WEBVTT - Do-it-yourself Organs 0:00:03.800 --> 0:00:06.680 Welcome to Stuff to Blow Your Mind from how Stuff 0:00:06.680 --> 0:00:13.920 Works dot com. Hey, welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind. 0:00:13.960 --> 0:00:16.840 My name is Robert Lamb and I'm Julie Douglas. And Julie, 0:00:16.840 --> 0:00:18.840 I kind of want to kick off today's podcast with 0:00:18.880 --> 0:00:22.880 a quote from the Tina Day. Yes, yeah, from her 0:00:22.960 --> 0:00:26.360 book Bossy Pants. No, not at all. I would love 0:00:26.400 --> 0:00:30.800 to here it is okay. Yes, this is a wonderful quote. 0:00:31.280 --> 0:00:33.879 She says, at a certain point, your body wants to 0:00:33.880 --> 0:00:37.880 be disgusting. While your teens and twenties were about identifying 0:00:37.960 --> 0:00:41.560 and emphasizing your best features, your late thirties and forties 0:00:41.600 --> 0:00:45.159 are about fighting back decay. We all mentally prepare ourselves 0:00:45.240 --> 0:00:47.600 for wrinkles, but wrinkles are not the problem. It's the 0:00:47.680 --> 0:00:51.880 unexpected groceries. For example, your mouth, Dear God, your mouth, 0:00:51.960 --> 0:00:54.800 no matter how diligent you are about brushing and flossing, 0:00:55.120 --> 0:00:57.680 which is never diligent enough for that show off, dental 0:00:57.760 --> 0:01:00.840 hygenis of yours. At some point, you start waking up 0:01:00.880 --> 0:01:03.160 every day with a mouth that smells like a snail 0:01:03.440 --> 0:01:06.360 left in the sun. You can fix it as soon 0:01:06.400 --> 0:01:08.720 as you get up. You brush and use mouth wash. 0:01:08.800 --> 0:01:11.360 But there's something about knowing you woke up with hot 0:01:11.480 --> 0:01:16.600 mothball mouth that makes you feel old. I think God 0:01:16.640 --> 0:01:19.280 designed our mouths to die first to help us slowly 0:01:19.280 --> 0:01:22.040 transition to the grave. But I'm a big believer in 0:01:22.040 --> 0:01:24.680 intelligent design, and by that I mean I love Akida. 0:01:26.160 --> 0:01:27.720 It's a great quote because she really gets to the 0:01:27.720 --> 0:01:31.440 heart of the matter, right, Yeah. Yeah, because especially as 0:01:31.440 --> 0:01:34.720 we're living longer, our our mouths are kind of dying first, 0:01:35.720 --> 0:01:38.440 and then after our mouth dies, other things start to 0:01:38.480 --> 0:01:41.839 die as well, all these various components that give out, 0:01:42.400 --> 0:01:45.000 like like the brake pads in a in a car 0:01:45.120 --> 0:01:47.520 after you know, however, many thousands of miles. And this 0:01:47.560 --> 0:01:49.800 has been weighing heavy in our mind because of course 0:01:49.800 --> 0:01:54.160 we've been doing research into longevity. Yeah, and we just 0:01:54.200 --> 0:01:59.480 did a podcast on the whole birthday candles thing. Yeah, 0:01:59.600 --> 0:02:01.240 and it is it is like a car that the 0:02:01.320 --> 0:02:03.480 longer it goes, the more you're gonna have to replace 0:02:03.600 --> 0:02:06.200 this bit and this bit and and how do we 0:02:06.240 --> 0:02:08.919 do it? Right? Well, it turns out that you can 0:02:08.960 --> 0:02:12.200 probably grow your own organs at some point and just 0:02:12.440 --> 0:02:14.560 pop them into the microwave exactly. And that's what we're 0:02:14.560 --> 0:02:16.280 gonna be talking about. In this podcast, and it gets 0:02:16.400 --> 0:02:20.800 really crazy. I mean it's just really mind blowing stuff. Um, 0:02:20.840 --> 0:02:23.239 but let's let's start with the mouth that Dies first. 0:02:23.680 --> 0:02:26.680 To quote that. Yeah, and that's a by the way, 0:02:26.680 --> 0:02:29.639 that's an awesome book, Bossy Pants for anybody who's a 0:02:29.680 --> 0:02:34.239 Tina fe fan. Like, we are so growing teeth, growing 0:02:34.280 --> 0:02:36.680 new teeth. Now, obviously we go through the we have 0:02:36.720 --> 0:02:40.000 the baby teeth that come out, we lose those. Most 0:02:40.040 --> 0:02:42.200 of us. I think we have one of our coworker 0:02:42.240 --> 0:02:45.839 still has all of their baby teeth. Really yeah, that's 0:02:47.480 --> 0:02:51.200 I have one, but it really all yeah really yeah, 0:02:51.240 --> 0:02:53.399 it's hanging on because I just made that up about 0:02:53.440 --> 0:02:55.440 the person with all their baby teeth. Oh, I was like, 0:02:55.760 --> 0:02:57.680 maybe that's just like it was a rumor that just 0:02:57.720 --> 0:03:01.040 got really you know, circulated and out of hand. There. Wait, 0:03:01.080 --> 0:03:03.400 so I don't know much about baby pee teeth. Apparently 0:03:03.480 --> 0:03:06.160 you can you can keep one of them. You're allowed 0:03:07.000 --> 0:03:08.880 as long as it's hanging out there, and it's fine. 0:03:08.919 --> 0:03:11.720 I don't have an adult tooth under it. Yeah, so 0:03:11.800 --> 0:03:14.760 there you go. Well, hang in there, baby tooth. But anyway, 0:03:14.800 --> 0:03:16.200 most of us lose all these. Then we grow these 0:03:16.200 --> 0:03:18.519 adult teeth. But then that's it. These teeth have to 0:03:18.639 --> 0:03:21.399 last you your entire life, and if they fall out, 0:03:21.440 --> 0:03:22.959 then you just you have to replace them with like 0:03:23.040 --> 0:03:26.760 denters and various it's a ridge work, or you can 0:03:26.800 --> 0:03:29.080 go old school with the wooden. As I say, you 0:03:29.080 --> 0:03:31.639 could carve your own yeah, you know, if you're a woodworker. 0:03:32.080 --> 0:03:34.920 But it turns out that that this piece of vital 0:03:35.560 --> 0:03:39.160 bone that we need right could possibly be replicated. Yeah, 0:03:39.240 --> 0:03:41.640 the the the age is coming, and in some respect 0:03:41.680 --> 0:03:43.800 it's already here. When you could when we can grow 0:03:43.960 --> 0:03:47.119 new teeth. Don't ask your dinners about it yet. We're 0:03:47.120 --> 0:03:48.840 not we're not. We're not there yet. But but just 0:03:49.160 --> 0:03:51.400 like a little background in some of the crazy and 0:03:51.480 --> 0:03:55.320 bizarre stuff that we've done. Um, alright, so grow when 0:03:55.360 --> 0:03:58.360 you grow teeth naturally in your head, you have toothbuds 0:03:58.480 --> 0:04:01.680 or primordia. Okay, And these consist of two types of cells, 0:04:02.320 --> 0:04:07.880 um um epithelial and mezzan Schimmel cells. All right. So 0:04:07.920 --> 0:04:09.960 back in two thousand four, a team at King's College, 0:04:10.000 --> 0:04:13.760 London took epitherial cells from six weeks old mice, and 0:04:13.960 --> 0:04:16.360 they also took some of their bone marrow stem cells 0:04:16.640 --> 0:04:19.920 to replicate the other toothbud cell they were able to 0:04:19.960 --> 0:04:24.440 create like an artificial toothbud, all right. And then after 0:04:24.520 --> 0:04:27.960 three days they transferred this material to the kidneys of 0:04:28.000 --> 0:04:30.760 other mice where they grew into intact teeth, to the 0:04:30.839 --> 0:04:33.000 kidneys in the inside the kidney, so they had like 0:04:33.000 --> 0:04:35.120 a mouse kidney growing teeth. And then the real kicker 0:04:35.200 --> 0:04:37.080 was they were able to take that material then and 0:04:37.120 --> 0:04:39.960 actually put it into the jaw of an adult mouse. 0:04:40.160 --> 0:04:42.640 I'm sorry, I'm just still thinking about like the hag 0:04:42.760 --> 0:04:46.839 is tooth you know, Yeah, Like, isn't haggas is you know, 0:04:46.880 --> 0:04:49.240 prepared with all the different like the kidney and the 0:04:49.240 --> 0:04:53.200 liver and the traditional Scottish delicacy. Yes, yes, And so 0:04:53.279 --> 0:04:55.760 I'm just thinking, like this hag is two things stuffed 0:04:55.800 --> 0:04:59.960 in in the body cavity. Well and luckily this is 0:05:00.000 --> 0:05:01.560 of very This was this was early you know, this 0:05:01.640 --> 0:05:04.280 was back in two thousand four and two thousand nine, um. 0:05:04.320 --> 0:05:06.800 And actually there's a blog about this speck. When this happened. 0:05:07.240 --> 0:05:09.200 Us team from Oregon they published a paper on the 0:05:09.200 --> 0:05:11.919 possible of growing teeth in a lab, So, you know, 0:05:11.920 --> 0:05:14.320 getting kind of like vat grown teeth are like, all right, 0:05:14.320 --> 0:05:16.040 I kind of pictured it as a garden of teeth 0:05:17.800 --> 0:05:21.760 popping up. And then you know, and then in two 0:05:21.760 --> 0:05:26.440 thousand ten, Columbia University Medical Center team unveiled a this 0:05:26.600 --> 0:05:30.200 this really off awesome growth factor and fuse three dimensional 0:05:30.279 --> 0:05:33.600 scaffold and this is Yeah, we're gonna be talking a 0:05:33.640 --> 0:05:35.560 lot about this, but this, if you look at it, 0:05:35.600 --> 0:05:38.600 basically looks like somebody knitted a little tooth. Like it 0:05:38.640 --> 0:05:40.600 looks like it's made out of some sort of fiber 0:05:40.680 --> 0:05:44.200 or something. And we use this to regenerate tissue like 0:05:44.240 --> 0:05:47.440 an action to to regenerate an actual tooth, and just 0:05:47.560 --> 0:05:51.119 around nine weeks so they direct the body's own stem 0:05:51.160 --> 0:05:54.240 cells onto the scaffolding and once the stem cells have 0:05:54.400 --> 0:05:57.520 colonized the scaffold, the tooth can grow into the socket 0:05:57.520 --> 0:06:00.000 and merge with the with the surrounding tissue in your mouth. 0:06:00.000 --> 0:06:03.840 Off see that. I think it is amazing. And that's 0:06:03.880 --> 0:06:05.679 just sort of the tip of the iceberg, right because 0:06:05.680 --> 0:06:10.000 the same process is being used for organs. Yeah, and 0:06:10.240 --> 0:06:12.640 I should point out though, talking about all this work 0:06:12.640 --> 0:06:15.719 it takes to potentially grow another tit is this really 0:06:15.800 --> 0:06:17.640 drives home and this has come from the sun of 0:06:17.640 --> 0:06:21.800 a dentist. But take care of those teeth because even 0:06:21.839 --> 0:06:24.200 if they are, if technology is getting to the point 0:06:24.200 --> 0:06:26.279 where you're these are not the teeth you have for 0:06:26.320 --> 0:06:28.560 life that you could potentially grow another one. Look at 0:06:28.560 --> 0:06:29.919 all that work you're gonna have to go to to 0:06:29.960 --> 0:06:31.880 do it, when maybe you should maybe I don't know, 0:06:32.040 --> 0:06:34.279 just not eat as much candy. Yeah, true, when when 0:06:34.279 --> 0:06:38.480 it eventually hits the market is not going to be inexpensive, right, Yeah, 0:06:38.720 --> 0:06:41.880 initially I can't imagine. So I would hate to see 0:06:41.920 --> 0:06:44.800 people be like, grow new teeth all right past the skittles, 0:06:44.800 --> 0:06:48.400 because yeah, that's right. That really sets up a good 0:06:48.880 --> 0:06:51.720 I think basis for what we're talking about, which is 0:06:51.839 --> 0:06:54.600 again creating your own organs. And there's a guy named 0:06:54.640 --> 0:06:57.159 Anthony Atala. He is the director of the Wake Forest 0:06:57.240 --> 0:07:00.560 Institute for Regenerative Medicine, which is a huge field right. 0:07:00.680 --> 0:07:04.160 His work focuses on growing and regenerating tissues and organs, 0:07:04.200 --> 0:07:06.480 and in two thousand and seven, Italian in a team 0:07:06.480 --> 0:07:09.440 of Harvard University researchers showed that stem cells can be 0:07:09.480 --> 0:07:14.200 harvested from the amniotic fluid of pregnant women and also 0:07:14.240 --> 0:07:16.160 from the pant as well. This is important because those 0:07:16.160 --> 0:07:19.840 stem cells are not rejected by the body, and they 0:07:19.960 --> 0:07:23.800 tend not to develop into tumors. So those are two 0:07:23.880 --> 0:07:26.240 important factors when you're going to introduce it seforign into 0:07:26.280 --> 0:07:28.120 your body. Now, it's important to stress here that when 0:07:28.160 --> 0:07:30.440 we're talking about the human body regenerating, we're not talking 0:07:30.480 --> 0:07:33.800 about magic here. I mean, there are plenty of examples 0:07:33.800 --> 0:07:38.680 of regeneration in other creatures sanders salamander. Of course, our 0:07:38.720 --> 0:07:42.040 bones regenerate every ten weeks, our skin every two weeks. 0:07:42.440 --> 0:07:45.800 And there's a great, great line from the author Horoki 0:07:45.880 --> 0:07:49.040 Horki Mirakami, who you know, author of the wind Up 0:07:49.040 --> 0:07:52.640 Bird Chronicle. He's a big, big Japanese author. But he 0:07:52.880 --> 0:07:55.840 he says, the body cells replace themselves every month. Even 0:07:55.880 --> 0:07:58.240 at this very moment, most everything you think you know 0:07:58.320 --> 0:08:02.480 about me is nothing more than race. H nice, but 0:08:02.600 --> 0:08:06.080 there are limits, right, right, like even using um But 0:08:06.120 --> 0:08:08.720 I believe Anthony points out that you can use a 0:08:08.800 --> 0:08:13.200 smart biomaterials to bridge one centimeter gaps, right, And when 0:08:13.240 --> 0:08:15.920 he talks about biomaterial he's talking about something that that 0:08:16.040 --> 0:08:20.120 looks to the naked eye, like maybe material from a blouse. Yeah, 0:08:20.200 --> 0:08:23.400 you know, tiny little postage stamp. Yeah, I mean exactly, 0:08:23.520 --> 0:08:27.440 And so that's helping to bridge the tissue and to 0:08:27.600 --> 0:08:29.560 try to get the cells in the blood supply to 0:08:29.600 --> 0:08:32.079 reach each other in order to regenerate, right, something that 0:08:32.120 --> 0:08:34.319 you wouldn't normally be able to do yourself. Yeah, kind 0:08:34.320 --> 0:08:37.719 of like a tiny splint or something. Yeah. Yeah, And 0:08:37.800 --> 0:08:39.559 that was That's such a tiny bit though, of what 0:08:39.679 --> 0:08:42.840 he's actually doing, right. He actually prefers to use organ 0:08:42.960 --> 0:08:46.679 specific cells from the person receiving a transplant or repairing 0:08:46.720 --> 0:08:50.000 an injury when he's trying to do larger projects. Again, 0:08:50.320 --> 0:08:53.800 the stem cells from placenta and amnionic food, they contain 0:08:53.880 --> 0:08:57.520 those those optimal stem cells. And if you're a woman 0:08:57.559 --> 0:08:59.719 who has ever been pregnant, then you probably have even 0:08:59.760 --> 0:09:02.000 seen literature about whether or not you want to bank 0:09:02.559 --> 0:09:05.160 your blood cord because actually you could use your own 0:09:05.160 --> 0:09:07.800 stem cells if you wanted to later on down the road. Again, 0:09:07.880 --> 0:09:09.880 that's not going to be any new news for for 0:09:10.000 --> 0:09:12.800 women who have undergone pregnancy. My most clinical way of 0:09:12.960 --> 0:09:15.760 saying that gotten prayers getting locked up. Yeah. But what 0:09:15.880 --> 0:09:17.640 the really cool thing is is that he has something 0:09:17.720 --> 0:09:20.760 called a bioreactor, And I'll get to that in a moment. 0:09:20.880 --> 0:09:23.679 This is something that basically is a box that you 0:09:23.800 --> 0:09:26.760 throw all of this material in and you can create 0:09:27.400 --> 0:09:30.000 an actual organ down the road. This is the the oven, right, 0:09:30.240 --> 0:09:33.040 this is the oven organ oven, which when we do 0:09:33.280 --> 0:09:35.280 when we release this podcast, will make sure that on 0:09:35.320 --> 0:09:38.120 the House to Works blogs we have some embedded video 0:09:38.760 --> 0:09:42.040 in the blog post because there's some awesome footage of 0:09:42.160 --> 0:09:44.040 the stuff that we're about to talk about. Yeah. Yeah, 0:09:44.040 --> 0:09:47.560 it's basically like your easy bake oven for for self. Um, 0:09:47.720 --> 0:09:52.600 but what are the settings on that easy bake oven? Um? Toasty, um, 0:09:52.840 --> 0:09:55.480 soft in the metal. Yeah, well, I think more advanced. 0:09:55.679 --> 0:09:57.040 But you know, by the time this comes out, maybe 0:09:57.040 --> 0:09:58.640 the organs will be more I mean, the ovens will 0:09:58.640 --> 0:10:02.719 be more advanced and you'll have specific buttons for heart kidney. Well, yeah, 0:10:02.720 --> 0:10:04.880 and we'll we'll actually there there's something we'll talk about 0:10:04.880 --> 0:10:07.160 it a little bit that that um is very similar 0:10:07.240 --> 0:10:09.400 to that. But he's taking the tissue samples and then 0:10:09.440 --> 0:10:12.000 he incubates cells on a scaffold which we talked about before, 0:10:12.480 --> 0:10:14.400 and then he's putting it in this machine and then 0:10:14.440 --> 0:10:17.079 the machine stretches the cell so that they begin to 0:10:17.160 --> 0:10:20.240 get a muscle memory of expanding and contracting, so that 0:10:20.320 --> 0:10:23.480 once you put this into the human body that knows 0:10:23.640 --> 0:10:26.760 what to do. Um. And then the scaffolding is placed 0:10:26.800 --> 0:10:29.199 into the patient and disintegrate. Let me touch face on 0:10:29.240 --> 0:10:31.560 the scaffolding again. Um. Like I said, it looks kind 0:10:31.600 --> 0:10:33.440 of like something that's knitted. If you get down close, 0:10:33.480 --> 0:10:35.599 it looks like some sort of a nano structure, and 0:10:35.800 --> 0:10:38.320 to a certain extent it is. But it's made generally 0:10:38.360 --> 0:10:42.400 made of something like collagen or some polyesters that when 0:10:42.440 --> 0:10:45.120 it's composed of something more natural, and then there's some 0:10:45.320 --> 0:10:49.040 less natural materials. But the idea is that it's it's 0:10:49.080 --> 0:10:51.280 kind of like if you had stitches that were absorbed 0:10:51.320 --> 0:10:53.679 back into your skin. You know, it just it disappears. 0:10:53.760 --> 0:10:57.800 It they it it melts away into into the body 0:10:57.840 --> 0:11:00.599 once its purpose is gone. Yeah, scaffold thing, you know. 0:11:00.640 --> 0:11:03.679 I initially you think of like a man painting, you know, 0:11:03.679 --> 0:11:05.760 a while high up. But this is just a it's 0:11:05.800 --> 0:11:09.920 a structure, right allows it to have this three D formation. Yeah, 0:11:10.000 --> 0:11:12.679 and you basically the idea is it's it's it's kind 0:11:12.679 --> 0:11:14.520 of like paper mache where you have like a scaffold 0:11:15.080 --> 0:11:16.719 and then you put the paper mache over it and 0:11:16.800 --> 0:11:19.600 you have this and then you have the form except 0:11:19.600 --> 0:11:21.760 instead of bits of newspaper that have been dipped in 0:11:21.840 --> 0:11:26.800 what glue, it's the cells. Yeah, absolutely. And then to 0:11:26.880 --> 0:11:29.240 get back to the bioreactor. Two, this is this box 0:11:29.280 --> 0:11:31.280 that they're they're placing it in the little oven, the 0:11:31.360 --> 0:11:33.640 easy bake oven. It has the same conditions as a 0:11:33.720 --> 0:11:36.760 human body. It's eight nine point six degrees fahrenheit with 0:11:37.880 --> 0:11:43.440 oxygen and yeah, yeah, and actually the ted dot com 0:11:43.559 --> 0:11:47.440 talk featuring Anthony I tell it shows them taking trying 0:11:47.480 --> 0:11:50.920 to create digits. Actually, and they show them taking it 0:11:51.040 --> 0:11:54.240 out of the bioreactor and then basting it with more cells. 0:11:54.679 --> 0:11:57.040 And at this point I believe that what you're seeing 0:11:57.320 --> 0:12:00.640 is the bones of the fingers and and that the 0:12:00.760 --> 0:12:04.200 soft tissue on top of it. And it is amazing, amazing. 0:12:04.240 --> 0:12:08.160 In fact, you see them working with with muscles, like exercising, 0:12:08.280 --> 0:12:11.719 stretching them. You see them working on blood vessels with 0:12:11.840 --> 0:12:14.160 this kind of tubular scaffolding looks kind of like the 0:12:14.240 --> 0:12:18.199 Chinese finger thing, except you're you know, much smaller and 0:12:18.600 --> 0:12:21.439 like even like an ear if they're working with just 0:12:21.600 --> 0:12:24.559 like growing an ear. Yeah. Stuff. Again, it's just so 0:12:24.720 --> 0:12:27.000 surreal to see these things coming out of the oven. 0:12:27.320 --> 0:12:29.320 There's the ear um. And one of the coolest things 0:12:29.360 --> 0:12:31.559 that they engineered a kidney um and by the way 0:12:32.400 --> 0:12:34.640 of transplant, patients are waiting for kidney so this is 0:12:34.679 --> 0:12:36.840 pretty important. Oh wait, wait, we should do the bladder first. 0:12:37.200 --> 0:12:40.439 Oh yeah, bladder was was pretty crazy because it's the 0:12:40.480 --> 0:12:42.800 first thing you touched on. It was like whoa because 0:12:43.120 --> 0:12:46.280 because blood vessels, all right, but but an actual bladder um. 0:12:46.360 --> 0:12:49.000 And it was interesting because you have like the scaffolding, right, 0:12:49.480 --> 0:12:52.679 and there are two cell components. There's the the the 0:12:52.800 --> 0:12:56.679 inside lining cells and then the outside muscular cells. So 0:12:56.800 --> 0:12:59.119 you have to basically paint the inside of the scaffolding 0:12:59.440 --> 0:13:02.240 with the finding cells and sculpture in a way. Right, 0:13:02.320 --> 0:13:03.920 It's almost like you've got the wire mesh but the 0:13:04.000 --> 0:13:08.160 meshes the scaffolding. Yeah, like sculpture, except the piece you're 0:13:08.200 --> 0:13:11.600 creating will hold only urine and it will go inside. 0:13:11.800 --> 0:13:16.880 Somebody's now doing Damian Hurst. Yeah, yeah, paging you. That's 0:13:17.000 --> 0:13:19.240 I mean, that's very cool. And did you have any 0:13:19.280 --> 0:13:22.240 other thoughts on the pladder? Just said it's awesome, Yeah, 0:13:22.480 --> 0:13:24.920 in general, And he also mentioned that like they had 0:13:25.160 --> 0:13:28.160 they had different sizes and he made a joke. He 0:13:28.280 --> 0:13:30.400 was joking about like, oh, we we ended up using 0:13:30.800 --> 0:13:32.800 a small medium in large, and I bet everybody would 0:13:32.840 --> 0:13:35.160 like the large, which was funny, but it but it 0:13:35.280 --> 0:13:38.720 really underlines something that will probably ramble on about here 0:13:38.720 --> 0:13:40.120 in a minute. But at what point you get to 0:13:40.240 --> 0:13:42.800 choose with your new organs if you do grow an organ? 0:13:43.080 --> 0:13:46.679 Well yeah, And initially though they were doing pretty precise 0:13:47.760 --> 0:13:50.920 like custom custom bladders for people, and then they when 0:13:50.960 --> 0:13:52.920 they started doing in a larger scale, they just started 0:13:53.000 --> 0:13:55.920 doing the sort of one size fits all, depending or 0:13:55.960 --> 0:13:58.080 not one size fits all, but the small medium in large. 0:13:58.200 --> 0:14:00.480 So yeah, it's a good question, Like I don't know, 0:14:00.679 --> 0:14:02.520 because you know, you know how that works out in 0:14:02.559 --> 0:14:07.000 your clothing sometimes, you know, small medium, large is different 0:14:07.080 --> 0:14:09.880 in different places. I don't know what I'm saying there, 0:14:09.920 --> 0:14:11.280 but you know what I'm saying because it makes me 0:14:11.360 --> 0:14:13.760 think of if anybody out there has ever watched the 0:14:13.960 --> 0:14:17.800 TV show technically a kids TV show, Invader Zim, there 0:14:17.840 --> 0:14:19.920 is an episode called Dark Harvest where Zim is this 0:14:20.000 --> 0:14:22.920 little alien Boy's an animated show. Uh, this little alien 0:14:23.000 --> 0:14:25.440 who's who's pretending to be a boy in elementary school 0:14:25.720 --> 0:14:27.520 and he's not very good at taking over the earth, 0:14:27.560 --> 0:14:31.080 so he's always hatching these ridiculous schemes, and in this one, 0:14:31.120 --> 0:14:33.520 he's afraid that if he gets headlines, he's gonna end 0:14:33.600 --> 0:14:35.280 up being sent to the school nurse, and the school 0:14:35.360 --> 0:14:38.040 nurse will notice that he doesn't have human organs, and 0:14:38.160 --> 0:14:40.560 then they'll have him, you know, he found out. So 0:14:40.680 --> 0:14:43.120 he starts harvesting organs from all the other children in 0:14:43.640 --> 0:14:48.120 the school, replacing those organs with random objects, uh, from 0:14:48.200 --> 0:14:51.200 just around the school. And eventually he's just bloated with 0:14:51.360 --> 0:14:55.120 organs because he's he's become an organ clutch. He's hoarding organs. 0:14:55.600 --> 0:14:57.240 So is that what we might be doing one day? 0:14:57.440 --> 0:15:00.160 Maybe you can't help, but think of like some like 0:15:00.320 --> 0:15:02.880 really powerful like rich old dude that just has like 0:15:02.920 --> 0:15:06.600 a whole wing of his house, yeah, devoted to to 0:15:06.960 --> 0:15:09.320 growing spare organs. You know, like you'll have like, you know, 0:15:09.400 --> 0:15:12.320 two or three hearts. Um, you know. On we'll be like, 0:15:12.360 --> 0:15:14.800 here's my cooler full of all of my my backup. 0:15:15.080 --> 0:15:17.160 And you know he won't shop off the shelf either, 0:15:17.240 --> 0:15:19.280 and he won't go for that small meeting. We're large bladder, 0:15:19.280 --> 0:15:22.000 it'll be customed. Oh yeah, well yeah, it'll have French 0:15:22.040 --> 0:15:24.520 cuffs on it. But I wanted to talk a little 0:15:24.520 --> 0:15:27.200 bit about that kidneys a little bit more. If anybody 0:15:27.240 --> 0:15:29.440 does check out that Ted dot com video, it's very 0:15:29.480 --> 0:15:32.880 cool because they show the miniature kidney that they created 0:15:33.360 --> 0:15:35.920 and it's actually producing urine and it's one of the 0:15:35.960 --> 0:15:37.680 strangest things I've seen in a while. It looks like 0:15:37.720 --> 0:15:40.520 a surloin steak with cafeter's protruding from it and then 0:15:40.560 --> 0:15:42.920 a bag collecting the urine. So a lot of this 0:15:43.080 --> 0:15:46.960 is still experimental, but there is one case. Luke Massala, 0:15:47.080 --> 0:15:50.080 he was one patient who benefited from this technology. He 0:15:50.280 --> 0:15:53.160 was born with spina bifida, which affected his bladder and 0:15:53.240 --> 0:15:55.920 kidneys and um at one point. By age ten, he 0:15:56.000 --> 0:16:00.200 had undergone sixteen surgeries and was facing a life time 0:16:00.240 --> 0:16:04.280 of dialysis when he got this experimental surgery with the 0:16:04.400 --> 0:16:07.160 regenerated bladder, and he was among the first patients to 0:16:07.240 --> 0:16:10.000 receive a bladder constructed with his own cells. And today 0:16:10.080 --> 0:16:13.080 he's fine. He's a sophomore at the University of Connecticut 0:16:13.160 --> 0:16:16.920 and he's, according to Ted dot Com, living a normal 0:16:17.000 --> 0:16:19.400 and active lifestyle. I mean, this is really one of 0:16:19.440 --> 0:16:21.040 the things we have to stop and stress it that 0:16:21.200 --> 0:16:23.080 there is there, there's someone out there. There are people 0:16:23.120 --> 0:16:26.680 out there that have organs that have been grown outside 0:16:26.720 --> 0:16:30.080 their body and put back in. Yeah, I mean they exist. 0:16:30.440 --> 0:16:32.120 I've been I've been in awe of that ever since 0:16:32.160 --> 0:16:35.280 I read it that. I mean, just think of that, 0:16:35.560 --> 0:16:37.880 that that we have reached the point where, even in 0:16:37.920 --> 0:16:41.280 a very limited and experimental manner, we can grow an 0:16:41.400 --> 0:16:44.840 organ outside the human body and then put it inside 0:16:44.880 --> 0:16:46.800 the human body and it becomes a part of us. Again, 0:16:47.120 --> 0:16:50.560 ponder that for a moment. Okay, while we take our break, 0:16:50.840 --> 0:16:52.680 and when we get back, we're going to talk about 0:16:52.840 --> 0:16:55.840 printing your own organs. Yes, and it says it's going 0:16:55.880 --> 0:17:03.160 to get even more crazy. This presentation is brought to 0:17:03.240 --> 0:17:13.600 you by Intel Sponsors of Tomorrow, and we're back oregan printing. Yeah, which, 0:17:13.720 --> 0:17:15.159 don't you hate it? Like, you know, we live in 0:17:15.200 --> 0:17:17.159 a big art office. Don't you hate it when you 0:17:17.280 --> 0:17:20.480 go to the printer and somebody's printed out eighteen kidneys 0:17:20.520 --> 0:17:23.280 and they're just lying there on on the on the calendar, 0:17:23.320 --> 0:17:25.240 and you're like, who printed these out? They're just sitting 0:17:25.280 --> 0:17:28.080 here going to waste. They're attracting mice. Yep. Someone puts 0:17:28.160 --> 0:17:32.360 up a nasty note. Yeah, yeah, like hey, jerk. Next 0:17:32.400 --> 0:17:34.119 time you print out eighteen kidneys, make sure you pick 0:17:34.200 --> 0:17:37.119 them up. You see this in our future here at 0:17:37.160 --> 0:17:39.600 the office. Yeah, well, I mean when we talk about 0:17:39.680 --> 0:17:42.240 printing organs or we're not just I mean this is 0:17:42.359 --> 0:17:44.639 literally like you are printing organs. You can take a 0:17:44.720 --> 0:17:48.520 printer three D printer and instead of using ink jet cartridges, 0:17:48.600 --> 0:17:52.480 you use cartridges filled with live cells which are then deposited, 0:17:52.640 --> 0:17:55.240 and you can print a two chamber heart in forty 0:17:55.320 --> 0:17:58.960 minutes and then four to six hours later the muscle 0:17:59.000 --> 0:18:03.960 cells actually contract. Wow, this is this is crazy, I know, 0:18:04.040 --> 0:18:05.800 and it's so cool to see it coming out because 0:18:05.800 --> 0:18:08.080 it's like this little gelatinous mass coming out. It's like 0:18:08.119 --> 0:18:10.600 you're printing with jello and three D and it's just 0:18:10.680 --> 0:18:14.359 like each time across another layer of jello until you 0:18:14.440 --> 0:18:16.440 have this thing and then yeah, then and then like 0:18:16.520 --> 0:18:19.919 hours later starts pumping. Right. But as we know, if 0:18:20.040 --> 0:18:22.720 if this ever reaches a level where we can actually 0:18:22.840 --> 0:18:25.200 print our own organs on our home, you know it's 0:18:25.240 --> 0:18:26.920 just going to be the crappiest printer in the world. 0:18:26.960 --> 0:18:30.480 You have to like reprint your heart five times, keeps 0:18:30.480 --> 0:18:34.560 getting jammed, and you're always out of whichever cellular tissue 0:18:34.640 --> 0:18:36.600 that you use the most. The magenta, I guess, yes, 0:18:36.680 --> 0:18:39.600 the magenta exactly. But those are really cool things that 0:18:39.680 --> 0:18:41.760 have been happening in the last couple of years and 0:18:42.440 --> 0:18:46.080 recently though, one of the most exciting things is something 0:18:46.160 --> 0:18:50.800 called out of post regenerative cells and UM. I guess 0:18:50.840 --> 0:18:52.680 you could even call this section that we're about to 0:18:52.680 --> 0:18:56.480 talk about d I Y breasts, Yes, And the reason 0:18:56.720 --> 0:19:00.159 is it's because what they have found research as have 0:19:00.240 --> 0:19:04.119 found that the um parts of the body that have 0:19:04.240 --> 0:19:08.120 adipose fat cells, right, those can actually be suctioned out 0:19:08.680 --> 0:19:12.119 and they can be used to reform breast tissue. So 0:19:12.160 --> 0:19:14.760 we're talking about doing a little life of section, getting 0:19:14.760 --> 0:19:17.840 a little fat and putting it in a centrifuge and 0:19:17.920 --> 0:19:20.080 then sorting out what you want to use, not on 0:19:20.240 --> 0:19:22.280 the same day, right right, Yeah, that's because there's a 0:19:22.280 --> 0:19:25.880 lot to do, right and then later once the cells 0:19:25.920 --> 0:19:28.040 have culture and so on and so forth, you can 0:19:28.119 --> 0:19:30.160 use us to rebuild the breast. And what you would 0:19:30.200 --> 0:19:32.240 want to use this for, ideally is for someone who's 0:19:32.240 --> 0:19:34.639 had a mess ectomy or maybe they have one breast 0:19:34.680 --> 0:19:36.480 that they lost for both, but we'll talk about the 0:19:36.560 --> 0:19:39.040 implications of this in a moment about how it's much 0:19:39.160 --> 0:19:41.760 more than just breast tissue. I just want to mention 0:19:41.960 --> 0:19:45.280 that the company that is doing this is called Story Therapeutics, 0:19:45.440 --> 0:19:48.520 and the CEO, Chris Calhoun, is trying to improve on 0:19:48.640 --> 0:19:51.400 this regenerative medicine that we're talking about, using these stem 0:19:51.480 --> 0:19:54.480 cell enriched adipos fat to heal and rebuild injured or 0:19:54.520 --> 0:19:57.920 damaged organs. So they took this fat and they made 0:19:58.000 --> 0:20:01.120 this huge discovery, and the discover is that the fat 0:20:01.200 --> 0:20:04.959 cells are actually chok full of stem cells. So they 0:20:05.640 --> 0:20:08.960 realized that it probably had uses other than just recreating 0:20:09.040 --> 0:20:11.440 breast tissue. But the reason why they focused on breast 0:20:11.480 --> 0:20:15.080 tissue is because it's a fairly easy thing to do 0:20:15.400 --> 0:20:19.640 with with something that isn't vital to are the way 0:20:19.680 --> 0:20:23.080