00:16:35,720 Speaker 3: One obvious reason is that they're focusing on different details. 328 00:16:35,800 --> 00:16:38,160 Speaker 3: They're looking at different parts of the event, and so 329 00:16:38,200 --> 00:16:43,560 Speaker 3: they're remembering different parts. It's also possible sometimes a person's 330 00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:48,960 Speaker 3: own biases that they already have can influence how they 331 00:16:49,000 --> 00:16:53,880 Speaker 3: perceive and remember something. It's also possible that these two 332 00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:58,360 Speaker 3: people could be exposed to different forms of post event information, 333 00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:01,360 Speaker 3: so one of them might have a memory that gets 334 00:17:01,440 --> 00:17:04,760 Speaker 3: contaminated by misinformation and the other doesn't. 335 00:17:04,960 --> 00:17:08,040 Speaker 1: Thank you, Elizabeth, it's because I'm biased. I see TT 336 00:17:08,240 --> 00:17:13,399 Speaker 1: as strong, praise, in charge, and able to protect me 337 00:17:13,480 --> 00:17:17,680 Speaker 1: from all outside threats, and that has colored my perception 338 00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:20,680 Speaker 1: as I access this memory over and over again. 339 00:17:20,840 --> 00:17:22,920 Speaker 2: She wants me to apologize. No, I'm sorry. 340 00:17:23,040 --> 00:17:25,560 Speaker 1: I don't want you to apologize so much. 341 00:17:25,320 --> 00:17:27,600 Speaker 2: For telling that story that that way. 342 00:17:28,080 --> 00:17:30,399 Speaker 1: In all my stories, In all my stories, you are 343 00:17:30,440 --> 00:17:31,040 Speaker 1: the hero. 344 00:17:31,119 --> 00:17:34,119 Speaker 2: Or the crazy person. It depends on how you depends 345 00:17:34,160 --> 00:17:37,600 Speaker 2: on your bias and your perception of the event. Somebody 346 00:17:37,640 --> 00:17:39,119 Speaker 2: may hear that I picked a man up by the 347 00:17:39,160 --> 00:17:41,200 Speaker 2: collar and be like that lady. 348 00:17:41,040 --> 00:17:44,320 Speaker 1: Is crazy, That lady is strong. Okay, let's take a break. 349 00:17:44,359 --> 00:17:47,320 Speaker 1: When we come back, we'll talk about collective memory when 350 00:17:47,320 --> 00:17:49,920 Speaker 1: it comes to things we all remember. Do the same 351 00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:50,800 Speaker 1: rules still apply? 352 00:17:51,280 --> 00:18:11,359 Speaker 2: Don't go anywhere. And we're back, and we want to 353 00:18:11,400 --> 00:18:16,199 Speaker 2: talk about collective memory. Moments in history that society remembers together. 354 00:18:16,400 --> 00:18:18,959 Speaker 2: Is it possible for a group of people to have 355 00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:20,760 Speaker 2: a collective memory of an event? 356 00:18:20,960 --> 00:18:24,920 Speaker 3: There are certain events that happen in the world that 357 00:18:25,480 --> 00:18:29,800 Speaker 3: we as a society may experience together. 358 00:18:30,040 --> 00:18:32,000 Speaker 1: When I think of collective memory, I tend to think 359 00:18:32,040 --> 00:18:37,320 Speaker 1: of like traumatic events like wars or major protests, or 360 00:18:37,960 --> 00:18:40,159 Speaker 1: things that happen to different groups of people. 361 00:18:40,320 --> 00:18:44,040 Speaker 3: Right, Yeah, we call these sort of flashball memories, these 362 00:18:44,480 --> 00:18:49,760 Speaker 3: collective memories for you know, traumatic national events, for example, 363 00:18:49,840 --> 00:18:53,560 Speaker 3: wherever you live, we share the experiences of what happened 364 00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:56,639 Speaker 3: in nine to eleven, and many people can tell you 365 00:18:57,080 --> 00:19:01,600 Speaker 3: something about how they learn the news on that particular day. 366 00:19:01,680 --> 00:19:04,840 Speaker 1: When we think about collective memory, we all may have 367 00:19:04,880 --> 00:19:07,679 Speaker 1: a certain narrative or there's like a predominant narrative and 368 00:19:07,720 --> 00:19:10,160 Speaker 1: that's the collective memory about an event, or like. 369 00:19:10,359 --> 00:19:13,960 Speaker 2: A collective emotion or something like that. Yeah, people think 370 00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:16,439 Speaker 2: about nine to eleven and are generally sad. 371 00:19:17,119 --> 00:19:20,360 Speaker 3: Right, there is a sense in which we still as 372 00:19:20,400 --> 00:19:25,680 Speaker 3: a society share that experience and are bound together by 373 00:19:25,920 --> 00:19:30,320 Speaker 3: having endured that experience. But it's still very interesting that 374 00:19:30,359 --> 00:19:34,000 Speaker 3: when you gather information from people right afterwards and they 375 00:19:34,640 --> 00:19:37,359 Speaker 3: say how'd you hear the news? They may they may say, 376 00:19:38,440 --> 00:19:40,520 Speaker 3: you know, I was in my college dorm and my 377 00:19:40,600 --> 00:19:44,160 Speaker 3: roommate came in and told me. But when you interview 378 00:19:44,200 --> 00:19:47,119 Speaker 3: them a year or two later, they're telling you that 379 00:19:47,160 --> 00:19:49,200 Speaker 3: they learned about it when they turned on the TV. 380 00:19:50,160 --> 00:19:55,240 Speaker 3: So even memories surrounding something very emotional are malleable. 381 00:19:55,359 --> 00:19:58,560 Speaker 2: So collective memory can change just like individual memories can 382 00:19:58,840 --> 00:19:59,160 Speaker 2: I guess. 383 00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:02,479 Speaker 1: I wonder like, how does collective memory get shaped? Like 384 00:20:02,520 --> 00:20:04,200 Speaker 1: who decides what we remember? 385 00:20:04,600 --> 00:20:07,600 Speaker 2: There are some really interesting examples in the world right 386 00:20:07,640 --> 00:20:11,800 Speaker 2: now of things that could influence collective memory. One of 387 00:20:11,800 --> 00:20:15,960 Speaker 2: those things is monuments that commemorate different people or events. 388 00:20:16,080 --> 00:20:21,120 Speaker 3: What I described earlier was a new misleading information that 389 00:20:21,240 --> 00:20:26,440 Speaker 3: can contaminate or distort or transform somebody's memory. But it's 390 00:20:26,480 --> 00:20:30,119 Speaker 3: also the case that you can see items in the 391 00:20:30,160 --> 00:20:33,399 Speaker 3: world as you're wandering through the world that can remind 392 00:20:33,480 --> 00:20:36,320 Speaker 3: you of a past experience. 393 00:20:36,480 --> 00:20:38,800 Speaker 2: It's like a permanent physical reminder. 394 00:20:38,840 --> 00:20:41,359 Speaker 1: It's like walking to your house every day and seeing 395 00:20:41,359 --> 00:20:42,960 Speaker 1: the rib on the carpet every day, the ribbons on 396 00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:45,000 Speaker 1: the carpet every day, the ribs on the carpet, and 397 00:20:45,040 --> 00:20:47,720 Speaker 1: you're like, this was a major thing that happened. How 398 00:20:47,840 --> 00:20:49,879 Speaker 1: grand how you know exactly? 399 00:20:50,440 --> 00:20:53,440 Speaker 2: And those things are true not just for like physical 400 00:20:53,560 --> 00:20:57,800 Speaker 2: things that are you know, erected in our communities. It's 401 00:20:57,840 --> 00:20:59,120 Speaker 2: also true in pop culture. 402 00:20:59,280 --> 00:21:01,800 Speaker 1: Yes, I think that's a very good point. So in 403 00:21:01,840 --> 00:21:04,760 Speaker 1: the media, what stories get told. One of the most 404 00:21:04,800 --> 00:21:07,800 Speaker 1: recent ones that I think is really change is providing 405 00:21:07,840 --> 00:21:10,080 Speaker 1: some new information for folks. 406 00:21:09,960 --> 00:21:11,879 Speaker 2: Is when they See Us. Yep, When They See Us 407 00:21:11,920 --> 00:21:15,760 Speaker 2: has been the most watched series on Netflix in the 408 00:21:15,960 --> 00:21:19,200 Speaker 2: US every day since it premiered on May thirty first. 409 00:21:19,720 --> 00:21:21,920 Speaker 1: That's a lot of people, and that's really that's moving 410 00:21:21,960 --> 00:21:24,440 Speaker 1: the mark on that collective memory there. 411 00:21:24,560 --> 00:21:28,640 Speaker 2: The Central Park five was something that people know about 412 00:21:28,760 --> 00:21:31,879 Speaker 2: or kind of know about, but we didn't really have 413 00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:34,439 Speaker 2: as much detail as before. I feel like there are 414 00:21:34,480 --> 00:21:36,880 Speaker 2: some people who didn't even know that they were exonerated. 415 00:21:37,080 --> 00:21:40,040 Speaker 2: And now with all this additional information, this movie is 416 00:21:40,160 --> 00:21:42,080 Speaker 2: now like a monument. 417 00:21:42,240 --> 00:21:45,320 Speaker 1: Yeah, it shifts the collective memory about what happened to 418 00:21:45,400 --> 00:21:46,320 Speaker 1: those young men. 419 00:21:46,320 --> 00:21:48,840 Speaker 2: And it also brings that memory to the forefront and 420 00:21:49,400 --> 00:21:51,600 Speaker 2: kind of like sears it into our memory. But that's 421 00:21:51,640 --> 00:21:55,639 Speaker 2: so important, right it is. It's important for our collective memory, 422 00:21:55,680 --> 00:21:58,480 Speaker 2: and it's important to build that structure within pop culture. 423 00:21:58,720 --> 00:22:01,480 Speaker 1: And so that makes me think that if cues like 424 00:22:01,520 --> 00:22:04,720 Speaker 1: that reinforce memory for us and make us remember things, 425 00:22:04,920 --> 00:22:07,280 Speaker 1: then does the absence of a queue like that make 426 00:22:07,359 --> 00:22:09,399 Speaker 1: us forget things from our collective memory. 427 00:22:09,840 --> 00:22:13,560 Speaker 2: I think that's definitely possible. The things that are super 428 00:22:13,560 --> 00:22:17,200 Speaker 2: important to a community, it's important to have things those 429 00:22:17,320 --> 00:22:20,240 Speaker 2: cues to bring it to the forefront of your mind. Yeah, 430 00:22:20,280 --> 00:22:22,960 Speaker 2: so put a little plaque next to that rib and say, 431 00:22:23,040 --> 00:22:25,600 Speaker 2: here lies the rib that teaching never finished. May it 432 00:22:25,640 --> 00:22:30,760 Speaker 2: always remind us to lock the back door. So over time, 433 00:22:30,960 --> 00:22:34,040 Speaker 2: as we have these memories in our brain, they will 434 00:22:34,160 --> 00:22:35,160 Speaker 2: start to fade. Right. 435 00:22:35,480 --> 00:22:38,199 Speaker 3: One of the kind of basic laws of memory is 436 00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:42,119 Speaker 3: that it fades over time. So our personal memories for 437 00:22:42,240 --> 00:22:46,520 Speaker 3: things we individually have experienced, or are collective memories for 438 00:22:46,680 --> 00:22:50,080 Speaker 3: things that we have as a society or a population 439 00:22:50,280 --> 00:22:54,959 Speaker 3: have experienced together. What's a little less obvious is that 440 00:22:55,040 --> 00:22:57,600 Speaker 3: as our memories are fading, they become more and more 441 00:22:57,800 --> 00:23:03,560 Speaker 3: vulnerable to being contempnedminated. So I can contaminate a memory 442 00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:06,640 Speaker 3: for something that happened a year ago a lot easier 443 00:23:06,680 --> 00:23:09,719 Speaker 3: than I can contaminate a memory for something that happened 444 00:23:09,720 --> 00:23:10,440 Speaker 3: an hour ago. 445 00:23:10,800 --> 00:23:15,359 Speaker 1: So the older memory is, the more likely it is 446 00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:19,439 Speaker 1: that someone could make you misremember what happened. 447 00:23:19,520 --> 00:23:26,560 Speaker 2: Okay, So I think that Z can become a better person. 448 00:23:24,840 --> 00:23:30,159 Speaker 2: What okay, wrong words? Not a better person, but just 449 00:23:30,240 --> 00:23:34,640 Speaker 2: better at remembering things. It's critical to our friendship. When 450 00:23:34,640 --> 00:23:37,960 Speaker 2: we turn seventy, I want to be able to tell 451 00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:40,960 Speaker 2: these stories. I'm gonna tell them, but I want them 452 00:23:40,960 --> 00:23:42,200 Speaker 2: to be accurate. 453 00:23:42,359 --> 00:23:45,960 Speaker 1: They will be when we turn seventy. Man, none of 454 00:23:45,960 --> 00:23:48,000 Speaker 1: this stuff is going to be the same. People are 455 00:23:48,000 --> 00:23:49,560 Speaker 1: going to be like used to stand around and hold 456 00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:52,200 Speaker 1: drinks in your hands and look at each other. Yes, 457 00:23:53,960 --> 00:23:56,520 Speaker 1: Doctor Lofta says that there's been research into ways to 458 00:23:56,600 --> 00:23:58,680 Speaker 1: prevent your memories from being contaminated. 459 00:23:58,760 --> 00:24:01,600 Speaker 3: One of the things psychology have looked at in this 460 00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:07,240 Speaker 3: memory contamination work is whether warning people that you might 461 00:24:07,280 --> 00:24:13,240 Speaker 3: be exposed to some misleading information can help people reduce 462 00:24:13,320 --> 00:24:17,440 Speaker 3: the impact of that misinformation. And we have found that 463 00:24:17,720 --> 00:24:20,160 Speaker 3: if you give people a warning, you know, watch out, 464 00:24:20,320 --> 00:24:24,080 Speaker 3: somebody might be trying to mess with your memory. People 465 00:24:24,119 --> 00:24:27,800 Speaker 3: can use that warning and to some extent fenned off 466 00:24:27,920 --> 00:24:32,399 Speaker 3: to some degree the invasion of new information into the mind. 467 00:24:32,520 --> 00:24:34,879 Speaker 1: But is a little tricky to employ this in the 468 00:24:34,920 --> 00:24:35,439 Speaker 1: real world. 469 00:24:35,520 --> 00:24:37,399 Speaker 3: The problem out there in the real world is we 470 00:24:37,480 --> 00:24:40,720 Speaker 3: don't walk around with these warnings in the forefront of 471 00:24:40,760 --> 00:24:41,760 Speaker 3: our consciousness. 472 00:24:41,840 --> 00:24:44,640 Speaker 2: And you know what else, I'm thinking about, what all 473 00:24:44,680 --> 00:24:46,760 Speaker 2: the stuff that we have in our phones, like all 474 00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:50,320 Speaker 2: the pictures and the videos and Facebook and Twitter and 475 00:24:50,359 --> 00:24:52,440 Speaker 2: all that stuff like that, that is really going to 476 00:24:52,480 --> 00:24:55,360 Speaker 2: play a major role as we get older and how 477 00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:58,639 Speaker 2: we remember stuff. Remember from the Edges Snatched episode, we 478 00:24:58,640 --> 00:25:03,160 Speaker 2: were talking to doctor Harris about self image versus self fact, 479 00:25:03,200 --> 00:25:05,240 Speaker 2: and we were asking folks, how many selfies do you 480 00:25:05,240 --> 00:25:06,120 Speaker 2: have in your phone? 481 00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:08,919 Speaker 1: Yeah, and he said, so he dropped a gem. He 482 00:25:09,080 --> 00:25:12,160 Speaker 1: was like, now, more than there's never been a time 483 00:25:12,200 --> 00:25:15,119 Speaker 1: in history where we spent more time looking at ourselves 484 00:25:15,240 --> 00:25:17,960 Speaker 1: exactly right. And so when you think about that, those 485 00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:21,040 Speaker 1: are lots of physical cues to remember. I feel like 486 00:25:21,080 --> 00:25:22,679 Speaker 1: back in the day, it was probably easier for some 487 00:25:22,680 --> 00:25:24,399 Speaker 1: folks to say, like, oh, when I was in college, 488 00:25:24,400 --> 00:25:26,280 Speaker 1: I was fly I was just this and that. But 489 00:25:26,320 --> 00:25:28,760 Speaker 1: when we look back at those pictures, honey, eyebrows are 490 00:25:28,840 --> 00:25:34,320 Speaker 1: razor thin girl, not fly tc. We're building our collective 491 00:25:34,720 --> 00:25:39,000 Speaker 1: memory now. It's everything that we're recording, everything that we're 492 00:25:39,000 --> 00:25:42,000 Speaker 1: putting on social media, everything that's in the press. Those 493 00:25:42,040 --> 00:25:44,800 Speaker 1: are going to be our cues that we go back 494 00:25:44,840 --> 00:25:45,439 Speaker 1: to later. 495 00:25:45,760 --> 00:25:47,960 Speaker 2: And before it was it was all put on the 496 00:25:47,960 --> 00:25:52,760 Speaker 2: shoulders of historians to collect all this information, keep it together, 497 00:25:52,960 --> 00:25:57,560 Speaker 2: preserve it, and everything like that. Now we are all historians. 498 00:25:57,640 --> 00:26:01,080 Speaker 1: We're our own historians, which is the scary part because 499 00:26:01,640 --> 00:26:03,680 Speaker 1: what I think is important for today might be really 500 00:26:03,760 --> 00:26:05,280 Speaker 1: different from what somebody else thinks. 501 00:26:05,359 --> 00:26:08,080 Speaker 2: Right, right, that just goes you know what. 502 00:26:08,080 --> 00:26:10,679 Speaker 1: That's making me think about who's talking about Sudan on 503 00:26:10,720 --> 00:26:13,639 Speaker 1: Instagram and who's not. Exactly something like that could be 504 00:26:13,720 --> 00:26:17,639 Speaker 1: totally wiped from the collective memory just because it doesn't right, 505 00:26:17,720 --> 00:26:20,919 Speaker 1: because there's a media blackout in Sudan, like our news 506 00:26:20,920 --> 00:26:23,119 Speaker 1: stations aren't covering it here, we're not hearing about it. 507 00:26:23,160 --> 00:26:27,440 Speaker 1: And basically we're relying on folks on Instagram that are 508 00:26:27,840 --> 00:26:31,560 Speaker 1: Sudanese or have some type of connection to Sudan to 509 00:26:31,720 --> 00:26:35,000 Speaker 1: give us the information or we wouldn't know. That's wild. 510 00:26:35,600 --> 00:26:38,680 Speaker 1: What if you lost your phone? What would that mean 511 00:26:38,720 --> 00:26:41,080 Speaker 1: for your ability to remember what's happened in the past 512 00:26:41,080 --> 00:26:41,639 Speaker 1: two years? 513 00:26:42,000 --> 00:26:44,479 Speaker 2: It would affect it a lot. Yeah, because I mean 514 00:26:44,520 --> 00:26:46,800 Speaker 2: even in our phones are if you have an iPhone, 515 00:26:46,840 --> 00:26:49,439 Speaker 2: I don't know what Android phones are doing. But now 516 00:26:49,560 --> 00:26:52,199 Speaker 2: let me stop. But like, as soon as you go 517 00:26:52,200 --> 00:26:53,800 Speaker 2: into your photos, it'll be like, here's what you were 518 00:26:53,800 --> 00:26:57,240 Speaker 2: doing five years ago, Here's what you were doing in September. Oh, 519 00:26:57,280 --> 00:26:59,919 Speaker 2: here's this slides show of you and your sisters. I'm like, oh, 520 00:27:00,880 --> 00:27:04,040 Speaker 2: this is nice. And even how we get information. People 521 00:27:04,040 --> 00:27:07,840 Speaker 2: don't think anymore. As soon as someone asked the question, 522 00:27:07,840 --> 00:27:10,120 Speaker 2: they're like, oh, and they pull out their phone and 523 00:27:10,160 --> 00:27:13,119 Speaker 2: they google it and get the answer. And I feel 524 00:27:13,160 --> 00:27:16,159 Speaker 2: like that contributes to us not being able to remember 525 00:27:16,200 --> 00:27:18,640 Speaker 2: information as well, because if you don't have to go 526 00:27:18,760 --> 00:27:21,680 Speaker 2: through the thought process, the scientific method in your head 527 00:27:21,760 --> 00:27:25,199 Speaker 2: of having an idea and postulating and trying to get 528 00:27:25,240 --> 00:27:29,199 Speaker 2: to a conclusion and then trying to get information to 529 00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:31,800 Speaker 2: support whatever you're trying to. 530 00:27:31,760 --> 00:27:35,000 Speaker 1: Do, information gathering, then analysis of that information. 531 00:27:35,320 --> 00:27:40,600 Speaker 2: Yeah, then how can you commit that to memory? You're 532 00:27:40,600 --> 00:27:42,440 Speaker 2: taking it for granted that when I need it it'll 533 00:27:42,480 --> 00:27:44,800 Speaker 2: be here. This is disposable, right, How do. 534 00:27:44,760 --> 00:27:46,840 Speaker 1: We reinforce the memories and the things that we care 535 00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:48,800 Speaker 1: about and we don't want to go to the wayside? 536 00:27:48,920 --> 00:27:53,320 Speaker 2: Right? That's tradition. That is tradition. And that's a very 537 00:27:53,359 --> 00:27:55,920 Speaker 2: good point. Because Juneteenth was yesterday. 538 00:27:56,000 --> 00:27:56,320 Speaker 3: M hm. 539 00:27:56,520 --> 00:27:57,640 Speaker 2: What did y'all do to celebrate? 540 00:27:57,640 --> 00:27:59,000 Speaker 1: What did you do to bring it to the forefront 541 00:27:59,040 --> 00:28:01,919 Speaker 1: of your mind and to and to remember or not 542 00:28:01,960 --> 00:28:04,640 Speaker 1: even just remember, but to go back and act and get. 543 00:28:04,440 --> 00:28:07,240 Speaker 2: Some accurate information about Juneteenth. 544 00:28:07,320 --> 00:28:10,200 Speaker 1: Yeah, let's post a June teenth quiz see what people 545 00:28:10,359 --> 00:28:13,080 Speaker 1: see what you know about Juneteenth, but don't read anything 546 00:28:13,960 --> 00:28:15,359 Speaker 1: before you take the queens and cheat. 547 00:28:15,720 --> 00:28:20,119 Speaker 2: Don't cheat. They're millennials and gen zs. They go on Google. 548 00:28:20,440 --> 00:28:23,560 Speaker 2: You can do a pre Google. You can do a 549 00:28:23,560 --> 00:28:26,560 Speaker 2: slight Google, not a deep Google. You can only look 550 00:28:26,560 --> 00:28:29,760 Speaker 2: at the first two results. Yeah. 551 00:28:29,800 --> 00:28:31,280 Speaker 1: I think one of the main things is like when 552 00:28:31,280 --> 00:28:34,240 Speaker 1: we think about Juneteenth, right, there are not many monuments, 553 00:28:34,280 --> 00:28:36,359 Speaker 1: and when we think about the fourth of July, I 554 00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:38,640 Speaker 1: feel like, I see, I can tell you July fourth, 555 00:28:38,720 --> 00:28:41,200 Speaker 1: seventeen seventy six, but June teenth. 556 00:28:41,600 --> 00:28:44,000 Speaker 2: What what year was it? What year was it? 557 00:28:44,360 --> 00:28:47,320 Speaker 1: And it's so interesting, right because it's where do you 558 00:28:47,320 --> 00:28:50,360 Speaker 1: get this information? You see the things about the fourth 559 00:28:50,360 --> 00:28:54,040 Speaker 1: of July everywhere. You see statues and monuments, and you 560 00:28:54,080 --> 00:28:56,160 Speaker 1: see all these things related to like the Civil War. 561 00:28:56,320 --> 00:28:57,280 Speaker 2: But I think when you. 562 00:28:57,400 --> 00:29:01,720 Speaker 1: Exclude certain events from the narrative, they also don't get 563 00:29:01,760 --> 00:29:04,080 Speaker 1: to become part of the collective memory. So somebody, we 564 00:29:04,160 --> 00:29:06,239 Speaker 1: need some community historians. And there are people that are 565 00:29:06,280 --> 00:29:09,120 Speaker 1: doing this work, you know, but we really want to 566 00:29:09,120 --> 00:29:10,800 Speaker 1: shine a light on them. So definitely check out our 567 00:29:10,800 --> 00:29:14,280 Speaker 1: show notes for some more information about Juneteenth and some 568 00:29:14,360 --> 00:29:15,200 Speaker 1: of the celebrations. 569 00:29:15,320 --> 00:29:19,400 Speaker 2: Yes, posted Juneteenth outfits. Yes, what did y'all wear? 570 00:29:19,440 --> 00:29:23,680 Speaker 1: How did y'all celebrate? I celebrate every occasion by cooking. 571 00:29:23,480 --> 00:29:26,200 Speaker 2: And I celebrate every occasion by going to Ze's house 572 00:29:27,480 --> 00:29:27,960 Speaker 2: and eating. 573 00:29:42,760 --> 00:29:45,040 Speaker 1: For more on today's episode, check out our cheat sheet 574 00:29:45,080 --> 00:29:48,280 Speaker 1: and show notes at Dope Labs podcasts dot com. 575 00:29:48,120 --> 00:29:50,440 Speaker 2: And remember the phone lines are always open. You can 576 00:29:50,520 --> 00:29:53,160 Speaker 2: leave us a question or a comment or text us. 577 00:29:53,360 --> 00:29:56,800 Speaker 2: Our number is two zero two five six seven seven 578 00:29:56,920 --> 00:30:01,600 Speaker 2: zero two eight. That's two zero two seven seven zero 579 00:30:01,720 --> 00:30:02,280 Speaker 2: two eight. 580 00:30:02,520 --> 00:30:04,960 Speaker 1: You can find us on Twitter and Instagram at Dope 581 00:30:05,040 --> 00:30:07,880 Speaker 1: Labs podcast t t is on Twitter and Instagram at 582 00:30:07,960 --> 00:30:10,719 Speaker 1: dr Underscore t Sho. 583 00:30:10,400 --> 00:30:13,000 Speaker 2: And you can find Zakia on Twitter and Instagram at 584 00:30:13,200 --> 00:30:14,000 Speaker 2: z Said So. 585 00:30:14,720 --> 00:30:16,400 Speaker 1: And if you do love the show, don't forget to 586 00:30:16,440 --> 00:30:18,720 Speaker 1: follow us on Spotify or wherever else you listen to 587 00:30:18,720 --> 00:30:23,240 Speaker 1: your podcast special thanks to our guest expert, doctor Elizabeth Loftus. 588 00:30:23,400 --> 00:30:25,520 Speaker 1: You can find more about her research in the show notes. 589 00:30:25,640 --> 00:30:28,400 Speaker 1: Our producer is Jenny Rattle at MAST. Mixing and sound 590 00:30:28,400 --> 00:30:29,600 Speaker 1: design by Hannis Brown. 591 00:30:29,720 --> 00:30:33,280 Speaker 2: Original theme music by Taka Yasuzawa and Alex sugi Ura. 592 00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:35,960 Speaker 2: Additional music by Elijah Lex Harvey. 593 00:30:36,080 --> 00:30:38,160 Speaker 1: Dope Labs is brought to you by three M and 594 00:30:38,320 --> 00:30:41,400 Speaker 1: is a production of Spotify Studios and Mega Own Media Group, 595 00:30:41,680 --> 00:30:43,000 Speaker 1: and is executive. 596 00:30:42,560 --> 00:30:43,720 Speaker 2: Produced by us T. T. 597 00:30:43,800 --> 00:30:50,320 Speaker 1: Shadia and Zakiah Wattley. 598 00:30:55,560 --> 00:30:56,840 Speaker 2: Why are you looking at me like that? 599 00:30:57,040 --> 00:31:00,160 Speaker 1: I'm just saying, maybe you thinking different about yourself. I'm not. 600 00:31:01,320 --> 00:31:03,120 Speaker 1: You don't want people to know you're a stone cold killer, 601 00:31:03,120 --> 00:31:05,520 Speaker 1: but I know