WEBVTT - Things We Believed Before the Scientific Method 0:00:00.760 --> 0:00:05.320 Hey, everybody, Chuck here, continuing our journey down the science trail. 0:00:05.960 --> 0:00:07.880 Here we are with I Bleeve, Episode seven on the 0:00:07.880 --> 0:00:14.280 list How the Scientific Method Works. Welcome to Stuff you 0:00:14.320 --> 0:00:22.720 Should Know from HowStuffWorks dot com. 0:00:22.800 --> 0:00:25.720 Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. There's 0:00:25.800 --> 0:00:29.400 Charles W. Chuck Bryant, there's Jerry Stuff you should know. 0:00:29.600 --> 0:00:30.320 Why you grinning? 0:00:30.480 --> 0:00:31.319 It's been a while. 0:00:31.520 --> 0:00:31.800 I know. 0:00:32.400 --> 0:00:35.320 It's funny, Like those words come pouring out of my mouth, didn't. 0:00:35.360 --> 0:00:37.400 It's cool you wake up in the middle of the 0:00:37.440 --> 0:00:39.320 night saying that and give me like slugged you in 0:00:39.320 --> 0:00:39.680 the face. 0:00:39.800 --> 0:00:42.760 Right, She's like, go ahead, sleep, she has to dry 0:00:42.800 --> 0:00:43.320 my brow. 0:00:44.159 --> 0:00:48.280 Yes, we pre recorded some for December, as we like 0:00:48.320 --> 0:00:49.640 to do to take a little time off at the 0:00:49.680 --> 0:00:52.800 end of the year and not explain things for a 0:00:52.800 --> 0:00:55.600 few weeks in our real lives. It's nice, like people 0:00:55.640 --> 0:00:56.120 ask me. 0:00:56.120 --> 0:00:58.560 Things like what happened to that stick of butter? 0:00:58.720 --> 0:01:00.000 Yeah, I don't know, don't act. 0:01:00.120 --> 0:01:00.960 Don't even ask me. 0:01:01.200 --> 0:01:03.920 I could tell you, yeah, but I'm not gonna exactly. 0:01:03.960 --> 0:01:07.880 That's how it goes in my house. Find your own butter, right, 0:01:08.080 --> 0:01:09.680 December was find your Own Butter month. 0:01:09.760 --> 0:01:12.520 Yeah, that's a good's that's a good one. 0:01:12.680 --> 0:01:14.479 That should be a T shirt. Yes, stuff you should 0:01:14.520 --> 0:01:15.640 know find your own butter. 0:01:16.240 --> 0:01:18.720 Or December is find your own Butter month. Yeah that's right. 0:01:18.840 --> 0:01:21.880 Maybe a stick of butter is some Garland on it. Yeah, 0:01:22.080 --> 0:01:22.560 I like that. 0:01:22.920 --> 0:01:24.800 So, uh, it's good to see you again, man, Good 0:01:24.800 --> 0:01:25.520 to be back in here. 0:01:25.600 --> 0:01:27.720 Yeah, it is nice to be back because as much as. 0:01:27.640 --> 0:01:30.360 The break was great, I'm happy to be explaining things again. 0:01:30.480 --> 0:01:32.720 Well that's good because if we got in here and 0:01:32.760 --> 0:01:34.680 you're like, I can't do this, I can't do it again. 0:01:34.560 --> 0:01:35.240 We'd be in trouble. 0:01:35.319 --> 0:01:37.800 Yeah. Yeah, So I'm glad we're all feeling good. Jerry, 0:01:37.840 --> 0:01:40.679 you feeling good. Jerry's got two thumbs up in a 0:01:40.720 --> 0:01:42.800 big goofy smile, two of. 0:01:42.760 --> 0:01:43.520 Her three thumbs. 0:01:44.040 --> 0:01:48.480 She looks like Bob from that male enhancement pill add Oh. 0:01:48.560 --> 0:01:50.840 See the guy, the old man that's like super buff. 0:01:51.880 --> 0:01:53.920 I would call him old. He was middle aged. He 0:01:54.000 --> 0:01:56.760 looked like kind of a Bob Dobbs type of dude. 0:01:56.840 --> 0:01:58.600 I think that's kind of who he was modeled to. 0:01:58.640 --> 0:02:01.240 See the guy that's super muscling. Now, I'm thinking of 0:02:01.320 --> 0:02:01.840 someone different. 0:02:01.920 --> 0:02:03.760 I think are you're thinking of Jack Llane. 0:02:04.000 --> 0:02:05.880 No, no, no, no, just there's some ad. There's some 0:02:05.920 --> 0:02:08.040 old man that looks like really creepy because from the 0:02:08.080 --> 0:02:10.600 next time super like buff he looks like a twenty 0:02:10.600 --> 0:02:11.600 five year old. No. 0:02:11.720 --> 0:02:14.359 Remember, there was like a mail enhancement pill and I'm 0:02:14.360 --> 0:02:15.720 making air quotes here. 0:02:15.800 --> 0:02:16.960 For a rectalle dysfunction. 0:02:17.280 --> 0:02:20.440 Oh well, there go the air quotes. But yes, And 0:02:20.480 --> 0:02:23.560 it was like in the early two thousands. I think, 0:02:23.760 --> 0:02:26.880 uh huh, maybe late nineties, but I think early two thousands, 0:02:26.919 --> 0:02:29.760 and these ads were everywhere, and there was Bob and 0:02:29.840 --> 0:02:32.120 like all these great things happened to him because he 0:02:32.280 --> 0:02:34.440 started taking this pill. I can't remember the name of 0:02:34.480 --> 0:02:37.440 the pill. But the company got into a lot of 0:02:37.480 --> 0:02:41.160 trouble because it was basically like a subscription service and 0:02:41.240 --> 0:02:42.840 like you gave him your credit card and you got 0:02:42.840 --> 0:02:45.360 this free trial, but then they started sending it to 0:02:45.400 --> 0:02:47.800 you and it was like next to impossible to cut 0:02:47.840 --> 0:02:48.520 off service. 0:02:49.080 --> 0:02:49.640 Interesting. 0:02:49.880 --> 0:02:52.120 They were like, no, we want your mailness to be enhanced. 0:02:53.280 --> 0:02:55.679 So you've seen these ads. 0:02:55.720 --> 0:02:59.000 Yeah, I was gonna start asking questions, but why bother. 0:02:59.160 --> 0:03:02.040 I will a YouTube. I will find it on YouTube. 0:03:02.080 --> 0:03:05.359 I'll be like, oh, Bob, yeah you will, You'll go oh, 0:03:05.520 --> 0:03:07.120 I won't have to come back in and record an 0:03:07.160 --> 0:03:08.000 insert right. 0:03:07.880 --> 0:03:09.320 The guy that's in the back of all those pill 0:03:09.360 --> 0:03:12.959 bottles in my bathroom, so chuck. 0:03:13.200 --> 0:03:15.920 Yes, I don't even remember how we got Oh yeah, 0:03:16.040 --> 0:03:19.160 Jerry did that. That was Jerry's fault. But you remember 0:03:19.200 --> 0:03:23.480 we did the Enlightenment episode. Yeah, okay, we talked a 0:03:23.480 --> 0:03:28.280 lot about how there's this kind of tug of war 0:03:28.919 --> 0:03:34.920 over the human psyche, sure, between rationalism and mysticism. I 0:03:34.920 --> 0:03:37.800 guess you could you could put it. Yeah, well, I 0:03:37.840 --> 0:03:40.320 feel like we're talking today about the scientific method. 0:03:40.400 --> 0:03:41.480 Yeah, great idea. 0:03:41.520 --> 0:03:43.520 By the way, thank you very much. It's been a 0:03:43.520 --> 0:03:48.160 long time coming. Yeah, because I realized, like I don't 0:03:48.240 --> 0:03:50.800 understand it as fully as I don't understand science. I 0:03:50.920 --> 0:03:53.440 understand the scientific method because it's pretty cut and dry 0:03:53.480 --> 0:03:56.440 and it's beautiful and elegant and simple. But then you 0:03:56.600 --> 0:03:59.680 just take this thing and it came out of the 0:03:59.720 --> 0:04:02.240 birth rationalism. Yeah, and when you place it into the 0:04:02.240 --> 0:04:06.600 world and make it function, there's a lot of implications. Yeah, 0:04:06.720 --> 0:04:09.560 is it being used properly? Is it being used responsibly? 0:04:09.680 --> 0:04:13.280 Like are we putting what constitutes faith into that? You know, 0:04:13.360 --> 0:04:15.680 like it just raises all this other stuff, and it 0:04:15.720 --> 0:04:18.840 made me realize, like I don't understand science as much 0:04:18.880 --> 0:04:21.280 as I want to, So researching this it was awesome. 0:04:21.640 --> 0:04:24.160 Yeah, and this is a cool episode, I think, because 0:04:24.240 --> 0:04:26.400 not only are we going to talk about the scientific method, 0:04:26.440 --> 0:04:28.920 but we're going to talk about just science, like what 0:04:29.000 --> 0:04:32.560 is science in general? And some of the rock stars 0:04:32.720 --> 0:04:35.839 along the way who really you know, laid out the 0:04:35.880 --> 0:04:40.919 path remarkably and like many many years ago, right like 0:04:40.960 --> 0:04:44.160 coming up with these amazing discoveries that still like hold 0:04:44.800 --> 0:04:46.560 you know, you can like hold their feet to the 0:04:46.600 --> 0:04:47.880 fire for a lot of this stuff. 0:04:48.000 --> 0:04:52.600 Yeah, because if you come upon a universal truth, yeah, 0:04:52.760 --> 0:04:54.599 you know it is what it is, like you got 0:04:54.600 --> 0:04:56.840 to be the person who discovered it because you know, 0:04:56.960 --> 0:04:59.880 you saw it, you realized it a certain way. But 0:05:00.360 --> 0:05:01.679 ultimately he was there already. 0:05:01.800 --> 0:05:03.839 Yeah, like Newton. I mean, we'll talk about all this stuff, 0:05:03.880 --> 0:05:06.559 but it's not like now we're like, oh Newton, most 0:05:06.560 --> 0:05:08.880 of what he said was wrong, But that's understandable because 0:05:08.920 --> 0:05:11.239 it was a long time ago. Like his stuff holds 0:05:11.320 --> 0:05:12.680 up really really well. 0:05:12.760 --> 0:05:15.520 I was wondering if he on his deathbed was just like, 0:05:15.640 --> 0:05:20.440 oh man, I contributed so much to humanity. It's mind boggling. 0:05:20.760 --> 0:05:22.479 But I couldn't enhance my mailhood. 0:05:23.200 --> 0:05:26.800 Well, Bob hadn't come along yet, so check. Let's just 0:05:26.960 --> 0:05:30.800 quit stalling and talk about science, Like what is science? 0:05:31.160 --> 0:05:36.000 Well, I hate the old elementary school defined as but 0:05:36.080 --> 0:05:38.320 it's a pretty good place to start here to get 0:05:38.320 --> 0:05:39.960 a base definition of science. 0:05:40.040 --> 0:05:42.080 Yeah, Old William Harris did a great job with this. 0:05:42.360 --> 0:05:44.560 Yes, William Harris did a great job. Yeah, he did 0:05:45.120 --> 0:05:48.680 science the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the structure and 0:05:48.680 --> 0:05:52.560 behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experimentation. 0:05:53.040 --> 0:05:54.440 Boom, end of podcast. 0:05:55.480 --> 0:05:58.600 So the first part of that is science is practical 0:05:59.200 --> 0:06:02.240 and it is you know, they make a good he makes. 0:06:02.480 --> 0:06:04.400 Bill Harris makes a great point in here. It's not 0:06:04.600 --> 0:06:07.120 just stuff you do in a lab, and it's not 0:06:07.279 --> 0:06:11.000 just for scientists. It is all about being hands on 0:06:11.120 --> 0:06:14.400 and active, and it's all about discovery and asking questions 0:06:14.800 --> 0:06:18.800 about I mean, that's how everything is ultimately solved, is 0:06:18.839 --> 0:06:21.000 by someone looking at something and having a question about 0:06:21.040 --> 0:06:21.680 it exactly. 0:06:21.920 --> 0:06:24.280 And then the scientific method comes in when you say, 0:06:24.360 --> 0:06:28.440 and this is how you properly get to that answer exactly. 0:06:29.160 --> 0:06:32.520 And he makes another good point too that the idea 0:06:32.560 --> 0:06:35.479 that there is a method, a scientific method makes it 0:06:35.520 --> 0:06:42.000 seem like it's it's secreted away, right, the fraternity of scientists, 0:06:42.040 --> 0:06:44.800 And like you said, anybody can use it. It's this 0:06:44.920 --> 0:06:46.520 kind of part of being a curious human. 0:06:46.839 --> 0:06:49.360 It's not even anyone can use it. Everyone does use 0:06:49.400 --> 0:06:51.440 it nice, you just might not even know that you're 0:06:51.560 --> 0:06:53.880 using it, like if you I mean, one of the 0:06:53.880 --> 0:06:56.320 examples that use later is if like your car overheats, 0:06:56.839 --> 0:06:59.839 when you figure it out why and fix it, that's 0:06:59.839 --> 0:07:02.080 the scientific method, right, playing. 0:07:01.800 --> 0:07:04.159 Out exactly based on reasoning. 0:07:04.600 --> 0:07:07.000 Yeah, okay, in deduction and induction. 0:07:07.360 --> 0:07:09.880 Right man, there's so much to talk about, Okay, So 0:07:09.960 --> 0:07:13.160 let's let's talk about that definition that you had. So 0:07:13.920 --> 0:07:16.280 the first part is is that science is it's a 0:07:16.360 --> 0:07:20.360 practical activity. So science is practical, right, Yeah, it's it's this. 0:07:22.320 --> 0:07:25.720 The basis of the whole thing is discovery. Right. You 0:07:25.760 --> 0:07:28.600 see something, you see birds in flight, and you say, 0:07:28.840 --> 0:07:32.120 where are those birds going? And if you just went 0:07:32.160 --> 0:07:34.160 and laid down on the ground and went to sleep 0:07:34.240 --> 0:07:37.200 after that, then you're not you're not carrying out science. 0:07:37.240 --> 0:07:39.040 But if you went, I want to find out where 0:07:39.040 --> 0:07:41.480 those birds are going, and you follow them and you 0:07:41.520 --> 0:07:44.800 start taking notes. That's that is the basis of science. 0:07:44.800 --> 0:07:45.560 It's discovery. 0:07:45.680 --> 0:07:49.880 Yeah, and that's the observational part as well. Sometimes you're 0:07:50.000 --> 0:07:53.200 using a microscope or a telescope. Sometimes you're using your eyeballs. 0:07:53.720 --> 0:07:56.880 But no matter what your tool is, you're going to 0:07:56.960 --> 0:08:01.720 be watching something and recording what's called data or data, 0:08:01.760 --> 0:08:04.800 depending on I don't know what kind of person you are. 0:08:05.160 --> 0:08:06.480 Yeah, what do you say? 0:08:07.440 --> 0:08:08.280 I think? I say both. 0:08:09.120 --> 0:08:11.680 I think I say data, data. Yeah, I don't think. 0:08:11.680 --> 0:08:14.800 I don't think. I say data, Okay, data, I say 0:08:14.880 --> 0:08:15.520 data data. 0:08:15.640 --> 0:08:17.320 Yeah, all right, we'll go with data. 0:08:17.400 --> 0:08:18.080 You say both. 0:08:18.640 --> 0:08:20.120 I feel like it just comes out of my mouth 0:08:20.160 --> 0:08:21.560 one way or the other, and I don't really think 0:08:21.560 --> 0:08:21.920 about it. 0:08:22.000 --> 0:08:24.119 I think that's like being ambidextrous. Yeah. 0:08:24.240 --> 0:08:28.680 Yeah, I'm a data data Yeah. Uh So once you 0:08:28.880 --> 0:08:31.880 are observing this data, well, there are a couple of kinds. 0:08:32.080 --> 0:08:36.679 There's quantitative data, which are numbers, like you know, your 0:08:36.720 --> 0:08:39.679 body temperature is ninety eight point six. Although I think 0:08:39.679 --> 0:08:41.040 that's changed slightly now, hadn't it. 0:08:41.360 --> 0:08:44.120 Yeah? Yeah, there used to be like, if you were 0:08:44.160 --> 0:08:47.040 a human being, your body temperature is ninety eight point six, 0:08:47.080 --> 0:08:49.080 and then REALI like, no, it's a little more variation 0:08:49.240 --> 0:08:49.480 than that. 0:08:49.600 --> 0:08:54.280 Yeah, but any kind of just numerical representation is quantitative, 0:08:54.800 --> 0:08:59.040 whereas qualitative is behavioral, like I'm going to watch that 0:08:59.120 --> 0:09:03.080 bird eat and poop for the next week. 0:09:03.880 --> 0:09:06.600 Right, Or what happens if I What will the slug 0:09:06.679 --> 0:09:08.400 do if I put a bunch of salt on it? 0:09:09.280 --> 0:09:11.480 You know, don't do that? No, you really should not 0:09:11.559 --> 0:09:11.840 do that. 0:09:11.960 --> 0:09:12.760 No, that's awful. 0:09:12.840 --> 0:09:16.679 But the reaction of the slug is gathering qualitative data. 0:09:16.720 --> 0:09:20.239 And depending on who you talk to, there isn't qualitative 0:09:20.320 --> 0:09:22.960 data and science that it should all just be quantitative 0:09:23.040 --> 0:09:30.720 because yeah, because quantitative data is reproducible. Qualitative data is 0:09:31.880 --> 0:09:35.679 it's not necessarily reproducible. You can observe the same phenomenon, 0:09:35.920 --> 0:09:38.280 but you're not necessarily controlling it. 0:09:38.960 --> 0:09:41.000 Okay, well, I guess I get that. But I agree 0:09:41.040 --> 0:09:43.160 with Bill here and that they are both they go 0:09:43.280 --> 0:09:45.800 hand in hand. Yeah, and neither one is more important 0:09:45.800 --> 0:09:46.800 than the other. You need to have both. 0:09:46.880 --> 0:09:48.640 Well, a lot of people do, and we'll talk more 0:09:48.640 --> 0:09:51.920 about it later, because without the idea that qualitative data 0:09:52.320 --> 0:09:56.839 is acceptable and scientific, you don't have the social sciences, 0:09:56.840 --> 0:09:57.720 Like they don't exist. 0:09:57.920 --> 0:09:59.000 Yeah, that's a good point. 0:09:58.840 --> 0:10:03.319 You know, But yes, we have quantitative data and qualitative data. 0:10:03.360 --> 0:10:05.360 I agree with you, they're both useful. 0:10:05.520 --> 0:10:10.680 Okay, it is an intellectual pursuit. So you can make 0:10:10.720 --> 0:10:14.680 observations on data all day long. But until you bring reason, 0:10:14.760 --> 0:10:18.839 in this case, inductive reasoning, which is driving a generalization 0:10:18.960 --> 0:10:23.720 based on your observations, then it's just data sitting there 0:10:23.760 --> 0:10:25.720 on a piece of paper like it's supposed to lead 0:10:25.800 --> 0:10:27.000 you somewhere. 0:10:26.840 --> 0:10:29.640 Right exactly, And so we should talk about inductive and 0:10:29.679 --> 0:10:33.079 deductive reasoning and it depending. Again. It's really weird. One 0:10:33.080 --> 0:10:35.000 of the things I came across is that there's not 0:10:35.880 --> 0:10:40.560 a universal agreement on how science is carried out. Like 0:10:41.440 --> 0:10:43.280 I've saw some places where there was like there's no 0:10:43.360 --> 0:10:47.920 place for inductive reasoning in science. Then other places are saying, well, 0:10:47.960 --> 0:10:51.640 you have to have science using inductive reasoning. Everybody seems 0:10:51.679 --> 0:10:56.120 to agree that deductive reasoning is the basis of science, right, 0:10:56.160 --> 0:10:58.760 but that you also have to have inductive So deductive 0:10:58.800 --> 0:11:04.120 is basically taking a big broad generalization and saying that 0:11:04.320 --> 0:11:05.680 it applies to. 0:11:05.600 --> 0:11:07.760 Something specific more specific. 0:11:07.920 --> 0:11:12.800 Yes, inductive is the opposite where you say, I've noticed 0:11:12.840 --> 0:11:19.200 these different data points, and that means that this broad 0:11:19.280 --> 0:11:23.719 generalization is true. So you go from specific, small observations 0:11:23.760 --> 0:11:26.560 to a broad generalization. And the reason that a lot 0:11:26.600 --> 0:11:29.679 of people say, well, inductive reasoning doesn't have any place 0:11:29.720 --> 0:11:35.160 in science is because you're saying, those birds over there 0:11:35.600 --> 0:11:39.199 are all brown. Therefore all birds of that type are brown. 0:11:39.360 --> 0:11:41.440 Even though I haven't seen every single bird of that 0:11:41.480 --> 0:11:44.240 type in the world. I'm saying that all those birds 0:11:44.520 --> 0:11:46.560 are brown, And a lot of people say there's no 0:11:46.559 --> 0:11:47.600 place for that in science. 0:11:48.120 --> 0:11:49.960 Well, if you want to go out and prove that, 0:11:50.000 --> 0:11:52.880 then that's your business. You know. You can't just say 0:11:52.880 --> 0:11:55.720 that and be like, and I'm done, right exactly, I 0:11:55.720 --> 0:11:58.559 guess you could but be much of a scientist, right, but. 0:12:00.280 --> 0:12:03.200 Use it to formulate, hey hypotheses. Sure, right, So you 0:12:03.200 --> 0:12:06.080 can say I've generated all these data points, I'm gonna 0:12:06.080 --> 0:12:10.800 put them together and see if this broad generalization is right. Okay, 0:12:10.880 --> 0:12:12.920 so there is a place for inductive reasoning science. But 0:12:12.960 --> 0:12:16.760 everybody says deductive reasoning is the basis of science. 0:12:17.240 --> 0:12:21.840 Well, Bill Harris does. He offers a great example for 0:12:22.120 --> 0:12:27.120 inductive reasoning with Edwin Hubble of the Hubble Telescope. He 0:12:27.320 --> 0:12:30.800 was looking through the Hooker telescope which at the time 0:12:31.000 --> 0:12:33.360 at California's Mount Wilson. 0:12:33.520 --> 0:12:35.400 Is that the one from Rebel Without a Cause? 0:12:35.720 --> 0:12:41.800 No, that's Griffith Park Observatory, which has been redesigned and 0:12:42.920 --> 0:12:44.719 is really cool now, is it. Yeah. I mean it 0:12:44.760 --> 0:12:46.560 was kind of cool before, but it was definitely like 0:12:47.120 --> 0:12:51.480 sort of the base museum that time forgot. Oh really, 0:12:51.520 --> 0:12:52.360 so they've updated it. 0:12:52.400 --> 0:12:54.240 I'll bet that was cool though in its own way. 0:12:54.400 --> 0:12:55.839 Yeah, it was neat. I used to live near there, 0:12:55.920 --> 0:12:56.760 so it was kind of. 0:12:56.800 --> 0:12:59.280 But that's like the famous one, at least in the movies. 0:12:59.480 --> 0:13:01.480 Yeah, that's where they have the big knife fight. Yeah, 0:13:01.520 --> 0:13:03.520 and there's this James Deane statue there too. 0:13:03.679 --> 0:13:06.719 Oh I didn't like a bust. 0:13:07.040 --> 0:13:10.360 So yes. Edwin Hubble he's at mountin Wilson and he's 0:13:10.360 --> 0:13:12.920 looking through the Hooker telescope, which was the biggest one 0:13:13.000 --> 0:13:15.960 and at the time everyone said the Milky Way Galaxy 0:13:16.040 --> 0:13:17.920 is it? That's what we've got going on? 0:13:18.240 --> 0:13:18.800 Did you know this? 0:13:19.800 --> 0:13:20.040 Yeah? 0:13:20.040 --> 0:13:22.400 I knew that because we're talking nineteen nineteen. 0:13:22.600 --> 0:13:25.080 Yeah, not that long ago. He did not realize this, 0:13:25.160 --> 0:13:27.520 and he started looking through the telescope and said, you 0:13:27.600 --> 0:13:30.160 know what these nebula that everyone says they're part of 0:13:30.200 --> 0:13:33.880 our galaxy, looked to me like they're beyond our galaxy. 0:13:34.160 --> 0:13:36.400 And not only that, they look like they're moving away 0:13:36.440 --> 0:13:40.839 from us. So he made this with through inductive reasoning, 0:13:40.920 --> 0:13:43.560 made this observation that you know what, I think there 0:13:43.640 --> 0:13:47.000 are many many galaxies out there, and not only that, 0:13:47.080 --> 0:13:51.760 I think they are expanding. Yeah, and through technological advancement 0:13:51.800 --> 0:13:55.040 with telescopes over the years, scientists, you know, it proved 0:13:55.160 --> 0:13:55.760 to be true. 0:13:56.200 --> 0:13:58.760 Yeah. Pretty cool. So this is a really good example 0:13:58.800 --> 0:14:02.319 of him saying, like, I've made some observations and now 0:14:02.360 --> 0:14:06.520 I'm going to say this broad generalization. Right, So these 0:14:07.200 --> 0:14:10.520 these galaxies appear to be moving away from me another, 0:14:10.600 --> 0:14:15.360 so the whole universe is expanding. Right, that's inductive reasoning. 0:14:15.440 --> 0:14:19.120 Yeah, it's a pretty brave thing, especially back then, because 0:14:19.120 --> 0:14:21.480 you're really putting your reputation at stake. 0:14:21.640 --> 0:14:24.400 It really is, you know. So what Hubble was, what 0:14:24.520 --> 0:14:28.000 Hubble did was what we've come to see as science. 0:14:28.040 --> 0:14:31.680 He made some observations, he came up with a hypothesis, 0:14:32.800 --> 0:14:35.680 and then it was tested later on. It's not you 0:14:35.720 --> 0:14:39.320 don't necessarily as a scientist. You're a part of a 0:14:39.400 --> 0:14:44.240 larger collective of scientists yes, right, And every scientist needs 0:14:44.240 --> 0:14:48.600 one another. It's why there's journals and conferences and things 0:14:48.640 --> 0:14:50.240 like that to share information. 0:14:49.920 --> 0:14:51.800 Right into party, right, and to party. 0:14:52.160 --> 0:14:55.400 And Hubble came up with his own observations, and rather 0:14:55.480 --> 0:14:59.440 than just experimenting and experimenting, experimenting himself, which I'm sure 0:14:59.440 --> 0:15:02.800 he continued to do, he created this basis of work 0:15:02.880 --> 0:15:07.120 that he probably realized is going to survive him. Yeah, yeah, right. 0:15:07.520 --> 0:15:10.320 And then later on scientists came down the road and 0:15:10.400 --> 0:15:14.760 they tested his hypothesis and they found it was correct, 0:15:15.160 --> 0:15:18.040 and so his hypothesis became a theory. It eventually became 0:15:18.120 --> 0:15:20.360 part of the basis of the Big Bang theory that 0:15:20.400 --> 0:15:24.760 the universe started as a huge explosion and it's expanding 0:15:24.920 --> 0:15:28.880 still because we're because it exploded at one point, right. 0:15:29.560 --> 0:15:32.120 And they did that by carrying out other. 0:15:32.480 --> 0:15:35.400 Tests or experiments exactly. 0:15:35.960 --> 0:15:38.280 So this is how science works. Like some guy back 0:15:38.320 --> 0:15:42.080 in nineteen ninety makes some observations in California in nineteen 0:15:42.160 --> 0:15:47.120 twenty five, he proposes this big broad generalization, and over 0:15:47.120 --> 0:15:50.680 the next like ensuing half a century, more and more 0:15:50.720 --> 0:15:54.960 scientists all around the world start testing his hypothesis and 0:15:55.080 --> 0:15:57.000 find it to be true. So it becomes a theory. 0:15:57.240 --> 0:16:00.480 Yeah. Well, well let's finish up here with sience Oka. 0:16:00.760 --> 0:16:04.240 The last part of the definition is that it's systematic, 0:16:04.320 --> 0:16:09.120 and it's methodical, and it requires testing and experiments, and 0:16:09.200 --> 0:16:15.080 that requires those experiments and tests to be repeated and verified. 0:16:15.760 --> 0:16:20.120 And it's a system. It's a way of working things out. 0:16:20.280 --> 0:16:22.640 It's a way of working Yeah. That is the scientific 0:16:22.680 --> 0:16:26.600 method basically. Yeah, you have your idea, you pose a question, 0:16:27.360 --> 0:16:31.040 you theorize, or you put a hypothesis out there, and 0:16:31.080 --> 0:16:33.160 then you go about trying to either prove it or 0:16:33.160 --> 0:16:33.680 disprove it. 0:16:34.000 --> 0:16:36.040 Yeah, exactly. And then the way that you go about 0:16:36.160 --> 0:16:39.800 proving or disproving it, that's the scientific method. Everything else 0:16:39.880 --> 0:16:43.440 is just scientific inquiry. The way you go about, the 0:16:43.520 --> 0:16:47.360 standardized way of going about scientific inquiry is the scientific method. 0:16:47.640 --> 0:16:51.120 And we, friend, we'll talk about the scientific method right 0:16:51.160 --> 0:16:51.520 after this. 0:17:08.119 --> 0:17:10.199 All right, you brought up a point. I think we 0:17:10.200 --> 0:17:12.680 should go ahead and just get right to my friend, 0:17:12.760 --> 0:17:15.159 let's do it. Hypotheses and theories. 0:17:16.160 --> 0:17:18.040 One thing tough to say together. I know. 0:17:18.960 --> 0:17:24.000 One thing that really chafes my hide is when you 0:17:24.040 --> 0:17:27.680 hear poopoo ers of whatever scientific theory say, well, it's 0:17:27.720 --> 0:17:30.280 just a theory. Yeah, and you where was this thing 0:17:30.320 --> 0:17:34.000 that you found that poopoo that Do you remember what 0:17:34.119 --> 0:17:34.919 website that was? 0:17:36.880 --> 0:17:39.440 No, No, although I do want to give a shout 0:17:39.440 --> 0:17:42.240 out now that you mentioned it. Two explorables. Yeah, it's 0:17:42.240 --> 0:17:47.240 like an online university, basically a free courses and there 0:17:47.400 --> 0:17:50.960 is one on scientific reasoning that is just amazing. It's 0:17:51.040 --> 0:17:53.000 like a huge rabbit hole. You go down and you 0:17:53.200 --> 0:17:56.040 start clicking on the embedded links and you end up 0:17:56.080 --> 0:17:59.280 like understanding all sorts of stuff. So go check that. 0:17:59.240 --> 0:18:02.880 One out if you like understanding stuff. Right, So that's 0:18:02.880 --> 0:18:04.440 one of the things that bugged me if someone says 0:18:04.440 --> 0:18:06.720 it's just a theory, and this does a great job 0:18:06.760 --> 0:18:10.800 of kind of throwing that out the window because it's 0:18:10.800 --> 0:18:13.800 basically mixing up the two definitions of theory. 0:18:14.000 --> 0:18:17.120 Yeah, there's like a colloquial definition that people use every 0:18:17.160 --> 0:18:19.480 day that doesn't really have much to do with the 0:18:19.520 --> 0:18:20.520 scientific cuses. 0:18:20.359 --> 0:18:23.960 Like, I got a theory that Jerry and one hour 0:18:24.000 --> 0:18:28.520 bathroom breaks every day is really playing words with friends 0:18:29.440 --> 0:18:30.120 in the lobby. 0:18:30.640 --> 0:18:32.040 I think your theory is correct. 0:18:32.240 --> 0:18:36.879 So that's a theory in the colloquial meaning as far 0:18:36.880 --> 0:18:41.760 as science goes. A theory is not just something you postulate, say, 0:18:41.880 --> 0:18:44.040 this may or may not be true. A theory is 0:18:44.119 --> 0:18:48.080 beyond the hypothesis, and it's something that is strongly supported 0:18:48.600 --> 0:18:52.080 in many different ways and all there's all kinds of 0:18:52.080 --> 0:18:55.000 evidence to support something that eventually becomes a theory. 0:18:55.119 --> 0:18:59.359 Right, So what you your theory about Jerry's bathroom breaks 0:18:59.800 --> 0:19:05.240 this scientific world would be a hypothesis. What fact, it 0:19:05.320 --> 0:19:08.920 would be a scientific law, but it ultimately would begin 0:19:09.000 --> 0:19:13.199 as a hypothesis, a hunch based on intuition, based on 0:19:13.880 --> 0:19:17.600 data you've collected, observations, that kind of stuff. Where Like, 0:19:17.680 --> 0:19:20.920 you know, you've seen that Jerry goes to the bathroom 0:19:21.000 --> 0:19:24.600 for like an hour to stretch frequently. When she comes back, 0:19:24.680 --> 0:19:28.760 she's finishing up a game of words with friends. Sure, 0:19:29.359 --> 0:19:32.240 you've heard that she's been spotted in the lobby during 0:19:32.280 --> 0:19:36.560 these times. So your hypothesis is that while she is 0:19:36.640 --> 0:19:39.240 gone for these hour long bathroom breaks, she's actually down 0:19:39.280 --> 0:19:40.560 the lobby playing words with friends. 0:19:40.600 --> 0:19:44.280 Right, Yeah, based on knowledge, observation, and logic. Right. 0:19:44.320 --> 0:19:46.920 So let's say that you decided to set up an experiment, 0:19:47.000 --> 0:19:49.639 and you experimented, and you went and you found Jerry 0:19:49.640 --> 0:19:53.199 playing words with friends. Yeah, five different times, and you 0:19:53.359 --> 0:19:55.720 told me about it, and I was like, I'm going 0:19:55.760 --> 0:19:59.080 to run that same experiment exactly the way you did. Yeah, right, 0:19:59.560 --> 0:20:02.520 I would test that same hypothsis. If I found the 0:20:02.520 --> 0:20:05.119 same results to be true, then what you would have 0:20:05.200 --> 0:20:08.199 come up with, your hypothesis would move to basically a 0:20:08.320 --> 0:20:12.840 theory that is, this widely accepted thing, this explanation that 0:20:13.440 --> 0:20:17.520 Jerry is not actually in the bathroom, she's downstairs playing 0:20:17.520 --> 0:20:21.440