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Speaker 1: Hey everyone, Daniel here with a quick note that my

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Speaker 1: new book, Do Aliens Speak Physics? Is coming out soon

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Speaker 1: November fourth, and I'd love if you considered pre ordering it.

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Speaker 1: The book imagines the arrival of aliens and what it

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Speaker 1: would be like to try to make mental contact and

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Speaker 1: download their understanding of the universe. Do we have Physics

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Speaker 1: in common with the Aliens? If you like how the

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Speaker 1: podcast asks deep physics questions and dabbles in philosophy, you'll

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Speaker 1: enjoy the book, which also features cute cartoons of aliens

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Speaker 1: from my friend Andy Warner. Find it anywhere or check

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Speaker 1: out the book website www dot Alienspeakphysics dot com. Okay,

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Speaker 1: on to today's episode.

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Speaker 2: How do the pinworms know that it's night when they

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Speaker 2: lurk in a place with so little light?

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Speaker 1: If I upgraded my quirks to top quark class, what

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Speaker 1: I automatically get we had a bigger mass.

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Speaker 2: If you eat certain foods, your skin will change you.

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Speaker 2: Why does that happen? Do we have any clue?

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Speaker 1: Whatever questions keep you up at night, and Daniel and

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Speaker 1: Kelly's answer will make it all right.

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Speaker 2: Welcome to Daniel and Kelly's Extraordinary Universe.

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Speaker 1: Hi, I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I've never

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Speaker 1: had pinworms.

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Speaker 2: Hi. I'm Kelly, I'm a biologist, and I'm not sure

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Speaker 2: Daniel can be sure that he's never had pinworms.

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Speaker 1: Welcome to the episode where we dig deep into Daniel's condition.

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Speaker 2: All right, So, Daniel, my question for you today is

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Speaker 2: what was the most surprising thing about parenting?

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Speaker 1: Wow? Great question. I think one of the most surprising

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Speaker 1: things about parenting for me was how the gross quickly

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Speaker 1: becomes monotonous and every day you like wiping somebody else's

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Speaker 1: feces off of your hands or face, it's just like,

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Speaker 1: you know, it's just another Tuesday.

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Speaker 2: Yep. Oh, I totally agree. The first time my daughter,

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Speaker 2: like projectile pooped and it was on the wall and

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Speaker 2: on me, I was like, oh my gosh, this is

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Speaker 2: so gross. And then by like the fifth time, I

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Speaker 2: was like, I got some more laundry to do today,

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Speaker 2: and it was like it was like nothing whatever.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, And when you have visitors and they see the

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Speaker 1: inside of your actual day to day routine and they're like, whoa,

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Speaker 1: it gives you a taste for like how far you've

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Speaker 1: drifted from societal norms.

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Speaker 2: But you pretty quickly get back to normal expectations. You know,

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Speaker 2: when your kids get past the age where you have

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Speaker 2: to wipe your butt, you very quickly return to I

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Speaker 2: would prefer to not wipe people's butts if I could

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Speaker 2: avoid it, Although I think taking care of each other

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Speaker 2: is one of the best things that humans can do.

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Speaker 1: I agree, But if my sixteen year old pooped on me,

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Speaker 1: it would be a pretty big memory, and I can't

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Speaker 1: remember all the time she did it when she was young.

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Speaker 2: Right, yeah, things change, things change exactly.

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Speaker 1: It would stand out now, that's right, that's right. How

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Speaker 1: about you? What is one of your most surprising discoveries

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Speaker 1: about parenting?

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Speaker 2: So it also has to do with hygiene, and it's

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Speaker 2: how far our species has come with hygiene, because there's

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Speaker 2: so many things that kids don't do naturally that you

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Speaker 2: would expect they would want to do naturally, like wash

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Speaker 2: their hands, like wash their hands or take a shower.

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Speaker 1: But doctors weren't washing their hands until like one hundred

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Speaker 1: and fifty years ago.

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Speaker 2: I know. No culture has played such a huge role

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Speaker 2: in keeping us healthy, and it's amazing and it really

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Speaker 2: hit home for me when I was a parent. But

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Speaker 2: I think that one of the things that surprised me

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Speaker 2: in particular is the number of times I've had to

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Speaker 2: say the phrase get your hand out of your butt,

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Speaker 2: and which leads us into question one, because kids sticking

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Speaker 2: their hands in their butts is how they transmit pinworms

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Speaker 2: and why this is probably the most common worm infection

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Speaker 2: in the United States.

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Speaker 1: All right, so get ready to get itchy everyone.

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Speaker 2: That's right. So we have an amazing Discord community, and

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Speaker 2: you can join us by going to Danielandkelly dot org

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Speaker 2: and clicking on the link to our Discord channel. And

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Speaker 2: Julian on Discord had this question that he wanted to

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Speaker 2: share with us, and let.

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Speaker 1: Me add another shout out to our Discord community. If

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Speaker 1: you want to reach us, you can write us questions

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Speaker 1: at questions at Daniel and Kelly dot org. But the

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Speaker 1: Discord community is also a lot of fun. You can

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Speaker 1: ask your questions there. There's lots of folks chatting and discussing,

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Speaker 1: sharing recent articles, talking about science. If you can't get

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Speaker 1: enough Daniel and Kelly and science, come join us on

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Speaker 1: Discord and be part of the inner synctum.

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Speaker 2: And I'd just like to shout out to our moderators,

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Speaker 2: who are the best moderators on the whole entire internet.

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Speaker 1: I'm sure, Oh, yes, absolutely, they win all the awards

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Speaker 1: they do.

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Speaker 3: Hey, Daniel and Kelly, this is Julian in Houston. As

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Speaker 3: the parent of a small child. I've had pinworms on

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Speaker 3: my mind a bit in the past couple of years,

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Speaker 3: and I think I heard on a previous episode you

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Speaker 3: mentioned the pinworms tend to come out at night to

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Speaker 3: lay their eggs and cause itchymut. So my question is,

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Speaker 3: how do pinworms know it's nighttime to come out and

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Speaker 3: cause ITCHI mut Thanks so much and I look forward

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Speaker 3: to hearing the answer.

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Speaker 1: So Kelly, tell us what is a pinworm?

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Speaker 2: A pinworm is a little worm. When it's an adult,

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Speaker 2: it's about the size of a staple, so they're tiny.

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Speaker 2: About forty million people in the United States probably have

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Speaker 2: pinworm right now, and a billion people worldwide. I think

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Speaker 2: I said a moment ago that pinworms are the most

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Speaker 2: common worm infection that's in the US, where we don't

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Speaker 2: have a lot of other kinds of worm infections. They're

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Speaker 2: very common in children, and they're also kind of common

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Speaker 2: in people in long term care facilities.

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Speaker 1: All right, so let's estimate what fraction of our audience

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Speaker 1: have pinworms right now as they're listening to this. We're

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Speaker 1: talking forty million people. That's like fifteen percent of the US.

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Speaker 1: Is it not evenly distributed because you're saying it's like

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Speaker 1: children and old folks homes.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, So if you have children and they are let's

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Speaker 2: say preschool or elementary school age, there's a pretty good

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Speaker 2: chance they have or have had pinworms, and there's a

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Speaker 2: decent chance they gave it to you, although it does

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Speaker 2: seem like adults become more resistant, and so even if

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Speaker 2: your kids have it, you're not definitely going to get it.

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Speaker 2: But doctors will often prescribe medication to an entire family

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Speaker 2: if anyone in it gets the parasites, because it is

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Speaker 2: pretty pretty easy to transmit.

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Speaker 1: So maybe like one in ten of our listeners right

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Speaker 1: now have pinworms. Maybe the pinworms are listening to this episode.

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Speaker 2: So if I have to remember our demographics from the

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Speaker 2: last time we did a survey, we have a lot

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Speaker 2: of men over fifty or sixty and they are highly

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Speaker 2: unlikely to have pinworms, And so I don't know about

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Speaker 2: one in ten. It depends on how many of our

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Speaker 2: current listeners have young kids. But there's a good chance

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Speaker 2: that you have either had it at some point in

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Speaker 2: your life or if you have kids, you have it now.

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Speaker 1: All right, So tell us what do these guys look like.

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Speaker 2: So they're in kind of nematodes. So these are cylindrical worms.

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Speaker 2: They have no segments, so don't think about an earth work.

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Speaker 2: Think about just kind of like a hard outer case

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Speaker 2: and a very tiny worm. They kind of come to

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Speaker 2: an end, which is why they're called pinworms. As I

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Speaker 2: mentioned before, they're like the size of a staple when

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Speaker 2: they're adults. Oh, I see, and you might remember that

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Speaker 2: a few months ago we talked about geo helmets, or

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Speaker 2: we call them the dirt worms. These are nematods that

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Speaker 2: you find in the dirt. This is another kind of nematode,

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Speaker 2: so they're kind of related to the dirt worms we

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Speaker 2: were talking about earlier.

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Speaker 1: So you're using this phrase nematod, and it sounds like

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Speaker 1: it describes a category of worm. What is a nematod.

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Speaker 2: Nematoda is a whole phylum of worms that have this

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Speaker 2: like hard outer cuticle. Some of them live in the soil,

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Speaker 2: some of them are commensal with plants, and some of

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Speaker 2: them are parasitic.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, if I had to guess, if somebody just asked

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Speaker 1: me what a nematoad was, it sounds to me like

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Speaker 1: some sort of miniature Japanese frog. That's great, like it

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Speaker 1: might be served in a weird sushi or something very

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Speaker 1: high end sushi.

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Speaker 2: I mean, that's completely wrong. That is very cute, very cute.

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Speaker 1: So I'm imagining that the life style with these guys

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Speaker 1: is not very cute. So tell us about it, and

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Speaker 1: everyone finish that snack you're having before you.

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Speaker 2: Listen to this, or go wash your hands. So the

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Speaker 2: infection route is what's called fecal oral or poop to mouth.

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Speaker 2: Good start.

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Speaker 1: That's an actual phrase people use.

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Speaker 2: I've heard it said in my community more than once.

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Speaker 2: I don't know if it shows up in any textbooks, but.

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Speaker 1: Poop mouth, all right, So tell us about it. Yeah.

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Speaker 2: The idea here is that you accidentally eat the eggs.

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Speaker 2: So you accidentally consume an egg, it hatches in your

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Speaker 2: body and when it gets to the intestine, the males

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Speaker 2: and the females will find each other and they'll mate,

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Speaker 2: and then the males die.

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Speaker 1: Inside you instant having a party inside you. Oh my gosh,

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Speaker 1: that's right.

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Speaker 2: You might not be dating. But the worms inside you

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Speaker 2: might be so someone's find in love in that body

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Speaker 2: of you are So.

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Speaker 1: That's good news.

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Speaker 2: I guess.

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Speaker 1: I don't know, all right. So they start out as eggs,

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Speaker 1: you end up in your mouth. We'll get into that

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Speaker 1: in a minute, I imagine. Yep, they hatch, they mate

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Speaker 1: inside you, and they have little babies. Oh no, eggs,

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Speaker 1: I guess.

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Speaker 2: Well, So the female starts producing eggs. The male, after

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Speaker 2: reproducing dies and gets digested, and so you'll never see

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Speaker 2: the male.

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Speaker 1: Wow.

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Speaker 2: The female her eggs. She starts making eggs. They start

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Speaker 2: maturing a little bit inside of her. Then she moves

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Speaker 2: down farther into your intestine, and when she is ready

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Speaker 2: to lay those eggs at night, she will come out.

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Speaker 2: She will crawl out of your anis.

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Speaker 1: One's anis. Excuse me, one's anis?

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Speaker 2: Crawl out of one's anis. And on the CDC website

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Speaker 2: it cracks me up because it says anis and then

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Speaker 2: in parentheses butthole just in case you are sure as

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Speaker 2: so crawls out your butthole. And the female needs oxygen

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Speaker 2: to stimulate the release of eggs, and apparently in some

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Speaker 2: cases she has what's called a prolapsed uterus, which essentially

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Speaker 2: just means that her uterus sort of comes out of

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Speaker 2: her body and expels the eggs. And I guess in

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Speaker 2: some cases they've observed the eggs going airborne. This expulsion

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Speaker 2: happens so violently.

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Speaker 1: This is much less cute than miniature Japanese frogs. I

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Speaker 1: vote for miniature Japanese frogs. We should have that instead.

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Speaker 2: Well, you know you don't.

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Speaker 1: Get to juice, all right, But I have an actual

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Speaker 1: sides question. Okay, how do the eggs survive in my

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Speaker 1: digestive track, Like you're dropping them in stomach acid and

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Speaker 1: they're surviving.

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Speaker 2: So in this case, they're still inside of their mom.

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Speaker 2: She doesn't expel them until she gets outside of the body.

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Speaker 1: But the eggs I've consumed, right, The mom herself was

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Speaker 1: born from an egg that I swallowed.

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Speaker 2: Right, yes, And your digestive juices helped it escape from

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Speaker 2: the egg that it was living in. Oh wow, And

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Speaker 2: then it's tough cuticle protects it from your.

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Speaker 1: Juices, all right. So she comes out the enis does

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Speaker 1: her little oxygen.

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Speaker 2: Dance, yes, and she will lay her eggs in the

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Speaker 2: perianal region, and then often she will die and we'll

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Speaker 2: talk about what happens. If she doesn't die as a symptom,

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Speaker 2: that's bad. But most of the time she dies. And

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Speaker 2: the eggs are sticky, and so they stick to your butt,

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Speaker 2: and they also kind of make you itch because now

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Speaker 2: there's like some sticky stuff in your butt, and that's

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Speaker 2: not great. And kids are likely to stick their hands

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Speaker 2: in their butts, which is what I learned as a mom,

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Speaker 2: is that they're always sticking their hands in their butts.

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Speaker 2: And so they stick their hands in their butts and

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Speaker 2: then they get it underneath their fingernails or on their fingers.

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Speaker 2: And then because they're scratched, because it's itch that's right,

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Speaker 2: that's right.

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Speaker 1: Don't make it sound so weird. They're itchy, so they're scratching.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, okay, they're itchy. So they're scratching. They're humans. And

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Speaker 2: then these grubby little creatures we call children go around

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Speaker 2: and touch things, you know. They put their fingers in

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Speaker 2: their mouths, they put their fingers in your mouth, they

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Speaker 2: put their fingers on the kitchen table, and in that way,

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Speaker 2: these sticky eggs get to lots of different places, and

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Speaker 2: when they get consumed, then you're back up at the start.

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Speaker 2: Of the cycle that we talked about, where your stomach

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Speaker 2: juices will open up the eggs and the process will

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Speaker 2: start again.

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Speaker 1: So this is the story I use to convince my

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Speaker 1: kids to keep their fingers out of their mouth. So,

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Speaker 1: you know, kids like to chew on their nails or whatever.

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Speaker 1: And anytime I see my kids chewing on their nails,

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Speaker 1: I just make this wiggly fingers hand gesture and it

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Speaker 1: recalls for them the story I told them about pinworms,

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Speaker 1: and they go, oh, They're immediately grossed out by what

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Speaker 1: might be under their fingernails, and they stop. So this

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Speaker 1: has been an effective parenting technique.

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Speaker 2: Fantastic. Now you have your kids ever had pinworms that

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Speaker 2: you know of?

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Speaker 1: I don't think I should be discussing my kids medical

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Speaker 1: history on the podcast. Let's keep it abstract.

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Speaker 2: Okay, have you ever had pinworms?

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Speaker 4: No?

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Speaker 1: I have not personally ever had pinworms to my knowledge.

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Speaker 2: Right, So that's the thing. Most who No, not to

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Speaker 2: my knowledge. But I've had periods of itchiness where I

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Speaker 2: wondered if maybe maybe I had it. Anytime there's a

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Speaker 2: little itch, I think good worms.

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Speaker 1: And now everyone listening to this podcast is suddenly feel

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Speaker 1: and itchy.

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Speaker 2: That's right right. I mean the females lay like ten

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Speaker 2: thousand eggs.

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Speaker 1: Oh my god, how tiny are these? Can you not

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Speaker 1: see them?

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Speaker 2: You can't see them. They're teeny tiny.

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Speaker 1: You can't even see them when you lay ten thousand

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Speaker 1: of them, Like, it doesn't look like a little blob

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Speaker 1: or a smear or something.

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Speaker 2: No, it's teeny tiny. I mean if you put it,

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Speaker 2: you don't have to put it under a super high

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Speaker 2: powered microscope to see it, but you do need a

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Speaker 2: microscope to see it. You know, they're kind of clear,

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Speaker 2: they're not very big. These eggs can survive for two

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Speaker 2: to three weeks, like out on a counter or something.

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Speaker 1: Wow.

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Speaker 2: But the way that you find out if someone is

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Speaker 2: infected is called the Scotch tape test.

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Speaker 1: No, no, no, no, no, where at the Scotch tape? Kelly,

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Speaker 1: where around the black hole?

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Speaker 2: The physicist that comes in with the black hole joke, Yes,

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Speaker 2: around the black hole. Yeah. So, so the females come

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Speaker 2: out at night to lay their eggs, which is going

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Speaker 2: to get us to the listener's question in just a minute.

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Speaker 2: But they lay their eggs at night in particular, and

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Speaker 2: so in the morning right when they wake up, before

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Speaker 2: they've you know, used the restroom or wiped or anything.

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Speaker 2: You take a piece of tape and you sort of

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Speaker 2: pat it around the perianal region and then you stick

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Speaker 2: it on a glass slide and you put it under

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Speaker 2: a microscope, so you can see those eggs. Sometimes you

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Speaker 2: even catch the mom because she's just sort of died

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Speaker 2: and she's still there, and so you'll see a worm

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Speaker 2: and those you can see. So sometimes you do know

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Speaker 2: that someone's infected because you find one of the mom

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Speaker 2: worms and you're like, oh, shoot, well we've got worms.

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Speaker 1: Yikes, yikes.

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Speaker 2: Yeah.

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Speaker 1: So then the listener asked, how does the mom know

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Speaker 1: that it's nighttime and she should come out and do

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Speaker 1: her dance? Why doesn't she come out during the day?

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Speaker 2: All right, great question. I didn't know the answer, and

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Speaker 2: I asked the American Society of Parasitologists Facebook page, which

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Speaker 2: has like fifteen thousand followers, and I was like, all right, team,

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Speaker 2: how do we know that pinworms know that it's nighttime?

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Speaker 2: Because I looked through a bunch of medical books about

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Speaker 2: parasitic diseases and they all said pinworms come out at night.

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Speaker 2: Some of them would say that the pinworms were detecting

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Speaker 2: our drop in body temperature when we sleep. Oh, and

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Speaker 2: then others would say they might be detecting a drop

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Speaker 2: in body temperature, but they wouldn't say it definitively, And

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Speaker 2: none of them included an inline reference that I could

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Speaker 2: check for the study that showed that they're responding to

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Speaker 2: body temperature, because they could also be responding to like,

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Speaker 2: you know, you're not moving for a couple hours.

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Speaker 1: So there's the question of how the worms know it's

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Speaker 1: night to come out. But how do we know they

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Speaker 1: only come out at night? And why do they only

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Speaker 1: come out at night? Do they come out at night

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Speaker 1: because that's the best time to lay the eggs while

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Speaker 1: we're asleep, or do they need the darker environment or what?

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Speaker 2: Yes, I think the answer at the end of the

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Speaker 2: day is we don't know. Because the American Society of Parasitologists,

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Speaker 2: when I asked them, the best answer I got was

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Speaker 2: from my friend Brandon, who said they have little watches

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Speaker 2: and that's how they know it's nighttime. I thank you, Brandon.

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Speaker 2: But anyway, as far as I could tell, we haven't

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Speaker 2: done studies to figure out one why it's nighttime, or

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Speaker 2: two to confirm that they're actually queuing in on temperature.

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Speaker 2: I think we suspect that that's the cue that they're using,

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Speaker 2: but we haven't ruled out other possible cues. And as

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Speaker 2: to why they do it at night, it could be

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Speaker 2: possible that while people are sleeping is a time when

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Speaker 2: you are less likely to have a bellel movement. And

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Speaker 2: this parasite doesn't pass in feces, it passes on fingers.

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Speaker 2: And the reason that we know that it happens at

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Speaker 2: night is because if you do the Scotch tape test

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Speaker 2: in the morning, you get a bunch of eggs. If

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Speaker 2: you do it at other times of day, you don't

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Speaker 2: get a bunch of eggs. And you would expect if

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Speaker 2: they were laying randomly throughout the day, the Scotch tape

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Speaker 2: test would give you eggs at just about any time

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Speaker 2: of day.

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Speaker 1: Fascinating. So Julian's question is really at the forefront of science.

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Speaker 2: Yeah, that's right. I encourage any young people out there

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Speaker 2: to search for this answer. I don't know what it

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Speaker 2: would take to answer this question. I think pinworms are

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Speaker 2: pretty host specific, and so like Ancherobius vermicularis, which is

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Speaker 2: the species that humans have, I don't know you might

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Speaker 2: be able to do it in some other mammalians species

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Speaker 2: do the experiments, But I don't know. Maybe you'd have

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Speaker 2: to heat people up and cool them down and see

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Speaker 2: what their worms were doing, or ask them to stay still,

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Speaker 2: or mess with some hormones that are associated with sleep

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Speaker 2: that maybe the pinworms are queuing in on. But anyway,

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Speaker 2: inquiring minds want to know, but we don't know the

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Speaker 2: answer as far as I can tell.

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Speaker 1: Well, if you've always been interested in black holes and

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Speaker 1: this podcast has peaked your interest in biology, maybe this

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Speaker 1: is the perfect crossover topic for you.

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Speaker 2: Could be all right, Julian, thank you so much for

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Speaker 2: this question and for joining us on discord. Did we

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Speaker 2: scratch your itch? Please don't give us worms?

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Speaker 3: Hey, y'all, yes, you absolutely scratched my itch. I think

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Speaker 3: my favorite part was hearing about the violently explosive egg laying.

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Speaker 3: Also how small the eggs actually are, as I always

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Speaker 3: assume that you'd be able to see them in the

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Speaker 3: poop or something like that. I'm also glad to hear

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Speaker 3: Kelly give a we don't know answer, and I hope

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Speaker 3: Daniel Guest to drop on it depends soon. Thank you

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Speaker 3: so much for your answer, and my kid will one

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Speaker 3: day figure out the answer, though hopefully not by catching pinworms.

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Speaker 1: All right, we're back and we're answering questions from listeners

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Speaker 1: because your curiosity literally powers science. If people didn't want

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Speaker 1: to know the answer to these questions, we would not

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Speaker 1: get to do it. So we want to hear what

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Speaker 1: you wonder about the universe. Right to us two questions

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Speaker 1: at Danielankelly dot org. Our next question comes from a

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Speaker 1: lawyer in the UK. Rebecca wants to know about top quarks.

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Speaker 5: If I weigh fifty five kilograms on the basis that

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Speaker 5: my protons are upquarks and down cork, how much would

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Speaker 5: I weigh if my protons were made of top quarks?

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Speaker 5: And why is there a different if any All.

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Speaker 1: Right, this is a really fun question about what it

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Speaker 1: might be like to have top quarks in your life.

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Speaker 2: I can imagine there being a new diet fad where

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Speaker 2: people say, oh, I've created a thing that turns your

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Speaker 2: bottom quarks to top quarks and that's how you're going

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Speaker 2: to lose ten pounds. So you better not say this works.

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Speaker 1: Yeah, I don't recommend no, no, definitely, no particle physics

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Speaker 1: inspired diets do not fall for that.

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Speaker 2: Oh, there's got to be some quantum something, something diet

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Speaker 2: out there that people have tried out.

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Speaker 1: Well, you can have quark, right, Quark is some German

403
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Speaker 1: yogurt like product, and that sounds kind of quantumy, but

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Speaker 1: it's not any more quantum than anything else. I mean, literally,

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Speaker 1: everything is quantum because we're all made of quantum particles. Right,

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Speaker 1: So your diet is already quantum.

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Speaker 2: That's right, all right? Well, so mass is a concept

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Speaker 2: I understand biologically. Let's go ahead and understand it physically.

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Speaker 2: Where does mass come from?

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Speaker 1: Yeah, so Rebecca wants to know what would happen if

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Speaker 1: you built your protons out of top quarks. We got

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Speaker 1: to understand mass for that. So your mass mostly comes

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Speaker 1: from the stuff you're made out of. Right, The mass

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Speaker 1: of Kelly is very close to the mass of all

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Speaker 1: of Kelly's parts added up. You are not much more

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Speaker 1: than the sum of your parts. I mean, intellectually, of

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Speaker 1: course you are. Personally you are. When it comes to

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Speaker 1: a mass point of view, you're mostly your chunks added up.

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Speaker 2: Thank you for pulling me out of the depression black hole.

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Speaker 2: I was inevitably going to slide into.

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Speaker 1: And that's where our intuitive sense of mass comes from. Right,

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Speaker 1: Like stuff is made of smaller stuff, and the mass

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Speaker 1: of the bigger stuff is the sum of the mass

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Speaker 1: of the smaller stuff. Like you weigh a cat made

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Speaker 1: out of legos, and then you take it apart and

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Speaker 1: you weigh the legos, you get the same answer. Right,

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Speaker 1: that's where our intuition comes from.

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Speaker 2: Cats are way less fun when you take them apart,

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Speaker 2: and also.

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Speaker 1: When you make them out of legos, they're not as cozy. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: And so you're made out of your atoms, and your

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Speaker 1: atoms are made of protons and neutrons and electrons, and

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Speaker 1: we can mostly ignore the electrons because an electron weighs

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Speaker 1: almost one two thousands of a proton, so they're basically

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Speaker 1: irrelevant when it comes to what you're made out of.

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Speaker 1: So mostly you're made out of your protons and your neutrons.

437
00:21:10,440 --> 00:21:14,200
Speaker 2: Sorry electrons, all right, So then where does the mass

438
00:21:14,200 --> 00:21:16,280
Speaker 2: from a proton and a neutron come from?

439
00:21:16,440 --> 00:21:19,480
Speaker 1: Right? And so Rebecca is referring to upquarks and down

440
00:21:19,560 --> 00:21:22,920
Speaker 1: quarks because that's what makes up protons and neutrons. Protons

441
00:21:22,920 --> 00:21:25,960
Speaker 1: and neutrons are just different combinations of the same two bits,

442
00:21:26,040 --> 00:21:29,359
Speaker 1: which is awesome and amazing and also requires them to

443
00:21:29,359 --> 00:21:32,600
Speaker 1: have these weird charges. Like to make a proton, you

444
00:21:32,640 --> 00:21:35,600
Speaker 1: add two quarks that have a charge two thirds and

445
00:21:35,640 --> 00:21:38,119
Speaker 1: another quark that has a charge negative one third, So

446
00:21:38,560 --> 00:21:41,240
Speaker 1: plus two thirds plus two thirds gives you four thirds

447
00:21:41,280 --> 00:21:44,440
Speaker 1: minus a third gives you three thirds. Or charger one

448
00:21:44,480 --> 00:21:47,800
Speaker 1: that's a proton neutron is one quark with a charge

449
00:21:47,840 --> 00:21:50,960
Speaker 1: two thirds and two quarks with a charge negative one third,

450
00:21:51,240 --> 00:21:54,240
Speaker 1: so you get plus two minus one minus one zero.

451
00:21:54,600 --> 00:21:56,600
Speaker 1: It's amazing how you can build these things out of

452
00:21:56,640 --> 00:21:59,680
Speaker 1: the same building blocks, right, That's something sort of cool.

453
00:22:00,160 --> 00:22:02,480
Speaker 2: We're talking the other day about whether or not the

454
00:22:02,640 --> 00:22:05,520
Speaker 2: universe is like beautiful and sort of meets the expectation

455
00:22:05,800 --> 00:22:09,400
Speaker 2: of our esthetic preferences, and I got to say, there's

456
00:22:09,400 --> 00:22:12,320
Speaker 2: something about plus two thirds and negative one third charges

457
00:22:12,359 --> 00:22:15,480
Speaker 2: that's not aesthetically pleasing to me. But I like that

458
00:22:16,080 --> 00:22:16,480
Speaker 2: You no.

459
00:22:16,840 --> 00:22:19,240
Speaker 1: What I thought you were going to go the other direction. Tweet.

460
00:22:19,280 --> 00:22:22,520
Speaker 1: That's beautiful showing how you can build two very different

461
00:22:22,520 --> 00:22:24,760
Speaker 1: things out of the same pieces. It's like when you

462
00:22:24,760 --> 00:22:27,320
Speaker 1: see somebody build something incredible out of legos, You're like, Wow,

463
00:22:27,400 --> 00:22:29,159
Speaker 1: that's awesome that you can do it out of the

464
00:22:29,200 --> 00:22:33,320
Speaker 1: same bits. That's something simple and organomic about it. That

465
00:22:33,440 --> 00:22:34,560
Speaker 1: appeals to my aesthetic.

466
00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:37,040
Speaker 2: And I guess that's why this question about whether or

467
00:22:37,119 --> 00:22:40,399
Speaker 2: not physics and math meet our definitions of beauty is

468
00:22:40,440 --> 00:22:43,080
Speaker 2: so hard, because what's beautiful to some person is you know,

469
00:22:43,119 --> 00:22:44,879
Speaker 2: maybe not beautiful to others, and we don't even have

470
00:22:44,880 --> 00:22:46,119
Speaker 2: the same definition of beauty.

471
00:22:46,240 --> 00:22:47,760
Speaker 1: Yeah, that's true. And I can also get rid of

472
00:22:47,800 --> 00:22:50,240
Speaker 1: the one thirds easily if I just redefine the electron

473
00:22:50,280 --> 00:22:53,439
Speaker 1: mass to be negative three, then the upquarks and down

474
00:22:53,520 --> 00:22:57,240
Speaker 1: quarks have charge plus two and minus one. And you

475
00:22:57,240 --> 00:22:59,560
Speaker 1: know it's just because of Ben Franklin that the quarks

476
00:22:59,560 --> 00:23:02,320
Speaker 1: have charge one third. There's no absolute scale there.

477
00:23:02,359 --> 00:23:04,440
Speaker 2: Why is it Ben Franklin's fault that the charge is

478
00:23:04,520 --> 00:23:06,719
Speaker 2: negative one third? We're getting way off track here, But

479
00:23:06,760 --> 00:23:08,879
Speaker 2: what is Ben? Was Ben Franklin around when we were

480
00:23:08,920 --> 00:23:09,760
Speaker 2: figuring this stuff out?

481
00:23:09,920 --> 00:23:11,720
Speaker 1: Well, Ben Franklin, you know, the best president of the

482
00:23:11,800 --> 00:23:14,840
Speaker 1: United States. He helped to find the direction of the currents,

483
00:23:14,880 --> 00:23:17,639
Speaker 1: and so the direction that we later discovered was caused

484
00:23:17,640 --> 00:23:19,200
Speaker 1: by electrons he called negative.

485
00:23:19,640 --> 00:23:21,080
Speaker 2: Was Ben Franklin ever a president?

486
00:23:22,359 --> 00:23:24,280
Speaker 1: No, he was not a president. That's an internet joke.

487
00:23:24,520 --> 00:23:28,840
Speaker 2: Oh, I did that one right over my head. All right, Look,

488
00:23:28,920 --> 00:23:31,560
Speaker 2: this isn't a history podcast, Daniel, Let's get back on track,

489
00:23:31,640 --> 00:23:32,000
Speaker 2: all right.

490
00:23:32,040 --> 00:23:35,000
Speaker 1: Anyways, so your protons and neutrons are made out of

491
00:23:35,080 --> 00:23:38,160
Speaker 1: upquarks and down quarks. But this is where our intuition

492
00:23:38,280 --> 00:23:40,760
Speaker 1: breaks down. You might imagine that the mass of the

493
00:23:40,800 --> 00:23:43,160
Speaker 1: proton is just the mass of the quarks it's made

494
00:23:43,160 --> 00:23:44,639
Speaker 1: out of, added up, the way the mass of the

495
00:23:44,680 --> 00:23:47,280
Speaker 1: lego cat is the mass of the legos. But it's

496
00:23:47,359 --> 00:23:50,920
Speaker 1: not true because mass is not just the stuff you're

497
00:23:50,960 --> 00:23:54,439
Speaker 1: made out of. Mass is a measure of your internal

498
00:23:54,720 --> 00:23:59,200
Speaker 1: stored energy, which is a much weirder and more astract concept.

499
00:23:59,800 --> 00:24:02,560
Speaker 1: The universe is not required to be intuitive, right, or

500
00:24:02,600 --> 00:24:04,600
Speaker 1: to make any sense to us at all. It's amazing

501
00:24:04,720 --> 00:24:07,280
Speaker 1: we can't understand any of it. But like to give

502
00:24:07,280 --> 00:24:09,919
Speaker 1: you a sense for what I'm talking about. If you

503
00:24:10,040 --> 00:24:13,720
Speaker 1: have a box made of mirrors and you shine a

504
00:24:13,720 --> 00:24:15,920
Speaker 1: photon in there and then slam the door. So now

505
00:24:15,920 --> 00:24:18,720
Speaker 1: the photon is bouncing around inside of it, and I

506
00:24:18,760 --> 00:24:21,160
Speaker 1: ask you, well, what was the mass of the box before?

507
00:24:21,160 --> 00:24:23,680
Speaker 1: And after you'd say, well, you've just added a photon.

508
00:24:23,720 --> 00:24:26,359
Speaker 1: Photons have no mass. You've put a zero mass thing

509
00:24:26,440 --> 00:24:28,160
Speaker 1: in the box, so it has the same mass before

510
00:24:28,200 --> 00:24:31,239
Speaker 1: and after, And you would be wrong because now that

511
00:24:31,240 --> 00:24:34,360
Speaker 1: photon is trapped in the box, it's internal stored energy

512
00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:37,840
Speaker 1: of the box. So the box gained some mass by

513
00:24:37,920 --> 00:24:39,560
Speaker 1: e equals mc squared.

514
00:24:40,119 --> 00:24:41,760
Speaker 2: Wait a minute, Wait a minute. The other day you

515
00:24:41,800 --> 00:24:44,359
Speaker 2: were telling me that energy doesn't have I thought you

516
00:24:44,359 --> 00:24:46,320
Speaker 2: were saying that energy doesn't have mass, and people get

517
00:24:46,359 --> 00:24:50,439
Speaker 2: confused about equals mc squared. Doesn't imply that photons have mass.

518
00:24:50,480 --> 00:24:53,600
Speaker 1: Photons do not have mass. Okay, photons do not have mass,

519
00:24:53,920 --> 00:24:57,280
Speaker 1: But what is mass anyway? Mass is internal stored energy.

520
00:24:57,320 --> 00:25:00,479
Speaker 1: Photons have no internal stored energy. But you can capture

521
00:25:00,480 --> 00:25:03,560
Speaker 1: a photon same way that for example, if you absorb

522
00:25:03,600 --> 00:25:06,400
Speaker 1: a photon you lay in the sun, you absorb photons,

523
00:25:06,680 --> 00:25:11,320
Speaker 1: you gain mass because those photons energy gets converted into

524
00:25:11,320 --> 00:25:14,120
Speaker 1: other kinds of energy in your body, and any internal

525
00:25:14,160 --> 00:25:16,320
Speaker 1: stored energy, that's what mass is.

526
00:25:16,760 --> 00:25:21,000
Speaker 2: So can we get a short answer for how do

527
00:25:21,040 --> 00:25:25,640
Speaker 2: you define energy then? Or is that another philosophical side road?

528
00:25:25,920 --> 00:25:27,879
Speaker 2: So if you've got if you've got a photon in

529
00:25:27,880 --> 00:25:30,560
Speaker 2: a box and now you have more energy, what does

530
00:25:30,560 --> 00:25:31,840
Speaker 2: that imply that energy is?

531
00:25:31,880 --> 00:25:32,040
Speaker 3: Then?

532
00:25:32,400 --> 00:25:34,560
Speaker 1: Well, yeah, we don't really know what energy is if

533
00:25:34,600 --> 00:25:36,560
Speaker 1: you want to go like really deep and fundamental. It's

534
00:25:36,560 --> 00:25:39,120
Speaker 1: not even something that's conserved in the universe, which makes

535
00:25:39,119 --> 00:25:42,520
Speaker 1: it even harder to define. But we have categories. There's

536
00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:45,679
Speaker 1: energy of motion, which is what a photon has. A

537
00:25:45,680 --> 00:25:49,360
Speaker 1: photon is pure energy of motion. Is also internal stored energy,

538
00:25:49,520 --> 00:25:52,280
Speaker 1: which is what mass is. So we have these examples,

539
00:25:52,320 --> 00:25:56,040
Speaker 1: and we know that in many situations that some of

540
00:25:56,080 --> 00:25:58,720
Speaker 1: these two things is conserved that you can convert one

541
00:25:58,760 --> 00:26:01,320
Speaker 1: kind into another and back and forth they slosh back

542
00:26:01,359 --> 00:26:04,719
Speaker 1: and forth. There's also potential energy, which is just energy

543
00:26:04,760 --> 00:26:07,439
Speaker 1: of like configuration. You know, if you have a ball

544
00:26:07,520 --> 00:26:10,560
Speaker 1: on a shelf in a gravitational field, then it has

545
00:26:10,680 --> 00:26:14,040
Speaker 1: energy stored. Like you can make a gravitational battery just

546
00:26:14,080 --> 00:26:17,199
Speaker 1: by lifting concrete blocks up to the top of a building,

547
00:26:17,840 --> 00:26:19,640
Speaker 1: and like that has energy in it, and you can

548
00:26:19,760 --> 00:26:22,760
Speaker 1: recover that energy by like dropping those rocks, and then

549
00:26:22,800 --> 00:26:24,760
Speaker 1: it turns into kinetic energy and you can have that

550
00:26:25,119 --> 00:26:28,960
Speaker 1: spin a wheel which then generates electricity, for example. So

551
00:26:29,320 --> 00:26:32,720
Speaker 1: there's lots of different forms of energy, but mass is

552
00:26:32,760 --> 00:26:35,640
Speaker 1: a measure of your internal stored energy, which is really

553
00:26:35,640 --> 00:26:37,840
Speaker 1: weird because me and what we're talking about is the

554
00:26:37,840 --> 00:26:40,240
Speaker 1: inertial mass of the object, right, Like, how hard is

555
00:26:40,280 --> 00:26:43,680
Speaker 1: it to accelerate it? And if you shine a light

556
00:26:43,720 --> 00:26:46,200
Speaker 1: into a box and then slam the door, you need

557
00:26:46,240 --> 00:26:48,760
Speaker 1: to give it a bigger push to accelerate it to

558
00:26:48,800 --> 00:26:49,720
Speaker 1: the same velocity.

559
00:26:49,960 --> 00:26:52,919
Speaker 2: Okay, all right, So you've got that photon in a

560
00:26:52,960 --> 00:26:56,480
Speaker 2: box and you switch one of the quarks to up

561
00:26:56,640 --> 00:26:59,280
Speaker 2: and now you have two or no, you've got three

562
00:26:59,320 --> 00:26:59,880
Speaker 2: quarks in there.

563
00:26:59,880 --> 00:27:03,040
Speaker 1: So photons that you're talking about, photons and protons. Oh,

564
00:27:03,880 --> 00:27:05,400
Speaker 1: I was talking about photons, which.

565
00:27:05,240 --> 00:27:07,040
Speaker 2: Have no mass, but they have quarks.

566
00:27:07,280 --> 00:27:14,800
Speaker 1: No, no, no, protons have quarks, photons, photons. I was using

567
00:27:14,840 --> 00:27:16,879
Speaker 1: photons because they have no mass, which it makes it

568
00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:21,040
Speaker 1: especially obvious that when they add mass to the box,

569
00:27:21,080 --> 00:27:24,320
Speaker 1: it's not because they have stuff to them. It's because

570
00:27:24,480 --> 00:27:27,480
Speaker 1: you now have internal stored energy. You've captured their energy.

571
00:27:27,720 --> 00:27:28,520
Speaker 2: Okay, got it.

572
00:27:29,040 --> 00:27:31,280
Speaker 1: So let's return to the proton, which is a good idea.

573
00:27:31,600 --> 00:27:34,240
Speaker 1: Where does the mass of the proton come from? It

574
00:27:34,359 --> 00:27:37,080
Speaker 1: does get some contribution from the mass of the quarks,

575
00:27:37,080 --> 00:27:39,440
Speaker 1: like those little lego pieces, but those masses are really

576
00:27:39,440 --> 00:27:43,040
Speaker 1: really tiny, like they're about one thousands or two thousands

577
00:27:43,119 --> 00:27:45,879
Speaker 1: of the mass of the proton. Most of the mass

578
00:27:45,880 --> 00:27:48,800
Speaker 1: of the proton comes from the energy of those quarks,

579
00:27:49,040 --> 00:27:51,680
Speaker 1: the binding of them into a proton. There's a lot

580
00:27:51,680 --> 00:27:54,040
Speaker 1: of energy stored in there. And we know there's a

581
00:27:54,040 --> 00:27:55,919
Speaker 1: lot of energy in protons because there's a lot of

582
00:27:56,000 --> 00:27:58,679
Speaker 1: energy in the nucleus. It's the strong nuclear force. This

583
00:27:58,800 --> 00:28:01,159
Speaker 1: is what fission and fusion and deal with, and that's

584
00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:04,400
Speaker 1: why they're so powerful. And so most of the mass

585
00:28:04,480 --> 00:28:06,960
Speaker 1: of the proton doesn't come from the bits it's made

586
00:28:07,000 --> 00:28:10,240
Speaker 1: out of. It comes from the binding energy. And the

587
00:28:10,280 --> 00:28:13,320
Speaker 1: mass of the quarks themselves does come from the Higgs boson.

588
00:28:13,880 --> 00:28:16,400
Speaker 1: But so most of your mass comes from the binding

589
00:28:16,520 --> 00:28:20,000
Speaker 1: energy of quarks inside protons, not from the Higgs boson,

590
00:28:20,040 --> 00:28:21,560
Speaker 1: which gives those quarks mass.

591
00:28:21,800 --> 00:28:24,280
Speaker 2: So, to imagine what this experiment would look like, if

592
00:28:24,320 --> 00:28:26,640
Speaker 2: you wanted to switch your quarks from down to up,

593
00:28:26,680 --> 00:28:29,800
Speaker 2: you would need a bunch of energy to break that

594
00:28:29,960 --> 00:28:32,800
Speaker 2: bond and switch it, and then you don't even really

595
00:28:32,800 --> 00:28:33,960
Speaker 2: have protons anymore.

596
00:28:34,119 --> 00:28:36,879
Speaker 1: Yeah, you wouldn't have protons anymore. So a proton is

597
00:28:36,920 --> 00:28:40,040
Speaker 1: defined as this combination of up and down quarks, and

598
00:28:40,080 --> 00:28:42,800
Speaker 1: you can have other combinations, like you can replace one

599
00:28:42,800 --> 00:28:44,480
Speaker 1: of the up quarks with a charm, or you can

600
00:28:44,520 --> 00:28:46,960
Speaker 1: replace the down with a strange and we've done all those.

601
00:28:47,000 --> 00:28:50,040
Speaker 1: We've seen those particles. We call them other weird things,

602
00:28:50,040 --> 00:28:53,160
Speaker 1: delta's and omegas. You can have three strange quarks. It's

603
00:28:53,200 --> 00:28:56,960
Speaker 1: all sorts of different combinations. These particles can be neutral

604
00:28:57,160 --> 00:29:00,560
Speaker 1: in triplets. It's meaning like their color charges are all balanced.

605
00:29:00,960 --> 00:29:03,640
Speaker 1: And so we've made every possible combination we can make,

606
00:29:03,880 --> 00:29:06,080
Speaker 1: but most of them are not stable. Like even the

607
00:29:06,080 --> 00:29:08,640
Speaker 1: neutron is not stable. The neutron will decay to the proton.

608
00:29:08,680 --> 00:29:12,120
Speaker 1: The proton is the stable one. It's the lowest energy

609
00:29:12,160 --> 00:29:14,800
Speaker 1: state of all of these things. So you can make

610
00:29:14,840 --> 00:29:18,000
Speaker 1: other particles out of quarks, but they wouldn't be stable,

611
00:29:18,040 --> 00:29:21,040
Speaker 1: and they wouldn't be protons. But let's say you did.

612
00:29:21,120 --> 00:29:24,000
Speaker 1: Let's say you took a proton and you made the

613
00:29:24,040 --> 00:29:26,440
Speaker 1: top quark version of it, whatever you call it, and

614
00:29:26,480 --> 00:29:29,160
Speaker 1: you make it like top top bottom, which is an

615
00:29:29,200 --> 00:29:32,400
Speaker 1: analog of like up up down number one. It would

616
00:29:32,400 --> 00:29:35,240
Speaker 1: already be a lot more massive because the quarks themselves

617
00:29:35,360 --> 00:29:38,040
Speaker 1: are much more massive, Like a top quark has the

618
00:29:38,080 --> 00:29:41,560
Speaker 1: mass of one hundred and seventy five protons, right, So

619
00:29:41,600 --> 00:29:44,280
Speaker 1: the upcork has the mass of like a thousands of

620
00:29:44,360 --> 00:29:46,719
Speaker 1: the proton, and the top cork has the mass of

621
00:29:46,840 --> 00:29:50,280
Speaker 1: like almost two hundred protons, So it's a huge ratio.

622
00:29:50,480 --> 00:29:53,120
Speaker 1: Nobody understands this. By the way, why is the top

623
00:29:53,160 --> 00:29:56,280
Speaker 1: quark so much heavier than the upqork. Nobody knows. It's

624
00:29:56,360 --> 00:30:01,640
Speaker 1: just this incredible heavy grand papa of a particle. Nobody

625
00:30:01,680 --> 00:30:03,600
Speaker 1: knows why it's so much more massive, if.

626
00:30:03,440 --> 00:30:05,280
Speaker 2: We could take a quick step back, So up and

627
00:30:05,280 --> 00:30:08,400
Speaker 2: down quarks are different than top and bottom quarks. And

628
00:30:08,440 --> 00:30:09,840
Speaker 2: what are top and bottom quarks again?

629
00:30:10,040 --> 00:30:12,560
Speaker 1: Yeah, top and bottom quarks are the heavy versions of them.

630
00:30:12,920 --> 00:30:14,960
Speaker 1: They're up and down quarks which we use to make

631
00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:17,840
Speaker 1: the proton and neutron. And then, for some reason that's

632
00:30:17,840 --> 00:30:20,480
Speaker 1: a mystery to us, there are other heavier versions of them.

633
00:30:20,680 --> 00:30:23,480
Speaker 1: The charm and the strange are just like the up

634
00:30:23,480 --> 00:30:25,600
Speaker 1: and the down, but they're heavier. The top and the

635
00:30:25,600 --> 00:30:27,720
Speaker 1: bottom are just like the up and the down in

636
00:30:27,800 --> 00:30:31,200
Speaker 1: terms of like electric charges and weak charges and behavior

637
00:30:31,240 --> 00:30:33,920
Speaker 1: and stuff like this, but even heavier, and the top

638
00:30:33,960 --> 00:30:36,360
Speaker 1: and the bottom are like the grandma and grandpa of

639
00:30:36,400 --> 00:30:38,680
Speaker 1: these things. They're much much heavier than they up and

640
00:30:38,720 --> 00:30:40,960
Speaker 1: the down okay, and that's why I think Rebecca was

641
00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:44,280
Speaker 1: asking you about this, because they feel like different flavors

642
00:30:44,320 --> 00:30:46,360
Speaker 1: of the same particle. In fact, we call this field

643
00:30:46,400 --> 00:30:49,840
Speaker 1: flavor physics because if top quark and bottom quark feel

644
00:30:49,880 --> 00:30:52,400
Speaker 1: like different flavors, and people who study this we call

645
00:30:52,440 --> 00:30:55,520
Speaker 1: them heavy flavor physicists, which makes them sound much cooler

646
00:30:55,560 --> 00:30:57,080
Speaker 1: and hip hoppier than they actually are.

647
00:30:57,200 --> 00:31:00,440
Speaker 2: That does sound way cool? Yeah, yeah, they have big

648
00:31:00,480 --> 00:31:04,920
Speaker 2: necklaces and stuff. Yeah, okay.

649
00:31:05,080 --> 00:31:08,560
Speaker 1: So if you replace the upquorks with top quarks and

650
00:31:08,600 --> 00:31:12,400
Speaker 1: the down quarks with bottom quarks you already just from

651
00:31:12,440 --> 00:31:14,480
Speaker 1: the stuff you're made out of, just from the quarks,

652
00:31:14,960 --> 00:31:17,960
Speaker 1: would increase the mass of this new version of the

653
00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:21,840
Speaker 1: proton by a factor of hundreds, right, So, like a

654
00:31:21,880 --> 00:31:24,520
Speaker 1: particle made out of a top top bottom would have

655
00:31:24,680 --> 00:31:27,480
Speaker 1: a mass just from the quarks of like three hundred

656
00:31:27,520 --> 00:31:31,480
Speaker 1: and fifty five protons. And that doesn't even account for

657
00:31:31,520 --> 00:31:34,040
Speaker 1: the binding energy, which is most of the mass of

658
00:31:34,080 --> 00:31:37,040
Speaker 1: the proton. So now this new particle you're building, what

659
00:31:37,120 --> 00:31:39,480
Speaker 1: would be the binding energy this thing? How much binding

660
00:31:39,600 --> 00:31:41,960
Speaker 1: energy is required to bring two top quarks and a

661
00:31:42,000 --> 00:31:45,160
Speaker 1: bottom cork together. We don't know. We can't do that

662
00:31:45,360 --> 00:31:50,360
Speaker 1: calculation because quantum physics in the strong force is too hard,

663
00:31:50,520 --> 00:31:52,760
Speaker 1: Like we can barely calculate what the mass of the

664
00:31:52,760 --> 00:31:56,120
Speaker 1: proton is. It's like not an easy thing to calculate

665
00:31:56,160 --> 00:31:58,840
Speaker 1: because the strong force is so strong that every time

666
00:31:58,880 --> 00:32:00,920
Speaker 1: you try to do a calculation, there's gluons, and those

667
00:32:00,960 --> 00:32:03,640
Speaker 1: gluons make more gluons, and those gluons make more gluons,

668
00:32:03,640 --> 00:32:05,600
Speaker 1: and those gluons stick to each other and interact with

669
00:32:05,640 --> 00:32:08,040
Speaker 1: each other. It gets very complicated, and all the tricks

670
00:32:08,080 --> 00:32:11,000
Speaker 1: we can use for other weaker forces don't work because

671
00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:14,240
Speaker 1: the approximations break down. So we can't make that prediction.

672
00:32:14,360 --> 00:32:16,240
Speaker 1: I don't know the answer to that. Nobody knows the

673
00:32:16,280 --> 00:32:19,120
Speaker 1: answer to that. But I can tell you that that particle,

674
00:32:19,120 --> 00:32:21,000
Speaker 1: if you made it, it wouldn't be a proton, and

675
00:32:21,040 --> 00:32:24,440
Speaker 1: it wouldn't be stable. Right. Top quarks are not stable,

676
00:32:24,440 --> 00:32:27,880
Speaker 1: bottom quarks are not stable. No combinations of these quarks

677
00:32:27,920 --> 00:32:31,000
Speaker 1: are stable except for the proton, And so this top

678
00:32:31,040 --> 00:32:33,240
Speaker 1: top bottom thing that Rebecca wants to build would definitely

679
00:32:33,320 --> 00:32:36,640
Speaker 1: not be stable. So if you're designing some like super

680
00:32:36,680 --> 00:32:38,760
Speaker 1: massive version of humanity and you made it out of

681
00:32:38,760 --> 00:32:40,440
Speaker 1: these things, it would last for like ten to the

682
00:32:40,480 --> 00:32:44,200
Speaker 1: negative twenty three seconds before decayed into something else. Probably

683
00:32:44,240 --> 00:32:45,520
Speaker 1: you would end up with protons.

684
00:32:45,920 --> 00:32:48,840
Speaker 2: You know, I gotta admit I misunderstood Rebecca's question initially.

685
00:32:48,920 --> 00:32:50,520
Speaker 2: So what she says is the proton is made of

686
00:32:50,640 --> 00:32:53,480
Speaker 2: up and down quirks, which are light. I thought she

687
00:32:53,680 --> 00:32:56,840
Speaker 2: was asking if we instead of having up up down,

688
00:32:56,920 --> 00:32:58,720
Speaker 2: what if it was all up up up, How would

689
00:32:58,720 --> 00:33:01,040
Speaker 2: that change the mass? But now, oh, and I thought

690
00:33:01,080 --> 00:33:03,240
Speaker 2: maybe top was another way of referring to up, because

691
00:33:03,240 --> 00:33:06,160
Speaker 2: it's because up it's on top. But now now it

692
00:33:06,200 --> 00:33:06,720
Speaker 2: is all clear.

693
00:33:06,960 --> 00:33:09,520
Speaker 1: The top is just another example of particle physicists being

694
00:33:09,640 --> 00:33:13,000
Speaker 1: brilliant at naming things. You know, top and bottom is

695
00:33:13,040 --> 00:33:15,640
Speaker 1: like an analogy to up and down. Don't ask me

696
00:33:15,720 --> 00:33:17,920
Speaker 1: why charm and strange are called charm and strange. It

697
00:33:17,920 --> 00:33:18,760
Speaker 1: breaks the pattern.

698
00:33:18,840 --> 00:33:21,600
Speaker 2: But I'm sure my confusion with the question reveals how

699
00:33:21,600 --> 00:33:22,960
Speaker 2: clear you guys are with your naming.

700
00:33:24,520 --> 00:33:26,720
Speaker 1: You know, there's a whole group of physicists who reject

701
00:33:26,840 --> 00:33:29,480
Speaker 1: the names top and bottom, and they call them truth

702
00:33:29,600 --> 00:33:32,400
Speaker 1: and beauty. And so there's a whole group of people

703
00:33:32,440 --> 00:33:35,240
Speaker 1: who say, we don't do flavor physics, we do beauty physics.

704
00:33:35,560 --> 00:33:38,760
Speaker 2: Oh wow, do you guys like get really heated? Do

705
00:33:38,920 --> 00:33:41,600
Speaker 2: guys and gals get really heated at conferences about this

706
00:33:41,680 --> 00:33:42,440
Speaker 2: kind of stuff?

707
00:33:43,000 --> 00:33:45,200
Speaker 1: More snide and snarky than heated.

708
00:33:45,320 --> 00:33:50,040
Speaker 2: But yeah, we're all just human beings after all, all.

709
00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:52,560
Speaker 1: Right, Rebecca. So the answer your question is, if you

710
00:33:52,600 --> 00:33:54,840
Speaker 1: tried to put Rebecca together with top quirks, you would

711
00:33:54,880 --> 00:33:58,120
Speaker 1: be very very massive, at least hundreds of times more massive,

712
00:33:58,160 --> 00:34:01,040
Speaker 1: probably much much more, and you would also decay very

713
00:34:01,080 --> 00:34:02,680
Speaker 1: quickly down to protonic.

714
00:34:02,720 --> 00:34:06,280
Speaker 2: Rebecca, sounds like a bad idea, Rebecca, I don't recommend it.

715
00:34:07,200 --> 00:34:09,239
Speaker 1: No, let us know how it works. I'm curious. Maybe

716
00:34:09,280 --> 00:34:10,520
Speaker 1: you'll discover something awesome.

717
00:34:10,800 --> 00:34:14,800
Speaker 2: We don't want to lose a listener, all right, Rebecca,

718
00:34:14,880 --> 00:34:15,520
Speaker 2: what do you think?

719
00:34:16,200 --> 00:34:18,440
Speaker 5: Daniel N Kelly, thank you so much for giving me

720
00:34:18,560 --> 00:34:22,880
Speaker 5: the extra time and your indulgence responding to your answer.

721
00:34:24,040 --> 00:34:28,279
Speaker 5: Don't think I didn't notice the terminology drift from a

722
00:34:28,400 --> 00:34:32,000
Speaker 5: barrister to lawyer, and I know that you have spared

723
00:34:32,040 --> 00:34:35,560
Speaker 5: yourself having to explain to all of your viewers that

724
00:34:35,680 --> 00:34:40,880
Speaker 5: in the UK, barristers don't actually make coffee. Anyway, back

725
00:34:40,960 --> 00:34:44,960
Speaker 5: to the quirky cork question. Thank you very much Daniel

726
00:34:45,160 --> 00:34:49,400
Speaker 5: for explaining the difference between the ups and the tops

727
00:34:49,440 --> 00:34:53,000
Speaker 5: and the downs and the bottoms, which now actually makes

728
00:34:53,200 --> 00:34:57,759
Speaker 5: good sense to me. However, it strikes me that there

729
00:34:57,840 --> 00:35:01,719
Speaker 5: is research to be had because it doesn't explain why

730
00:35:01,880 --> 00:35:06,920
Speaker 5: people gain weight over the winter months, specifically in the

731
00:35:06,960 --> 00:35:10,640
Speaker 5: holiday season. And I wonder if there is a moment

732
00:35:10,719 --> 00:35:15,839
Speaker 5: in time, possibly due to reduced photons in the atmosphere

733
00:35:16,200 --> 00:35:19,520
Speaker 5: at that time of year, that in fact all of

734
00:35:19,560 --> 00:35:25,120
Speaker 5: the fields do a switcheraroo and my protons are comprised

735
00:35:25,320 --> 00:35:31,480
Speaker 5: of top bottom rather than up down, and that accounts

736
00:35:31,520 --> 00:35:34,800
Speaker 5: for the weight gain. I think that there is money

737
00:35:34,840 --> 00:35:37,680
Speaker 5: to be had in researching this. What do you think?

738
00:35:57,520 --> 00:36:00,960
Speaker 2: All right? Sorry? Next question is from Robert noted that

739
00:36:01,080 --> 00:36:04,320
Speaker 2: on an episode I made a mistake by joking about

740
00:36:04,320 --> 00:36:08,680
Speaker 2: something that actually happens. Let's hear Robert's question who.

741
00:36:09,160 --> 00:36:11,640
Speaker 4: In one of the podcasts for Passing Months, Kelly made

742
00:36:11,680 --> 00:36:13,640
Speaker 4: a random side comment about how it'd be cool if

743
00:36:13,640 --> 00:36:16,560
Speaker 4: he didn't carrots turn the orange, which, as it turns out,

744
00:36:16,600 --> 00:36:19,759
Speaker 4: actually does. I don't really understand how though, so I'd

745
00:36:19,800 --> 00:36:21,560
Speaker 4: love it if you can look into why and do

746
00:36:21,800 --> 00:36:25,920
Speaker 4: some sort of segment about krotinemia beta caroteenes and all that.

747
00:36:26,239 --> 00:36:29,360
Speaker 1: Thanks, all right, Kelly being called out by our audience.

748
00:36:29,400 --> 00:36:33,800
Speaker 1: I wonder if this is a physics inspired listener that

749
00:36:33,840 --> 00:36:34,600
Speaker 1: would be juicy.

750
00:36:35,400 --> 00:36:38,640
Speaker 2: I don't know, but I would like all listeners to

751
00:36:38,760 --> 00:36:41,400
Speaker 2: call me out. At least I assume you'd like us

752
00:36:41,400 --> 00:36:43,400
Speaker 2: both be called out if you if you catch us

753
00:36:43,440 --> 00:36:45,879
Speaker 2: making a mistake, please correct us. We want to get

754
00:36:45,880 --> 00:36:48,400
Speaker 2: this stuff right. And you know, lots of times knowledge

755
00:36:48,400 --> 00:36:51,960
Speaker 2: is moving quickly and we might not be all caught up.

756
00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:54,799
Speaker 2: But in this case, this is something that I got wrong.

757
00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:57,200
Speaker 2: We've known this for a long time. I think I

758
00:36:57,320 --> 00:36:58,640
Speaker 2: knew it, but I've since forgotten.

759
00:36:58,680 --> 00:37:01,520
Speaker 1: And so well, let's dig in and marinate in your wrongness.

760
00:37:01,560 --> 00:37:05,200
Speaker 1: What exactly did you say? And exactly how.

761
00:37:06,680 --> 00:37:10,319
Speaker 2: This is my favorite thing to do? Uh so, so

762
00:37:10,440 --> 00:37:12,600
Speaker 2: I said, I think I made some joke about like,

763
00:37:12,600 --> 00:37:14,640
Speaker 2: wouldn't it be funny if you turned orange when you

764
00:37:15,080 --> 00:37:19,680
Speaker 2: ate carrots? And this is called caratinemia. And it's not

765
00:37:19,840 --> 00:37:26,720
Speaker 2: called caratinemia because you ate carrots. It's called caratinemia because

766
00:37:26,840 --> 00:37:29,440
Speaker 2: of the carotene that you find in a lot of

767
00:37:29,480 --> 00:37:31,280
Speaker 2: different kinds of fruits and veggies.

768
00:37:31,520 --> 00:37:34,480
Speaker 1: And are carrots called carrots because of beta carotene or

769
00:37:34,520 --> 00:37:36,120
Speaker 1: is it just a totally random connection.

770
00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:39,000
Speaker 2: I'm gonna bet that carrots had a name long before

771
00:37:39,560 --> 00:37:41,080
Speaker 2: we knew what carotene was.

772
00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:44,360
Speaker 1: Well, Google tells me that the word originates from a

773
00:37:44,400 --> 00:37:48,280
Speaker 1: Greek word, which is derived from an Indo European word

774
00:37:48,760 --> 00:37:51,920
Speaker 1: for horn or head. So it has to do with

775
00:37:52,000 --> 00:37:53,640
Speaker 1: the shape of the top of the carrot.

776
00:37:53,719 --> 00:37:56,840
Speaker 2: Okay, Well, and caratene is not spelled C A R

777
00:37:57,040 --> 00:37:59,759
Speaker 2: R O T E ny, It's just got one R.

778
00:38:00,360 --> 00:38:04,000
Speaker 2: So maybe it's just a coincidence. So anyway, around World

779
00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:08,239
Speaker 2: War One and World War Two, actually caratinemia I'm going

780
00:38:08,280 --> 00:38:10,360
Speaker 2: to slow down and stumble every time I have to

781
00:38:10,400 --> 00:38:14,880
Speaker 2: say it was actually moderately common because there were some

782
00:38:14,920 --> 00:38:18,200
Speaker 2: food shortages and lots of people kept eating large quantities

783
00:38:18,200 --> 00:38:20,560
Speaker 2: of the same fruits or of veggies, and lots of

784
00:38:20,560 --> 00:38:23,440
Speaker 2: different kinds of fruits and vegetables not just carrots have

785
00:38:23,960 --> 00:38:25,200
Speaker 2: carotene in them.

786
00:38:25,360 --> 00:38:27,239
Speaker 1: What's an example of something that's not a carrot but

787
00:38:27,320 --> 00:38:29,000
Speaker 1: has a lot of bit of carotene in it?

788
00:38:29,080 --> 00:38:33,400
Speaker 2: Apricots, mangoes, oranges, green beans, et cetera. Lots of different

789
00:38:33,400 --> 00:38:34,560
Speaker 2: fruits and vegetables have it.

790
00:38:34,600 --> 00:38:36,640
Speaker 1: So these are all sort of orangey stuff until you

791
00:38:36,680 --> 00:38:37,480
Speaker 1: got the green beans.

792
00:38:37,640 --> 00:38:40,520
Speaker 2: Yeah, they don't have to be orange. And if you remember,

793
00:38:40,640 --> 00:38:45,040
Speaker 2: we were talking about krotenoids when we were talking about flamingoes,

794
00:38:45,400 --> 00:38:49,040
Speaker 2: and we were talking about how flamingoes extract the krotenoids

795
00:38:49,560 --> 00:38:51,520
Speaker 2: from the food that they eat and they use that

796
00:38:51,560 --> 00:38:54,719
Speaker 2: to make themselves pink, and they're not always eating pink foods.

797
00:38:55,120 --> 00:38:56,960
Speaker 2: It has to do with how your body sort of

798
00:38:57,000 --> 00:39:01,040
Speaker 2: converts and deals with these products. So in our body,

799
00:39:01,680 --> 00:39:05,680
Speaker 2: when we consume carotenoids in our liver, we convert some

800
00:39:05,760 --> 00:39:09,120
Speaker 2: of those carotenoids into vitamin A using a particular kind

801
00:39:09,160 --> 00:39:11,040
Speaker 2: of enzyme that we have, and then we go ahead

802
00:39:11,040 --> 00:39:12,680
Speaker 2: and we use that vitamin A to help us with

803
00:39:12,760 --> 00:39:15,280
Speaker 2: things like vision and the functioning of our immune system.

804
00:39:15,840 --> 00:39:18,879
Speaker 2: But if you have too much vitamin A, it can

805
00:39:18,920 --> 00:39:23,680
Speaker 2: be toxic. So no matter how much beta caroteen we consume,

806
00:39:24,200 --> 00:39:26,759
Speaker 2: our bodies only convert a small amount of it to

807
00:39:26,840 --> 00:39:27,319
Speaker 2: vitamin a.

808
00:39:28,080 --> 00:39:29,960
Speaker 1: Is that because we only need a certain amount of

809
00:39:30,000 --> 00:39:32,520
Speaker 1: vitamin A, our body is not capable of converting more

810
00:39:32,640 --> 00:39:33,560
Speaker 1: or why is it rejected?

811
00:39:33,960 --> 00:39:35,560
Speaker 2: We only need a certain amount, and if you have

812
00:39:35,640 --> 00:39:37,879
Speaker 2: too much, it becomes toxic, and so our body sort

813
00:39:37,920 --> 00:39:40,799
Speaker 2: of protects us from that toxicity by only converting some

814
00:39:41,200 --> 00:39:44,160
Speaker 2: amount of it well into vitamin A. Yeah, go us,

815
00:39:44,600 --> 00:39:47,160
Speaker 2: go us. But our body still has it, and it

816
00:39:47,280 --> 00:39:51,480
Speaker 2: binds to fat, and if you accumulate enough of it,

817
00:39:51,560 --> 00:39:55,040
Speaker 2: sometimes you can actually see those accumulations in our hands

818
00:39:55,120 --> 00:39:57,200
Speaker 2: and in the soles of our feet. So when you

819
00:39:57,400 --> 00:40:02,359
Speaker 2: get caratinemia kerosinemia, see how fast I said it, I'm

820
00:40:02,360 --> 00:40:06,279
Speaker 2: really good. So when you get keratinemia, you mostly can

821
00:40:06,320 --> 00:40:09,759
Speaker 2: see like a yellowish tint in your souls and in

822
00:40:09,800 --> 00:40:12,640
Speaker 2: your hands. You don't tend to get it in your

823
00:40:12,680 --> 00:40:14,600
Speaker 2: eyes because your eyes don't have the right kind of

824
00:40:14,600 --> 00:40:16,560
Speaker 2: stuff for the carotenoids to bind to. And this is

825
00:40:16,560 --> 00:40:18,280
Speaker 2: one of the ways that you tell the difference between

826
00:40:18,360 --> 00:40:22,959
Speaker 2: if somebody has jaundice, which is a liver problem, versus keratinemia.

827
00:40:23,040 --> 00:40:25,680
Speaker 2: If their eyes aren't yellow, they probably don't have jaundice.

828
00:40:25,880 --> 00:40:27,600
Speaker 2: But anyway, so it tends to build up. And you

829
00:40:27,600 --> 00:40:31,120
Speaker 2: could also get licopenia, which is when you have too

830
00:40:31,160 --> 00:40:36,359
Speaker 2: many tomatoes, which has a different kind of carotenoid called lycopene.

831
00:40:36,440 --> 00:40:40,040
Speaker 2: I eat a lot of tomatoes, which, yeah, well are

832
00:40:40,080 --> 00:40:40,640
Speaker 2: you yellow?

833
00:40:41,080 --> 00:40:42,920
Speaker 1: Everyone's a little yellow, right, I.

834
00:40:42,880 --> 00:40:45,520
Speaker 2: Get well, you're not noticeably yellow, and you don't have

835
00:40:45,640 --> 00:40:48,040
Speaker 2: yellow hands, so you have probably haven't eaten too much.

836
00:40:48,640 --> 00:40:51,960
Speaker 2: In general, this condition isn't dangerous, and you know we

837
00:40:52,000 --> 00:40:54,520
Speaker 2: think that in general. Like you, if you become orange

838
00:40:54,840 --> 00:40:57,840
Speaker 2: or yellowy, the solution is to just change your diet,

839
00:40:57,880 --> 00:41:01,160
Speaker 2: stop eating that stuff. Eventually your body will extract the

840
00:41:01,680 --> 00:41:05,279
Speaker 2: kerotene and you will go back to your normal tone.

841
00:41:05,640 --> 00:41:08,319
Speaker 2: But I did find a paper that said, you know,

842
00:41:08,680 --> 00:41:13,040
Speaker 2: this problem is almost never associated with poor health. Quote. However,

843
00:41:13,360 --> 00:41:16,000
Speaker 2: a man who allegedly ate six to seven pounds of

844
00:41:16,040 --> 00:41:20,440
Speaker 2: carrots weekly was found to have constipation, hyper keratinemia, increase

845
00:41:20,520 --> 00:41:24,120
Speaker 2: liver enzymes, and possible vitamin A toxicity. So you can

846
00:41:24,320 --> 00:41:26,640
Speaker 2: overdo it, guys. Your body tries to save us. But

847
00:41:26,680 --> 00:41:29,040
Speaker 2: if you're eating six to seven pounds of carrots weekly,

848
00:41:29,480 --> 00:41:31,000
Speaker 2: you might have some problems.

849
00:41:31,280 --> 00:41:33,840
Speaker 1: Is this a carrot farmer or what's the story with

850
00:41:33,920 --> 00:41:34,319
Speaker 1: this guy?

851
00:41:35,080 --> 00:41:38,360
Speaker 2: That's all I could find. I don't know. Man, moderations,

852
00:41:39,280 --> 00:41:41,239
Speaker 2: that's right, that's right, that's right.

853
00:41:41,400 --> 00:41:43,760
Speaker 1: Throw in some tomatoes, dude, geez.

854
00:41:43,360 --> 00:41:47,920
Speaker 2: That's right. Have a little leycopenia to go with your caratinymia.

855
00:41:48,360 --> 00:41:51,880
Speaker 1: Wow, this is fascinating, and so can people google to

856
00:41:51,880 --> 00:41:57,160
Speaker 1: get like pictures of people with kerotinemia that look crazy orange?

857
00:41:57,320 --> 00:41:59,200
Speaker 1: Is it impressive or is it sort of underwhelming?

858
00:41:59,239 --> 00:42:02,840
Speaker 2: It's kind of under not super impressive, And that's a

859
00:42:03,000 --> 00:42:06,479
Speaker 2: fairly safe Google search as far as I can tell,

860
00:42:06,520 --> 00:42:08,440
Speaker 2: I don't remember seeing anything.

861
00:42:07,960 --> 00:42:08,920
Speaker 1: More than pinworms.

862
00:42:08,960 --> 00:42:12,680
Speaker 2: I'm guessing yeah, yeah, I don't recommend actually looking up

863
00:42:12,719 --> 00:42:17,080
Speaker 2: pinworms pictures of pinworms. But anyway, that's the answer that

864
00:42:17,120 --> 00:42:18,000
Speaker 2: I have for Robert.

865
00:42:18,040 --> 00:42:20,799
Speaker 1: And so is there anything else that if you eat it,

866
00:42:20,840 --> 00:42:23,120
Speaker 1: you will turn that color? Can I turn purple by

867
00:42:23,160 --> 00:42:24,239
Speaker 1: eating enough eggplant?

868
00:42:25,040 --> 00:42:28,200
Speaker 2: I don't know about eggplant in particular, but any of

869
00:42:28,239 --> 00:42:31,400
Speaker 2: those plants, be they fruit or vegetables that have a

870
00:42:31,440 --> 00:42:36,480
Speaker 2: lot of carotenoids, you risk your body storing them in

871
00:42:36,680 --> 00:42:40,000
Speaker 2: your in your body as something that will make you yellowy.

872
00:42:40,480 --> 00:42:42,959
Speaker 1: So well, as a kid, I enjoyed having a blue

873
00:42:42,960 --> 00:42:45,960
Speaker 1: tongue after eating blueberries. It's something really cool about that.

874
00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:48,879
Speaker 1: But like, you are what you eat, and you get

875
00:42:48,920 --> 00:42:51,479
Speaker 1: that color. That's super cool. So it's kind of cool

876
00:42:51,480 --> 00:42:54,239
Speaker 1: to like turn orange after eating carros. It feels like

877
00:42:54,320 --> 00:42:56,879
Speaker 1: cartoony biology, but real it does.

878
00:42:57,000 --> 00:42:59,360
Speaker 2: Yeah, and I like that you can do this without

879
00:43:00,360 --> 00:43:01,640
Speaker 2: yourself too much.

880
00:43:01,920 --> 00:43:02,080
Speaker 5: Yeah.

881
00:43:02,160 --> 00:43:04,839
Speaker 2: Yeah, and it is so sort of counterintuitive that if

882
00:43:04,840 --> 00:43:06,840
Speaker 2: you eat too many green beans you could turn yellow

883
00:43:06,920 --> 00:43:09,200
Speaker 2: or orange. But it is weird.

884
00:43:09,440 --> 00:43:12,160
Speaker 1: Yeah, well it depends, right, because it's biology.

885
00:43:12,320 --> 00:43:14,960
Speaker 2: That's right, that's right. But unlike physics, I had a

886
00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:20,640
Speaker 2: clear answer. And so let's see what Robert thinks of

887
00:43:20,680 --> 00:43:26,480
Speaker 2: our clear answer. And Robert pick a team biology. Ooh no,

888
00:43:26,600 --> 00:43:28,239
Speaker 2: I'm just kidding. You don't have to do that. Can't

889
00:43:28,239 --> 00:43:30,600
Speaker 2: we all just get on you started it.

890
00:43:30,600 --> 00:43:32,520
Speaker 1: I say, after tossing so many bos.

891
00:43:32,520 --> 00:43:33,440
Speaker 2: All right, that's right.

892
00:43:34,640 --> 00:43:37,239
Speaker 4: That is super interesting. I would not have expected it

893
00:43:37,239 --> 00:43:40,040
Speaker 4: to be a lipid binding process. Wonder if that means

894
00:43:40,040 --> 00:43:42,480
Speaker 4: if a person got liposuction procedure, if the adiposse would

895
00:43:42,480 --> 00:43:45,480
Speaker 4: also come out more yellowish. Super cool regardless, So thank

896
00:43:45,520 --> 00:43:48,120
Speaker 4: you for so much for ixporing my question. And as

897
00:43:48,160 --> 00:43:50,759
Speaker 4: my degrees are social work, psychology, and sexuality, I'm gonna

898
00:43:50,760 --> 00:43:53,880
Speaker 4: have to abstain from your biology and physics rivalry. I

899
00:43:53,880 --> 00:43:56,200
Speaker 4: think all science is great, nothing more human than one

900
00:43:56,320 --> 00:43:56,880
Speaker 4: to understand.

901
00:43:57,040 --> 00:43:59,239
Speaker 1: All right, thank you Robert for writing it, and thanks to

902
00:43:59,239 --> 00:44:01,839
Speaker 1: everybody who's saying and your questions. We really do love

903
00:44:01,880 --> 00:44:04,120
Speaker 1: hearing from you. Write to us Questions at Daniel and

904
00:44:04,239 --> 00:44:05,160
Speaker 1: Kelly dot org.

905
00:44:05,360 --> 00:44:14,720
Speaker 2: Looking forward to hearing your questions. Thanks. Daniel and Kelly's

906
00:44:14,760 --> 00:44:18,400
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909
00:44:22,360 --> 00:44:25,000
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910
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