WEBVTT - Were Dinosaurs Huge Bunnies? 0:00:04.640 --> 0:00:07.040 Okay, I'm very excited for this episode of Sauce on 0:00:07.080 --> 0:00:10.080 the side. You know why why I'm talking to Andrew 0:00:10.080 --> 0:00:11.280 and Diamond. By the way, they're both. 0:00:11.119 --> 0:00:12.880 Here producers today. 0:00:13.000 --> 0:00:15.160 Hey, building a team. Guys, we're building a team. 0:00:15.240 --> 0:00:16.079 I love it. It's great. 0:00:16.440 --> 0:00:20.480 So today's guest is a guy named Milo Rossi, who 0:00:20.600 --> 0:00:25.000 is an archaeologist. You know what archaeologists do, Diamond. 0:00:25.480 --> 0:00:27.480 Yeah, they look at rocks. 0:00:27.920 --> 0:00:29.440 They do that a little. 0:00:34.080 --> 0:00:34.280 Thought. 0:00:34.280 --> 0:00:37.800 They like inspect rocks and like dig up old dark rocks. 0:00:37.960 --> 0:00:42.040 Shut up they Oh, okay, they dig up old rocks 0:00:42.080 --> 0:00:44.080 and inspect them. 0:00:44.120 --> 0:00:48.600 No, I'm sure that's part of the Andrew, would you 0:00:48.640 --> 0:00:50.279 like to chime in on what archaeologists do? 0:00:50.720 --> 0:00:50.960 You know? 0:00:51.080 --> 0:00:55.200 They uncover hidden history and they're well versed in history, 0:00:55.240 --> 0:00:58.160 and they do dig up rocks and artifacts and all 0:00:58.200 --> 0:00:59.160 these other things. 0:00:59.120 --> 0:01:01.560 Like dinosaur but yes, oh, here we go. 0:01:01.760 --> 0:01:06.360 Yeah, because Diamond has no belief that dinosaurs actually existed, right. 0:01:06.440 --> 0:01:08.959 I just I have questions, and I don't really know 0:01:09.000 --> 0:01:10.920 what my questions are, but I have questions. 0:01:11.000 --> 0:01:11.880 Something doesn't work. 0:01:11.920 --> 0:01:13.440 I would like you to think of what your questions 0:01:13.440 --> 0:01:15.240 would be, because I really want you to ask him. 0:01:15.640 --> 0:01:20.280 I will remain set for this interview, specifically for that part, 0:01:20.440 --> 0:01:21.679 so well. 0:01:21.640 --> 0:01:23.600 Where your questions are, like both of you, if you 0:01:23.600 --> 0:01:26.800 guys have questions, because I have a billion, but I 0:01:26.840 --> 0:01:29.480 feel like I'm coming from a place where I accept 0:01:29.480 --> 0:01:32.240 a lot of the information that they present and Diamond doesn't. 0:01:32.560 --> 0:01:34.520 So I just want you to ask your questions so 0:01:34.560 --> 0:01:37.240 that you can have clarity in one direction or the other. 0:01:37.760 --> 0:01:39.959 Yeah, sure, I think it's I think this is a setup, 0:01:40.040 --> 0:01:41.720 but you know what, I'm just gonna roll with it. 0:01:41.760 --> 0:01:42.440 And I can't wait. 0:01:43.120 --> 0:01:44.960 Have you setting you up for I don't. 0:01:44.720 --> 0:01:47.119 Know, to make me look dumb? What happened the last 0:01:47.200 --> 0:01:49.000 time the dinosaurs. 0:01:48.560 --> 0:01:49.240 Are actually real? 0:01:50.680 --> 0:01:51.320 Were you there? 0:01:52.600 --> 0:01:52.800 Was I? 0:01:52.880 --> 0:01:55.480 There were you the billions of years ago? No? I wasn't. 0:01:55.560 --> 0:01:57.600 I was, and nobody alive right now was. 0:01:57.720 --> 0:02:00.720 So let's just I don't know if I believe in reincarnation, 0:02:00.960 --> 0:02:03.720 and I think I have raptor like tendencies. I think 0:02:03.760 --> 0:02:04.960 I might have been there, all right. 0:02:05.120 --> 0:02:06.920 I think maybe mention that to him. I love the 0:02:06.960 --> 0:02:10.280 way he tears down all the history. I'm so excited 0:02:10.280 --> 0:02:11.000 for this one. Oh. 0:02:11.000 --> 0:02:13.320 By the way, Hi, I'm Gandhi. This this is my 0:02:13.400 --> 0:02:16.880 podcast on the side with my friends Diamond and Andrew 0:02:16.880 --> 0:02:19.600 Aka also my producers. I think, have you ever seen 0:02:19.639 --> 0:02:21.200 the skeleton of a bunny? 0:02:21.919 --> 0:02:24.760 No, who's seen a skeleton of a bunny? 0:02:25.040 --> 0:02:27.200 Pull it up here. I'm gonna tell you something. The 0:02:27.240 --> 0:02:32.560 skeleton of a bunny. It looks terrifying. And I think 0:02:32.880 --> 0:02:36.240 that we have these ideas of what dinosaurs look like. 0:02:36.280 --> 0:02:38.519 Look at that. Look at that. That's terrifying. 0:02:39.320 --> 0:02:40.560 You would not that is terrifying. 0:02:40.639 --> 0:02:42.920 That's a dinosaur. No, that's a bunny. 0:02:43.240 --> 0:02:43.640 Okay. 0:02:43.800 --> 0:02:47.280 So I just want to know how we know that 0:02:47.400 --> 0:02:50.800 these things looked so lizardy when we clearly say that 0:02:50.840 --> 0:02:55.200 their closest living relative is a bird. How would they 0:02:55.240 --> 0:02:59.079 not be giant, massive like big birds running around? 0:02:59.280 --> 0:03:01.000 We don't know, that's my point. 0:03:01.400 --> 0:03:02.640 But they were still dinosaurs. 0:03:03.000 --> 0:03:05.760 What if they weren't really dinosaurs? What if they were 0:03:05.800 --> 0:03:08.680 just birds? But I don't I'd still be done. 0:03:08.760 --> 0:03:10.600 When there were sixty five million year old birds that 0:03:10.639 --> 0:03:11.960 were dinosaurs, like a pterodactyl. 0:03:12.000 --> 0:03:14.000 We don't know because we weren't there. 0:03:14.240 --> 0:03:17.240 The new Jurassic Park actually changed the raptor design to 0:03:17.320 --> 0:03:20.080 be more like what you're saying, more bird like, because 0:03:20.280 --> 0:03:23.600 it has become I think they would be giant birdy, 0:03:24.280 --> 0:03:25.799 weird things like talent. 0:03:25.960 --> 0:03:29.920 Yeah, and you know, hair, feathers, fur, A lot of 0:03:29.960 --> 0:03:33.239 that stuff doesn't necessarily get preserved the way a bone does, 0:03:33.760 --> 0:03:36.480 so all you have to go on is a skeleton. 0:03:36.720 --> 0:03:38.640 So these things could have looked completely different. And I 0:03:38.680 --> 0:03:40.640 just want to know how we know that they look 0:03:40.760 --> 0:03:43.480 so terrifying. That's all Diamond is rolling her eyes. You 0:03:43.480 --> 0:03:45.440 can't hear that. Sorry the microphone. 0:03:45.480 --> 0:03:46.600 I'm so into this. 0:03:46.880 --> 0:03:48.840 Yeah, okay, let me ask you this. 0:03:49.200 --> 0:03:51.520 Who would you like to have on as a guest 0:03:51.560 --> 0:03:52.680 that would interest you? 0:03:53.800 --> 0:03:54.520 Bethany Frankel. 0:03:54.560 --> 0:03:56.480 I knew she was gonna say, a freaking housewife. Do 0:03:56.520 --> 0:03:57.760 you think we can get Bethany Frankle? 0:03:57.880 --> 0:04:01.920 I could try, Okay, Carol rads A, Well, now you 0:04:01.960 --> 0:04:04.320 think I would? I think you'd love her? Oh my god, 0:04:04.760 --> 0:04:07.320 maybe Carol. She's done podcasts before, but I think she's 0:04:07.440 --> 0:04:10.320 friends with them. But you're a smart woman. She loves 0:04:10.320 --> 0:04:11.040 smart women. 0:04:11.920 --> 0:04:13.160 Come on, Carol. 0:04:13.400 --> 0:04:15.600 All right, so we're gonna go from an archaeologist to 0:04:15.640 --> 0:04:19.440 Carol Ratswell maybe at some point, perfect, But before we 0:04:19.520 --> 0:04:21.039 do anything else, I think we should have our friend 0:04:21.080 --> 0:04:22.760 Mila Rossi come in so we can just get right 0:04:22.800 --> 0:04:23.159 to it. 0:04:26.400 --> 0:04:31.800 Okay, Hi, great to meet you, to meet me. 0:04:32.000 --> 0:04:35.240 Oh well, let's hope that we feel the same way 0:04:35.279 --> 0:04:36.960 about each other when you're leaving. 0:04:38.200 --> 0:04:41.360 Absolutely absolutely, we're discussing, you know, opinions and things. That's 0:04:41.400 --> 0:04:42.040 nothing personal. 0:04:42.120 --> 0:04:45.680 Okay, So here we go. He's here, Milo Rossi. By 0:04:45.680 --> 0:04:47.120 the way, thank you so much for joining me. I 0:04:47.120 --> 0:04:49.000 know you're really busy and you've had like twenty stops 0:04:49.000 --> 0:04:50.839 and we were trying to go back and forth about 0:04:50.839 --> 0:04:52.880 when we could get you in here, and you're here. 0:04:53.279 --> 0:04:55.000 It's wonderful to be here. Thank you very much for 0:04:55.000 --> 0:04:56.320 having me. It really is an honor to be in 0:04:56.360 --> 0:04:57.120 the big Apple. 0:04:57.240 --> 0:04:58.280 Oh that's nice. 0:04:59.000 --> 0:05:00.640 Yeah, stay here for like five for minutes, and you'll 0:05:00.640 --> 0:05:01.760 be wanting to get the hell out. 0:05:01.760 --> 0:05:03.479 I gotta say, the twenty minute walk it took me 0:05:03.520 --> 0:05:05.160 to get here was a test. I bet, I know, 0:05:05.440 --> 0:05:05.800 I bet. 0:05:06.279 --> 0:05:08.440 I have you here for so many reasons. So first 0:05:08.480 --> 0:05:12.800 of all, Milo Rossi has a very popular short series, 0:05:12.839 --> 0:05:15.280 and I watched a bunch of them called The Minute, 0:05:15.360 --> 0:05:18.040 Mini Minute Man. Yes, yes, okay. 0:05:18.160 --> 0:05:18.560 By the way. 0:05:18.600 --> 0:05:22.120 His background, he is an environmental scientist, an archaeologist, and 0:05:22.160 --> 0:05:24.800 now a science educator from Boston. 0:05:25.160 --> 0:05:26.160 Got it where I used to live. 0:05:26.200 --> 0:05:28.599 Love Boston represent I always say, like, the smartest people 0:05:28.600 --> 0:05:32.279 I think come from Boston also the mainest. 0:05:32.520 --> 0:05:33.760 It's a double edged sword. 0:05:33.880 --> 0:05:36.240 Smart and mean. So I have you here because I 0:05:36.240 --> 0:05:38.480 have a billion questions to ask you about a lot 0:05:38.480 --> 0:05:41.760 of different things, but also because I our lovely producer here, Diamond, 0:05:41.760 --> 0:05:42.440 who you were. 0:05:42.320 --> 0:05:43.000 Just saying hi to. 0:05:43.920 --> 0:05:47.000 Diamond has some things that she does not believe in, 0:05:47.120 --> 0:05:49.480 and it has to do specifically with your field. 0:05:50.000 --> 0:05:54.520 I just don't know if dinosaurs were actually real. Okay, okay, 0:05:54.800 --> 0:05:58.680 because I'll go through my list please. So number one, 0:05:59.440 --> 0:06:02.960 fossils literally just look like rocks, and so it's like, okay, 0:06:03.040 --> 0:06:07.920 well we could have been told that these are dinosaur bones, 0:06:07.920 --> 0:06:09.560 but they're not really, you know what I mean. Also 0:06:09.680 --> 0:06:13.000 number two, I think that people over exaggerate what they 0:06:13.040 --> 0:06:15.680 could have actually looked like, which makes me feel like, 0:06:16.080 --> 0:06:18.360 could somebody step in and tell us what they actually 0:06:18.360 --> 0:06:21.280 looked like rather, I mean repti and stuff like that, 0:06:21.400 --> 0:06:24.000 and like, were they actually that big? We go to 0:06:24.080 --> 0:06:25.560 museums and we see these huge things. 0:06:25.560 --> 0:06:26.720 And then also. 0:06:26.720 --> 0:06:30.440 Lastly, I know you're gonna rip me apart. It's fine 0:06:31.520 --> 0:06:34.919 here to you know, we don't know, like none of 0:06:35.000 --> 0:06:38.920 us were alive. There's not one photo or something like that. 0:06:39.040 --> 0:06:40.960 Oh no, no, sixty five million years ago. 0:06:42.360 --> 0:06:43.839 It's just like, we don't know. 0:06:44.480 --> 0:06:46.240 I'm just gonna throw this out here for a second. 0:06:46.440 --> 0:06:49.200 She will go back and forth about all of this dinosaurs. 0:06:49.279 --> 0:06:51.600 You know, we don't know that they existed, there's no proof, 0:06:51.600 --> 0:06:54.720 blah blah blah. But she wholeheartedly believes in God, and 0:06:54.760 --> 0:06:57.560 I say, oh, prove that, and she's like, just show 0:06:57.640 --> 0:06:58.000 I can't. 0:06:58.120 --> 0:07:01.039 But then also it's like I don't fault people for 0:07:01.160 --> 0:07:03.600 believe in dinosaurs. Are just not the same way the 0:07:03.640 --> 0:07:04.880 atheists don't believe in God. 0:07:04.960 --> 0:07:07.160 Okay, you know, I think that's another important thing is that, 0:07:07.200 --> 0:07:09.920 like I've had people on my channel ask me, you know, stuff. 0:07:09.680 --> 0:07:11.120 Like, ok, can you get closer to yeah? 0:07:11.160 --> 0:07:15.160 Sorry, no, no, no, no worries answer over podcast etiquette. 0:07:15.480 --> 0:07:17.640 You know. That's actually, you know, an interesting point. And 0:07:17.640 --> 0:07:19.200 I've had a lot of people on my channel ask me, 0:07:19.240 --> 0:07:21.280 you know, throughout the years of like, oh, do something 0:07:21.320 --> 0:07:22.960 like talking about God or the existence of God. And 0:07:22.960 --> 0:07:25.080 I'm like, no, like that has nothing to do like 0:07:25.120 --> 0:07:27.200 it's not a matter of you know, weighing the evidence 0:07:27.280 --> 0:07:28.520 or not weighing the evidence is like, if you believe 0:07:28.520 --> 0:07:29.640 in it, you believe in it, and I'm never going 0:07:29.680 --> 0:07:30.840 to try and take that away from you, Like that 0:07:30.880 --> 0:07:32.520 has nothing to do with you know, we're not trying 0:07:32.560 --> 0:07:34.320 to weigh these things. And the moment you do try 0:07:34.320 --> 0:07:35.920 and take that in, I think it kind of bastardizes 0:07:35.960 --> 0:07:37.720 what we're all here to talk about and the faith 0:07:37.760 --> 0:07:40.760 system that it sort of guides for you. As for dinosaurs, 0:07:43.200 --> 0:07:45.080 so to your first point kind of talking about how 0:07:45.080 --> 0:07:47.360 they look like rocks, the reason they look like rocks 0:07:47.440 --> 0:07:50.240 is because they are rocks. So there's no dinosaur bones 0:07:50.320 --> 0:07:53.840 left over. When a bone is buried, Normally these bones 0:07:53.880 --> 0:07:56.480 are found in sedimentary rock deposits, so something that was 0:07:56.640 --> 0:07:58.680 you know, flowing water at one point or something like that, 0:07:58.920 --> 0:08:01.840 and the bone gets buried and over time it mineralizes, 0:08:01.960 --> 0:08:04.920 so the bone structure, if it is replaced with rocks, 0:08:05.520 --> 0:08:08.040 this can lead to most of the time the bone 0:08:08.080 --> 0:08:10.400 bearing a very similar resemblance to the rock around it. 0:08:10.520 --> 0:08:12.000 You know, I want to kind of follow a question 0:08:12.080 --> 0:08:13.640 back to you. I hear what you're saying about, you know, 0:08:13.680 --> 0:08:15.360 they look like rocks. How do we really know? You know, 0:08:15.400 --> 0:08:17.920 how big they are. What would your explanation be if 0:08:17.960 --> 0:08:19.840 you were in you know, the fossil beds like the 0:08:20.200 --> 0:08:22.360 Hell Creek formation out west and you were looking at 0:08:22.360 --> 0:08:25.240 a Tyrannosaurus rex. What would your explanation be for how 0:08:25.280 --> 0:08:26.520 a rock would end up looking like that? 0:08:28.360 --> 0:08:32.760 I don't know, man, maybe like, uh, that's ancient. 0:08:32.920 --> 0:08:37.280 To be like, okay, the skull was smaller at one 0:08:37.320 --> 0:08:40.600 point and because now it's you just gave an explanation 0:08:40.800 --> 0:08:44.240 of the rocks. Now uh you said mineralizing, Yes, what 0:08:44.280 --> 0:08:46.800 if that caused it to like look bigger than it is? 0:08:47.320 --> 0:08:49.800 I don't know, listen, don't even I don't know. 0:08:49.880 --> 0:08:51.360 No, these are good questions. Do you want to ask 0:08:51.360 --> 0:08:53.080 if I'm just saying yeah. 0:08:52.960 --> 0:08:54.760 I think no. I think that's the other important thing is, 0:08:54.800 --> 0:08:57.080 you know a lot of what I do is, you know, 0:08:57.240 --> 0:08:58.960 it's a bit one sided because the people that I'm 0:08:58.960 --> 0:09:00.560 talking about can't talk back, and so you know, I 0:09:00.559 --> 0:09:02.040 have to do my stick and I have to you know, 0:09:02.200 --> 0:09:03.720 keep the engagement and all that. But really, I do 0:09:03.800 --> 0:09:06.000 think conversations like this are important and there are no 0:09:06.200 --> 0:09:09.439 you know, stupid questions, but you know, the because it's 0:09:09.440 --> 0:09:12.880 a replacement process where there is a existing bone that 0:09:12.960 --> 0:09:15.560 is deposited and then buried. Over time, it's replaced with something, 0:09:15.600 --> 0:09:17.640 so it doesn't actually really change the mass of it. 0:09:17.640 --> 0:09:20.040 It's sort of just you know, changing the existing structure 0:09:20.040 --> 0:09:23.120 into something else. And you know, honestly, questions like this 0:09:23.200 --> 0:09:25.800 are important to ask because those things are huge. It 0:09:25.840 --> 0:09:27.760 looks like something that is very alien to us. It's 0:09:27.760 --> 0:09:29.240 something that's kind of hard to wrap your head around, 0:09:29.240 --> 0:09:31.160 and so it's important to kind of understand the processes 0:09:31.200 --> 0:09:33.679 by which something like this happens, because without that, it 0:09:33.720 --> 0:09:35.680 almos seems a little bit unbelievable, you know, especially because 0:09:35.679 --> 0:09:37.160 there's no pictures exactly. 0:09:38.120 --> 0:09:40.000 So to Diamond's point, though, I mean, I know she 0:09:40.040 --> 0:09:42.520 was talking about things maybe getting bigger, but over time, 0:09:42.640 --> 0:09:45.240 if something is buried, even just a human body, doesn't 0:09:45.280 --> 0:09:47.480 it get a little bit smaller. Don't things eat at 0:09:47.520 --> 0:09:49.599 it and it actually shrinks. So maybe some of the 0:09:49.640 --> 0:09:52.600 stuff we're finding is actually smaller than what these things were. 0:09:53.120 --> 0:09:55.240 It could be, so a lot of what you see 0:09:55.360 --> 0:09:59.760 is over time, geologic forces will warp more than shrink. 0:10:00.200 --> 0:10:02.079 So you know, if you were to like deposit just 0:10:02.120 --> 0:10:03.720 a body on the ground, it would be like eaten 0:10:03.720 --> 0:10:05.560 and scavenged and things like that. But a lot of 0:10:05.559 --> 0:10:07.800 the remains that we find are you know, they've been 0:10:07.960 --> 0:10:10.840 buried over time and so there's not as much decomposition 0:10:10.880 --> 0:10:13.520 happening to the bones. So a lot of the specimens 0:10:13.520 --> 0:10:15.000 that we find are examples that have been you know, 0:10:15.120 --> 0:10:17.880 rapidly buried. When something just dies on the ground, it's eaten, 0:10:17.880 --> 0:10:19.960 it's scavenge and the bones are scattered. So a lot 0:10:20.000 --> 0:10:22.160 of bones that we find are of individuals that have 0:10:22.240 --> 0:10:24.160 fallen and sunk into a place where they're not going 0:10:24.160 --> 0:10:25.760 to be disturbed that much. That's why we find so 0:10:25.800 --> 0:10:28.320 many fossils of like marine deposits and things like that, 0:10:28.320 --> 0:10:30.040 because all these shells settle to the bottom and there's 0:10:30.040 --> 0:10:33.640 nothing to move them, and so makes a lot of sense. Yeah, exactly, exactly. 0:10:33.720 --> 0:10:36.280 So there's a really famous dinosaur fossil. I don't remember 0:10:36.320 --> 0:10:38.480 exactly what it's called, but it's of an Anklosaurus, which 0:10:38.520 --> 0:10:39.880 is one of the ones with an armored back and 0:10:39.920 --> 0:10:41.439 like a big heavy club on the tail that it 0:10:41.440 --> 0:10:43.760 would it would swing around, and it's beautiful. It almost 0:10:43.760 --> 0:10:46.320 looks like it's mummified because it's it's preserved the texture 0:10:46.360 --> 0:10:48.760 of the skin and so it was buried very rapidly 0:10:48.800 --> 0:10:51.640 and covered and over time because the earth moves and 0:10:51.679 --> 0:10:53.840 it's become stone. It's sort of like a little bit warped. 0:10:54.280 --> 0:10:55.880 It's the same size that it was. But it's one 0:10:55.880 --> 0:10:57.640 of the best dinosaur fossils we have, and it's one 0:10:57.679 --> 0:11:00.440 of the you know, first instances we have of you know, 0:11:00.520 --> 0:11:03.080 understanding what a dinosaur's actual skin texture was instead of 0:11:03.080 --> 0:11:03.680 just their bones. 0:11:03.920 --> 0:11:06.439 Okay, so that brings us to Diamond's other points and 0:11:06.520 --> 0:11:09.600 mine as well. I have a lot of questions as 0:11:09.600 --> 0:11:12.160 far as how we and by we, I mean you guys, 0:11:12.160 --> 0:11:15.199 the smart people who are doing this have reconstructed what 0:11:15.240 --> 0:11:19.199 a dinosaur actually looked like because as everything that we've 0:11:19.280 --> 0:11:24.320 learned more recently, their closest living ancestor would be a bird, right, 0:11:24.640 --> 0:11:29.079 not alligators and crocodiles, which everybody likes to call dinosaurs. Yes, birds, 0:11:29.840 --> 0:11:33.760 but hair feathers for that kind of stuff doesn't necessarily 0:11:33.760 --> 0:11:36.200 stand the test of time. Yeah, right, So how do 0:11:36.280 --> 0:11:38.400 we know? And when you look at this is my example, 0:11:38.400 --> 0:11:41.160 when you look at the skeleton of a rabbit or 0:11:41.200 --> 0:11:44.720 even maybe a little baby, it's terrifying. A skeleton is 0:11:44.720 --> 0:11:48.480 a terrifying looking thing. How do we know that these 0:11:48.640 --> 0:11:52.000 giant creatures that you guys are unearthing weren't actually like 0:11:52.200 --> 0:11:55.440 massive bunnies or a massive big bird looking thing. It 0:11:55.520 --> 0:11:57.760 was this terrifying lizard looking thing. How do we know that? 0:11:57.760 --> 0:11:58.600 Where did that come from? 0:11:58.679 --> 0:12:00.360 Well, that's a really good question. And I don't want 0:12:00.400 --> 0:12:01.840 to preface all of this by saying just in the 0:12:01.840 --> 0:12:03.800 field that I'm in, I'm not a paleontologist, so this 0:12:03.840 --> 0:12:06.760 is not coming from want. Okay, Yeah, I would give 0:12:06.800 --> 0:12:08.720 my most informed guests that I can. I'm sure maybe 0:12:08.720 --> 0:12:10.599 there'll be a few paleontologists who will disagree with me, 0:12:10.640 --> 0:12:12.120 but I'm going I'm going to represent as much as 0:12:12.120 --> 0:12:15.280 I can. Okay, So that question of what do dinosaurs 0:12:15.320 --> 0:12:18.320 actually look like is still a very hotly debated question, 0:12:18.480 --> 0:12:20.560 and we were all kind of right in saying we're 0:12:20.559 --> 0:12:22.760 not entirely sure. We have some pretty good guesses. Take, 0:12:22.800 --> 0:12:24.640 for example, the Ancleosaurus that we looked at. We know 0:12:24.679 --> 0:12:26.360 what the texture of its skin was like, and so 0:12:26.520 --> 0:12:28.600 there's a pretty good way of being able to figure out, 0:12:28.760 --> 0:12:30.679 you know, what its body would have looked like. But 0:12:30.720 --> 0:12:32.360 for a lot of other dinosaurs, we're kind of just 0:12:32.360 --> 0:12:35.080 working with educated guesswork of you know, trying to you know, 0:12:35.120 --> 0:12:37.160 put muscle back onto bone in a way that we 0:12:37.200 --> 0:12:38.880 think it would have been to your point. You know, 0:12:39.000 --> 0:12:41.640 an example that I kind of saw was somebody did 0:12:41.720 --> 0:12:45.800 a dinosaur reconstruction on a modern swan skeleton, and it 0:12:45.840 --> 0:12:47.600 is one of the scariest things I've ever seen. It 0:12:47.600 --> 0:12:49.439 looks nothing like a swan, you know, like you look 0:12:49.440 --> 0:12:51.280 at like a penguin or something like that. Penguins when 0:12:51.320 --> 0:12:52.559 you look at them, it's a little guy and it's 0:12:52.559 --> 0:12:54.120 got a little fee at the bottom, but they have 0:12:54.120 --> 0:12:56.120 little knees, they have like little like legs that are 0:12:56.160 --> 0:12:58.320 bent up inside their body. If you look at a whale, 0:12:58.320 --> 0:13:01.160 they have vestigial limbs from when they ancestors that lived 0:13:01.160 --> 0:13:03.000 on land. And so if you went and you know, 0:13:03.080 --> 0:13:05.160 into the future sixty million years and you looked at 0:13:05.160 --> 0:13:07.520 any of these animals, you would be trying to reconstruct 0:13:07.559 --> 0:13:09.320 it based off of the things that you understand in 0:13:09.360 --> 0:13:11.240 the world, and you know, it's a little bit hard 0:13:11.240 --> 0:13:14.280 to tell. The issue that I experience with archaeology and 0:13:14.320 --> 0:13:17.839 all archaeologists experience, is you are trying to put together 0:13:17.880 --> 0:13:20.160 a puzzle where you've lost pretty much all of the pieces, 0:13:20.360 --> 0:13:22.600 and so you have very fragmentary evidence and you have 0:13:22.600 --> 0:13:24.280 to kind of fill in the gaps as best you can, 0:13:24.400 --> 0:13:26.839 and that can be very challenging to do. Paleontology is 0:13:26.880 --> 0:13:29.440 a whole nother ballgame because you're going so far back 0:13:29.440 --> 0:13:31.920 in time. With archaeology, you can kind of infer because 0:13:31.920 --> 0:13:33.440 you're also human, you can kind of think in the 0:13:33.440 --> 0:13:34.920 same way that they did. But if you're going all 0:13:34.960 --> 0:13:36.600 the way back to the time of dinosaurs, you're not 0:13:36.600 --> 0:13:39.440 dealing with the human animal anymore. You have like fragmentary 0:13:39.480 --> 0:13:41.560 geologic evidence of what the environment was like that they 0:13:41.559 --> 0:13:43.600 were in. So there's so many factors that you have 0:13:43.640 --> 0:13:45.280 to work into it that it can be really challenging 0:13:45.360 --> 0:13:46.960 to figure out exactly what dinosaurs look like. 0:13:47.840 --> 0:13:50.800 So there is a chance that they were massive bunnies. 0:13:50.240 --> 0:13:53.079 You know, other than you know, the mammal the mammal 0:13:53.120 --> 0:13:55.120 side of things. Our ancestors at the time were massive 0:13:55.120 --> 0:13:58.000 bunnies or I guess tiny bunnies, but yeah, cool. 0:13:58.200 --> 0:14:00.079 I just want to have some hope that that's in 0:14:00.120 --> 0:14:02.480 fact what it looked like like. Jurassic bar would have 0:14:02.480 --> 0:14:05.000 been a completely different ballgame because they were just like 0:14:05.040 --> 0:14:06.600 big bird it was a bunch of big bird running 0:14:06.600 --> 0:14:08.199 around and that tyrannosaurs chasing the car. 0:14:08.320 --> 0:14:10.240 Well, you know that's what you want to believe. Don't 0:14:10.320 --> 0:14:11.960 let anybody take that away from you, because that is 0:14:12.000 --> 0:14:14.199 such a much more beautiful idea. 0:14:14.280 --> 0:14:16.280 I just like to save space because all I know 0:14:16.360 --> 0:14:18.240 is that I don't know anything, and I have a 0:14:18.280 --> 0:14:20.760 lot of questions. So I will I will hold space 0:14:20.800 --> 0:14:22.440 for that diamond. How you doing over there? 0:14:22.560 --> 0:14:23.280 I'm into it? 0:14:23.440 --> 0:14:26.000 Okay, that is a good ask my questions. 0:14:26.080 --> 0:14:29.240 I don't my wheels are turning please, as they should be. 0:14:29.280 --> 0:14:31.080 You know, never let your wheels stop turning. 0:14:31.560 --> 0:14:34.920 I'm just at this point we can't go back to 0:14:34.960 --> 0:14:37.480 see what they actually look like. So I'm always gonna 0:14:37.480 --> 0:14:38.360 have these questions. 0:14:38.840 --> 0:14:40.200 But you're enlightening me. 0:14:40.240 --> 0:14:43.120 So absolutely, and ask away, ask away. A lot of people, 0:14:43.240 --> 0:14:44.960 especially when kind of talking about science, will be like, ah, 0:14:44.960 --> 0:14:46.640 you guys don't know how this happened, and therefore none 0:14:46.640 --> 0:14:47.320 of it makes sense. 0:14:47.720 --> 0:14:48.600 Oh that's so annoying. 0:14:48.680 --> 0:14:51.240 The most important part there, Yeah, the most important part 0:14:51.240 --> 0:14:53.600 of science is that scientists are able to admit that 0:14:53.600 --> 0:14:56.840 we don't know everything, so we are will speak with 0:14:56.920 --> 0:14:58.520 confidence on the things that we do know, but there 0:14:58.640 --> 0:15:00.560 is as you're kind of you're asking the right questions 0:15:00.600 --> 0:15:02.840 because those are all scientists that your questions of scientists 0:15:02.880 --> 0:15:05.360 are asking. You're doing the scientific process right now, and 0:15:05.400 --> 0:15:07.320 so it's important to keep asking those and also knowing 0:15:07.320 --> 0:15:09.040 when to say, man, we have no idea. 0:15:08.760 --> 0:15:08.960 You know. 0:15:09.480 --> 0:15:11.400 I think one of my favorite things about scientists and 0:15:11.400 --> 0:15:13.600 one of my least favorite things about society as a whole, 0:15:14.080 --> 0:15:16.480 is that scientists spend so much of their time trying 0:15:16.480 --> 0:15:18.200 to prove themselves and their peers wrong. 0:15:18.360 --> 0:15:18.880 Yeah. 0:15:18.920 --> 0:15:20.600 I love that because. 0:15:20.320 --> 0:15:21.760 That's how you get better, and that's how you get 0:15:21.760 --> 0:15:24.520 to the theories and the facts ultimately a fact because 0:15:24.520 --> 0:15:26.600 you can't prove it wrong. Every time you do it, 0:15:26.720 --> 0:15:29.800 you get the same answer. Changing your opinion based on 0:15:29.840 --> 0:15:33.400 evidence is not flip flopping. That is learning, yes, yeah, 0:15:33.440 --> 0:15:36.080 and changing your mind based on learning. And so many people, 0:15:36.120 --> 0:15:38.720 because we have so much technology now at our fingertips, 0:15:38.800 --> 0:15:41.720 you can google everything. It seems like a lot of 0:15:41.840 --> 0:15:44.960 the masses think, Okay, we know everything, and if we 0:15:45.080 --> 0:15:48.440 find something new and we don't know about it, something's wrong. 0:15:48.520 --> 0:15:50.760 Someone's lying to us, someone's not telling us the truth, 0:15:50.880 --> 0:15:52.960 as opposed to, hey, maybe this is a new thing 0:15:53.320 --> 0:15:56.240 that is going to take some learning before we figure 0:15:56.280 --> 0:15:58.760 it out, and let's give it some time. It seems 0:15:58.760 --> 0:16:01.920 like people are not interesting and giving things time anymore, 0:16:01.960 --> 0:16:04.480 and I find it fascinating and quite irritating. 0:16:04.640 --> 0:16:16.479 Yes, but I digress. 0:16:16.760 --> 0:16:18.600 I can't help but notice you're kind of dressed like 0:16:18.680 --> 0:16:19.680 Indiana Jones right now? 0:16:20.720 --> 0:16:22.960 Well, you know, is he your hero because that he 0:16:23.000 --> 0:16:24.200