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Speaker 1: Hey everyone. Technically you're getting two days in history today

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Speaker 1: because we were running two episodes from the History Vault.

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Speaker 1: You'll also here two hosts, me and Tracy V. Wilson.

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Speaker 1: Hope you enjoy. Welcome to this Day in History Class

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Speaker 1: from how Stuff Works dot com and from the desk

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Speaker 1: of Stuff you Missed in History Class. It's the show

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Speaker 1: where we explore the past one day at a time

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Speaker 1: with a quick look at what happened today in history. Hello,

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Speaker 1: and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. Wilson and

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Speaker 1: it's January eight. Carl M. Bear was legally recognized as

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Speaker 1: male on this day in seven. Bear was born to

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Speaker 1: a German Jewish family in five and after his delivery,

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Speaker 1: the midwife said to his mother something along the lines

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Speaker 1: of congratulations on the birth of your lovely daughter. But

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Speaker 1: the midwife had a different conversation with Carl's father, saying

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Speaker 1: that this newborn baby's body was ambiguous and that it

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Speaker 1: was clear whether she should call the baby male or female. Today,

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Speaker 1: we might have described him as intersex. So the family

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Speaker 1: went to see a doctor and ultimately decided that when

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Speaker 1: they registered Carl's birth, they would register him as a

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Speaker 1: girl and give him a girl's name. But as Carl

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Speaker 1: grew up, he had a very clear sense of his

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Speaker 1: own self. He later described himself as a boy who

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Speaker 1: was being raised as a girl. In his own writing,

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Speaker 1: he said quote, one may raise a healthy boy in

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Speaker 1: a womanish manner as one wishes, and a female creature

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Speaker 1: as mannish. Never will this cause their senses to remain

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Speaker 1: forever reversed. And his growing up was not easy at all.

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Speaker 1: He was expected to play with girls, but he didn't

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Speaker 1: feel like a girl, and the girls also seemed to

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Speaker 1: suspect somehow that he wasn't one of them. Not only

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Speaker 1: did he not like most of the pastimes were considered

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Speaker 1: to be appropriate for girls, but the girls in his

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Speaker 1: community excluded him from playing with them. His behavior and

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Speaker 1: his interests, and as he grew into a teenager, his

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Speaker 1: appearance and voice were more in line with what was

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Speaker 1: expected of boys than what was expected of girls. In

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Speaker 1: nineteen oh four, at the age of nineteen, he moved

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Speaker 1: to Hamburg. He studied sociology. He started working as a

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Speaker 1: social worker and was also part of feminist organizations, including

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Speaker 1: campaigning against the trafficking of women. He was also active

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Speaker 1: in the Jewish Service organization Benate Brith. That same year,

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Speaker 1: he started introducing himself to people as a man, and

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Speaker 1: he changed stress and no longer tried to hide his

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Speaker 1: more masculine physical features. And then in the midst of

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Speaker 1: all this, he was injured in a tram accident. When

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Speaker 1: he was taken to the hospital, doctors immediately noticed that

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Speaker 1: his i d did not match the name or the

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Speaker 1: gender that he gave to them when he was admitted.

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Speaker 1: They ultimately contacted Magnus Hirshfeld of the Institute for Sexual Science,

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Speaker 1: which was a research institute, a medical facility, and an

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Speaker 1: advocacy organization for what we would describe today as LGBT rights.

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Speaker 1: Hirschfeld described Bear as a case of quote erroneous sexual attribution.

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Speaker 1: He and other doctors at the institute felt that Bear

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Speaker 1: would benefit from having surgery. It's what we would today

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Speaker 1: describe as gender affirmation surgery. After receiving hormone treatments, Bear

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Speaker 1: had a series of surgeries starting in nineteen or six,

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Speaker 1: and this made him one of the first people to

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Speaker 1: have surgery for this reason. On January eighth of nineteen

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Speaker 1: o seven, he was legally recognized as male and was

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Speaker 1: issued a new birth certificate. That same year, he published

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Speaker 1: a semi fictional autobiography called Memoirs of a Man's Maiden Years,

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Speaker 1: and he published that under the pseudonym n. O. Body,

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Speaker 1: but it was widely known that he was the author

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Speaker 1: of this work. On October tenth of that year, he

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Speaker 1: got married, although his wife died of pneumonia about a

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Speaker 1: year and a half later, and he got remarried later on.

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Speaker 1: Bear continued to work as a social activist in Berlin

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Speaker 1: until nineteen thirty seven, including becoming the director of the

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Speaker 1: Berlin Lodges of Beni Brith. But then in ninety seven

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Speaker 1: he was captured by Nazis and tortured. After settling his

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Speaker 1: affairs as quickly as he could, he fled Germany and

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Speaker 1: moved to what would later become Israel. He lived a

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Speaker 1: quiet life there as an insurance agent, and he died

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Speaker 1: in nineteen fifty six. Thanks to Casey Pegraham and Chandler

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Speaker 1: Maze for their audio work on this show, You can

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Speaker 1: subscribe to This Day in History class on Apple podcast,

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Speaker 1: Google podcast, the I Heart Radio app, and wherever real

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Speaker 1: to get your podcasts. You can tune in tomorrow for

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Speaker 1: a modern version of something that had existed really for

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Speaker 1: a lot of history. Hello again, it's Eaves and you're

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Speaker 1: listening to This Day in History Class, a podcast that

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Speaker 1: truly believes no day is boring. The day was January eighth,

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Speaker 1: eighteen eleven. One of the largest slave revolts in US history,

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Speaker 1: known as the German Coast Uprising, began in the territory

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Speaker 1: of Orleans or present day Louisiana. The German Coast was

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Speaker 1: a region in Louisiana named after the large number of

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Speaker 1: German immigrants who moved there beginning in the eighteenth century.

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Speaker 1: The land acquired in the Louisiana Purchase in eighteen o

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Speaker 1: three included the Territory of Orleans, which itself included much

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Speaker 1: of the present day state of Louisiana. I shouldn't note

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Speaker 1: here that the Louisiana Purchase was not simply a purchase

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Speaker 1: of land. The US actually paid France for the imperial

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Speaker 1: rights to land that was largely still owned and occupied

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Speaker 1: by Native Americans. Anyway, Sugar cane production was a major

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Speaker 1: industry on the German Coast. There was a large number

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Speaker 1: of enslaved Africans and African Americans, and there were also

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Speaker 1: many free people of color in Louisiana. At the time

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Speaker 1: of the Louisiana Purchase, around one in six people in

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Speaker 1: New Orleans was a free person of color, and free

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Speaker 1: people of color in Louisiana were afforded a relatively high

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Speaker 1: level of acceptance and prosperity compared to the conditions free

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Speaker 1: black people lived under in other places in the US.

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Speaker 1: At the same time, the Haitian Revolution, which ended in

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Speaker 1: eighteen o four with Haitian independence from France, resulted in

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Speaker 1: an influx of Haitian migrants. Fears of flavor rebellion were

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Speaker 1: already high among Louisiana's white population, but the arrival of

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Speaker 1: more free people of color in the spread revolutionary ideas

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Speaker 1: via the French and Haitian revolutions heightened tention, and maroons,

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Speaker 1: or people who escaped slavery, still lived in communities around

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Speaker 1: New Orleans and other places in Louisiana. As it turns out,

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Speaker 1: some people were inspired enough by the Haitian Revolution to

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Speaker 1: take action. An enslaved man named Charles de Lawn was

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Speaker 1: a slave driver on a plantation owned by Manuel Andre

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Speaker 1: near New Orleans in Saint John the Baptist Parish around

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Speaker 1: harvest time, when enslaved people were given more free time.

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Speaker 1: He organized other people enslaved on the plantation and maroons

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Speaker 1: to plan and uprising. In January eighteen eleven, the rebels

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Speaker 1: wounded Andre and killed his son Gilbert. Gathering muskets and

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Speaker 1: ammunition at the plantation and putting on militia uniforms, the

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Speaker 1: group marched down river on River Road toward New Orleans.

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Speaker 1: Along the way, they gathered people from other plantations. They

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Speaker 1: planned to destroy sugarcane plantations, to free enslaved people in Louisiana,

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Speaker 1: and to establish a black state along the Mississippi River.

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Speaker 1: The uprising was growing quickly, with somewhere between two hundred

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Speaker 1: and five hundred people joining the cause, though the exact

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Speaker 1: number is unclear. Many plantation owners fled at the conflict,

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Speaker 1: escaping to New Orleans. Others rounded up their own militia.

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Speaker 1: The governor of the Territory of Orleans, William C. C claiborne,

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Speaker 1: sent troops and militia to suppress the uprising. Though the

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Speaker 1: rebels fought against the local militias with clubs, knives, guns

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Speaker 1: and other weapons, and some were on horseback, the uprising

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Speaker 1: was brutally quelled by January ten. Many of the leaders

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Speaker 1: of the uprising, including the Lawn, were captured and killed.

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Speaker 1: Childs were soon held for people who have been captured,

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Speaker 1: resulting in the execution of more enslaved people. The heads

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Speaker 1: of some of the executed people were displayed on pikes.

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Speaker 1: Other gruesome public displays of bodies were put up as

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Speaker 1: an attempt to t others from attempting and uprising. Nearly

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Speaker 1: one enslaved people died in the uprising and subsequent executions.

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Speaker 1: After the rebellion, free people of color in Louisiana faced

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Speaker 1: more restrictions, like being required to observe curfews and have

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Speaker 1: their racial status designated in public records. I'm each jeffco

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Speaker 1: and hopefully you know a little more about history today

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Speaker 1: it than you did it yesterday. If you have any

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Speaker 1: burning questions or comments, you can leave us a note

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Speaker 1: at t d i h C Podcast on Twitter, Facebook,

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Speaker 1: or Instagram, or you can go the old fashioned route

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Speaker 1: and send us an email at this day at i

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Speaker 1: heart media dot com. Thanks for tuning in and we'll

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Speaker 1: catch you tomorrow same place. For more podcasts from my

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Speaker 1: heart Radio, visit the i heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts,

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Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows,