WEBVTT - Who Gets to Name Continents? 0:00:00.160 --> 0:00:03.160 This episode is brought to you by square Space. Start 0:00:03.160 --> 0:00:06.280 building your website today at squarespace dot com and are 0:00:06.360 --> 0:00:08.840 offered code stuff at check out and you will get 0:00:08.880 --> 0:00:14.160 ten percent off square Space. Set your website apart. Hey, 0:00:14.240 --> 0:00:17.440 we have a tour update if you live in Denver, Colorado, 0:00:18.000 --> 0:00:21.680 or Houston, Texas. This makes our third trip to Texas, 0:00:21.800 --> 0:00:26.320 which ties it for California from their neck and Neck, 0:00:26.400 --> 0:00:30.480 neck and neck and well in that way only. So 0:00:30.800 --> 0:00:35.040 this is actually Memorial Day weekend people. On Saturday of May, 0:00:35.520 --> 0:00:38.680 we will be in Houston, Texas, and on Sunday May 0:00:39.360 --> 0:00:41.599 we are going to Denver. You can find out all 0:00:41.640 --> 0:00:43.680 the information at s y s K live dot com 0:00:43.880 --> 0:00:47.360 right powered by square Space and tickets go and sail 0:00:47.440 --> 0:00:50.400 this Friday. Yeah, so go get them be there or 0:00:50.440 --> 0:00:56.400 be square Houston and Denver. Welcome to you Stuff you 0:00:56.440 --> 0:01:05.240 should know from house Stuff Works dot com. Hey you, 0:01:05.240 --> 0:01:08.399 and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, There's Charles W. 0:01:08.560 --> 0:01:10.919 Chuck Bryant, and Jerry's over there. So this is stuff 0:01:10.959 --> 0:01:16.840 you should know. Geography. We are in North America, that's right, Chuck. 0:01:16.959 --> 0:01:22.600 According to some yeah, actually according to everybody. No, not everybody. Yeah, 0:01:22.680 --> 0:01:24.760 we'll get to it, Okay, we don't want to spoil 0:01:24.800 --> 0:01:28.960 like basically the fact of the podcast right already. Uh, 0:01:29.000 --> 0:01:32.240 this is as I said about geography, and if this 0:01:32.319 --> 0:01:34.760 kind of thing quotes your boat, I strongly suggest you 0:01:34.800 --> 0:01:37.080 go look at how maps work or read or listen 0:01:37.120 --> 0:01:40.000 to that episode. Yeah, it was a good one. It was. 0:01:40.200 --> 0:01:43.280 Remember we've found that like people, other people see the 0:01:43.319 --> 0:01:47.280 world the map upside down. Sure, you know, yeah, it 0:01:47.360 --> 0:01:49.600 all depends on how you look at it, agreed, And 0:01:49.640 --> 0:01:52.080 that actually kind of comes into play, not just with 0:01:52.160 --> 0:01:54.760 how you look at a map and say, oh, I'm 0:01:54.800 --> 0:01:57.520 on top and you're on bottom, so therefore you must 0:01:57.560 --> 0:02:05.320 be developing. Um Naming continents is a kind of a well, well, 0:02:05.360 --> 0:02:09.040 we humans are kind of big on names, I guess. Yeah, 0:02:10.000 --> 0:02:14.320 we're big on location. We're big on identifying with where 0:02:14.320 --> 0:02:16.760 we're from, with where we live, that kind of stuff. 0:02:17.160 --> 0:02:20.000 It's the whole in group, out group, Yes, you know. Yeah, 0:02:20.120 --> 0:02:22.520 and uh boy, I have to say, for a short 0:02:22.720 --> 0:02:26.200 ish podcast, which this is going to be, it's gonna 0:02:26.200 --> 0:02:29.000 be our longest one, let's take an head break. No, 0:02:29.320 --> 0:02:32.160 not yet. I hazard to say that I learned more 0:02:32.320 --> 0:02:36.959 in this than ten Barbie podcast than the ten Barbie podcast. 0:02:37.080 --> 0:02:38.480 Actually that's not true. I learned a lot in that 0:02:38.480 --> 0:02:40.800 one too, that one, but this is just loaded with 0:02:40.919 --> 0:02:44.959 interesting stuff because I am not the biggest geography buff. 0:02:45.040 --> 0:02:48.720 For someone who is a math or a maps buff. Yeah, 0:02:48.800 --> 0:02:52.400 well you like for the artistry, right, Yeah. And I 0:02:52.560 --> 0:02:55.880 was just ordered a great new map. Um. I wish 0:02:55.919 --> 0:02:58.240 I could remember the guy's name, but it was read 0:02:58.400 --> 0:03:01.800 article on this super detailed, awesome map of the United States, 0:03:01.800 --> 0:03:06.760 and this guy spent years and years, uh drawing Arby's 0:03:06.800 --> 0:03:09.280 all over the country. Not an Army's map. That would 0:03:09.280 --> 0:03:12.000 be great though, although you can just follow your nose, 0:03:12.120 --> 0:03:14.560 you don't really need it always knows. Yeah, just like 0:03:14.760 --> 0:03:17.720 smell the Horsey sauce. I love that stuff, although the 0:03:17.800 --> 0:03:20.920 Arvy sauces by far the superior of the two. Well, 0:03:21.040 --> 0:03:23.359 I think you got to mix them. That's the key. 0:03:23.480 --> 0:03:27.000 Not always. I'm more of a beef and cheddar cheddar 0:03:27.120 --> 0:03:30.760 mix with the Arby's sauce it's delicious, and the horses sauce, 0:03:30.800 --> 0:03:33.680 although I'm okay with horse sauce. Sometimes I haven't had 0:03:33.800 --> 0:03:38.920 Arbies and forever. Yeah, it's delicious. That disgusting roast beech 0:03:38.960 --> 0:03:43.760 sandwich is so good. All right? Uh? Anyway, I ordered 0:03:43.800 --> 0:03:46.920 this amazing map, and um it hasn't arrived. I can't 0:03:46.920 --> 0:03:48.880 wait for it to get here, though. It's gonna Actually 0:03:48.920 --> 0:03:52.320 I'm gonna frame this one, I think. Okay, you don't 0:03:52.320 --> 0:03:55.720 have all your maps framed. No, you need like a huge, 0:03:55.920 --> 0:03:58.520 huge wing of your house and just have every map 0:03:58.680 --> 0:04:01.160 you have right framed on the wall. I should be like, 0:04:01.200 --> 0:04:03.040 I'm starting to see a pattern here. That would mean 0:04:03.080 --> 0:04:04.960 I have a huge room to my house, all to myself, 0:04:05.160 --> 0:04:08.760 and that's not true. Unfortunately. You know how to swing 0:04:08.760 --> 0:04:12.480 a hammer, don't you. Yeah, just build another room, Chuck room, 0:04:14.320 --> 0:04:17.360 I wish my friend so Chuck. We were talking about 0:04:17.480 --> 0:04:19.920 um continents in their names and all that stuff, right, 0:04:21.240 --> 0:04:24.760 It turns out that when you think about the continents names, 0:04:24.760 --> 0:04:26.719 some of them seem kind of whole hum or whatever. 0:04:26.839 --> 0:04:31.640 There's actually some really great stories behind these things, um 0:04:31.680 --> 0:04:33.880 and the We should probably start at the very beginning, 0:04:34.360 --> 0:04:39.200 way back way way back in even further back than 0:04:39.240 --> 0:04:44.400 that million years ago. If you looked at the planet Earth, 0:04:44.960 --> 0:04:47.120 you would have seen that there weren't a bunch of 0:04:47.160 --> 0:04:50.919 different continents, that there was actually one huge continent that 0:04:50.960 --> 0:04:56.680 wore a headman and had enormous like four arms named Pangaea. 0:04:57.080 --> 0:05:00.760 What a stud that continent was. And there was one ocean. 0:05:01.560 --> 0:05:05.400 Uh and the name of that ocean was Panthalassa. Yeah, 0:05:05.560 --> 0:05:07.720 it wasn't all divided up. It was just one big 0:05:07.800 --> 0:05:11.600 chunk of land and surrounded by one massive ocean. Right. 0:05:11.640 --> 0:05:14.640 And then as we'll see later, this is the prominent 0:05:14.720 --> 0:05:17.640 theory by the way, Right, Okay, we don't like, no 0:05:17.720 --> 0:05:20.120 one was around back then. Two million years are going 0:05:20.120 --> 0:05:23.080 and be like note to two thousand sixteen. This is 0:05:23.120 --> 0:05:27.200 the way things are land wise around here. Um. No. 0:05:27.440 --> 0:05:30.240 And the this this theory actually was we've talked about 0:05:30.240 --> 0:05:32.360 it before. It had to have been in the earthquakes episode. 0:05:32.880 --> 0:05:36.520 This guy was awesome. Alfred Wegener. Yeah, back in I 0:05:36.520 --> 0:05:41.640 think nineteen fifteen he published his theory on continental drift. Yeah, 0:05:41.640 --> 0:05:45.760 it's pretty amazing. Um. The theory, well, there's some reasons 0:05:45.760 --> 0:05:47.400 behind it. But the theory is that you know, the 0:05:47.440 --> 0:05:49.800 Earth that's made up these big plates. If you listen 0:05:49.839 --> 0:05:52.720 to our volcanoes or earthquake episodes, we talk a lot 0:05:52.720 --> 0:05:56.719 about that, and over time these things cracked apart and 0:05:57.000 --> 0:06:02.480 shifted and drifted. Uh. And we now have many continents, right, 0:06:02.640 --> 0:06:05.560 But that's not what people thought for a very long time, 0:06:05.680 --> 0:06:07.719 Like they guess they just took for granted that the 0:06:07.760 --> 0:06:11.480 continents were the way they were. But Alfred Wegner Um, 0:06:11.640 --> 0:06:13.960 first of all, he noticed on a map, like, wow, 0:06:14.040 --> 0:06:17.599 it looks like you could really tuck Africa, um, east 0:06:17.680 --> 0:06:21.279 or West Africa into the eastern part of South America 0:06:21.440 --> 0:06:24.360 really nicely. Yeah. And in fact, the more I look 0:06:24.400 --> 0:06:26.800 at it, the whole thing looks like a puzzle that 0:06:26.880 --> 0:06:29.359 kind of fits together. Yeah, if you're if you have 0:06:29.360 --> 0:06:32.080 a brain. So that's where he got his idea first, 0:06:32.240 --> 0:06:35.080 and then he started setting about proving it or supporting 0:06:35.640 --> 0:06:38.760 coming up with evidence. How about that? And um, one 0:06:38.760 --> 0:06:41.200 of the things he looked at was coal steams along 0:06:41.920 --> 0:06:44.960 edges of these puzzle pieces and found that they were 0:06:45.000 --> 0:06:49.320 composed of basically the same stuff. Yeah, like cole in Pennsylvania. 0:06:49.400 --> 0:06:53.120 Deposits in Pennsylvania were similar or the same to those 0:06:53.160 --> 0:06:56.640 in Poland and Germany and Great Britain. Yeah, which shouldn't 0:06:56.839 --> 0:07:03.560 happen because what coal is its basically compressed former organisms 0:07:03.600 --> 0:07:06.719 decaying matter, right, And so you would think that these 0:07:06.720 --> 0:07:09.920 different organisms would have evolved differently on different continents. If 0:07:09.960 --> 0:07:12.120 they weren't together, and the fact that they were the 0:07:12.160 --> 0:07:17.520 same and and decomposed in about the same amounts suggests 0:07:17.520 --> 0:07:19.560 that they were all part of the same land mass 0:07:19.560 --> 0:07:21.960 at one point. Pretty neat. And then he also found 0:07:22.000 --> 0:07:26.840 fossils on different continents that really shouldn't have been the same. Yeah, 0:07:26.880 --> 0:07:29.600 he saw plant fossils and said, wait a minute, I'm 0:07:29.600 --> 0:07:33.000 finding this stuff in places that are wildly different from 0:07:33.000 --> 0:07:36.920 one another, these fossils. So maybe again that lends to 0:07:37.000 --> 0:07:41.560 my theory. Or how about this mountain range, the Appalachian Mountains, 0:07:41.960 --> 0:07:45.280 very similar to the Atlas Mountains of Morocco. Maybe it 0:07:45.360 --> 0:07:48.280 was all one big mountainous mass at one point, And 0:07:48.280 --> 0:07:51.120 it turns out they probably were. What was the name 0:07:51.160 --> 0:07:55.760 of that mountain range were part of the Central Pangaea Mountains, 0:07:56.080 --> 0:07:59.400 which apparently forms through the collision of the supercontinents of 0:07:59.520 --> 0:08:03.800 gond Anna and uh Laurussia. Yeah, because and we're we're 0:08:03.840 --> 0:08:06.200 also um. In addition to this how stuff works article, 0:08:06.280 --> 0:08:09.080 you found a great article by Tia Ghosts, who writes 0:08:09.120 --> 0:08:11.480 for Live Science and write some pretty great stuff. Yeah, 0:08:11.480 --> 0:08:15.120 this is really good, and Ghosts um Is basically just 0:08:15.160 --> 0:08:18.280 broke it all out, like how Pangia formed what Pangia 0:08:18.360 --> 0:08:21.640 broke into. It's a really interesting article. Yeah and concise. 0:08:22.280 --> 0:08:25.240 I like articles. It's not fluff, you know, right, just 0:08:25.320 --> 0:08:28.800 like packed with get to it right at the beginning. Okay, 0:08:28.880 --> 0:08:31.440 I love it and don't let up, don't stop to 0:08:31.680 --> 0:08:35.960 have enough. So uh. In the article they talk about 0:08:36.000 --> 0:08:39.280 the uh the process that spanned a few hundred million 0:08:39.360 --> 0:08:43.800 years with a continent called Laurentia. That's a great continent 0:08:43.880 --> 0:08:46.120 name part of it, which includes part of North America 0:08:46.400 --> 0:08:49.880 and some other micro continents that formed eventually You're America. 0:08:50.559 --> 0:08:54.080 That's not bad. It sounds like a craft work album 0:08:54.400 --> 0:08:58.320 who it does totally. Uh You're America crashes into Gondwana, 0:08:58.360 --> 0:09:02.360 which I mentioned before I liked to. I'm just gonna 0:09:02.400 --> 0:09:06.040 come and say, I like these these pre current continent 0:09:06.200 --> 0:09:10.040 continent names, pre white dude names, right, I guess so, 0:09:10.080 --> 0:09:12.120 but I think they were named by white dudes, probably 0:09:12.920 --> 0:09:17.280 more creative white dudes. Uh and A. Gondwana included Africa, Australia, 0:09:17.360 --> 0:09:21.560 South America, and uh Indian subcontinent. Yeah. So like all 0:09:21.679 --> 0:09:25.439 these it's so hilarious that all of these, um, these 0:09:25.480 --> 0:09:28.160 ideas of nationalism and all this man if you've just 0:09:28.240 --> 0:09:31.520 gone back a few hundred million years ago, you'd be neighbors. 0:09:31.920 --> 0:09:35.040 Let's all just lighten up, exactly. And that's actually a 0:09:35.120 --> 0:09:37.680 thing that we we talked about in the Maps episode two, 0:09:37.760 --> 0:09:41.199 is like when you draw a map, you're you're making 0:09:41.200 --> 0:09:43.920 a political statement. It's just there's such a sense of 0:09:43.960 --> 0:09:48.960 otherness and togetherness based on geographical distribution, and it's it is, 0:09:49.360 --> 0:09:53.520 it's it's interesting. It says a lot about the human psyche. Yeah, 0:09:53.559 --> 0:09:56.800 we should do a podcast one day on the human 0:09:56.880 --> 0:10:02.320 family tree. Yeah, we're super interesting. Yeah. Uh So, getting 0:10:02.360 --> 0:10:05.400 back to the super continent, a couple of hundred million 0:10:05.480 --> 0:10:10.079 years ago, Gondwana split off from laur Asia. That's a 0:10:10.120 --> 0:10:13.439 good one. To fifty million years later Gondwana broke up, 0:10:14.200 --> 0:10:18.640 uh and then they had sixty million years ago North 0:10:18.640 --> 0:10:21.880 America split off from Eurasia. And these are all the 0:10:21.920 --> 0:10:26.880 prominent theories again. Yeah, well they follow the continental drift theory. Yeah. 0:10:27.080 --> 0:10:29.960 And I mean it's not like they're just like, let's say, 0:10:30.400 --> 0:10:34.840 let's say the Indian subcontinent broke off from this continent. 0:10:34.960 --> 0:10:37.520 It's like, no, they they have gone through and done 0:10:37.520 --> 0:10:42.880 the geological comparisons and have seen like when this basically 0:10:42.920 --> 0:10:45.319 matched up to that, and that's what they've come up with. 0:10:45.520 --> 0:10:47.720 It's pretty astounding that you didn't do that if you 0:10:47.760 --> 0:10:52.240 have that enough patients. Yeah, in brains. Uh. So Interestingly 0:10:52.240 --> 0:10:54.000 they talked to a little bit in the article about 0:10:54.040 --> 0:10:55.920 a climate and what it might have been like back then. 0:10:56.000 --> 0:11:00.439 And maybe the interior of this large supercontinent was completely 0:11:00.520 --> 0:11:04.720 dry because it was surrounded by mountains. Uh. Maybe parts 0:11:04.760 --> 0:11:06.800 of what is now North America used to be like 0:11:06.920 --> 0:11:10.959 the Amazon rainforest, like a super lush jungle, right, it 0:11:10.960 --> 0:11:13.240 would be kind of cool. Yeah, But if once you 0:11:13.280 --> 0:11:15.680 got into the interior, when you crossed the what was 0:11:15.720 --> 0:11:20.440 it the Central Um the Central Pangaea mountains, like you 0:11:20.480 --> 0:11:23.880 were just you apparently there was a ring of mountains 0:11:23.920 --> 0:11:27.479 that that ran around the middle of the whole Pangaea 0:11:27.760 --> 0:11:31.480 in the interior, and um, it just produced rain shadows 0:11:31.520 --> 0:11:35.400 that kept rain out from the interior of the continent. 0:11:35.760 --> 0:11:38.520 So it would have just been just a totally arid desert. 0:11:39.120 --> 0:11:41.960 Pretty cool, It is cool. Uh, And of course this 0:11:42.000 --> 0:11:44.120 isn't over. They point out in the article that things 0:11:44.160 --> 0:11:48.720 are still changing. Um, Australias is creeping up on Asia. Yeah, 0:11:48.920 --> 0:11:52.760 very slowly, of course. Yeah, pretty cool and uh parsh. 0:11:52.880 --> 0:11:57.400 Part of Eastern Africa is just trying to get out 0:11:57.400 --> 0:12:00.520 of the rest of Africa. Yeah, Eastern Africa staying so long. 0:12:01.200 --> 0:12:04.280 I'm I'm going off on my own. I'm gonna seek 0:12:04.320 --> 0:12:07.600 my own fortune and adventure. Of course, this is over 0:12:07.679 --> 0:12:10.079 the course of hundreds of millions of years, so you 0:12:10.120 --> 0:12:14.079 will likely not be around unless the Singularity happens soon. Yeah, exactly, 0:12:14.160 --> 0:12:16.360 then you may and you can be like, this is 0:12:16.360 --> 0:12:18.760 pretty cool. The people of Sydney will have a docking 0:12:18.800 --> 0:12:22.040 party with the people of Hong Kong. I love that. 0:12:22.960 --> 0:12:24.360 Uh So you want to take a little break here 0:12:24.320 --> 0:12:50.720 and then we'll talk a little bit about these names. Yes, so, Chuck. 0:12:50.800 --> 0:12:53.160 That is the theory of continental drifting. The whole idea 0:12:53.280 --> 0:12:57.400 is that, um, there's a layer of magma and then 0:12:57.440 --> 0:12:59.600 on top of it are the continental plates and they're 0:12:59.600 --> 0:13:02.439 constantly shifting and moving again, albeit very slowly, and when 0:13:02.480 --> 0:13:07.240 they do, they expose a fissure and you've got volcanic activity, 0:13:07.559 --> 0:13:10.200 or two plates slide up against one another, or one 0:13:10.200 --> 0:13:13.839 subducts below the other one and you have earthquakes. So 0:13:13.960 --> 0:13:17.120 there's a lot of evidence that continental drift is real 0:13:17.679 --> 0:13:20.360 and that things like hollow Earth are probably not correct. 0:13:20.880 --> 0:13:23.720 Probably have you noticed every time we do any kind 0:13:23.760 --> 0:13:27.439 of geography, especially when we mentioned plate tectonics, that the 0:13:27.520 --> 0:13:29.800 hollow Earth people come out of the woodwork and just 0:13:30.360 --> 0:13:33.400 send us emails and leave comments, and yeah, man, they're 0:13:33.440 --> 0:13:36.160 they're they're they're like the high frue tost Corncer people. 0:13:36.320 --> 0:13:39.520 They're like really active in the comments section proto in 0:13:39.520 --> 0:13:44.360 the gang. Oh wait, that's Middle Earth different uh. And Pangia, 0:13:44.440 --> 0:13:47.600 we should mention, is Greek for all lands or all earth. 0:13:48.160 --> 0:13:52.400 So that's a great name for the original super continent, right, 0:13:52.400 --> 0:13:55.480 And Panthalassa is all ocean, the ocean that surrounded it. 0:13:55.520 --> 0:13:58.679 And Pangia was what's considered a true continent. And we 0:13:58.679 --> 0:14:00.680 should say this because they'll come up, But a true 0:14:00.720 --> 0:14:04.240 continent is a landmask surrounded by ocean on all sides. 0:14:04.400 --> 0:14:09.960 I'm looking at you Asia in Europe. I know, you know, 0:14:10.360 --> 0:14:14.120 I know in fact part of actually I think you 0:14:14.240 --> 0:14:18.600 sent this idea, didn't you. Yeah, what the whole idea 0:14:18.640 --> 0:14:22.160 for the show was from you. But not too long ago, 0:14:22.240 --> 0:14:24.560 I was, I think Emily asked me. She was like, 0:14:24.600 --> 0:14:29.440 what is Russia? Is that part of is it Asian? 0:14:29.560 --> 0:14:32.920 Or is it European, and I was like, well, I 0:14:32.960 --> 0:14:36.280 don't know asa. Let's go look, well it depends part 0:14:36.320 --> 0:14:38.880 of it. Well, yeah, part of it. Then same with 0:14:38.920 --> 0:14:43.400 Turkey is is split and uh, you know, some people 0:14:43.440 --> 0:14:46.600 identify with Europe, some people identify with Asia. That's why 0:14:46.680 --> 0:14:48.760 the term eur Asia. Well, no, I got that, and 0:14:48.800 --> 0:14:50.640 I got it from this article. But I didn't know 0:14:50.680 --> 0:14:54.560 that like Russia itself was split, you know, yeah, that's 0:14:54.560 --> 0:14:59.000 what it says. Like I could see like um uh 0:14:59.160 --> 0:15:02.240 Kazakh stand or something being like straddling the sides, but 0:15:02.280 --> 0:15:04.840 I didn't realize like Russia itself was split. Some that's 0:15:04.840 --> 0:15:08.240 pretty interesting, maybe some Russians. All right, in tell us 0:15:08.240 --> 0:15:15.560 how you identify? Are you Eurasian, Asian, European? Which one? Yeah? 0:15:15.640 --> 0:15:19.160 Because obviously a lot of these lines are drawn culturally. 0:15:20.040 --> 0:15:23.760 Um right, because their mountain ranges that that separated. That's 0:15:23.800 --> 0:15:27.080 not I mean, it's a geographical border, but not when 0:15:27.080 --> 0:15:32.440 you're speaking in continents, it's not incontinents. Should we tell 0:15:32.520 --> 0:15:36.560 them Jerry's bad joke? Before we started, Jerry said, I 0:15:36.560 --> 0:15:40.680 guess we're technically all incontinent, And I said, no, technically 0:15:40.720 --> 0:15:44.680 we're all on continent. And then she said, or within continent, 0:15:45.040 --> 0:15:48.600 and none of the three things that we said. We're funny. 0:15:49.480 --> 0:15:52.960 That's that's how things happen before Yeah, that's why we 0:15:53.000 --> 0:15:55.920 don't release this stuff beforehand. It's usually much better than that. 0:15:56.160 --> 0:15:58.240 So let's get down to this, chuck. All right, let's 0:15:58.240 --> 0:16:02.240 talk about naming continents, right, all right. Apparently with continents, 0:16:02.320 --> 0:16:08.440 if you are prominently involved with this discovery, you typically 0:16:08.640 --> 0:16:12.000 get some sort of naming rights. Yeah, and a lot 0:16:12.000 --> 0:16:16.160 of these are very uh just conjecture goes into maybe 0:16:16.160 --> 0:16:18.880 who named these and who didn't? Um. One big exception 0:16:18.960 --> 0:16:24.440 is Antarctica because it's new ish. It's like the Poluto. Yeah, 0:16:24.440 --> 0:16:27.520 as far as when people discovered it. Uh. In fact, 0:16:27.600 --> 0:16:30.040 you can go to the New York Times and read 0:16:30.120 --> 0:16:34.360 in uh nineteen four about the naming of Antarctica if 0:16:34.360 --> 0:16:36.840 you were so inclined to be bored to tears. No. 0:16:37.160 --> 0:16:39.200 I love those old articles. I like a lot of 0:16:39.200 --> 0:16:41.600 them too, Like remember the subway accident where people got 0:16:41.640 --> 0:16:44.760 shot out of the subway tunnel that was being dug. 0:16:45.400 --> 0:16:48.800 That was an interesting article. This one is it's bad? 0:16:49.160 --> 0:16:53.000 Did you read it? No? Just the seno? Okay, Well, 0:16:53.040 --> 0:16:58.240 a man named Sir John Murray was a great exploring oceanographer. Uh. 0:16:58.360 --> 0:17:02.320 He was part of the famous HMS Challenger Expedition, which, 0:17:02.440 --> 0:17:08.200 for my money, is the greatest of all ocean going explorations. 0:17:08.400 --> 0:17:13.000 The Challenger. Yeah, man, sixty nine thousand nautical miles, unbelievable. 0:17:13.200 --> 0:17:15.040 If you look at the map of this thing and 0:17:15.080 --> 0:17:17.320 the route, it was just it's staggering. Do you have 0:17:17.359 --> 0:17:19.480 a map of it? I don't own one, but I 0:17:19.480 --> 0:17:21.760 looked it up today. It's pretty neat. And I never 0:17:21.800 --> 0:17:25.200 knew HMS stood for Did you know that Her Majesty's Ship? Yeah, 0:17:25.280 --> 0:17:28.880 I never knew that. Oh, it's just like HMS. The 0:17:28.880 --> 0:17:33.000 there's another one that I don't like, r MS I 0:17:33.040 --> 0:17:37.159 don't know. And uh, what is the USS just United 0:17:37.200 --> 0:17:40.840 States ship? I don't know. I never thought about that either. 0:17:41.960 --> 0:17:46.119 Probably probably someone from the Navy could maybe point us 0:17:46.119 --> 0:17:49.640 in the right direction. So anyway, John Murray, even though 0:17:49.720 --> 0:17:53.919 the expedition, the Challenger expedition did not they kind of 0:17:53.960 --> 0:17:57.040 buzzed Antarctica. Uh, they didn't actually see the land, but 0:17:57.040 --> 0:17:59.240 they came close. But he would later go on to 0:17:59.680 --> 0:18:03.280 do like actually go to Antarctica. Okay, I was gonna say, like, then, 0:18:03.320 --> 0:18:05.800 how did he know anything about it. I guess his 0:18:05.840 --> 0:18:10.160 interest was Pete. He saw icebergs and stuff. I'm coming back, um, 0:18:10.200 --> 0:18:12.879 because this place is cold. He's come. I'm coming for you, 0:18:13.000 --> 0:18:17.520 Taro and tiro uh So. In nineteen o four, UM 0:18:17.640 --> 0:18:20.280 he actually was able to name it as a combination 0:18:20.320 --> 0:18:24.240 of aunt opposite an Arctic, the North Pole. So it's 0:18:24.280 --> 0:18:27.359 opposite of the North Pole the South Pole, pretty neat, 0:18:27.760 --> 0:18:31.120 and which one has penguins? And so the Antarctica has 0:18:31.160 --> 0:18:35.720 penguins and the North Pole doesn't. Isn't that right? I 0:18:35.720 --> 0:18:38.480 don't remember, but that's like that's the case, right, doesn't 0:18:38.520 --> 0:18:40.159 one have one and the other one doesn't? I know, 0:18:40.200 --> 0:18:42.639 we got a lot of emails. I don't know why 0:18:42.680 --> 0:18:44.680 I'm doing this again. I know I might as well 0:18:44.720 --> 0:18:46.840 just took a car battery up to my nipples or something. 0:18:47.160 --> 0:18:50.400 It'll get the same. I got you on that one. Yeah, 0:18:50.440 --> 0:18:55.800 that was good. UM. So let's talk about America because 0:18:55.960 --> 0:18:58.680 I just realized something to check. This may be played 0:18:58.920 --> 0:19:03.359 in UM geography classes in like middle school and stuff. 0:19:03.400 --> 0:19:05.680 So if that's the case, I want to go ahead 0:19:05.680 --> 0:19:07.879 and apologize to all the middle schoolers. Just had to 0:19:07.880 --> 0:19:11.560 hear me say that that's okay, and don't don't try 0:19:11.600 --> 0:19:14.800 that at home. It doesn't matter of what grade you're 0:19:14.840 --> 0:19:18.160 in or how how long out of school you are agreed. 0:19:18.800 --> 0:19:23.240 Uh So America the name America. If you went to 0:19:23.240 --> 0:19:26.760 took Civics class or geography and elementary school and high school, 0:19:27.000 --> 0:19:31.479 you probably got the story that Amerigo Vespucci was it 0:19:31.560 --> 0:19:35.320 was named after him, European explorer. Yeah, that guy has 0:19:35.359 --> 0:19:40.919 been slandered, maligned, maybe worse than Columbus even apparently he 0:19:41.040 --> 0:19:44.800 had a lot of rivals back in Italy, and um 0:19:44.840 --> 0:19:48.679 they worked very hard to sully his name, and it 0:19:48.760 --> 0:19:51.560 was quite effective over the centuries, to the point where 0:19:51.600 --> 0:19:56.200 there was a big, almost a revival in in hatred 0:19:56.320 --> 0:20:02.560 for Americo Vespucci, and a lot of really um uh 0:20:02.880 --> 0:20:09.280 inaccurate ideas were revived based on propaganda, contemporary propaganda against him. 0:20:09.480 --> 0:20:13.320 So so what's the idea that he ripped off Columbus. Well, 0:20:13.359 --> 0:20:17.040 that's not It depends on your definition of ripped off. 0:20:17.200 --> 0:20:19.760 So I don't have the impression that he ever said 0:20:19.960 --> 0:20:25.600 I discovered America. He said Columbus discovered America. But the 0:20:25.720 --> 0:20:30.119 distinction between Vespucci and Columbus is that Columbus didn't realize 0:20:30.160 --> 0:20:34.640 that he hadn't hit already, that he hadn't hit undiscovered 0:20:35.000 --> 0:20:40.199 or previously undiscovered by European land. Right, he thought that 0:20:40.240 --> 0:20:42.280 he had just found another route to the West Indies. 0:20:42.320 --> 0:20:46.080 Apparently until he died, Vespucci was the one to say, 0:20:46.560 --> 0:20:51.320 no Europeans ever seen this before? Please, that was great, No, 0:20:51.480 --> 0:20:55.040 it wasn't like it. Um. And so he is the 0:20:55.080 --> 0:20:59.240 one who supposedly this continent was named after because he 0:20:59.320 --> 0:21:04.560 was the one to wreck gnize it as previously uncharted land. Yeah, 0:21:04.600 --> 0:21:08.600 and it's on record. Um. In fifteen o seven, a cartographer, 0:21:08.720 --> 0:21:15.120 a German cartographer named Martin Valt semula our two favorite accents. Yeah, 0:21:15.200 --> 0:21:17.359 Italian and German, two of the only two you can 0:21:17.400 --> 0:21:21.800 still do these days and not get taken to desk force. Uh. 0:21:21.840 --> 0:21:24.639 He very famously made a map that was a big 0:21:24.680 --> 0:21:29.280 effort in France. Uh, in the fift hundreds too, really 0:21:29.359 --> 0:21:34.760 bring the modern map into the forefront and like these 0:21:34.760 --> 0:21:36.879 old maps like these were made by a bunch of 0:21:36.920 --> 0:21:39.639 dummies who didn't know anything. So let's really expand our 0:21:39.680 --> 0:21:42.160 geographic knowledge. And well, yeah this has when like mercater 0:21:42.320 --> 0:21:46.199 started working. Yeah, so this this woodcut map that um 0:21:46.320 --> 0:21:51.879 Baltzemula made was the first to depict a separate Western hemisphere, 0:21:52.320 --> 0:21:55.320 the first to show the Pacific Ocean as a separate thing. Oh. 0:21:55.359 --> 0:21:57.240 This guy, he was here, He's like, get that sea 0:21:57.280 --> 0:22:00.959 monster off of there. I'd lea but see monster just 0:22:01.000 --> 0:22:04.280 for fun. But he um, it's an easter egg there. Yeah, 0:22:04.480 --> 0:22:07.240 there was one of these maps. There is one of 0:22:07.240 --> 0:22:11.239 these maps still uh existing. And in two thousand three, 0:22:11.320 --> 0:22:15.680 the Library of Congress bought it with donation from Discovery Channel. 0:22:15.960 --> 0:22:19.080 Oh is that right? Apparently nice for ten million bucks. 0:22:20.080 --> 0:22:21.880 It was in a castle for three d and fifty 0:22:21.960 --> 0:22:24.280 years in southern Germany, and they're like, wow, let's buy 0:22:24.320 --> 0:22:27.200 it and display it. I read about a guy um 0:22:27.280 --> 0:22:32.560 who found an original copy of the Declaration of Independence 0:22:32.600 --> 0:22:34.680 folded up behind a painting that he bought at a 0:22:34.760 --> 0:22:38.320 yard sale four dollars amazing, and I think he sold 0:22:38.359 --> 0:22:40.720 it for like a few million, and then Norman Maylor 0:22:40.760 --> 0:22:44.040 bought it for like eight million. But yeah, it's somebody 0:22:44.119 --> 0:22:46.520 just found the Declaration of It and it's I guess 0:22:46.520 --> 0:22:49.359 in much the same way. That's amazing. I got nothing 0:22:49.400 --> 0:22:51.479 in my attic. I even looked, Oh you did look. 0:22:51.520 --> 0:22:53.480 I was gonna say, you don't know, but I guess 0:22:53.480 --> 0:22:58.800 you do that some old doors doors can be worth Yeah, 0:22:58.880 --> 0:23:02.520 the door from the early nineteen thirties. Yeah, people love 0:23:02.560 --> 0:23:04.840 those things. They go crazy for him. I think it's neat. 0:23:04.960 --> 0:23:07.600 But you know, I wanted like a stash of gold 0:23:07.640 --> 0:23:13.440 bullion or something like Prohibition era money. What's your house 0:23:13.440 --> 0:23:18.639 abelt like nineteen Prohibition? Yeah, I guess so, labe, some 0:23:18.680 --> 0:23:24.719 old booze would be delicious. So um. The reason this 0:23:24.760 --> 0:23:31.960 map is significant by is that it says America like 0:23:32.359 --> 0:23:36.840 North South America are designated America by this map. And 0:23:36.840 --> 0:23:40.280 this this map that is in question was from when 0:23:40.400 --> 0:23:46.480 was it fifteen o seven? And um, somebody said, hey, buddy, um, 0:23:46.600 --> 0:23:48.560 why did you call it America? And he said, I 0:23:48.640 --> 0:23:52.320 did it in honor of America Vespucci. So the first 0:23:52.320 --> 0:23:55.439 guy who really uses the word America is on record 0:23:55.440 --> 0:23:59.639 apparently is saying he named it America after Americo Vespucci. 0:24:00.080 --> 0:24:02.240 But a lot of people said that's a lie, it's 0:24:02.280 --> 0:24:06.239 a historical fallacy, it's inaccurate. One guy went so far 0:24:06.240 --> 0:24:09.480 as to say that Amerigo Vespucci actually changed his name 0:24:09.800 --> 0:24:13.639 after America was named, and that his real name was 0:24:13.920 --> 0:24:21.400 um uh the Giovanni Vespucci, no Alberigo Vespucci, and that 0:24:21.520 --> 0:24:26.480 he changed his name to Amerigo from Alberigo to conveniently 0:24:26.480 --> 0:24:29.480 align with the naming of America. Right um. But apparently, 0:24:29.640 --> 0:24:33.240 and this is this again, this is contemporary stuff. People said, 0:24:33.320 --> 0:24:37.040