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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you Missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Holly Fry and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. So Tracy,

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Speaker 1: I'm I'm doing it not on purpose, but it's happening.

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Speaker 1: It's another history mystery. Okay, I know we just had one.

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Speaker 1: But often what happens when I'm doing research for history

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Speaker 1: mystery is that the kind of sites that I will

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Speaker 1: sometimes see in a search results, even though they may

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Speaker 1: not be the ones I go to, will be like, oh, look,

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Speaker 1: there are other history mysteries, and then I end up

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Speaker 1: down a rabbit hole like I'll go, I'm just gonna

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Speaker 1: click that. It's not for research, I'm just curious, and

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Speaker 1: then I find something else that I want to talk about. Well,

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Speaker 1: and we also we also had not had a history

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Speaker 1: mystery in a long time when we did that one, right,

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Speaker 1: So unlike the face Dose disc, which we did not

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Speaker 1: long ago, though this time it's a maritime history and

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Speaker 1: it's much more recent. And we're actually just a few

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Speaker 1: years shy of the hundredth anniversary of the vanishing of

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Speaker 1: the USS Cyclops, and this is one of those big

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Speaker 1: unexplained mysteries that has plenty of very real and sometimes

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Speaker 1: unbelievable information about it, but it also involves some things

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Speaker 1: that people like to talk about that aren't necessarily rooted

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Speaker 1: in reality. So today we're gonna be talking about this ship,

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Speaker 1: the Bermuda Triangle, and some truly unsettling leadership in the process.

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Speaker 1: So we're going to jump right in. As World War

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Speaker 1: One was starting, the United States Navy was in the

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Speaker 1: midst of transitioning all of the ships away from coal

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Speaker 1: burning and into oil. This was because it was becoming

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Speaker 1: increasingly apparent that coal was a problem for combat ships.

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Speaker 1: Having to find coal in other parts of the world

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Speaker 1: and ships to transport that call to to the Navy

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Speaker 1: vessels significantly compromise the naval fleet's strength. Eventually, oil would

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Speaker 1: just lead to the same problems. Yes, But from nine

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Speaker 1: and nineteen fifteen, uh this is leading up to the war,

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Speaker 1: the Navy commissioned about a dozen call years to carry

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Speaker 1: coal in an effort to sort of address the problem

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Speaker 1: of fueling their other vessels. They were going to develop

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Speaker 1: their own small fleet of coal carrying ships, and the

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Speaker 1: USS Cyclops was one of these coal years, and it

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Speaker 1: was similar in build to the USS Hector, the U

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Speaker 1: S S. Jupiter At, the U S. S. Mars, and

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Speaker 1: the USS Vulcan. And a quick note in case you

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Speaker 1: decide you want to learn about those in google them.

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Speaker 1: Those are ship names that have been used more than

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Speaker 1: one time, so be sure you are looking at the

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Speaker 1: correct one. This whole thing was authorized by Congress in

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Speaker 1: eight and it launched on May seventh, And this ship

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Speaker 1: was one of the largest fuel ships of its time.

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Speaker 1: It was five hundred and forty two ft long, that's

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Speaker 1: about a hundred and sixty five meters. It was sixty

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Speaker 1: five ft or twenty meters across and thirty six ft

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Speaker 1: nine inches or about eleven meters at depth of hold.

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Speaker 1: During trial runs, the vessel loaded with cargo made fourteen

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Speaker 1: point six one knots and it cost nine hundred and

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Speaker 1: tw me three thousand dollars to build, so almost a

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Speaker 1: million dollars. In the early nineteen hundreds, the US declared

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Speaker 1: war on Germany and the Central Powers in April nineteen seventeen.

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Speaker 1: The USS Cyclapse was commissioned as a military vessel on

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Speaker 1: May one, nineteen seventeen, and in early nineteen eighteen, Cyclaps

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Speaker 1: is being used to transport cargo from the United States

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Speaker 1: to Brazil. On January nine of nineteen eighteen, the Cyclops

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Speaker 1: left Norfolk, Virginia carrying nine thousand, nine hundred and sixty

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Speaker 1: tons of coal, and on January twenty eight the ship

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Speaker 1: landed at Rio de Janeiro, where it stayed for a

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Speaker 1: little more than two weeks. While in port and Rio,

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Speaker 1: the ship's lieutenant commander, George W. Whorley, reported a cracked

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Speaker 1: cylinder in the starboard engine. The damage was reviewed and confirmed,

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Speaker 1: and the recommendation was made. The Cyclaps returned to the

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Speaker 1: United States to be repaired. Warley was an officer in

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Speaker 1: the U. S. Naval Reserve, as were all of the

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Speaker 1: other officers on the ship. The only regular Navy officer

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Speaker 1: that was on board was the assistant surgeon, Burt j Asper.

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Speaker 1: Another regular Navy officer, junior grade Lieutenant Frank C. Nig,

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Speaker 1: was also on the ship, but he was traveling as

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Speaker 1: a passenger. He was not part of the crew. Cyclops

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Speaker 1: departed Rio de Jannaro on February fifteenth, carrying a full

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Speaker 1: cargo of manganese or weighing about eleven thousand tons. This

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Speaker 1: was considered really heavy for this particular ship. The ship

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Speaker 1: stopped in Bahia, Brazil, five days later. On they on

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Speaker 1: February twenty two, Cyclops left port at Bahia to return

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Speaker 1: to the United States, headed to Baltimore, Maryland, but the

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Speaker 1: Cyclaps wound up making an unscheduled stop in Barbados on

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Speaker 1: March three, and while stopped in Barbados, there was more

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Speaker 1: cargo added to the ship. So the USS Cyclops departed

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Speaker 1: Barbados on March fourth of nineteen and due to the

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Speaker 1: heavy cargo they were carrying, remember before they got to Barbados,

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Speaker 1: they were carrying more than was really a normal load

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Speaker 1: UH and their damaged engine, which they were still nursing along,

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Speaker 1: the ship was reduced to a speed of about ten knots,

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Speaker 1: so it was only traveling at about eleven point five

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Speaker 1: miles per hour. At this point. No one ever saw

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Speaker 1: or heard from the USS Cyclaps again. No distress call

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Speaker 1: ever came, no radio calls from other ships, garnered, any responses, nothing.

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Speaker 1: It just sailed away from Barbados and vanished, taking three

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Speaker 1: and nine men with it. And just a quick note

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Speaker 1: on that number, sometimes you'll see it reported lower, sometimes higher,

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Speaker 1: just depending on what UH sorcerer looking at the earliest

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Speaker 1: reports I think said two dred and ninety three men.

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Speaker 1: But as they did some more record keeping and noted

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Speaker 1: particularly the passengers they were sometimes transporting men back home

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Speaker 1: that had been that had finished a tour somewhere else.

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Speaker 1: It usually comes out in the more modern numbers two

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Speaker 1: about three O nine uh. And it was rumored at

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Speaker 1: one point that another ship, which was the a molasses

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Speaker 1: tanker called Amilco, had actually seen this Cyclops off the

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Speaker 1: coast of Virginia on March ninth, but that was denied

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Speaker 1: by the ship's master. And additionally, the spot where the

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Speaker 1: Cyclops was supposed to have been seen in this rumor,

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Speaker 1: all the way up by Virginia really would have been

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Speaker 1: impossible for the ship to have made, given a slow

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Speaker 1: pace that this collier was traveling. On April fourteenth, eighteen,

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Speaker 1: a little more than a month after the Cyclops vanished

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Speaker 1: the Navy, the Navy notified the next of ken of

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Speaker 1: the men who had been aboard. The military then went

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Speaker 1: public with the news that hope for those in the

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Speaker 1: ship had been abandoned. The Navy Department's statement read quote

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Speaker 1: the USS Cyclops Navy collier of nineteen thousand tons displacement,

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Speaker 1: loaded with a cargo of manganese and with a personnel

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Speaker 1: on board of fifteen officers and two hundred and twenty

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Speaker 1: men of the crew and fifty seven passengers is overdue

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Speaker 1: at an Atlantic ports since March thirteen. She last reported

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Speaker 1: at one of the West Indian Islands on March fourth,

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Speaker 1: and since her departure from that port, no trace of

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Speaker 1: her nor any information Asian concerning her has been obtained.

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Speaker 1: After going on to detail the engine problem and the

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Speaker 1: efforts made to reach the ship, the Navy's statement concluded

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Speaker 1: with the search for the Cyclops still continues, but the

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Speaker 1: Navy Department feels extremely anxious as to their safety. The

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Speaker 1: New York Times piece that ran the announcement said that

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Speaker 1: it quote pointed to the probability that a German reader

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Speaker 1: or submarine has been operating within the last month somewhere

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Speaker 1: between Cuba and the coast of Brazil. But that same article,

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Speaker 1: I feel compelled to point out, also says we don't

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Speaker 1: really have any evidence of this. We just think it's

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Speaker 1: a likely possibility. That same article from nineteen eighteen reported

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Speaker 1: that no weather situation and the path of the Cyclops

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Speaker 1: would have indicated any kind of likelihood of a natural

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Speaker 1: disaster being involved in the fate of the steamer. And

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Speaker 1: we're gonna talk a little bit about some more theories

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Speaker 1: and investigations, but first we're going to have a word

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Speaker 1: from one of the great sponsors that keeps our show

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Speaker 1: on the air. So in more modern time, himes around

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Speaker 1: the Cyclops. In nineteen sixty eight, there was a Navy

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Speaker 1: master diver named Dean Hawes who spotted a wreck of

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Speaker 1: massive size about forty nautical miles northeast of Cape Charles, Virginia,

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Speaker 1: while he was searching for another wreck. Weather cut Hawses

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Speaker 1: dive short that day. He had surfaced and had planned

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Speaker 1: to go back down with a full crew, but they

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Speaker 1: couldn't do it because the weather shifted and that other

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Speaker 1: wreck that they had been searching for, which was apparently

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Speaker 1: a submarine called the Scorpion, was found elsewhere, so additional

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Speaker 1: diving at Cape Charles was not sanctioned by the Navy

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Speaker 1: at that time. Hawes later read an article about the

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Speaker 1: Cyclops and its disappearance, and at that point he put

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Speaker 1: the pieces together and he believed that the wreckage that

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Speaker 1: he had seen that was not the one they were

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Speaker 1: looking for, had in fact been the Cyclops this missing ship.

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Speaker 1: Haws eventually convinced the Navy to return to his dive

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Speaker 1: site where he thought he had seen this other ship,

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Speaker 1: and they did find the wreckage, but it was not

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Speaker 1: the Cyclops. Haws was later backed finding actually by author

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Speaker 1: Clive Cussler, to continue his search, and right up until

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Speaker 1: his death, Ine has believed that he had been at

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Speaker 1: the site of the lost Cyclaps, and he continued to

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Speaker 1: seek it, but the Cyclops was not found. And there

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Speaker 1: have of course been some rather imaginative theories in some

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Speaker 1: cases and some based in reality about what actually happened

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Speaker 1: to the USS Cyclops. In some theories, Germany is implicated,

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Speaker 1: as we hinted from that New York Times article that

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Speaker 1: came out in the More common along these lines suggests

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Speaker 1: that German U boats torpedoed the Collier less common, but

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Speaker 1: it also comes up as the idea that the Lieutenant

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Speaker 1: Commander Worley was in fact a German sympathizer and sailed

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Speaker 1: that ship all the way to Europe. Even the possibility

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Speaker 1: of a giant octopus dragging the ship to the ocean

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Speaker 1: floor has been considered by some as a reasonable explanation

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Speaker 1: worthy of discussion. There are some more mundane explanations, like

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Speaker 1: an unexpected storm that simply hadn't been properly tracked uh

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Speaker 1: that are sometimes put forth, or that the ship, which

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Speaker 1: was already limping we already know it had a crack

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Speaker 1: cylinder in one of the engines, and it was carrying

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Speaker 1: a load both of a weight and type that the

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Speaker 1: crew was unaccustomed to handling. That it may have just

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Speaker 1: simply run into what would otherwise be a minor spot

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Speaker 1: of trouble or mechanical failure, and they just weren't able

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Speaker 1: to compensate because of these other problems. In addition to

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Speaker 1: the mechanical issue that had been reported in port at Rio,

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Speaker 1: the Cyclops had a bunch of other issues. Men who

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Speaker 1: had served aboard it but weren't actually aboard when it

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Speaker 1: vanished have described it as a rusted piece of junk

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Speaker 1: with an assortment of structural problems. So it's not as

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Speaker 1: though it was a perfectly pristine and strong ship that

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Speaker 1: just vanished without a trace. It's entirely possible that the

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Speaker 1: ship hit rough weather and simply came apart at the

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Speaker 1: seams due to all the heavy cargo and all of

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Speaker 1: its an ongoing problems before anybody could raise any sort

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Speaker 1: of alarm. And that New York Times article that we

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Speaker 1: mentioned earlier also reported the possibility that one of the

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Speaker 1: one or more of the boilers may have blown, which

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Speaker 1: would have just caused the entire ship to explode, or

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Speaker 1: that German agents placed a bomb in the cargo hold

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Speaker 1: to destroy the manganese because that was headed home to

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Speaker 1: the US to be used in steel manufacturer and thus

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Speaker 1: it would have been part of the war effort. And

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Speaker 1: of course there's the Bermuda Triangle. I like how I'm

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Speaker 1: saying all the ones that are ridiculous. Well, but that's

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Speaker 1: the great lead in because we have to talk about

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Speaker 1: the Bermuda Triangle because it is part of the Cyclops story.

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Speaker 1: But it's also a good opportunity to talk about the

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Speaker 1: nonsense of the Bermuda Triangle. Uh. It's estimated that as

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Speaker 1: many as one hundred airplanes and ships have gone missing

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Speaker 1: in the Bermuda Triangle over the last century or so.

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Speaker 1: This area of ocean off Florida southeastern Tip is alleged

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Speaker 1: to be a dangerous and mysterious place where things and

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Speaker 1: people vanish without a trace. Reports of unexplained phenomena in

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Speaker 1: the area date all the way back to Columbus's voyages.

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Speaker 1: He wrote a unreliable compass readings in the area and

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Speaker 1: a great flame smashing into the sea, along with strange

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Speaker 1: lights off in the distance. And in sort of the

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Speaker 1: big famous vanishing in the Bermuda Triangle, UH five Navy

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Speaker 1: Avenger bombers vanished after they experienced instrument problems and became

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Speaker 1: confused as to their location. Two hours into the flight,

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Speaker 1: which started at Fort Lauderdale, Florida and then had to

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Speaker 1: due east, the squadron leader became completely disoriented and land

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Speaker 1: facilities were unable to pinpoint the location of the five planes,

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Speaker 1: even though they were in pretty constant radio contact with them.

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Speaker 1: After flying in circles and running out of fuel, all

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Speaker 1: five planes had to ditch into the water. The Mariner

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Speaker 1: aircraft that was sent in to search for them also vanished,

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Speaker 1: and no evidence from either mission was found, but the

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Speaker 1: Navy has always maintained that stormy weather likely destroyed the wreckage.

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Speaker 1: So just like these couple of things we have mentioned,

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Speaker 1: there are all kinds of ghost stories that just could

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Speaker 1: go on and on and on about the famed Bermuda Triangle,

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Speaker 1: which was named by a writer named Vincent Gaddis in

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Speaker 1: a nineteen sixty four Argassy magazine article. And don't get

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Speaker 1: us wrong, it really is super fun to speculate on

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Speaker 1: all of the possible paranormal business that's whipping up in

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Speaker 1: the Atlantic Ocean, but it's not really grounded in reality.

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Speaker 1: The U. S. Coast Guard says that, in fact, there

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Speaker 1: is not any more mysterious activity or any more wreck

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Speaker 1: happening here than there is anywhere else on Earth. It's

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Speaker 1: just one of those things that we've been focusing on

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Speaker 1: more all of this time. Maritime insurance companies don't recognize

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Speaker 1: the Bermuda Triangle is particularly hazardous or dangerous, and sometimes

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Speaker 1: instruments just experienced failure. Magnetic fields often cited and sensationalist

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Speaker 1: writing about the triangle can indeed affect aircraft and seafaring

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Speaker 1: vessel instruments. But this happens in other places too. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: we'll point you to an article that talks about that

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Speaker 1: sum at the end of the episode, And there is

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Speaker 1: allegedly a little more of that magnetic tweakage that happens

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Speaker 1: in the Bermuda Triangle. But it's really a matter of

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Speaker 1: data manipulation. Just in reporting the numbers of lost aircraft

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Speaker 1: and vessels in the area. For one thing, there's no

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Speaker 1: actual physical defining line for the Bermuda Triangle and what's

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Speaker 1: considered inside it versus outside of it. So often that line,

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Speaker 1: those lines expand a little bit here or there to

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Speaker 1: include additional incidents. So the size of the triangle ranges

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Speaker 1: between five hundred thousand and one point five million square

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Speaker 1: miles depending on what you just what description you're reading.

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Speaker 1: So it's it's really all in the framing. Even famed

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Speaker 1: Flight nineteen, which was that mission where all those Navy

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Speaker 1: aircraft disappeared, as additional information that rarely gets mentioned even

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Speaker 1: though it's completely pertinent. It was a training mission and

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Speaker 1: ditching those planes and heavy seas was a scenario where

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Speaker 1: the odds were really against survival in the first place. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it wasn't like these were they were good pilots, I mean,

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Speaker 1: they were part of a special detail, but they were training.

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Speaker 1: They weren't super experienced and not in that area. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And then that PBM mariner that was sent to look

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Speaker 1: for the lost squadron. This is one of those when

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Speaker 1: people like to tell the story and ghost story style,

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Speaker 1: they go and then the plane that was sent to

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Speaker 1: find them also vanished. But those Mariners were nicknamed flying

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Speaker 1: gas tanks as rescue planes. They had been designed to

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Speaker 1: stale aloft for up to twenty four hours at a time,

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Speaker 1: and that means twenty four hours worth of highly flammable fuel.

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Speaker 1: Crew Members were often inspected before they got on the

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Speaker 1: plane because they weren't supposed to even carry a match

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Speaker 1: or a lighter, because the fumes were so plentiful and

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Speaker 1: dangerous that they could go up in a second, and

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Speaker 1: argazy magazine where at the Triangle first got its famous name,

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Speaker 1: was a pulp magazine with the tagline quote a magazine

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Speaker 1: of master fiction, kind of like getting your news from

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Speaker 1: the onion. It really is. And one other thing I

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Speaker 1: wanted to point out is uh another sort of data

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Speaker 1: set and proportion issue, which is that when people I

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Speaker 1: was reading something just before we came in the studio

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Speaker 1: that was saying, I'm not going to get the numbers

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Speaker 1: exactly right. But this is as an example, you know,

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Speaker 1: off the coast of New England, say ten ships were

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Speaker 1: lost in the last fifty years, but in the Bermuda

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Speaker 1: Triangle fifty and it's like, okay, even if those numbers

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Speaker 1: are correct, they're not indicative of the proportion of of

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Speaker 1: ships that are going through there. Because there is much

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Speaker 1: greater traffic in the area that has been dubbed the

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Speaker 1: Bermuda Triangle than there is in many other areas. It's

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Speaker 1: a very busy place, so just proportionately, you're going to

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Speaker 1: have more. And if you just look at the numbers

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Speaker 1: of ten versus fifty, it looks like it's super dangerous.

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Speaker 1: But if you actually look at it in proportions, and

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Speaker 1: as I was telling my husband about this this morning,

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Speaker 1: the insurance companies don't even recognize the Bermuda Triangle is

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Speaker 1: a real thing. He said. If the money people don't care,

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Speaker 1: it's not real. If the actuarial tables do not factor

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Speaker 1: in passage through the Bermuda Triangle, probably don't need to

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Speaker 1: worry about it exactly. So we are going to talk

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Speaker 1: about one other possibility about what happened to the USS Cyclops,

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Speaker 1: but first we're going to have another quick break from

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Speaker 1: one of our fantastic sponsors. So it is also very

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Speaker 1: possible that the cyclops may have actually fallen into the

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Speaker 1: ocean due to timult above deck, that there may have

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Speaker 1: been a mutiny and play, and one that went poorly,

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Speaker 1: and it may tie back in some small part to

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Speaker 1: the rumors of a German sympathizer. According to reports, Lieutenant

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Speaker 1: Commander Whorley was an eccentric man. He would allegedly pace

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Speaker 1: the deck carrying a cane and wearing his hat and

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Speaker 1: his underpants and nothing else. I read that last night

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Speaker 1: and was just giggling with glee at the image of it.

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Speaker 1: As the Navy conducted their investigation into the missing vessel,

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Speaker 1: they queried all ports that the Cyclops had been in

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Speaker 1: along the way of its last journey, and there's an

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Speaker 1: account that was written by US Console Livingstone in Barbados

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Speaker 1: that indicated that there were some pretty serious problems aboard

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Speaker 1: the collier. The console wrote that the men referred to

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Speaker 1: Worley as quote the damned Dutchman. And then it seemed

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Speaker 1: as though there had perhaps been an attempted mutiny which

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Speaker 1: resulted in several men being shackled in the cargo hold

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Speaker 1: and one executed by the commander. Quote. I have to

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Speaker 1: suggest scrutiny here, wrote living Livingston. He hinted that the

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Speaker 1: more likely end of the voyage had been another problem

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Speaker 1: that was rooted in the crew's deep dislike of their commander,

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Speaker 1: and Warley had a checkered history. There were rumors that

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Speaker 1: he was in fact German born and remained a German sympathizer.

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Speaker 1: One book I read about it said that they did

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Speaker 1: indeed find that, but I wasn't able to corroborate that

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Speaker 1: with source documents. But he certainly was also no stranger

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Speaker 1: to controversy in his career leading up to this point.

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Speaker 1: In a prior command, Worley was brought before a Naval

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Speaker 1: Board of Inquiry after several dozen men of his crew

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Speaker 1: signed a petition accusing him of dereliction of duty in

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Speaker 1: addition to drunkenness and abuse, including chasing officers around with

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Speaker 1: a gun. Warley's defense before the board was almost entirely

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Speaker 1: based on the greenness of the men who had signed

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Speaker 1: that petition against him. He felt that they simply did

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Speaker 1: not understand the conditions on a ship, and they did

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Speaker 1: not understand how a ship was run. And he also

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Speaker 1: used this opportunity of his testimony to call his primary

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Speaker 1: accuser a sex maniac and explained that the reason that

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Speaker 1: he had been rough on this particular man, who was

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Speaker 1: ship surgeon for Asper, was because the man was constantly

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Speaker 1: making lud remarks about women, and then to go on

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Speaker 1: and defend the accusations of drunkenness, Warley explained that sometimes

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Speaker 1: he simply took sherry for medicinal purposes. Despite all of this,

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Speaker 1: Worley was found innocent. It's exceptionally odd when you consider

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Speaker 1: that this was not his the first time he had

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Speaker 1: been called to trial. While he was running a ship

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Speaker 1: called the Abarenda, the first mate had been found beheaded.

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Speaker 1: While Worley wasn't directly implicated in the murder, it was

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Speaker 1: believed that his brutal leaders ship tactics had led to

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Speaker 1: an atmosphere of complete chaos and violence. And it's very

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Speaker 1: very likely that the reason that Orley was actually found

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Speaker 1: innocent after the petition trial was that he was, while problematic,

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Speaker 1: difficult to replace in terms of his knowledge of the

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Speaker 1: cyclops and how to run a Collier ship. There weren't

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Speaker 1: a lot of ready people that they could just slide

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Speaker 1: right into that open position, and perhaps for that reason alone,

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Speaker 1: he was once again put in charge of the ship,

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Speaker 1: and that may very well have been what led to

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Speaker 1: its downfall. Even if there was a mutiny, which does

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Speaker 1: seem pretty possible agiven the circumstances. It doesn't explain what

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Speaker 1: may have happened to the ship itself. So will we

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Speaker 1: ever know what truly happened to the U S s

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Speaker 1: cyclops odds are Nope. In the words of President Woodrow

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Speaker 1: Wilson at the time, quote only God and the sea

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Speaker 1: know what happened to the Great Ship. So that is

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Speaker 1: one of many ships that has gone missing through the years.

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Speaker 1: We've talked about a few. This one is kind of

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Speaker 1: It reads a little bit like a telenovella, particularly once

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Speaker 1: you get to Warley's past and all of the craziness

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Speaker 1: he was involved in. So that's the scoop. I have

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Speaker 1: a bit of listener mail. It has nothing to do

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Speaker 1: with things vanishing, except sort of, but it also has

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Speaker 1: to do with peanut butter. And this is from our

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Speaker 1: listener Kirston, and she says, Tracy and Holly, thank you

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Speaker 1: for your recent episode on the history of peanut butter.

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Speaker 1: I listened to it on my way home from work

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Speaker 1: yesterday and you pretty much had me salivating on the

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Speaker 1: train the whole way. One of you mentioned that you

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Speaker 1: have noticed non stir natural peanut butter showing up on

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Speaker 1: grocery store shelves. I've seen it too, and I've noticed

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Speaker 1: that it usually contains an extra ingredient, palm oil. I'm

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Speaker 1: not sure what the palm oil does to stabilize the

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Speaker 1: peanut butter at a chemical level, but I am a

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Speaker 1: little bit disappointed to see it added to quote natural

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Speaker 1: or organic food. Palm oil is technically natural and it

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Speaker 1: can be produced organically, but growing demand for it in

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Speaker 1: the West has had big environmental and social impacts In

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Speaker 1: the developing countries where palm fruit is grown, cutting down

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Speaker 1: rainforest for palm plantations has resulted in deforestation, contributed to

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Speaker 1: climate change, and drawn many young, poor and migrant workers

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Speaker 1: into exploitative conditions. Conscious consumers might think they're getting the

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Speaker 1: best of both worlds when they buy no ster natural

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Speaker 1: peanut butter, but there may be other impacts to think about.

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Speaker 1: I would recommend always doing your research before you buy

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Speaker 1: to make sure you trust the brand to source their

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Speaker 1: palm oil ethically and sustainably. Palm Oil is also linked

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Speaker 1: to something else you mentioned at the top of the episode,

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Speaker 1: the FDA's ban on trans fats. Palm oil has no

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Speaker 1: trans fat and is already used in many processed foods

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Speaker 1: to make them trans fat free, and this trend is

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Speaker 1: likely to accelerate as that band goes into effect, which

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Speaker 1: in turn is likely to worsen the environmental and labor

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Speaker 1: impacts of the palm oil in the industry. This is

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Speaker 1: a great illustration of how messy and tangled our global

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Speaker 1: food system has become. Taking a step forward to protect

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Speaker 1: our health can have ripple effects that take environmental and

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Speaker 1: social concerns a step back. Banning trans fats may help

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Speaker 1: keep our arteries clear, but it will need to be

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Speaker 1: coupled with other initiatives in or or to ensure the

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Speaker 1: health of the planet and its people. For the peanut

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Speaker 1: butter lovers in your audience, this will probably mean sticking

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Speaker 1: with stirring for the time being. I don't mind sticking

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Speaker 1: with stirring, she says, thank you for sticking with me

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Speaker 1: through that. Mini rant I got involved with global food

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Speaker 1: issues through a research project I worked on as part

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Speaker 1: of my master's degree, and through some of the work

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Speaker 1: I did with Haitian farmers last summer. Patients, by the way,

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Speaker 1: make delicious peanut butter, including the kind with hot peppers

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Speaker 1: that you mentioned in the podcast. I think the food

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Speaker 1: system is super interesting and complex and very easy to

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Speaker 1: get fired up about. I would love to see more

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Speaker 1: food history topics on the podcast and the future. Uh,

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Speaker 1: I would love to see more food history topics as well.

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Speaker 1: That's a really important thing to point out that, Uh,

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00:23:40,960 --> 00:23:43,639
Speaker 1: everything is kind of connected, and one thing that happens

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00:23:43,640 --> 00:23:47,320
Speaker 1: in one place causes there's cause and effect on the

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Speaker 1: entire globe in terms of industry and how we source things. So,

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00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:55,440
Speaker 1: as she said, you know, if you are conscientious consumer,

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00:23:55,960 --> 00:23:58,320
Speaker 1: you should make sure to double check the sources on

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00:23:58,359 --> 00:23:59,959
Speaker 1: where things are coming from and what you are come

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Speaker 1: trouble with. So thank you Kirston for that. That was

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Speaker 1: informative and cool. If you would like to write to us,

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00:24:06,119 --> 00:24:08,119
Speaker 1: you can do so at History Podcast at how stuff

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00:24:08,119 --> 00:24:10,840
Speaker 1: works dot com. We are also at Facebook dot com,

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00:24:10,960 --> 00:24:14,359
Speaker 1: slash missed in History, on Twitter at misston History, were

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00:24:14,480 --> 00:24:17,800
Speaker 1: on pinterest dot com, slash years in History, uh, missed

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Speaker 1: in History dot tumbler dot com, and at missed in

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Speaker 1: History dot spreadshirt dot com, where you can get loads

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00:24:23,080 --> 00:24:28,400
Speaker 1: of fun goodies related to our show. If you would

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Speaker 1: like to learn a little bit more about what we

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00:24:29,880 --> 00:24:32,000
Speaker 1: talked about today, you can go to our parents site,

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00:24:32,040 --> 00:24:35,919
Speaker 1: how stuff Works. Do a search for Bermuda Triangle and

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00:24:35,920 --> 00:24:38,080
Speaker 1: you will get the article how the Bermuda Triangle Works

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00:24:38,200 --> 00:24:40,240
Speaker 1: and what I really like is itting. It includes a

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00:24:40,280 --> 00:24:43,600
Speaker 1: more in depth discussion of magnetic declination, which is often

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00:24:43,640 --> 00:24:46,040
Speaker 1: associated with the Bermuda Triangle and used as one of

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00:24:46,080 --> 00:24:49,359
Speaker 1: the possible explanations for why things can go arry there.

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00:24:49,880 --> 00:24:51,719
Speaker 1: If you would like to visit us online, you can

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00:24:51,720 --> 00:24:53,720
Speaker 1: do so at missed in history dot com. We have

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00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:56,680
Speaker 1: all of our back episodes archive. We also have show

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00:24:56,720 --> 00:24:59,160
Speaker 1: notes for any of the episodes in the last couple

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00:24:59,200 --> 00:25:01,240
Speaker 1: of years since Crazy and I have been on the podcast,

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00:25:01,280 --> 00:25:04,600
Speaker 1: and the occasional other goody uh. If you would like

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00:25:04,680 --> 00:25:07,639
Speaker 1: to learn about history or almost anything else you can

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00:25:07,680 --> 00:25:09,600
Speaker 1: think of on Earth, you should visit our parents site,

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00:25:09,640 --> 00:25:16,680
Speaker 1: Council Works dot com or our site mr history dot com.

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00:25:16,960 --> 00:25:19,400
Speaker 1: We're more on this and thousands of other topics because

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Speaker 1: it how stuff Works dot com. M