1 00:00:00,040 --> 00:00:03,480 Speaker 1: Hey, y'all, we're rerunning two episodes today. Enjoy the show, 2 00:00:04,800 --> 00:00:09,440 Speaker 1: Hi um Eve's Welcome to This Day in History Class, 3 00:00:09,480 --> 00:00:12,120 Speaker 1: a show that reveals a little bit more about history 4 00:00:12,280 --> 00:00:25,520 Speaker 1: day by day. The day was March nineteen fifteen. A 5 00:00:25,640 --> 00:00:29,920 Speaker 1: cook named Mary Mallon, also known as typhoid Mary, was 6 00:00:30,040 --> 00:00:34,720 Speaker 1: quarantined for the last time. Mary had been infecting people 7 00:00:35,040 --> 00:00:40,360 Speaker 1: with Salmonella TYPEE, the bacterium that causes typhoid fever, for years. 8 00:00:41,600 --> 00:00:45,120 Speaker 1: She had been quarantined once before and then released, but 9 00:00:45,200 --> 00:00:48,960 Speaker 1: this time Mary was quarantined for good or North Brother 10 00:00:49,040 --> 00:00:53,400 Speaker 1: Island in New York City's East River. Mary Mallon was 11 00:00:53,440 --> 00:00:57,080 Speaker 1: born in eighteen sixty nine in Ireland and moved to 12 00:00:57,160 --> 00:01:00,720 Speaker 1: the United States in eighteen eighty three or eighteen eighty four, 13 00:01:01,760 --> 00:01:05,759 Speaker 1: just a few years before scientists confirmed that salmonella caused 14 00:01:05,840 --> 00:01:10,200 Speaker 1: typhoid fever, a disease spread through contaminated food and water 15 00:01:10,600 --> 00:01:14,160 Speaker 1: that can be deadly if left untreated. People who have 16 00:01:14,280 --> 00:01:17,039 Speaker 1: had the illness can become carriers of the bacteria and 17 00:01:17,120 --> 00:01:21,480 Speaker 1: cause outbreaks. When Mary moved to the US, she became 18 00:01:21,520 --> 00:01:26,160 Speaker 1: a domestic servant, usually taking cook jobs. In nineteen o six, 19 00:01:26,520 --> 00:01:29,040 Speaker 1: Mary took a summer job as a cook for New 20 00:01:29,160 --> 00:01:32,920 Speaker 1: York banker Charles Henry Warren and his family an Oyster Bay, 21 00:01:32,920 --> 00:01:37,600 Speaker 1: Long Island, but on August one of the daughters got 22 00:01:37,640 --> 00:01:42,560 Speaker 1: typhoid fever. Then Warren's wife, two maids, the gardener, and 23 00:01:42,680 --> 00:01:47,640 Speaker 1: another daughter caught typhoid. By September three, six of the 24 00:01:47,720 --> 00:01:51,280 Speaker 1: eleven people in the house had gotten sick with typhoid fever. 25 00:01:52,600 --> 00:01:55,720 Speaker 1: At this time, typhoid fever was fatal in about ten 26 00:01:55,760 --> 00:02:00,000 Speaker 1: percent of cases. The Warrens were renting the home from 27 00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:02,800 Speaker 1: George Thompson, who was scared that he wouldn't be able 28 00:02:02,840 --> 00:02:05,160 Speaker 1: to rent the house again without finding out where the 29 00:02:05,200 --> 00:02:10,119 Speaker 1: outbreaks started, so after hiring investigators who couldn't track down 30 00:02:10,160 --> 00:02:14,359 Speaker 1: the source, Thompson landed on George Soaper, a New York 31 00:02:14,440 --> 00:02:18,399 Speaker 1: City Department of Health sanitary engineer who specialized in typhoid 32 00:02:18,440 --> 00:02:23,880 Speaker 1: fever epidemics. Soaper first thought that freshwater clams were responsible 33 00:02:23,919 --> 00:02:27,840 Speaker 1: for the outbreak, but soon after realizing not everyone who 34 00:02:27,880 --> 00:02:31,080 Speaker 1: had the illness had eaten the clams, he began to 35 00:02:31,120 --> 00:02:35,680 Speaker 1: suspect Mary was the source. He researched Mary's employment history 36 00:02:35,720 --> 00:02:39,240 Speaker 1: back to nineteen hundred and he discovered that everywhere Mary 37 00:02:39,280 --> 00:02:43,600 Speaker 1: popped up, so did typhoid outbreaks. From nineteen hundred to 38 00:02:43,720 --> 00:02:47,640 Speaker 1: nineteen oh seven, twenty two people exhibited signs of typhoid 39 00:02:47,680 --> 00:02:51,760 Speaker 1: fever at seven places where Mary worked, including some people 40 00:02:51,880 --> 00:02:56,440 Speaker 1: who died. While Soper was digging into Mary's past. She 41 00:02:56,680 --> 00:02:59,520 Speaker 1: kept working in households around New York City as a cook. 42 00:03:00,720 --> 00:03:04,320 Speaker 1: But Soper was convinced Mary was the issue. He tried 43 00:03:04,360 --> 00:03:07,560 Speaker 1: to get samples of her feces, urine, and blood, but 44 00:03:07,680 --> 00:03:11,680 Speaker 1: she was not willing to cooperate. Here's what Soper later 45 00:03:11,760 --> 00:03:15,440 Speaker 1: said about one of his encounters with Mary. I had 46 00:03:15,480 --> 00:03:17,959 Speaker 1: my first talk with Mary in the kitchen of this house. 47 00:03:18,639 --> 00:03:21,400 Speaker 1: I was as diplomatic as possible, but I had to 48 00:03:21,400 --> 00:03:24,239 Speaker 1: say I suspected her of making people sick, and that 49 00:03:24,360 --> 00:03:28,120 Speaker 1: I wanted specimens of her urine, feces, and blood. It 50 00:03:28,200 --> 00:03:30,720 Speaker 1: did not take Mary long to react to this suggestion. 51 00:03:31,360 --> 00:03:34,440 Speaker 1: She seized a carving fork and advanced in my direction. 52 00:03:35,280 --> 00:03:38,400 Speaker 1: I passed rapidly down the long, narrow hall, through the 53 00:03:38,480 --> 00:03:42,200 Speaker 1: tall iron gate, and so to the sidewalk. I felt 54 00:03:42,280 --> 00:03:46,280 Speaker 1: rather lucky to escape. That's how well she reacted when 55 00:03:46,280 --> 00:03:49,760 Speaker 1: Soper tried to get samples from her again, so the 56 00:03:49,800 --> 00:03:52,920 Speaker 1: Health Department put Dr. Sarah Josephine Baker in the case, 57 00:03:53,360 --> 00:03:56,840 Speaker 1: and Baker forcibly took Mary to the Willard Parker Hospital, 58 00:03:57,160 --> 00:04:01,600 Speaker 1: where they found Salmonella type in her stool. Mary was 59 00:04:01,640 --> 00:04:06,680 Speaker 1: the first asymptomatic carrier of typhoid to be identified. In 60 00:04:06,760 --> 00:04:10,360 Speaker 1: nineteen o seven, about three thousand people in New York 61 00:04:10,440 --> 00:04:13,760 Speaker 1: had been infected with the bacterium, and Mary was pegged 62 00:04:13,760 --> 00:04:17,200 Speaker 1: as being responsible for all those cases. At this time, 63 00:04:17,440 --> 00:04:21,640 Speaker 1: there was no immunization or antibiotic treatment for Salmonella TYPEE. 64 00:04:22,960 --> 00:04:26,120 Speaker 1: Since Mary wouldn't agree to have her gallbladder removed, which 65 00:04:26,160 --> 00:04:29,640 Speaker 1: was a risky operation, then the Health Department sent her 66 00:04:29,680 --> 00:04:33,839 Speaker 1: to live in isolation on North Brother Island. While she 67 00:04:33,920 --> 00:04:37,200 Speaker 1: was quarantined, she was subjected to all sorts of testing, 68 00:04:37,680 --> 00:04:40,760 Speaker 1: though nobody had explained to her what being a carrier 69 00:04:40,800 --> 00:04:44,360 Speaker 1: of Salmonella TYPEE meant. She didn't know how she could 70 00:04:44,360 --> 00:04:47,840 Speaker 1: be spreading typhoid yet never have had the disease, as 71 00:04:47,880 --> 00:04:50,520 Speaker 1: she wasn't aware that a person could have typhoid fever 72 00:04:50,920 --> 00:04:55,320 Speaker 1: but not show its usual symptoms like fever, headaches, and diarrhea. 73 00:04:56,560 --> 00:04:59,200 Speaker 1: She felt persecuted and like a peep show for everybody, 74 00:04:59,240 --> 00:05:02,279 Speaker 1: as she put it so. In nineteen o nine she 75 00:05:02,440 --> 00:05:06,640 Speaker 1: soothed the Health Department, but to no avail. Nineteen o 76 00:05:06,760 --> 00:05:09,599 Speaker 1: nine was also the year an article in New York 77 00:05:09,640 --> 00:05:15,080 Speaker 1: American first dubbed her Typhoid Mary. She wasn't released from 78 00:05:15,160 --> 00:05:20,040 Speaker 1: quarantine until February nineteenth, nineteen ten, under the condition that 79 00:05:20,120 --> 00:05:24,240 Speaker 1: she never worked as a cook again. But Mary went 80 00:05:24,279 --> 00:05:26,880 Speaker 1: back to cooking when the pay from just working as 81 00:05:26,880 --> 00:05:30,839 Speaker 1: a laundress wasn't cutting it. When a typhoid epidemic broke 82 00:05:30,839 --> 00:05:34,640 Speaker 1: out at Sloan Maternity Hospital in Manhattan and a sanatorium 83 00:05:34,640 --> 00:05:38,320 Speaker 1: in Newfoundland, New Jersey, soap were tracked down Mary, who 84 00:05:38,360 --> 00:05:43,520 Speaker 1: had worked at both places. On March seven, nineteen fifteen, 85 00:05:43,800 --> 00:05:46,720 Speaker 1: the New York Sanitary Police found her in a home 86 00:05:47,040 --> 00:05:49,839 Speaker 1: in Westchester County, New York, and sent her back to 87 00:05:49,920 --> 00:05:53,360 Speaker 1: North Brother Island. She lived out the rest of her 88 00:05:53,440 --> 00:05:57,120 Speaker 1: days there in quarantine, and she died in nineteen thirty eight, 89 00:05:57,520 --> 00:06:02,160 Speaker 1: years after a stroke had paralyzed her. Estimates have directly 90 00:06:02,240 --> 00:06:05,040 Speaker 1: linked her to more than fifty cases of typhoid fever, 91 00:06:05,600 --> 00:06:10,039 Speaker 1: including three deaths. Mary Mallan became known as the woman 92 00:06:10,080 --> 00:06:12,760 Speaker 1: who got a lot of other people sick with typhoid fever, 93 00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:17,159 Speaker 1: but her story raises questions about how disease carriers have 94 00:06:17,240 --> 00:06:19,599 Speaker 1: been treated in the U s health care system and 95 00:06:19,640 --> 00:06:22,560 Speaker 1: how the line between civil liberties and public health should 96 00:06:22,600 --> 00:06:26,480 Speaker 1: be drawn. By the time she died, hundreds of other 97 00:06:26,560 --> 00:06:30,200 Speaker 1: healthy carriers have been identified, though none received the treatment 98 00:06:30,279 --> 00:06:35,080 Speaker 1: and enduring stigma she did. I'm Eve Stefco and hopefully 99 00:06:35,120 --> 00:06:37,479 Speaker 1: you know a little more about history today than you 100 00:06:37,520 --> 00:06:42,240 Speaker 1: did yesterday. Keep up with us on Twitter, Instagram, and 101 00:06:42,279 --> 00:06:47,479 Speaker 1: Facebook at t d I h C podcast. Thanks for 102 00:06:47,640 --> 00:06:57,200 Speaker 1: tuning in, and we'll see you tomorrow. Hey everyone, it's 103 00:06:57,240 --> 00:07:00,520 Speaker 1: Eaves and welcome to this Saint History class US. I 104 00:07:00,560 --> 00:07:03,159 Speaker 1: am still at home, but I am still bringing you episodes, 105 00:07:03,320 --> 00:07:13,400 Speaker 1: so I hope you enjoy. The day was March nineteen 106 00:07:13,480 --> 00:07:18,240 Speaker 1: sixty four. A magnitude nine point to earthquake hit Alaska, 107 00:07:18,720 --> 00:07:23,840 Speaker 1: destroying buildings and triggering landslides and tsunamis. It was the 108 00:07:23,920 --> 00:07:29,080 Speaker 1: second largest earthquake ever recorded, after the nineteen sixty Valdivia earthquake. 109 00:07:30,160 --> 00:07:33,680 Speaker 1: The disaster is sometimes known as the Good Friday earthquake 110 00:07:33,960 --> 00:07:38,040 Speaker 1: because it occurred on the holiday at five thirty six pm. 111 00:07:38,160 --> 00:07:41,320 Speaker 1: Local time. An earthquake struck Alaska in the area near 112 00:07:41,360 --> 00:07:44,480 Speaker 1: Prince William Sound when a fault between the Pacific and 113 00:07:44,680 --> 00:07:48,960 Speaker 1: North American plates ruptured. The epicenter was about six miles 114 00:07:49,040 --> 00:07:52,239 Speaker 1: or ten kilometers east of the mouth of College Fjord. 115 00:07:53,160 --> 00:07:56,080 Speaker 1: The ruptures started at a depth of about sixteen miles 116 00:07:56,200 --> 00:08:01,080 Speaker 1: or kilometers. The quake lasted between or in five minutes. 117 00:08:01,880 --> 00:08:06,000 Speaker 1: States as far away as Texas felt its effects. The 118 00:08:06,080 --> 00:08:09,760 Speaker 1: aftershock zone of the earthquake extended from Prince William Sound 119 00:08:10,040 --> 00:08:14,560 Speaker 1: to the southwestern part of Kodiak Island. Thousands of aftershocks 120 00:08:14,560 --> 00:08:17,760 Speaker 1: occurred over the next year, with larger ones in the 121 00:08:17,800 --> 00:08:20,880 Speaker 1: first day after the event and smaller ones in the 122 00:08:20,920 --> 00:08:25,680 Speaker 1: following months. The earthquake devastated cities in the area. It 123 00:08:25,800 --> 00:08:30,080 Speaker 1: caused damage in many towns, including Anchorage, Hope, Moves Pass, 124 00:08:30,200 --> 00:08:35,679 Speaker 1: and Valdis. Property destruction was extensive and Anchorage where most 125 00:08:35,800 --> 00:08:40,800 Speaker 1: damage occurred. Homes and buildings were destroyed, roads split apart, 126 00:08:41,360 --> 00:08:46,040 Speaker 1: water sewer and gas lines broke, Telephone and electrical systems failed. 127 00:08:46,880 --> 00:08:51,040 Speaker 1: Coastal forests were destroyed. Parts of the Alaskan coast sank 128 00:08:51,160 --> 00:08:55,839 Speaker 1: several feet, and other parts rows around fifteen people died 129 00:08:55,880 --> 00:08:58,800 Speaker 1: in the initial quakes. Even more people died in the 130 00:08:58,840 --> 00:09:03,679 Speaker 1: waves generated by the tsunamis and landslides that followed. The 131 00:09:03,679 --> 00:09:07,880 Speaker 1: biggest landslide happened an anchorage at turnog In Heights. Around 132 00:09:07,960 --> 00:09:11,520 Speaker 1: one d and thirty acres were affected by displacements caused 133 00:09:11,559 --> 00:09:17,640 Speaker 1: by the landslide and around homes were destroyed. Some Alaska 134 00:09:17,720 --> 00:09:21,559 Speaker 1: Native villages like Shaniga were wiped out. Janiga and other 135 00:09:21,600 --> 00:09:25,600 Speaker 1: places had to move to better ground, and estimated one 136 00:09:25,679 --> 00:09:28,240 Speaker 1: hundred and thirty one people were killed in the disaster. 137 00:09:29,040 --> 00:09:32,200 Speaker 1: That included people who lost their lives in places as 138 00:09:32,280 --> 00:09:37,120 Speaker 1: distant as Oregon in California. Tsunamis caused damage along the 139 00:09:37,160 --> 00:09:41,160 Speaker 1: northwestern coast of the United States, though not as extensive. 140 00:09:41,559 --> 00:09:45,839 Speaker 1: They also caused damage in Hawaii and Japan. The quake 141 00:09:45,920 --> 00:09:49,320 Speaker 1: and tsunamis were estimated to cause at least three hundred 142 00:09:49,320 --> 00:09:53,120 Speaker 1: million dollars worth of property damage along the Pacific coast. 143 00:09:54,280 --> 00:09:57,640 Speaker 1: At magnitude nine point two, it was the most powerful 144 00:09:57,720 --> 00:10:02,640 Speaker 1: earthquake ever recorded in US. Stree that said, the death 145 00:10:02,679 --> 00:10:05,120 Speaker 1: toll was much lower than the quake had potential for 146 00:10:05,800 --> 00:10:09,480 Speaker 1: due to low population density in Alaska and the fact 147 00:10:09,520 --> 00:10:13,960 Speaker 1: that it was a holiday evening. Disaster relief was organized 148 00:10:14,000 --> 00:10:17,679 Speaker 1: for people who lost their homes. A day after the quake, 149 00:10:17,920 --> 00:10:23,640 Speaker 1: U S President Lyndon Johnson declared Alaska a major disaster area. Eventually, 150 00:10:23,800 --> 00:10:27,000 Speaker 1: the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers spent around one 151 00:10:27,920 --> 00:10:33,880 Speaker 1: million dollars repairing infrastructure, rebuilding communities, and cleaning up the 152 00:10:33,920 --> 00:10:37,840 Speaker 1: West coast, and Alaska's Tsunami Warning Center was created in 153 00:10:37,840 --> 00:10:42,400 Speaker 1: the wake of the disaster. Anchorages Earthquake Park stands as 154 00:10:42,400 --> 00:10:46,760 Speaker 1: a commemoration of the nineteen sixty four disaster. I'm each 155 00:10:46,840 --> 00:10:49,280 Speaker 1: Chef Coote, and hopefully you know a little more about 156 00:10:49,320 --> 00:10:52,839 Speaker 1: history to day than you did yesterday. If you want 157 00:10:52,840 --> 00:10:55,160 Speaker 1: to send us a note on social media, you can 158 00:10:55,200 --> 00:10:59,640 Speaker 1: do so on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram at t d 159 00:11:00,400 --> 00:11:03,280 Speaker 1: HC podcast, and you can also send us a note 160 00:11:03,400 --> 00:11:09,040 Speaker 1: via email at this Day at I heart media dot com. 161 00:11:09,040 --> 00:11:19,760 Speaker 1: Thanks again for listening, and we'll see you tomorrow. For 162 00:11:19,840 --> 00:11:22,560 Speaker 1: more podcasts from I heart Radio, visit the iHeart Radio app, 163 00:11:22,600 --> 00:11:25,200 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.