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Speaker 1: This episode of Stuff You Should Know is sponsored by Squarespace.

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Speaker 1: your website apart. Welcome to you Stuff you Should Know

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Speaker 1: Frondhouse Stuff Works dot Com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Josh Clark with Charles W. Chuck Bryant, and there's

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Speaker 1: Jerry over there. So this is Stuff you should Know

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Speaker 1: before you started. I want to say best of luck

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Speaker 1: to mind. You means wonderful, great best friends Brandon and Laurel,

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Speaker 1: who are at this moment in the delivery room blow

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Speaker 1: Laurel's water broke. They're expecting their firstborn child. Wow. So

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Speaker 1: by the time this releases, it will be like six

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Speaker 1: years old. Yeah, pretty much, because we we have a

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Speaker 1: six year Yeah, so good luck guys. It's great. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: You should tell him that personally so they actually hear this.

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Speaker 1: I recorded it. That's enough. They'll give what they get

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Speaker 1: and be happy with it. Yeah. You you uh excited

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Speaker 1: about willy mammoths? I am you? Are you not? I

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Speaker 1: think it's I think they're wonderful, wily anything plus also

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Speaker 1: like a wooly mammoth. They were. They were sweet, good natured.

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Speaker 1: They could take a joke at their own expense, but

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Speaker 1: they weren't self deprecating. They just you know, had a

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Speaker 1: good sense of humor. Yeah, anything related to an elephant,

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Speaker 1: okay in my book, Yeah, I agreed. I have a

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Speaker 1: very big love for that animal. Well, it's a big animal,

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Speaker 1: deserves a lot of love, and they're just wonderful in

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Speaker 1: every way that they grieve over their dead. Oh God,

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Speaker 1: there's this one story about Domini. I believe it's the

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Speaker 1: name of the elephant that um. I think he or

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Speaker 1: she was a zoo and had like a best friend,

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Speaker 1: and the best friend died and this elephant could not

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Speaker 1: get over it, and she died of I think the

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Speaker 1: zoo keepers like, she died of a broken heart. You

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Speaker 1: can't take that she she grieved herself to death. Um.

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Speaker 1: And I think the story is even more tragic than that.

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Speaker 1: I'm not doing it justice, but just go go research

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Speaker 1: Domini the elephant d A m A N. I You're like, whatever,

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Speaker 1: it's kind of funny, right, he'll tickle your ribs. I

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Speaker 1: don't know if I did it justice. Did it come

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Speaker 1: across as funny stupid elephant? Well, you know what's even

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Speaker 1: cuter than a wooly mammoth? Oh yeah, Well, what's cuter

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Speaker 1: than an elephant is an elephant with hair. So that's

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Speaker 1: a wily mammoth, okay, or a mastodon, as we'll talk

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Speaker 1: about a little bit. Those are different, totally different. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: but they have hair. Not as much, yeah, but they

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Speaker 1: have hair. Yeah, but you wouldn't look at it and

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Speaker 1: be like, oh, that's wooly. You just be like, that's

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Speaker 1: kind of hairy, yeah, stubborly. But the only thing cuter

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Speaker 1: than a hairy elephant is a tiny hairry elephant. And

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Speaker 1: there was a place, well there still is a place

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Speaker 1: called Wrangel Island and they don't have them anymore. But

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Speaker 1: at one point, not too long ago, in the grand

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Speaker 1: scheme of you know, the history of everything, right, uh,

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Speaker 1: the Wrangel Island mammoths roamed the earth. And they are

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Speaker 1: how tall are they? Like human height? Right at the shoulder?

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Speaker 1: They were four to six ft tall. Oh man, So yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's like a mini wooly mammoth, give me one. And

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Speaker 1: they were directly descended from the wooly mammoths they just

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Speaker 1: ended up on this island, and the island is pretty good.

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Speaker 1: Size is the size of Delaware from what I understand.

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Speaker 1: But that's small enough. But that's small enough, well for

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Speaker 1: an island, you know, but it's small enough that that

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Speaker 1: they became dwarf. They went under that. Um what's that

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Speaker 1: process called where a population lands on an island and

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Speaker 1: it immediately begins to diminish in size. I don't know,

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Speaker 1: I haven't heard of that island fever, something weird like that.

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Speaker 1: Because they wanted to ride the roller coasters on the way,

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Speaker 1: you'd have to be bigger. Maybe they were scared of

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Speaker 1: roller coasters, That's what I meant. They're like, we're getting

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Speaker 1: out of here and we're gonna shrink, so we couldn't

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Speaker 1: possibly go on a roller coaster. But they butchered that one.

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Speaker 1: They were around for you, butcher them like a Wrangel

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Speaker 1: Island wooly mammoth. So they were around, uh until about

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Speaker 1: three thousand years ago, something like thirty years ago. I

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Speaker 1: think they were the last of their kind. Were on

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Speaker 1: Wrangle Island in six b C. And dude, by that time,

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Speaker 1: the pyramids were already a thousand years old. Like people,

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Speaker 1: they shared territory with people, but most I shouldn't say most,

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Speaker 1: A lot of the wooly mammoths, especially the ones that

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Speaker 1: lived at the end of the Place of Steem place

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Speaker 1: to scene. That's a tough one to say that scene,

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Speaker 1: is it not. Yes, I think that's right, but I

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Speaker 1: always want to like take continents and switch them around

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Speaker 1: and shuffle it up. Well, you're an anarchist, yeah, especially

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Speaker 1: with words. Um, I even hate the word anarchists. You

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Speaker 1: call it anarchist. Yeah, yeah, but uh, I mean that

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Speaker 1: threw me off. Sorry, Yeah, man, what was I saying? Oh? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: they did coexist with humans. Yeah, Like it's the one

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Speaker 1: thing the flint Stones were right about. When you see

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Speaker 1: a big willy mammoth in Fred flint Stone, that was

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Speaker 1: entirely possible that the dinosaurs, the Brnos source all that

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Speaker 1: stuff just fantasy. And if that wily mammoth on the

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Speaker 1: flint Stones was used to watch a car or some

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Speaker 1: other household chore, completely real, right. Yeah. They were very

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Speaker 1: helpful in addition to having a great sense of humor.

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Speaker 1: They would help you out around the house. That was

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Speaker 1: one of my favorite parts of The flint Stones. I

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Speaker 1: remember when I was a kid watching that and just

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Speaker 1: being so tickled every time a bird's beak was used

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Speaker 1: to play a record, and they were always just like

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Speaker 1: so willingly, like just tilt me down and I'll play

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Speaker 1: your record. Yeah, I love that stuff. And then every

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Speaker 1: once in a a while but they would thank the animal

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Speaker 1: and the animal be like oh man, most of the days.

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Speaker 1: So the Wrangel Island mammoths for around until about years ago, um,

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Speaker 1: and they survived the extinction of the rest of the

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Speaker 1: mammoths about four thousand years earlier. Right, Yeah, And if

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Speaker 1: we're talking, like if you look at the dinosaurs, they

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Speaker 1: left us sixty five million years ago, So this is

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Speaker 1: all very recent stuff. Like people hunted wooly mammoths and

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Speaker 1: ate them and use their bones and tusks and wore

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Speaker 1: their skin, I imagine, and uh not worshiped well we

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Speaker 1: don't really know for sure, but at least revered them

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Speaker 1: enough to put them in their cave art. Uh. So

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Speaker 1: this is all kind of really cool stuff to me.

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Speaker 1: We know a lot about them compared to a lot

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Speaker 1: of other extinct species, right, but where they went remains

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Speaker 1: a mystery a bit. Yeah, I mean it's definitely not definitive,

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Speaker 1: and there's a lot of theories. But there's really they

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Speaker 1: melted remember that one? Yeah, what was that from? It

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Speaker 1: was from one of our earlier podcasts. That was my

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Speaker 1: personal theory on like where like the proto humans one

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Speaker 1: or something. I don't even know they melted. Yeah, I

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Speaker 1: forgot all about that. That's an old one. And not

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Speaker 1: only that, my friend, but um, we have they have

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Speaker 1: like relatives, distant cousins still roaming the earth today because

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Speaker 1: if you look at the African bush and the African

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Speaker 1: forest elephants and the Asian elephant actually the closest, it's

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Speaker 1: very close. Yeah not, I mean it's close and distant.

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Speaker 1: If that makes sense, It doesn't. How do you mean? Well,

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Speaker 1: I mean it's close enough to say it's the closest relative.

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Speaker 1: But they're still distant cousins. You know, they don't have

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Speaker 1: the hair or the high sloping back or the curly

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Speaker 1: tusk right or yeah with the finger like grippers. Yeah yeah, um,

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Speaker 1: but they're still pretty close close enough that some mad

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Speaker 1: scientists are like Wickham resurrect wooly Mammoth's using the Asian

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Speaker 1: elephant because we have DNA right like when they found

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Speaker 1: and they have found a lot of these carcasses. Some

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Speaker 1: some of them really intact. I mean enough, like there's

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Speaker 1: brain and bone and blood and uh yeah, basically the

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Speaker 1: whole thing. It's just the slightly mummified so there's like

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Speaker 1: water loss. Other than that, it's all there. Like there's

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Speaker 1: one called um man this is tough word to say,

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Speaker 1: and there's another another continent Switchero. My brain wants to

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Speaker 1: pull liuba it means love in Russian. Was just a

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Speaker 1: little guy, yeah, the little baby. Yeah, this was not

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Speaker 1: a miniature. It was actually a calf right, It was

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Speaker 1: a baby baby wooly mammoth um. I think maybe like

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Speaker 1: a month old or something like that. But it was

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Speaker 1: still die. Yeah. And and then in lifness would have

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Speaker 1: weighed about um a hundred a hundred kilos or two

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Speaker 1: pounds now a hundred pounds fifty kilos. That's missing half

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Speaker 1: of its um weight and water while it was alive

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Speaker 1: when you'd want to pick it up and now now

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Speaker 1: you just kind of patted on the head and be

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Speaker 1: like you stay over there. Yeah. When was that found?

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Speaker 1: Two thousand seven? Yeah, and um it was found perfectly

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Speaker 1: preserved because apparently she had been colonized by a um

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Speaker 1: uh some sort of lactic acid producing bacteria that effectively

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Speaker 1: pickled her. So it preserved her, but it also made

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Speaker 1: her very unappetizing scavengers too. She tasted weird, right, So, um,

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Speaker 1: she's a really good example of a wooly mammoth. And

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Speaker 1: I can't remember how many tens of thousands of years

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Speaker 1: old she is, but she's pretty old. So we do

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Speaker 1: have this access to all these great specimens, and they've

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Speaker 1: figured out that about the shelf life of viable DNA

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Speaker 1: is a million years So there's plenty of wooly ammoths

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Speaker 1: that who's DNA we have access to that's much younger

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Speaker 1: than a million years old. And yeah, we'll talk about it.

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Speaker 1: But some people are like, let's bring them back, let's

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Speaker 1: de extinct them. Yeah, tricky territory. Oh yeah, but so

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Speaker 1: Willie mammoth pretty cute. It's not a sabretooth tiger, right,

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Speaker 1: that's not tricky. You just don't do that. But the

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Speaker 1: kind of the long and the short of all this,

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Speaker 1: with the distant cousins and all of the uh preserved

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Speaker 1: carcasses we found is that we have a really robust

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Speaker 1: picture of how these things lived and what they were like.

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Speaker 1: And um, I guess we'll take a break here and

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Speaker 1: we'll get a little bit into their you know, they're

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Speaker 1: nine to five. Job, we'll go back to the mammoth world.

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Speaker 1: All right. So if you picture in your mind a

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Speaker 1: wooly mammoth, you might think, all right, frozen waste land.

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Speaker 1: Uh and like Siberia, Right, they just eat like snow Wrong,

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Speaker 1: snow cones. That's wrong. I'm sure they appreciated again, snow cone.

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Speaker 1: They like Italian nights more than the snow cone. They're

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Speaker 1: a little more European. But what was actually going on

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Speaker 1: is they were they were trotting upon land what was

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Speaker 1: called a mammoth step st e p pe mm hmm,

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Speaker 1: not the step variety. Sure there's an extra p. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: like a steppy boy. It's not pronounced steppi is it? No? Okay, No,

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Speaker 1: when you first encountered the word, it is uh. And

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Speaker 1: this is this was basically it was sort of a

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Speaker 1: unique time in the in the history of planet Earth

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Speaker 1: in that it was rich. These areas were rich with

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Speaker 1: stuff for them to eat, just like overloaded with vegetation. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: One thing, were veggie eaters. Yeah, they were, they were

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Speaker 1: um actually um grassland grazers. You can call them. So

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Speaker 1: they ate long um long grasses sedges, which is like

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Speaker 1: a fake grass, but all intends of purposes. Yeah, they

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Speaker 1: come upon a basil field. Man, it was all over

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Speaker 1: like oh man, it's Italian night. So um, they ate

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Speaker 1: grasses and they were herbivores and they ate this pretty

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Speaker 1: specific diet and it certainly wasn't snow based and it

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Speaker 1: was definitely cooler, which is I think another reason why

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Speaker 1: people think, um they they they lived in a frozen wasteland. Well,

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Speaker 1: because they needed that coat, they did. And the reason

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Speaker 1: why is because they were living in the Pleistocene, which

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Speaker 1: was definitely it was a series of ice ages, right. Um,

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Speaker 1: so it was colder. It's like five to ten degrease

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Speaker 1: celsius colder than it is globally now. But the the

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Speaker 1: whole ecosystem was just utterly different than what it is today.

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Speaker 1: So like if you did manage to bring back Willy

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Speaker 1: Mammoth and you put him on the Siberian step, they'd

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Speaker 1: be like, well, I'm going to starve. There's nothing here

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Speaker 1: for me to eat. Things have changed. If you put

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Speaker 1: them in Arizona or New Mexico or someplace where it

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Speaker 1: might kind of look the same with the shrubbery and

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Speaker 1: brush and grasses. Uh, they would say, no, I can't

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Speaker 1: live here either, kind of die here too. It's too hot.

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Speaker 1: Why did you bring me back? Really didn't think this through,

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Speaker 1: that's right. But what you also had, though, is a

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Speaker 1: pretty nice I mean, it was colder, but it was

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Speaker 1: it was kind of nice weather for a wily mammoth.

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Speaker 1: It was the sea levels had dropped, so it exposed

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Speaker 1: all this great land for them to roam, and it

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Speaker 1: was very breezy and clear and kind of lovely, easy, freezy, beautiful, easy, breezy,

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Speaker 1: beautiful for wooly mammoth. Yeah. Because again, well we'll talk

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Speaker 1: about their coat. Actually, we can talk about it right now.

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Speaker 1: So their coat was, um, are you familiar with a

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Speaker 1: musk ox? Oh? Yeah, it was like that. It was

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Speaker 1: like a skirt of long hair. But beneath that was

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Speaker 1: wooly undercoat that really kept them warm. Yeah, the outer coat,

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Speaker 1: and we've talked about a lot of mammals, most of

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Speaker 1: them have like layers of different kinds of fur. But um,

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Speaker 1: the outer coat was the guard for and then under

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Speaker 1: like you said, was the the wooly undercoat. And below

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Speaker 1: that they had an inch of skin, very oily, and

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Speaker 1: below that they had three to four inches of fat

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Speaker 1: and all of this stuff made them nice and cozy

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Speaker 1: and warm. But they were de delicious to eat man

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Speaker 1: oily skin inches of fat. Yeah, I'm just gonna ignore that,

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Speaker 1: all right, Uh, twenty hours a day they spent eating,

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Speaker 1: I guess, fattening themselves up for for me, for you.

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Speaker 1: So they would just roam around and eat man and

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Speaker 1: get along with each other. They were you know, I

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Speaker 1: was about to say peaceful, which they kind of were

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Speaker 1: unless they were infringed upon. And you don't want to

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Speaker 1: mess with the willie mammoth alone, right, No, they they

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Speaker 1: This article puts it that in a standing fight they

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Speaker 1: could take all commerce. They were definitely like they could

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Speaker 1: defend themselves. And for the most part, apparently the major

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Speaker 1: predators of the day um would not have taken a

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Speaker 1: healthy adult mammothon. They would have like maybe followed a

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Speaker 1: herd because the mammoth's um you were. If you saw

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Speaker 1: a single mammoth, it was a male, or if you

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Speaker 1: saw a herd of them, it was females and calves

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Speaker 1: female calves, yeah right, or it could be male calves

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Speaker 1: or nursing still before they went off on their own teenager.

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Speaker 1: They sent them off pretty young though, I think maybe

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Speaker 1: starting when they were teenagers. Um. And either way, no

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Speaker 1: short faced bear or sabretooth tiger is going to take

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Speaker 1: on one of these guys by themselves. It would be

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Speaker 1: like a calf that fell behind yeah, um, or like

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Speaker 1: uh one that was sick or dying or trapped in

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Speaker 1: like a tar pit. You would leap out with your

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Speaker 1: clob spear, my knife and fork and have dinner my

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Speaker 1: napkin tied around my neck. Uh. And they were they did,

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Speaker 1: you know, share their their area with these fearsome creatures

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Speaker 1: like the sabretooth tiger. And there was actually something called

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Speaker 1: a wooly rhinoceros, which is exactly what you think it is. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: I'll bet you would not want to mess with that.

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Speaker 1: I'd want to scratch him behind the ear. Oh, rhinocero.

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Speaker 1: I are tough and mean. I know. That's the problem

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Speaker 1: with me. As I see these things, and I think,

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Speaker 1: like a big tiger, I think all that guy needs

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Speaker 1: is he looks like my Yeah, you know you should

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Speaker 1: not go a little just to give him a good

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Speaker 1: scratch behind the ear. And they're like, oh, well, I

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Speaker 1: kind of like this guy, he's not up to get me.

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Speaker 1: That's not what they do, I know. But that's why

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Speaker 1: I don't take Safari's I'd be the dope that you

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Speaker 1: know tried to pet the cheetah. Oh my god, did

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Speaker 1: you see the video of the woman who got out

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Speaker 1: of her car in a tiger preserve and was like

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Speaker 1: the just like a it's like a like a security camera,

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Speaker 1: so it's a steady shot. And I don't know what

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Speaker 1: the lady was doing out of the car. I think

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Speaker 1: maybe in China, and she's just standing there one second,

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Speaker 1: then all of a sudden, the tiger comes in frame

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Speaker 1: and just pulls her right out of frame. And then

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Speaker 1: like her sister and husband get out of the car,

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Speaker 1: and I think her sister was killed as well, and

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Speaker 1: the husband like just runs back and dives into the car.

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Speaker 1: But what were they doing out of the car, And

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Speaker 1: like this huge tiger at least the size of the

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Speaker 1: woman just comes and just grabs her. Was nuts, well,

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Speaker 1: really disturbing. Yeah, I don't want to see that. Then

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Speaker 1: you probably shouldn't. You'd still be like I'd still pet

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Speaker 1: that tiger. No, I wouldn't pet that tiger. You put

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Speaker 1: that another one. What was the name of the grizzly Man,

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Speaker 1: Timothy tread Well or Treadway. I think tread well Man. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that was a disturbing The best you should that was

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Speaker 1: the best part was a terrible You should narrate everything.

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Speaker 1: He should. He should do every commercial, voice over, every documentary,

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Speaker 1: just you name it. He should do this podcast. They

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Speaker 1: should go back and redo the voiceover the Alec Baldwin

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Speaker 1: did for the Royal. Tannon bombs Burner put a different

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Speaker 1: spin on things. I think Royal was born in the avenue.

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Speaker 1: Now that's a good herzog. It's not bad. All you

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Speaker 1: have to do is try and do it like an

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Speaker 1: evil mad german scientist or something. Colonel clink Colonel clink um,

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Speaker 1: where were we? We were talking about how um they

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Speaker 1: could defend themselves. You'd still want to pet him, and

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Speaker 1: they'd probably be okay with you petting them. They just

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Speaker 1: accidentally trample you. Yeah, exactly. Elephant. Uh, those little calves

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Speaker 1: were born in the springtime. Uh. And here's something that

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Speaker 1: will come into factor later when they were wiped from

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Speaker 1: the planet. They have a very long gestation period. It's

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Speaker 1: twenty two months, so you know they're not pumping out

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Speaker 1: these calves with great regularity. It takes a long time,

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Speaker 1: almost two years. Yeah, that's that's a while. So they

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Speaker 1: would have been impregnated I guess, uh summer, late summer

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Speaker 1: a year previous, and then born in the spring because

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Speaker 1: they adapted to do that because there was more to eat,

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Speaker 1: you know. Yeah, that makes sense. It's like, it's lovely.

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Speaker 1: There's stuff blooming everywhere. Look at that basil field and

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Speaker 1: so it We don't know exactly what they're society was like,

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Speaker 1: but just based on modern elephants, paleontologists have surmised that

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Speaker 1: they were very social. Most likely. There's mammoth track ways

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Speaker 1: that we've found fossilized footprints UM that show a number

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Speaker 1: of mammoths walking side by side and amongst one another

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Speaker 1: UM and they're clearly different size footprints. So there's different

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Speaker 1: generations all walking together, which would indicate that they probably

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Speaker 1: have similar societies to elephants. Right, the dead and stuff

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Speaker 1: like that. Yeah, defend their dead, grieve over them, man,

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00:20:37,880 --> 00:20:42,639
Speaker 1: it's really tough. UM. And that they probably came together

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Speaker 1: in annual migrations, although the evidence for that is still lacking.

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Speaker 1: And if they did migrate, I think I saw somewhere

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Speaker 1: that they probably didn't go more than four miles. So

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Speaker 1: still that's I don't go more than four dred miles

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Speaker 1: when I walk. I don't either anymore, So hats off

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Speaker 1: to the manuths are walking that far. When they would

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Speaker 1: go into heat the female, Like many mammals and many animals,

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Speaker 1: there would be a competition of sorts among the men, uh, everywhere,

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Speaker 1: from you know, puffing their chest out and flaunting to

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Speaker 1: just straight up fighting with one another. I guess if

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Speaker 1: times were tough, there weren't a lot of ladies around.

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Speaker 1: And and that is a lot like the modern elephant

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Speaker 1: as well. Uh. And and that they had what's called

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Speaker 1: a must gland u s t not musk, which is

352
00:21:34,200 --> 00:21:40,439
Speaker 1: easy to say, must must. It's even when you've been

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Speaker 1: drinking a lot. I don't know that's exactly what it

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00:21:42,480 --> 00:21:46,399
Speaker 1: sounds like. Or if you're Cindy Brady right, or if

355
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Speaker 1: you're missing a tooth right, Oh yeah, you're getting psyched.

356
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Speaker 1: I am getting psyched. And I'm also I was like,

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Speaker 1: can I just get it done before this, Like I'm

358
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Speaker 1: going to Paris for three it's for God's sakes. And

359
00:22:01,680 --> 00:22:03,159
Speaker 1: I was reading about Paris and they're like, if you

360
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Speaker 1: don't want to stand out, you know, Americans are kind

361
00:22:05,760 --> 00:22:08,800
Speaker 1: of if you want to blend in American French or preasons,

362
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Speaker 1: kind of chic, like you know, you should you know,

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Speaker 1: clean cut, and you know you shouldn't wear T shirts

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Speaker 1: and shorts and tenny shoes. And it's like, man, I'm

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Speaker 1: going to be the most American dude. They're you might

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Speaker 1: as well just go with it, where like there's nothing

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Speaker 1: chic about me. Yeah, just walk around your me and

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00:22:26,560 --> 00:22:29,080
Speaker 1: these and an ill fitting T shirt and flip flops

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Speaker 1: is like born in the USA T shirt? Yeah exactly, yeah, yeah,

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Speaker 1: with an American eagle on your head. Yeah, and on

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Speaker 1: the back it says have you seen my tooth? They're

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Speaker 1: gonna love you. Yeah, we'll see. Well, we're also going

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Speaker 1: to the land of bad dentistry? So or is that

374
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Speaker 1: in the UK? They're gonna welcome us with me with

375
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Speaker 1: open arms. Oh yeah, they're gonna be like he's one

376
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Speaker 1: of us. Is that a thing still? I thought? No,

377
00:22:58,359 --> 00:23:00,960
Speaker 1: I'm sure it's gotten better, but it's still a joke

378
00:23:01,040 --> 00:23:03,119
Speaker 1: that we can make. Oh god, I think so, or

379
00:23:03,200 --> 00:23:06,040
Speaker 1: Mike Myers can We'll find out we have no idea,

380
00:23:06,080 --> 00:23:09,040
Speaker 1: how our humor is gonna go over there probably fall flat.

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Speaker 1: I we'll see um. All right, So there they have

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Speaker 1: the musk gland and that secretes a fluid which um.

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Speaker 1: And I think that just sort of it says here

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Speaker 1: it establishes their higher they're mating hierarchy there. It's like

385
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Speaker 1: a pheromone gland. Yeah, so whoever has the musk not

386
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Speaker 1: must oh desecrete musk. I'm sure you could call it that,

387
00:23:35,080 --> 00:23:39,960
Speaker 1: or it secretes must Let's talk about their tusks, because

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Speaker 1: here's something I didn't know. The tusks actually have evolved

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Speaker 1: from their incisors. And then I mean it makes perfect sense.

390
00:23:50,320 --> 00:23:56,720
Speaker 1: It's like Lisa Simpson with that um where she didn't

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Speaker 1: have a dental plan, so like her tooth was gonna

392
00:23:59,800 --> 00:24:02,720
Speaker 1: grow up through her. Remember that they have like a

393
00:24:02,720 --> 00:24:07,040
Speaker 1: projection or something. Yeah remember that? Uh yeah, that's exactly

394
00:24:07,040 --> 00:24:11,159
Speaker 1: what it's like. Actually these outward Yeah, and they twist around.

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Speaker 1: You know, if you've seen pictures of mammoths before, if not,

396
00:24:13,640 --> 00:24:16,119
Speaker 1: look one up and it's not like a standard just

397
00:24:16,200 --> 00:24:19,840
Speaker 1: curby elephant tusk. It's just beautiful the way it swoops around. Yeah,

398
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Speaker 1: and I believe like they could get up to like

399
00:24:22,240 --> 00:24:27,720
Speaker 1: sixteen ft long. It's enormous. That's a big tusk. Uh.

400
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Speaker 1: And we'll talk a little more about how they were used.

401
00:24:30,160 --> 00:24:32,840
Speaker 1: But they here here to me is one of the

402
00:24:32,880 --> 00:24:36,280
Speaker 1: saddest things. They go through. Well, first of all, their

403
00:24:36,320 --> 00:24:39,679
Speaker 1: other teeth are foot long, their molars, which is remarkable.

404
00:24:40,560 --> 00:24:44,879
Speaker 1: And they go through six sets of teeth like the

405
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Speaker 1: modern elephant, over a sixty year lifespan. And they die

406
00:24:49,119 --> 00:24:52,120
Speaker 1: after the last set of teeth is worn out. Yeah,

407
00:24:52,160 --> 00:24:55,120
Speaker 1: and that's just like the saddest thing ever. They their

408
00:24:55,160 --> 00:24:58,399
Speaker 1: last prune and kilo. Yeah, Like I guess they I

409
00:24:58,400 --> 00:25:01,639
Speaker 1: mean to me because he human, I assume they sense

410
00:25:01,840 --> 00:25:05,160
Speaker 1: this like this, this is it? Well that and then

411
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Speaker 1: they see me stalking on with my knife and fork

412
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Speaker 1: and napkin because I wouldn't kill a mammoth. I just

413
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Speaker 1: eat it after a diet of natural causes. Oh well,

414
00:25:13,320 --> 00:25:16,920
Speaker 1: that's different. You just waited out until they had a

415
00:25:16,960 --> 00:25:19,840
Speaker 1: loss of teeth. I'm like a jackal or a vulture.

416
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Speaker 1: Would herb herban board taste better or worse than a

417
00:25:24,760 --> 00:25:29,840
Speaker 1: beautiful Yeah? Yeah, grass fed? All right, Uh, chuck, let's

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Speaker 1: take a break and we'll come back, and we're gonna

419
00:25:31,560 --> 00:25:35,760
Speaker 1: talk about where wooly mammoth's come from, came from past tense.

420
00:25:54,960 --> 00:25:58,359
Speaker 1: All right, we're back. It's gonna have been a strong

421
00:25:58,480 --> 00:26:02,800
Speaker 1: my friend. So, you know, wooly mammoths resemble elephants. They

422
00:26:02,840 --> 00:26:06,760
Speaker 1: have a common ancestor. And what's that. There's a very

423
00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:13,159
Speaker 1: primitive Elephantine animal type of animal called the probosidian. And

424
00:26:13,240 --> 00:26:16,320
Speaker 1: actually if you look at the wooly mammoth, the massed

425
00:26:16,440 --> 00:26:21,320
Speaker 1: on some of those old ancient ones. Um their their

426
00:26:21,520 --> 00:26:24,520
Speaker 1: order they belong to, So I think it goes species

427
00:26:24,640 --> 00:26:31,000
Speaker 1: genus order, no species genus family order. Yeah, the order

428
00:26:31,040 --> 00:26:35,280
Speaker 1: they belong to is um probosidia. And it's like um,

429
00:26:35,320 --> 00:26:41,200
Speaker 1: like a you know, a bug has a probiscus, same thing. Uh,

430
00:26:41,240 --> 00:26:45,879
Speaker 1: that's basically Greek for nose. I believe it is. So

431
00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:48,840
Speaker 1: this the Greeks are just poking fun at their noses

432
00:26:49,680 --> 00:26:54,680
Speaker 1: and they this uh split off from the million years ago.

433
00:26:54,760 --> 00:26:57,840
Speaker 1: It split off from the mamillion tree. It's a long

434
00:26:57,880 --> 00:27:00,320
Speaker 1: time ago, right, And all this is happening in a Frica.

435
00:27:00,840 --> 00:27:08,000
Speaker 1: The elephant family, the probe probos probositians, they all were

436
00:27:08,040 --> 00:27:10,440
Speaker 1: found in Africa. That's where they evolved and then they

437
00:27:10,520 --> 00:27:13,439
Speaker 1: eventually spread out of Africa up into the Sinai and

438
00:27:13,520 --> 00:27:16,040
Speaker 1: over into Europe and then up into Asia, just like

439
00:27:16,119 --> 00:27:20,840
Speaker 1: humans did. Um, and I think something like seven million

440
00:27:20,920 --> 00:27:25,320
Speaker 1: years ago the first mammoths developed in Africa. No, they

441
00:27:25,359 --> 00:27:28,000
Speaker 1: weren't and we'll get to ye in a second. They

442
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:31,600
Speaker 1: were like they were mammoths, but they yeah, they weren't

443
00:27:31,600 --> 00:27:34,359
Speaker 1: Willie like you said. They hung around in Africa for

444
00:27:34,400 --> 00:27:37,439
Speaker 1: about four million years, about three million years ago they

445
00:27:37,440 --> 00:27:40,720
Speaker 1: started to spread, and then about one point seven one

446
00:27:40,720 --> 00:27:43,879
Speaker 1: point eight million years ago the Earth changed dramatically. It

447
00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:48,200
Speaker 1: entered the Pleistocene. And again the palist scene was characterized

448
00:27:48,240 --> 00:27:51,800
Speaker 1: with huge dips in global temperature. It's been a hot

449
00:27:51,840 --> 00:27:54,320
Speaker 1: house up to that point, and all of a sudden

450
00:27:54,320 --> 00:27:56,919
Speaker 1: it's like getting cold, and there's like glacial periods and

451
00:27:56,920 --> 00:28:00,320
Speaker 1: all that. And now the mammoths are starting to adapt

452
00:28:00,359 --> 00:28:03,600
Speaker 1: to the cold. Now they became wooly and um kind

453
00:28:03,600 --> 00:28:09,760
Speaker 1: of differentiated from southern mammoths, uh, and became wooly mammoth's. Yeah,

454
00:28:09,840 --> 00:28:11,960
Speaker 1: there was one in particular, the largest one of all,

455
00:28:12,440 --> 00:28:17,240
Speaker 1: the step mammoth, and this sucker was fourteen feet and

456
00:28:17,280 --> 00:28:19,600
Speaker 1: that's always at the shoulder, right, yes, And that correct,

457
00:28:20,000 --> 00:28:21,640
Speaker 1: what do I don't measure from the top of the head,

458
00:28:23,520 --> 00:28:26,600
Speaker 1: because you can like make yourself seem taller by lifting

459
00:28:26,640 --> 00:28:28,840
Speaker 1: your head up, and they would do that when you

460
00:28:30,080 --> 00:28:36,399
Speaker 1: mammoth's great sense of humor delicious really uncooperative at the doctor, right,

461
00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:39,520
Speaker 1: wanted to be taller. Uh. And this one they think

462
00:28:39,560 --> 00:28:44,600
Speaker 1: originated in northeastern Eurasia, and uh was the ancestor most

463
00:28:44,640 --> 00:28:49,160
Speaker 1: likely of the wooly mammoth shaggy but not wooly. No,

464
00:28:49,200 --> 00:28:51,880
Speaker 1: it wasn't wooly. And the wooly mammoth actually is the

465
00:28:51,880 --> 00:28:55,719
Speaker 1: smallest of them all right, So not only did they

466
00:28:55,760 --> 00:28:59,200
Speaker 1: adapt to the cold with their wooly coat, right, they

467
00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:04,600
Speaker 1: actually had some really interesting adaptations with their blood and um.

468
00:29:04,720 --> 00:29:07,160
Speaker 1: One of the things they figured out that it was

469
00:29:07,240 --> 00:29:11,560
Speaker 1: that the willing mammoth had this pretty cool system where

470
00:29:11,560 --> 00:29:14,880
Speaker 1: their arteries, which carried warm blood from the heart to

471
00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:20,600
Speaker 1: the extremities, were really close to their blood vessels, which

472
00:29:20,640 --> 00:29:24,120
Speaker 1: brought deoxygen aated cold blood from the extremities back to

473
00:29:24,160 --> 00:29:28,520
Speaker 1: the heart. Well. The fact that the arterial blood vessels

474
00:29:28,520 --> 00:29:32,720
Speaker 1: were close to the veins means that the warm blood

475
00:29:32,760 --> 00:29:35,480
Speaker 1: would actually warm the blood in the veins on the

476
00:29:35,480 --> 00:29:38,040
Speaker 1: way back to the heart, so that the heat never

477
00:29:38,080 --> 00:29:40,480
Speaker 1: really made it out of the core. It kept the

478
00:29:40,640 --> 00:29:45,840
Speaker 1: core very warm, which is important, um. And it meant

479
00:29:45,880 --> 00:29:48,800
Speaker 1: the extremities were very cold, which is much less important

480
00:29:48,800 --> 00:29:52,479
Speaker 1: as long as you still have blood flow. And then

481
00:29:52,520 --> 00:29:57,240
Speaker 1: they also had this hemoglobin that could so hemoglobin clumps

482
00:29:57,280 --> 00:30:00,160
Speaker 1: onto oxygen and delivers it throughout the body. Right. Well,

483
00:30:00,240 --> 00:30:02,240
Speaker 1: it takes a little bit of heat energy to get

484
00:30:02,240 --> 00:30:05,080
Speaker 1: the hemoglobin to let go of the oxygen, but you

485
00:30:05,120 --> 00:30:07,360
Speaker 1: want as much heat energy as you can possibly have

486
00:30:07,480 --> 00:30:11,560
Speaker 1: if you're wooly mammoth on the steps, right. Um. So

487
00:30:11,600 --> 00:30:15,240
Speaker 1: they figured out get this by taking forty three thousand

488
00:30:15,360 --> 00:30:20,280
Speaker 1: year old wooly mammoth, the na, isolating the genes that

489
00:30:20,800 --> 00:30:25,760
Speaker 1: expressed hemoglobin that led to the expression of hemoglobin, and

490
00:30:25,760 --> 00:30:28,800
Speaker 1: then it's inserting it into E. Coli bacteria and getting

491
00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:33,200
Speaker 1: the equal light to manufacture wooly mammoth hemoglobin and then

492
00:30:33,720 --> 00:30:37,080
Speaker 1: analyzing that hemoglobin. And the researchers were saying, like, if

493
00:30:37,120 --> 00:30:39,880
Speaker 1: we had a live well, if we built a time

494
00:30:39,920 --> 00:30:42,600
Speaker 1: machine and went back in time forty three thousand years

495
00:30:42,760 --> 00:30:45,960
Speaker 1: and took blood hemoglobin from this wooly mammoth, it would

496
00:30:45,960 --> 00:30:50,480
Speaker 1: be this exact same substance we've brought back wooly mammoth hemoglobin,

497
00:30:50,520 --> 00:30:53,440
Speaker 1: and from studying they found out things like it required

498
00:30:53,560 --> 00:30:57,760
Speaker 1: less heat energy to release oxygen, so thus conserving more heat. Well,

499
00:30:57,800 --> 00:30:59,520
Speaker 1: and they're not the only ones either, Weren't there a

500
00:30:59,520 --> 00:31:01,960
Speaker 1: lot or they speculate at least are a lot of

501
00:31:02,680 --> 00:31:09,120
Speaker 1: cold adapted animals that had that same feature. Pretty cool. Um, alright,

502
00:31:09,160 --> 00:31:13,200
Speaker 1: so the wool we're finally at the wooly smaller wooly mammoth, right, Yeah,

503
00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:15,600
Speaker 1: they're the smallest of all the mammoth. Yeah, four hundred

504
00:31:15,640 --> 00:31:18,080
Speaker 1: thousand years ago, and the first one of those was

505
00:31:18,080 --> 00:31:21,920
Speaker 1: actually found in eighteen or six in Siberia from a

506
00:31:21,920 --> 00:31:28,800
Speaker 1: botanist named mackayl Adams. And um, these dudes like they

507
00:31:28,800 --> 00:31:31,360
Speaker 1: were widespread. They went as far as modern day Ireland

508
00:31:32,320 --> 00:31:36,480
Speaker 1: and then across the Bearing Land Bridge or sorry, the

509
00:31:36,480 --> 00:31:39,959
Speaker 1: Bearing straight was the bearing Land Bridge? Ye, the st

510
00:31:40,280 --> 00:31:43,480
Speaker 1: the water. Yeah, and then they roamed the east coast

511
00:31:43,480 --> 00:31:46,080
Speaker 1: of the United States and up into Canada and down

512
00:31:46,160 --> 00:31:50,040
Speaker 1: into Mexico. They went even yeah, they went west in

513
00:31:50,120 --> 00:31:55,800
Speaker 1: the United States and west pretty far west. Yeah, um, west,

514
00:31:55,920 --> 00:31:58,360
Speaker 1: and a little bit south because at the time some

515
00:31:58,440 --> 00:32:02,400
Speaker 1: of the glacial glacial is zation would come as far

516
00:32:02,440 --> 00:32:06,200
Speaker 1: south as like covering Chicago entirely in a glacier. So

517
00:32:06,240 --> 00:32:09,480
Speaker 1: they were a little further south. And they loved the

518
00:32:09,520 --> 00:32:12,040
Speaker 1: Great Plains because the Great Plains were still the Great

519
00:32:12,040 --> 00:32:15,320
Speaker 1: Plains back then. And yeah, they would eat the grasses.

520
00:32:15,520 --> 00:32:18,840
Speaker 1: But they also coexisted or shared the North American continent

521
00:32:19,280 --> 00:32:22,600
Speaker 1: with another type of wooly mammoth that was indigenous to

522
00:32:22,680 --> 00:32:27,200
Speaker 1: North America, the Colombian or Jefferson mammoth. Yeah, that's the

523
00:32:27,240 --> 00:32:30,400
Speaker 1: one that actually spent time in Mexico and Nicaragua, I

524
00:32:30,440 --> 00:32:33,320
Speaker 1: think as far south as Nicaraguay, Yeah, which is yeah,

525
00:32:33,320 --> 00:32:36,120
Speaker 1: it's pretty amazing. Of course, the weather was different back then, yeah,

526
00:32:36,240 --> 00:32:38,320
Speaker 1: like we said, but still, I mean they were closer

527
00:32:38,360 --> 00:32:40,440
Speaker 1: to the equator and it was definitely warmer. So they

528
00:32:40,440 --> 00:32:43,760
Speaker 1: were a different species of wooly mammoth or of mammoth,

529
00:32:44,200 --> 00:32:46,560
Speaker 1: but they were pretty closely related and I think they

530
00:32:46,560 --> 00:32:51,000
Speaker 1: were actually um descended from the step mammoth as well. Yeah,

531
00:32:51,040 --> 00:32:53,280
Speaker 1: and they were you know, they were they didn't need

532
00:32:53,320 --> 00:32:57,480
Speaker 1: the weather just to be one thing. They were pretty adaptable. Um,

533
00:32:57,520 --> 00:33:00,640
Speaker 1: not completely, as we'll see, because climate change probably did

534
00:33:00,680 --> 00:33:07,000
Speaker 1: factor in h although not specifically because of like the temperature. Um, well,

535
00:33:07,040 --> 00:33:08,880
Speaker 1: we might as well talk a little bit about that. Huh.

536
00:33:09,280 --> 00:33:11,920
Speaker 1: Are we there yet with the temperature? Well know, like

537
00:33:12,040 --> 00:33:15,360
Speaker 1: maybe where they went. Oh well, it's a big mystery.

538
00:33:15,440 --> 00:33:19,160
Speaker 1: Like I was saying, no one knows case close. Well,

539
00:33:19,200 --> 00:33:21,240
Speaker 1: they have some ideas, uh, and one of them is

540
00:33:21,320 --> 00:33:25,360
Speaker 1: climate change. But um, like I was hinting at, not

541
00:33:25,440 --> 00:33:29,600
Speaker 1: necessarily like the temperature was something that affected them. It

542
00:33:29,640 --> 00:33:35,400
Speaker 1: was more how the temperature affected their habitat. Shrinking their

543
00:33:35,400 --> 00:33:37,920
Speaker 1: habitat is what, ultimately I think had a lot to

544
00:33:37,920 --> 00:33:40,360
Speaker 1: do with it. I think so too. There's well, there's

545
00:33:40,440 --> 00:33:42,440
Speaker 1: so there are a number of theories. One was like

546
00:33:42,520 --> 00:33:47,840
Speaker 1: a meteorite that never found any evidence for that. Um uh,

547
00:33:47,880 --> 00:33:51,560
Speaker 1: maybe like a superbug got them doubtful. Yeah, And so

548
00:33:51,640 --> 00:33:56,080
Speaker 1: it came down to humans over hunting them, which is

549
00:33:56,080 --> 00:34:00,120
Speaker 1: called the overkill hypothesis, and then climate change hypothesis this

550
00:34:00,600 --> 00:34:03,000
Speaker 1: and I think of those two, if I had to choose,

551
00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:04,880
Speaker 1: I'm with you. I think the climate change is what

552
00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:07,240
Speaker 1: got them. I think it's a little bit of both.

553
00:34:07,760 --> 00:34:10,360
Speaker 1: I think ultimately it is too. But I think humans

554
00:34:10,440 --> 00:34:15,239
Speaker 1: finished off something that was a process that was already inevitable. Yeah,

555
00:34:15,280 --> 00:34:18,319
Speaker 1: like here, here's what happens. Here's a bad thing. If

556
00:34:18,320 --> 00:34:21,840
Speaker 1: you're a mammal or any animal. It's a bad, bad

557
00:34:21,920 --> 00:34:27,640
Speaker 1: mammoth day. If you're if you're ecosystem is shrinking and

558
00:34:27,640 --> 00:34:31,160
Speaker 1: your available food sources shrinking, and you continue to move

559
00:34:31,480 --> 00:34:36,400
Speaker 1: where that is, you become isolated and your area is

560
00:34:36,400 --> 00:34:39,800
Speaker 1: smaller and smaller, and that eventually is super bad news.

561
00:34:40,320 --> 00:34:42,680
Speaker 1: What you want if you're a wide ranging mammal like

562
00:34:42,719 --> 00:34:44,400
Speaker 1: that is especially a big one that needs like four

563
00:34:44,760 --> 00:34:46,759
Speaker 1: pounds of food today. Yeah, you want to be able

564
00:34:46,800 --> 00:34:49,080
Speaker 1: to travel a long way to get as much food

565
00:34:49,080 --> 00:34:52,080
Speaker 1: as you can because you're eating twentys a day. But

566
00:34:52,360 --> 00:34:56,080
Speaker 1: if your habitat is shrinking, Uh, yeah, that's what I meant. Habitat,

567
00:34:56,360 --> 00:35:01,040
Speaker 1: not ecosystem. That works. Yeah, it definitely works. Um. So

568
00:35:01,120 --> 00:35:04,399
Speaker 1: the climate climate change melted those glaciers, sea levels rose,

569
00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:08,799
Speaker 1: and then the land shrank, came cover with water yea,

570
00:35:08,960 --> 00:35:11,960
Speaker 1: and the wooly mamples like looking so good. Well, plus

571
00:35:11,960 --> 00:35:14,760
Speaker 1: not only that, with the changing climate and the warming

572
00:35:14,800 --> 00:35:18,640
Speaker 1: of the earth or the climate, I should say, um,

573
00:35:18,719 --> 00:35:22,480
Speaker 1: their their food supply, not just the amount of food,

574
00:35:22,480 --> 00:35:26,000
Speaker 1: but the type of food available diminished. Like I said,

575
00:35:26,000 --> 00:35:28,680
Speaker 1: you couldn't take them and put them on the Siberian

576
00:35:28,719 --> 00:35:31,760
Speaker 1: step Today. It's different plants that are there. They weren't

577
00:35:31,800 --> 00:35:35,440
Speaker 1: necessarily adapted to eat those things. You need certain enzymes

578
00:35:35,440 --> 00:35:37,759
Speaker 1: to break down certain types of sugars and stuff like

579
00:35:37,800 --> 00:35:40,800
Speaker 1: that to gain energy from it. And as their food changed,

580
00:35:41,239 --> 00:35:44,600
Speaker 1: they got to be in big trouble. Um. That's the

581
00:35:44,640 --> 00:35:49,240
Speaker 1: climate change hypothesis. The overkill hypothesis says that somewhere around

582
00:35:50,040 --> 00:35:52,840
Speaker 1: twelve to thirteen thousand years ago, humans showed up in

583
00:35:52,880 --> 00:35:55,440
Speaker 1: North America, and right about the same time, within a

584
00:35:55,480 --> 00:35:59,239
Speaker 1: thousand years, there were no more wooly mammoths, and not

585
00:35:59,400 --> 00:36:03,799
Speaker 1: just wooly amos. There's something called the um North American

586
00:36:03,920 --> 00:36:10,960
Speaker 1: mega fawn extinction where mammals I think ninety genera, so

587
00:36:11,080 --> 00:36:15,360
Speaker 1: not even species, but genera, the next level up in classification.

588
00:36:15,680 --> 00:36:19,920
Speaker 1: A lot of animals, ninety of them weighing over UM

589
00:36:19,960 --> 00:36:25,719
Speaker 1: I think ninety pounds. UM just all died off around

590
00:36:25,760 --> 00:36:31,239
Speaker 1: the same time we covered this. Yeah, surely or like

591
00:36:31,280 --> 00:36:35,319
Speaker 1: the Clovis one, maybe UM And a lot of people say, well,

592
00:36:35,360 --> 00:36:38,640
Speaker 1: clearly it was humans, and it makes a lot of sense.

593
00:36:39,280 --> 00:36:42,880
Speaker 1: It has some legs it's humans. A lot of people

594
00:36:42,920 --> 00:36:45,200
Speaker 1: do think humans did show up around that time in

595
00:36:45,239 --> 00:36:48,560
Speaker 1: North America. UM. The fact that it happens so quickly,

596
00:36:49,360 --> 00:36:51,840
Speaker 1: and then the point that I think about the overkill

597
00:36:51,920 --> 00:36:54,279
Speaker 1: hypothesis that really drives it home to me, although I'm

598
00:36:54,560 --> 00:36:58,359
Speaker 1: more on the climate change fand wagon UM, is that

599
00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:03,640
Speaker 1: these North America can mammoths would not have co evolved

600
00:37:03,640 --> 00:37:08,200
Speaker 1: with humans like African ones did. So the African ones survived,

601
00:37:08,640 --> 00:37:12,840
Speaker 1: the elephants down there, they survived because they covolved with

602
00:37:12,920 --> 00:37:15,840
Speaker 1: humans and came to understand that humans are dangerous. The

603
00:37:15,920 --> 00:37:19,160
Speaker 1: ones here in North America wouldn't have been innately afraid

604
00:37:19,239 --> 00:37:21,440
Speaker 1: of humans. You've seen them as dangerous, and so it

605
00:37:21,560 --> 00:37:25,080
Speaker 1: could have been easy pickens for humans. The big problem

606
00:37:25,200 --> 00:37:29,600
Speaker 1: is is there's not that much evidence of humans mass

607
00:37:29,680 --> 00:37:32,480
Speaker 1: hunting these things, well maybe not maths hunting. They have

608
00:37:32,600 --> 00:37:37,040
Speaker 1: found um. They have found like these spears and things

609
00:37:37,280 --> 00:37:40,880
Speaker 1: in mammoth bones the Clovis point, which is what we

610
00:37:40,920 --> 00:37:43,839
Speaker 1: were talking about earlier. And we do know that they

611
00:37:43,920 --> 00:37:46,040
Speaker 1: use their fur and they like to use their irene,

612
00:37:46,080 --> 00:37:48,520
Speaker 1: they like to eat them. But the problem with that

613
00:37:48,680 --> 00:37:52,680
Speaker 1: is that UM mammoth would have fed a lot of people,

614
00:37:53,280 --> 00:37:56,319
Speaker 1: especially in that cold weather. You know, this natural preservation

615
00:37:56,400 --> 00:37:59,440
Speaker 1: going on, so they could have lived and used that

616
00:37:59,440 --> 00:38:04,440
Speaker 1: that but like a single adult or mammoth for a

617
00:38:04,440 --> 00:38:07,600
Speaker 1: long time, which means they're not going to be hunting

618
00:38:07,640 --> 00:38:11,759
Speaker 1: like five of them a day. Uh. And there's also

619
00:38:11,800 --> 00:38:14,120
Speaker 1: evidence that they were revered somewhat by their cave art.

620
00:38:14,400 --> 00:38:16,400
Speaker 1: So there are people who think that maybe it was

621
00:38:16,440 --> 00:38:20,239
Speaker 1: like the buffalo with the uh Native Americans. Maybe they

622
00:38:20,280 --> 00:38:23,400
Speaker 1: respected it and they managed it. Yeah, and didn't say, hey,

623
00:38:23,520 --> 00:38:27,279
Speaker 1: let's kill millions of these over a span of months. Right,

624
00:38:27,320 --> 00:38:31,960
Speaker 1: this is a very euro American mentality. I mean, that's

625
00:38:31,960 --> 00:38:36,000
Speaker 1: where the buffalo almost went extinct, was when euro Americans

626
00:38:36,040 --> 00:38:39,520
Speaker 1: came over and said, let's start shooting. That's that doesn't

627
00:38:39,520 --> 00:38:42,640
Speaker 1: mean that that's what Native Americans did. And Plus also

628
00:38:43,120 --> 00:38:47,680
Speaker 1: there were plenty of mammoths that when extinct. The mammoth

629
00:38:47,680 --> 00:38:50,960
Speaker 1: species in the steps and in Europe when extinct two

630
00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:54,279
Speaker 1: and there are humans over there for a long time,

631
00:38:55,200 --> 00:38:59,440
Speaker 1: so it's not like the humans suddenly arrived everywhere. But

632
00:38:59,560 --> 00:39:02,640
Speaker 1: yet the amoths died out at about the same time

633
00:39:02,680 --> 00:39:07,680
Speaker 1: throughout the world. Yeah. Plus, mostly people hunted smaller game,

634
00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:13,880
Speaker 1: small the medium game back then like dogs maybe, but uh,

635
00:39:13,920 --> 00:39:16,120
Speaker 1: you know, a mammoth like what it was probably an

636
00:39:16,120 --> 00:39:19,759
Speaker 1: intimidating kill first of all. Uh, and you know what

637
00:39:19,800 --> 00:39:22,799
Speaker 1: do we do with all that stuff? So I mean

638
00:39:23,120 --> 00:39:25,080
Speaker 1: it's it's like we were saying, it is a mystery

639
00:39:25,120 --> 00:39:28,800
Speaker 1: still exactly what happened to him. I again my bets

640
00:39:28,840 --> 00:39:33,520
Speaker 1: on climate change. But obviously humans did kill or at

641
00:39:33,600 --> 00:39:37,080
Speaker 1: least butcher mammoths, But I don't think they killed them

642
00:39:37,080 --> 00:39:41,200
Speaker 1: out of existence, so I agree, uh. And then that

643
00:39:41,200 --> 00:39:44,200
Speaker 1: that leads us to that last point though about bringing

644
00:39:44,239 --> 00:39:48,480
Speaker 1: them back. Good idea, bad idea. I mean, it's always

645
00:39:48,480 --> 00:39:51,160
Speaker 1: a bad idea, isn't it. I think so. But you

646
00:39:51,200 --> 00:39:54,680
Speaker 1: can also makes but do they I mean that's a

647
00:39:54,680 --> 00:39:57,480
Speaker 1: pretty fatalistic view. Like you can also make the case

648
00:39:57,560 --> 00:40:01,120
Speaker 1: that if you believe that humans into them to extinction,

649
00:40:01,480 --> 00:40:04,839
Speaker 1: well then maybe it's our moral obligation to bring them

650
00:40:04,840 --> 00:40:08,640
Speaker 1: back if we can. And that's the view I think of. Remember, um,

651
00:40:08,719 --> 00:40:11,640
Speaker 1: the ten thousand Clock, ten thousand year clock episode. We

652
00:40:11,680 --> 00:40:15,880
Speaker 1: did so the Long Now Foundation, Um, they're big into that,

653
00:40:16,080 --> 00:40:18,200
Speaker 1: the people who made the ten thousand year clock, they're

654
00:40:18,239 --> 00:40:22,040
Speaker 1: big in the de extinction movement to bringing things back

655
00:40:23,080 --> 00:40:24,480
Speaker 1: and there's two ways you can do it. You can

656
00:40:24,520 --> 00:40:30,040
Speaker 1: take a you can take as much viable DNA from

657
00:40:30,040 --> 00:40:31,840
Speaker 1: a wooly mammoth as you can get your hands on

658
00:40:32,320 --> 00:40:37,239
Speaker 1: and insert it into an Asian elephant DNA treatment. Yeah,

659
00:40:37,280 --> 00:40:39,480
Speaker 1: and then make a hybrid, and then over time you

660
00:40:39,600 --> 00:40:43,320
Speaker 1: breed out the Asian elephant stuff through a breeding program

661
00:40:43,360 --> 00:40:46,080
Speaker 1: until you have a pure wooly mammoth. And then the

662
00:40:46,120 --> 00:40:51,120
Speaker 1: other one is to take a the nucleus of a

663
00:40:51,160 --> 00:40:56,600
Speaker 1: wooly mammoth cell and then plant it into an embryo. Sorry, yeah,

664
00:40:56,680 --> 00:41:00,000
Speaker 1: you're right, and then you've just cloned to wooly mammoth.

665
00:41:00,520 --> 00:41:03,880
Speaker 1: After it just states in a in a poor elephant,

666
00:41:04,000 --> 00:41:06,319
Speaker 1: it's like, what what are you guys doing? I wonder

667
00:41:06,360 --> 00:41:08,160
Speaker 1: if the elephant when it was born would be like

668
00:41:08,239 --> 00:41:12,640
Speaker 1: whoa right, that's what I'm saying. Yeah, this is uh,

669
00:41:12,719 --> 00:41:16,200
Speaker 1: this is a wooly man with you guys realized Rosemary's baby. Yeah,

670
00:41:16,560 --> 00:41:20,719
Speaker 1: so they Um. I think there's groups working on both

671
00:41:20,719 --> 00:41:29,160
Speaker 1: of those. And the ethics are questionable because I mean, like,

672
00:41:29,719 --> 00:41:31,960
Speaker 1: I'm sure it's gonna sound preposterous to some people, but

673
00:41:32,000 --> 00:41:35,040
Speaker 1: what about that elephant mom, Like, you know, is she

674
00:41:35,080 --> 00:41:37,440
Speaker 1: gonna care for this baby. How's it going to affect her?

675
00:41:37,800 --> 00:41:41,200
Speaker 1: How will it affect the baby? Um, it's just a

676
00:41:41,560 --> 00:41:44,720
Speaker 1: it raises a lot of questions. And plus also everyone

677
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:47,360
Speaker 1: is pretty much in agreement that there's no way this

678
00:41:47,400 --> 00:41:51,880
Speaker 1: thing could ever live in the wild, so to living

679
00:41:51,920 --> 00:41:55,759
Speaker 1: captivity to charge people money to come see him. So yeah,

680
00:41:56,400 --> 00:42:00,520
Speaker 1: I agree with you. No I'll eat them. But so

681
00:42:00,600 --> 00:42:04,640
Speaker 1: we teased about the Mastodon earlier. Um, and you found

682
00:42:04,680 --> 00:42:07,279
Speaker 1: this was a mental flass thing, right, the difference between

683
00:42:07,280 --> 00:42:10,319
Speaker 1: a mammoth and the Mastodon because they coexisted here in

684
00:42:10,440 --> 00:42:14,680
Speaker 1: the US. The Mammoth is not a great metal band,

685
00:42:14,840 --> 00:42:19,640
Speaker 1: first of all, like Atlanta's own Mastodon, who, by the way,

686
00:42:19,800 --> 00:42:24,760
Speaker 1: our old friend Chris, bass player in my band, he

687
00:42:25,000 --> 00:42:26,960
Speaker 1: was at his one of his kids, or not one

688
00:42:27,000 --> 00:42:28,560
Speaker 1: of his kids. You always want a kid his kids

689
00:42:28,600 --> 00:42:32,799
Speaker 1: soccer game, and the lead guy from Mastodon was right there.

690
00:42:32,920 --> 00:42:34,560
Speaker 1: His kid is on the same soccer team, the one

691
00:42:34,640 --> 00:42:38,360
Speaker 1: with the face and neck tattoos. Yeah, that guy, that's awesome.

692
00:42:38,640 --> 00:42:40,480
Speaker 1: He was like, I know who you are. By the way,

693
00:42:40,800 --> 00:42:47,400
Speaker 1: fans like, yeah, let's talk soccer? Did they? Yeah? Nice? Anyway,

694
00:42:47,600 --> 00:42:50,000
Speaker 1: They're just like normal people. Sure they have kids that

695
00:42:50,040 --> 00:42:54,600
Speaker 1: play soccer, even though he's a metal god. Hm. But

696
00:42:54,640 --> 00:42:56,560
Speaker 1: what does that have to do with the wooly mammoth?

697
00:42:56,640 --> 00:43:00,160
Speaker 1: Not much? Uh. Their teeth is where you can all

698
00:43:00,200 --> 00:43:02,879
Speaker 1: the big diff that's uh yeah, is that the only

699
00:43:02,880 --> 00:43:06,120
Speaker 1: way these days? It's pretty clear that that's the only

700
00:43:06,120 --> 00:43:08,400
Speaker 1: way to tell. Well, the hair was a little different

701
00:43:08,440 --> 00:43:10,880
Speaker 1: and they don't have the high sloping back, and then

702
00:43:11,160 --> 00:43:13,399
Speaker 1: tusks are a little straighter. They look a lot more

703
00:43:13,440 --> 00:43:17,080
Speaker 1: like elephants than a mammoth does, because a mammoth looks

704
00:43:17,800 --> 00:43:20,279
Speaker 1: elephant time, but it looks like especially when you put

705
00:43:20,320 --> 00:43:22,239
Speaker 1: it next to an elephant or a mastodon, it looks

706
00:43:22,280 --> 00:43:25,680
Speaker 1: like a totally different animal. Agreed. But the teeth is

707
00:43:25,760 --> 00:43:31,000
Speaker 1: the giveaway. The the elephant molars, I'm sorry. The mammoth

708
00:43:31,000 --> 00:43:34,760
Speaker 1: has elephant like molars and they are like cheese graters

709
00:43:35,200 --> 00:43:39,080
Speaker 1: or like the sole of like a running shoe. Sure,

710
00:43:39,440 --> 00:43:44,680
Speaker 1: it's used to just grind through some some leaves, grasses, lovely.

711
00:43:45,600 --> 00:43:49,440
Speaker 1: The mastodon Actually the word means nipple tooth or boob tooth,

712
00:43:49,680 --> 00:43:51,560
Speaker 1: which is a bit of that was a lot of

713
00:43:51,560 --> 00:43:57,239
Speaker 1: fun on the playground, right. It's because they have like

714
00:43:57,400 --> 00:44:03,839
Speaker 1: um conical bumps on their molars. That reminded this anatomist

715
00:44:04,200 --> 00:44:07,600
Speaker 1: from the I think the early nineteenth century, George Cuvier.

716
00:44:08,320 --> 00:44:11,200
Speaker 1: He said, well, these bumps look like breasts, so we're

717
00:44:11,239 --> 00:44:14,239
Speaker 1: gonna name him breast tooth. And also, I've been out

718
00:44:14,320 --> 00:44:20,799
Speaker 1: alone with my journal for far too long. Help, Yeah,

719
00:44:21,480 --> 00:44:24,920
Speaker 1: you got anything else? When there's something about Thomas Jefferson,

720
00:44:25,680 --> 00:44:28,280
Speaker 1: he was into the mastodons. They were actually the mastodon,

721
00:44:29,200 --> 00:44:34,200
Speaker 1: the people he was convinced that there was a mammoth

722
00:44:35,440 --> 00:44:38,840
Speaker 1: still alive out west. Remember Lewis and Clark episode. That

723
00:44:38,920 --> 00:44:40,879
Speaker 1: was one of the reasons Lewis and Clark went out

724
00:44:40,920 --> 00:44:43,200
Speaker 1: west was to look for mammothing because he was just

725
00:44:43,239 --> 00:44:44,920
Speaker 1: convinced they were out there and he thought they were

726
00:44:44,920 --> 00:44:47,919
Speaker 1: meat eaters. Though he did, I think he was part

727
00:44:47,920 --> 00:44:50,480
Speaker 1: of that train. Ben Franklin was like, I think you

728
00:44:50,520 --> 00:44:52,799
Speaker 1: could probably also eat branches and stuff, which is went

729
00:44:52,840 --> 00:44:56,240
Speaker 1: mastodons eight. But the massdon became like the earliest symbol

730
00:44:56,440 --> 00:45:01,960
Speaker 1: of America, an American like, ah, let's mess stuff up,

731
00:45:02,160 --> 00:45:06,120
Speaker 1: let's let's kick some butt that it came from the mastodon.

732
00:45:06,320 --> 00:45:09,080
Speaker 1: And the mastodon. Also, this is like a hundred years

733
00:45:09,160 --> 00:45:16,560
Speaker 1: before they were finding um mammoths um. They it proved

734
00:45:17,200 --> 00:45:20,839
Speaker 1: for the first time the idea of extinction. Before that,

735
00:45:20,920 --> 00:45:24,879
Speaker 1: everybody's like, you're the Earth was created six thousand years ago.

736
00:45:25,719 --> 00:45:28,000
Speaker 1: Everything was in the Garden of Eden. There was a flood,

737
00:45:28,040 --> 00:45:31,320
Speaker 1: so we lost some things, but everything else is exactly

738
00:45:31,360 --> 00:45:34,560
Speaker 1: the way it's supposed to be. And the masted on

739
00:45:34,719 --> 00:45:37,200
Speaker 1: teeth that they were finding in Eventually the bones proved

740
00:45:37,239 --> 00:45:40,040
Speaker 1: that there were things that had lived before that. We're

741
00:45:40,040 --> 00:45:45,280
Speaker 1: not alive any longer, and extinction became a scientific thought. Amazing.

742
00:45:46,600 --> 00:45:49,840
Speaker 1: That's a nice little cherry on top. Do we finish strong?

743
00:45:50,120 --> 00:45:52,719
Speaker 1: We did, didn't we? And by we I mean you us,

744
00:45:53,280 --> 00:45:56,960
Speaker 1: Chuck us Uh. If you want to know more about mammoths,

745
00:45:56,960 --> 00:45:58,920
Speaker 1: you should type that word in the search bar at

746
00:45:58,920 --> 00:46:00,959
Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com. And since I said search,

747
00:46:01,040 --> 00:46:05,680
Speaker 1: parts the time for listening to mail. Hey guys, this

748
00:46:05,719 --> 00:46:07,719
Speaker 1: is my first time emailing because I was waiting for

749
00:46:07,800 --> 00:46:10,680
Speaker 1: an opportunity 'll tell you some stuff you should know.

750
00:46:11,360 --> 00:46:13,560
Speaker 1: I finally came today in the form of book talk

751
00:46:13,600 --> 00:46:17,120
Speaker 1: with Josh and Chuck. Remember that, Yeah, in the Moonwalk episode,

752
00:46:17,239 --> 00:46:19,719
Speaker 1: I think so, and uh, you said that I had

753
00:46:19,760 --> 00:46:21,360
Speaker 1: said previously I didn't give a book much and I

754
00:46:21,440 --> 00:46:22,640
Speaker 1: was like, I don't think I said that. Turns out

755
00:46:22,680 --> 00:46:25,520
Speaker 1: I did say that. I just don't remember because I'd

756
00:46:25,600 --> 00:46:28,160
Speaker 1: rarely read books that I have to put down, right,

757
00:46:29,000 --> 00:46:31,040
Speaker 1: I want to say. Also one other thing, I'm sorry

758
00:46:31,360 --> 00:46:34,080
Speaker 1: the guy who wrote Head full of Ghosts, Paul Tremblay.

759
00:46:34,160 --> 00:46:37,160
Speaker 1: I believe um. Somebody tweeted to him and said, hey,

760
00:46:37,160 --> 00:46:39,520
Speaker 1: you gotta mention in this episode, and I guess he

761
00:46:39,560 --> 00:46:41,400
Speaker 1: went and listened. He was like, that was great, and no,

762
00:46:41,560 --> 00:46:44,520
Speaker 1: I know how to moonwalk. And then he tweeted some

763
00:46:44,600 --> 00:46:46,560
Speaker 1: time later he's like, Okay, it's been eight hours and

764
00:46:46,600 --> 00:46:49,160
Speaker 1: I still have not moonwalking. Well, and I guess they're

765
00:46:49,160 --> 00:46:53,360
Speaker 1: making a movie out of his his book with uh

766
00:46:53,560 --> 00:46:56,480
Speaker 1: Robert Downey Jr. Oh wow, it's gonna be big. Well.

767
00:46:56,480 --> 00:46:59,160
Speaker 1: I wonder if that was because of us. Probably they

768
00:46:59,160 --> 00:47:00,840
Speaker 1: were like, we're kind on the fence. And then they

769
00:47:00,880 --> 00:47:03,720
Speaker 1: heard our Moonwalk episode and they green lighted it. Wow.

770
00:47:04,640 --> 00:47:07,600
Speaker 1: Uh so, guys, I was excited to hear you rambling

771
00:47:07,640 --> 00:47:09,799
Speaker 1: about books, something I love dearly in A nice change

772
00:47:09,800 --> 00:47:13,000
Speaker 1: of base for movie talk with Josh and Chuck. Not

773
00:47:13,120 --> 00:47:15,080
Speaker 1: that I don't love movie talk or booze talk with

774
00:47:15,160 --> 00:47:17,160
Speaker 1: Josh and Chuck. Yeah, those are the only three things

775
00:47:17,200 --> 00:47:20,719
Speaker 1: we talked about. You talked about how long each give

776
00:47:20,760 --> 00:47:22,239
Speaker 1: a book before you give up on it. Did you

777
00:47:22,280 --> 00:47:26,000
Speaker 1: know there's a rule for that, Nancy Pearl's rule of fifty.

778
00:47:26,080 --> 00:47:30,520
Speaker 1: Have you ever heard of this? She says, I assume

779
00:47:30,600 --> 00:47:33,800
Speaker 1: Nancy as a woman. Uh, if you're younger than fifty,

780
00:47:34,360 --> 00:47:37,279
Speaker 1: you should read fifty pages before deciding to give up.

781
00:47:37,760 --> 00:47:39,880
Speaker 1: And for every year older than fifty that you are

782
00:47:40,000 --> 00:47:43,879
Speaker 1: subtract one page, soft one, forty nine pages, and so on.

783
00:47:44,320 --> 00:47:48,440
Speaker 1: At one hundred. You judge a book by its cover. Literally,

784
00:47:50,200 --> 00:47:55,360
Speaker 1: how about that? Who's this Nancy from Heart? Nancy Wilson? Nope,

785
00:47:55,840 --> 00:47:58,879
Speaker 1: I'm going to see Heart soon though, Like, are they

786
00:47:58,880 --> 00:48:01,239
Speaker 1: opening for somebody or that? Are the headlining? Their Cheap

787
00:48:01,280 --> 00:48:03,680
Speaker 1: Trick is opening in Joan Jett? Are opening for Heart?

788
00:48:03,800 --> 00:48:06,960
Speaker 1: Awesome triple bill? Yeah, that's a heck of a bill. Yeah,

789
00:48:06,960 --> 00:48:11,120
Speaker 1: I can't wait. Um, So Nancy Pearl says, yeah, fifty

790
00:48:11,239 --> 00:48:14,399
Speaker 1: and then subtractive page because obviously life is getting short.

791
00:48:14,440 --> 00:48:17,600
Speaker 1: You don't have enough time to waste time. So by

792
00:48:17,600 --> 00:48:19,040
Speaker 1: the time you're a hundred, you just look at it

793
00:48:19,080 --> 00:48:21,520
Speaker 1: and go now. And you could keel over just looking

794
00:48:21,560 --> 00:48:24,319
Speaker 1: at a book. You could Also, if you haven't heard

795
00:48:24,320 --> 00:48:29,000
Speaker 1: of Nancy Pearl, she's great. She's probably the most famous librarian. Okay,

796
00:48:29,080 --> 00:48:33,920
Speaker 1: there you go. I love that. At least, Well, is

797
00:48:33,920 --> 00:48:38,960
Speaker 1: there more than one famous librarian. There's gotta be If

798
00:48:38,960 --> 00:48:42,040
Speaker 1: she's the most famous, didn't have to be other famous ones.

799
00:48:42,480 --> 00:48:45,200
Speaker 1: John Dewey, inventor of the Dewey decimal system. That's right,

800
00:48:45,840 --> 00:48:47,719
Speaker 1: she says. At least she's up there, And she even

801
00:48:47,760 --> 00:48:51,960
Speaker 1: has her own action figure librarian action figure. I just

802
00:48:52,000 --> 00:48:54,040
Speaker 1: got my masters in library science last year or so.

803
00:48:54,080 --> 00:48:57,400
Speaker 1: I'm a Nancy Pearl fan. Multiple professors of mine have

804
00:48:57,560 --> 00:49:01,320
Speaker 1: had the action figure in their offices. I love this story.

805
00:49:01,680 --> 00:49:04,520
Speaker 1: Chris Palette, he wanted to become a librarian. Oh yeah,

806
00:49:04,560 --> 00:49:07,439
Speaker 1: he's He deserves an accent figure too. Oh I bet he's.

807
00:49:07,640 --> 00:49:10,200
Speaker 1: He's probably uh, he's probably got a Nancy Pearl one,

808
00:49:10,840 --> 00:49:13,880
Speaker 1: former host of tex Stuff and early host of co

809
00:49:13,960 --> 00:49:17,640
Speaker 1: host of Stuff. You should know before I snuffed him out, right,

810
00:49:19,680 --> 00:49:21,920
Speaker 1: I just I didn't like kill him. I just chloroformed

811
00:49:22,000 --> 00:49:24,319
Speaker 1: him and he woke up in a library. It was like,

812
00:49:24,360 --> 00:49:26,440
Speaker 1: I guess I'll get a degree. Yeah, that's exactly how

813
00:49:26,480 --> 00:49:28,960
Speaker 1: I want. Anyway, I hope this email wasn't too long.

814
00:49:29,000 --> 00:49:31,040
Speaker 1: I thought you'd like to know about the Rule of fifty.

815
00:49:32,080 --> 00:49:35,560
Speaker 1: All the best, Erica in Boston, p s ce you

816
00:49:35,719 --> 00:49:38,799
Speaker 1: in Boston and October right. Thanks a lot. We're doing

817
00:49:38,800 --> 00:49:42,600
Speaker 1: a show there sure are on your sober that the

818
00:49:42,640 --> 00:49:44,960
Speaker 1: Wilberth Theater. Yep, you can still get tickets at s

819
00:49:45,080 --> 00:49:47,200
Speaker 1: y s K Live dot com. BAM. Thanks for the

820
00:49:47,239 --> 00:49:50,080
Speaker 1: set up, Erica. If you want to set us up

821
00:49:50,080 --> 00:49:53,120
Speaker 1: to plug our shows, we'd love that. You can tweet

822
00:49:53,120 --> 00:49:55,160
Speaker 1: to us at s y s K Podcast. You can

823
00:49:55,239 --> 00:49:57,560
Speaker 1: join us on Facebook dot com, slash stuff you Should Know.

824
00:49:57,840 --> 00:49:59,759
Speaker 1: You can send us an email to Stuff Podcast to

825
00:49:59,800 --> 00:50:02,000
Speaker 1: how Stuff Works dot com and has always joined us

826
00:50:02,040 --> 00:50:03,960
Speaker 1: at our home on the web, Stuff you Should Know

827
00:50:04,040 --> 00:50:12,200
Speaker 1: dot com For more on this and thousands of other topics.

828
00:50:12,440 --> 00:50:19,239
Speaker 1: Is it how Stuff Works dot com. M