1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History class a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,840 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy B. 3 00:00:15,000 --> 00:00:17,320 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. 4 00:00:17,640 --> 00:00:20,360 Speaker 2: A couple of weeks ago, we had a Saturday Classic 5 00:00:20,480 --> 00:00:24,200 Speaker 2: about had shepsuit in the voyage to punt I always 6 00:00:24,520 --> 00:00:28,880 Speaker 2: re listened to our perspective Saturday Classics before I put 7 00:00:28,880 --> 00:00:31,800 Speaker 2: them on the calendar, just so I make sure we 8 00:00:31,840 --> 00:00:36,040 Speaker 2: haven't messed anything up. And I was pre listening to 9 00:00:36,120 --> 00:00:38,479 Speaker 2: this one while taking a walk through the middle of Boston. 10 00:00:39,080 --> 00:00:41,800 Speaker 2: And at the beginning of that original episode, I mentioned 11 00:00:42,159 --> 00:00:43,840 Speaker 2: that it had been a bit since we had talked 12 00:00:43,840 --> 00:00:46,720 Speaker 2: about any African history, and as I was on this 13 00:00:46,760 --> 00:00:50,640 Speaker 2: little walk, I was like, Oh, that's true again right now. 14 00:00:51,159 --> 00:00:55,200 Speaker 2: So today we are going to talk about Sidi Mubarak Bombay, 15 00:00:55,640 --> 00:00:59,680 Speaker 2: who was sort of a combined guide, translator and nurse 16 00:01:00,120 --> 00:01:03,520 Speaker 2: and often the supervisor of the African porters and other 17 00:01:03,680 --> 00:01:08,000 Speaker 2: laborers who were part of expeditions through Eastern and Equatorial 18 00:01:08,080 --> 00:01:12,480 Speaker 2: Africa in the nineteenth century. He worked for people like 19 00:01:12,720 --> 00:01:17,240 Speaker 2: Richard Francis Burton and Henry Morton Stanley, people who became 20 00:01:17,360 --> 00:01:22,080 Speaker 2: really well known as explorers and over about twenty years 21 00:01:22,120 --> 00:01:25,960 Speaker 2: he traveled more than nine thousand miles around the interior 22 00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:30,119 Speaker 2: of Africa. In a lot of ways, these explorers really 23 00:01:30,160 --> 00:01:33,480 Speaker 2: would not have made it without him. One thing that 24 00:01:33,560 --> 00:01:35,920 Speaker 2: I do want to note at the beginning is that 25 00:01:35,959 --> 00:01:40,520 Speaker 2: these expeditions were purportedly about exploration and discovery, but they 26 00:01:40,560 --> 00:01:43,679 Speaker 2: also lay some of the groundwork for the Scramble for 27 00:01:43,800 --> 00:01:49,400 Speaker 2: Africa and the atrocities that followed that. This largely happened 28 00:01:49,560 --> 00:01:54,200 Speaker 2: after Sidi Mubarak Bombay's lifetime. When he returned from his 29 00:01:54,320 --> 00:01:58,280 Speaker 2: last expedition in eighteen seventy six, only about ten percent 30 00:01:58,480 --> 00:02:02,880 Speaker 2: of the African continent had been claimed by European colonial powers, 31 00:02:03,400 --> 00:02:07,120 Speaker 2: but by nineteen fourteen that had jumped to about ninety percent. 32 00:02:08,160 --> 00:02:11,959 Speaker 2: This is not something he necessarily could have foreseen at all, 33 00:02:12,040 --> 00:02:14,080 Speaker 2: but some of the people that he worked with on 34 00:02:14,200 --> 00:02:18,799 Speaker 2: these expeditions, like Henry Morton Stanley, were directly involved with it. 35 00:02:19,600 --> 00:02:22,440 Speaker 2: We talked more about this in our episode on George 36 00:02:22,560 --> 00:02:26,360 Speaker 2: Washington Williams from February of twenty twenty four, and this 37 00:02:26,480 --> 00:02:29,480 Speaker 2: episode really isn't about that, but I did want to 38 00:02:29,560 --> 00:02:33,760 Speaker 2: acknowledge it before we got started. Sidi Mubarak Bombay was 39 00:02:33,840 --> 00:02:37,840 Speaker 2: born around eighteen twenty. He narrated the story of his 40 00:02:37,919 --> 00:02:41,960 Speaker 2: early years to English explorer and army officer John Hanning Speake, 41 00:02:42,360 --> 00:02:45,080 Speaker 2: who included it in his book What Led to the 42 00:02:45,120 --> 00:02:48,120 Speaker 2: Discovery of the Source of the Nile that was published 43 00:02:48,120 --> 00:02:51,040 Speaker 2: in eighteen sixty four, and at the time there was 44 00:02:51,080 --> 00:02:54,000 Speaker 2: a lot of discourse around the role the knowledge of 45 00:02:54,080 --> 00:02:59,880 Speaker 2: Africans should play in European geographical writing. So periodical writer 46 00:03:00,160 --> 00:03:04,880 Speaker 2: who covered these expeditions for a general audience in Britain 47 00:03:05,040 --> 00:03:09,080 Speaker 2: and elsewhere in Europe, they usually dismissed the knowledge of 48 00:03:09,200 --> 00:03:13,760 Speaker 2: local people and of African guides entirely. They would characterize 49 00:03:13,760 --> 00:03:18,880 Speaker 2: them as just ignorant or lying explorers themselves a lot 50 00:03:18,880 --> 00:03:22,040 Speaker 2: of the time were more likely to acknowledge the local 51 00:03:22,080 --> 00:03:25,680 Speaker 2: people's contributions as essential to their work and even to 52 00:03:25,720 --> 00:03:29,600 Speaker 2: their survival, But at the same time their writing was 53 00:03:29,680 --> 00:03:34,800 Speaker 2: often full of really insulting language and slurs. All of 54 00:03:34,840 --> 00:03:38,000 Speaker 2: these books you can read on the Internet, and there 55 00:03:38,120 --> 00:03:41,160 Speaker 2: is a lot of the in word in them. There's 56 00:03:41,200 --> 00:03:45,280 Speaker 2: also a lot of stereotypes. These accounts sometimes minimized or 57 00:03:45,360 --> 00:03:49,520 Speaker 2: glossed over the contributions of African people when writing for 58 00:03:49,680 --> 00:03:54,760 Speaker 2: the European general public. When presenting Bombay's account of his 59 00:03:54,960 --> 00:03:59,440 Speaker 2: own life, Speak sort of countered this by vouching for 60 00:03:59,480 --> 00:04:03,120 Speaker 2: it as quote, a good characteristic account of the manner 61 00:04:03,280 --> 00:04:07,000 Speaker 2: in which slave hunts are planned and carried into execution. 62 00:04:07,840 --> 00:04:11,480 Speaker 2: It must be truthful, for I have witnessed tragedies of 63 00:04:11,520 --> 00:04:15,560 Speaker 2: a similar nature. Here is how Bombay started this narrative, 64 00:04:15,680 --> 00:04:20,240 Speaker 2: including a bit of geographical context from Speak, quote, I 65 00:04:20,480 --> 00:04:23,440 Speaker 2: am Miao. My father lived in a village in the 66 00:04:23,480 --> 00:04:27,560 Speaker 2: country of Uyao, a large district situated between the east 67 00:04:27,600 --> 00:04:31,920 Speaker 2: coast and the Niasa Lake, in latitude eleven degrees south 68 00:04:32,640 --> 00:04:35,800 Speaker 2: of my mother. I have but the faintest recollection. She 69 00:04:35,960 --> 00:04:40,080 Speaker 2: died whilst I was in my infancy. This lake is 70 00:04:40,080 --> 00:04:43,480 Speaker 2: also called Lake Malawi, and it's along the borders of 71 00:04:43,560 --> 00:04:47,400 Speaker 2: what's now the nations of Malawi, Tanzania, and Mozambique in 72 00:04:47,480 --> 00:04:52,159 Speaker 2: eastern Africa, south of the equator. The Yao people of 73 00:04:52,200 --> 00:04:56,159 Speaker 2: which he was a part, are a predominantly Muslim Bantu 74 00:04:56,320 --> 00:04:59,760 Speaker 2: ethnic group whose homeland is around the southern end of. 75 00:04:59,760 --> 00:05:05,280 Speaker 1: The Da Lake. As documented by Speak, Bombay's account continues, quote, 76 00:05:05,680 --> 00:05:09,320 Speaker 1: our village was living in happy contentment until the Faded year, 77 00:05:09,400 --> 00:05:13,080 Speaker 1: when I was about the age of twelve. At that period, 78 00:05:13,279 --> 00:05:17,000 Speaker 1: a large body of Waswa'ili merchants and their slaves, all 79 00:05:17,040 --> 00:05:21,039 Speaker 1: equipped with sword and gun, came suddenly and surrounding our village, 80 00:05:21,360 --> 00:05:25,720 Speaker 1: demanded of the inhabitants instant liquidation of their debts, cloths 81 00:05:25,720 --> 00:05:29,839 Speaker 1: and beads advanced in former times of pinching dearth, or 82 00:05:29,880 --> 00:05:33,880 Speaker 1: else to stand the consequences of refusal. As all the 83 00:05:33,960 --> 00:05:37,440 Speaker 1: residents had at different times contracted debts to different members 84 00:05:37,480 --> 00:05:40,480 Speaker 1: of the body present, there was no appeal against the 85 00:05:40,480 --> 00:05:43,680 Speaker 1: equity of this sudden demand, but no one had the 86 00:05:43,760 --> 00:05:48,120 Speaker 1: means of payment. They knew fighting against firearms would be hopeless, 87 00:05:48,400 --> 00:05:52,280 Speaker 1: so after a few stratagems, looking for a good opportunity 88 00:05:52,360 --> 00:05:57,080 Speaker 1: to bolt, the whole village took to precipitate flight. Most 89 00:05:57,080 --> 00:06:00,400 Speaker 1: of the villagers were captured like myself, but of my 90 00:06:00,520 --> 00:06:04,760 Speaker 1: father or any other relatives I never more gained any intelligence. 91 00:06:05,400 --> 00:06:08,839 Speaker 1: He was either shot in endeavoring to defend himself, or 92 00:06:08,920 --> 00:06:12,560 Speaker 1: still more probably gave leg bail and so escaped. 93 00:06:13,360 --> 00:06:18,279 Speaker 2: After being captured by Swahili people, Bombay was sold into slavery. 94 00:06:19,040 --> 00:06:19,400 Speaker 1: Again. 95 00:06:20,600 --> 00:06:23,640 Speaker 2: Quoting from his account in Speak's work quote. As soon 96 00:06:23,680 --> 00:06:27,279 Speaker 2: as this Foray was over all, the captives were grouped 97 00:06:27,320 --> 00:06:31,160 Speaker 2: together and tethered with chains or ropes and marched off 98 00:06:31,200 --> 00:06:34,960 Speaker 2: to Kilwa on the east coast. Arrived there, the whole 99 00:06:35,000 --> 00:06:40,120 Speaker 2: party embarked in dows which setting sails soon arrived in Zanzibar. 100 00:06:40,720 --> 00:06:43,240 Speaker 2: We were then driven to the slave market, where I 101 00:06:43,320 --> 00:06:46,799 Speaker 2: was bought by an Arab merchant and taken off to India. 102 00:06:47,680 --> 00:06:50,800 Speaker 2: I served with this master for several years till by 103 00:06:50,839 --> 00:06:56,000 Speaker 2: his death I obtained my liberation. My next destination was Zanzibar, 104 00:06:56,120 --> 00:06:59,280 Speaker 2: where I took service in the late Umam's army and 105 00:06:59,400 --> 00:07:02,480 Speaker 2: passed my days and half starved inactivity. 106 00:07:03,400 --> 00:07:06,480 Speaker 1: Although this isn't spelled out in his account to John 107 00:07:06,520 --> 00:07:10,480 Speaker 1: Hanning Speak, Sidi Mubarak Bombay's name, or at least the 108 00:07:10,600 --> 00:07:14,320 Speaker 1: name he is known by today, comes from this experience 109 00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:18,760 Speaker 1: of abduction and enslavement. Sidi was a term coined in 110 00:07:18,760 --> 00:07:23,520 Speaker 1: India for Africans and people of African descent. Today, the 111 00:07:23,600 --> 00:07:26,520 Speaker 1: city or Shidi are an ethnic group in both India 112 00:07:26,560 --> 00:07:30,600 Speaker 1: and Pakistan, descended from Bantu peoples who were enslaved and 113 00:07:30,640 --> 00:07:33,920 Speaker 1: taken to India as well. As from Africans who made 114 00:07:33,960 --> 00:07:37,520 Speaker 1: their way to the Indian subcontinent as migrants or traders. 115 00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:41,080 Speaker 1: Mubarak is most likely a name given to him by 116 00:07:41,080 --> 00:07:45,520 Speaker 1: his Arab enslaver. It's an Arabic name meaning blessed or fortunate. 117 00:07:46,360 --> 00:07:49,440 Speaker 2: There are a couple of different ideas around where the 118 00:07:49,520 --> 00:07:54,880 Speaker 2: name Bombay came from. In his book Zanzibar, City, Island 119 00:07:54,960 --> 00:07:58,880 Speaker 2: and Coast, Sir Richard Burton describes this as a name 120 00:07:59,120 --> 00:08:03,920 Speaker 2: Mubarak took for himself. According to historian Sarah long Air 121 00:08:03,960 --> 00:08:06,600 Speaker 2: in a chapter she contributed to the book being a 122 00:08:06,680 --> 00:08:10,880 Speaker 2: Slave Histories and Legacies of European Slavery in the Indian Ocean, 123 00:08:11,520 --> 00:08:15,400 Speaker 2: the name Bombay indicates that after his emancipation, he was 124 00:08:15,600 --> 00:08:19,880 Speaker 2: educated in the Bombay Presidency. That's the western portion of 125 00:08:19,920 --> 00:08:23,360 Speaker 2: the Indian subcontinent that had come under British control in 126 00:08:23,480 --> 00:08:28,520 Speaker 2: eighteen forty three. Another possibility is that after slavery was 127 00:08:28,560 --> 00:08:32,000 Speaker 2: abolished in India, people who had been trafficked there from 128 00:08:32,040 --> 00:08:37,320 Speaker 2: Africa and their descendants became known as Bombay Africans. This 129 00:08:37,480 --> 00:08:40,600 Speaker 2: name was also used for people the British Navy liberated 130 00:08:40,679 --> 00:08:43,840 Speaker 2: after capturing slave ships that were operating in the waters 131 00:08:44,080 --> 00:08:48,719 Speaker 2: between eastern Africa and western India. After the abolition of 132 00:08:48,760 --> 00:08:52,079 Speaker 2: slavery in India, many of these people returned to Africa 133 00:08:52,120 --> 00:08:56,360 Speaker 2: aboard British ships, and a number of British explorers intentionally 134 00:08:56,400 --> 00:09:01,400 Speaker 2: recruited Bombay Africans for their expeditions because of their time 135 00:09:01,480 --> 00:09:04,200 Speaker 2: in parts of India that were under British control. They 136 00:09:04,240 --> 00:09:08,000 Speaker 2: often spoke English, Hindi or both, and some had been 137 00:09:08,160 --> 00:09:12,120 Speaker 2: educated by British missionaries while still having language and cultural 138 00:09:12,120 --> 00:09:15,720 Speaker 2: connections to parts of Africa. Over the mid to late 139 00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:20,240 Speaker 2: nineteenth century, hundreds of Bombay Africans were part of expeditions 140 00:09:20,600 --> 00:09:24,520 Speaker 2: led by explorers from the UK. So it's also possible 141 00:09:24,559 --> 00:09:28,280 Speaker 2: that this Bombay moniker was a reference to his having 142 00:09:28,320 --> 00:09:32,240 Speaker 2: been enslaved in India. This is just conjecture, though, since 143 00:09:32,280 --> 00:09:34,760 Speaker 2: he was by no means the only person on these 144 00:09:34,800 --> 00:09:39,600 Speaker 2: expeditions that this moniker could have been applied to. There 145 00:09:39,640 --> 00:09:43,240 Speaker 2: doesn't seem to be a record of Cidi Mubarak Bombay's 146 00:09:43,320 --> 00:09:47,640 Speaker 2: name from before all of this, but he's mentioned repeatedly 147 00:09:47,760 --> 00:09:50,680 Speaker 2: in the accounts of all the explorers that were talking 148 00:09:50,679 --> 00:09:55,080 Speaker 2: about today, and they generally all call him some version 149 00:09:55,280 --> 00:09:59,280 Speaker 2: of that name. Like Cdi Bombay or Mubarak Bombay or 150 00:09:59,400 --> 00:10:05,080 Speaker 2: just Bombay. Henry Morton Stanley calls him Cidi Barak Mombay, 151 00:10:05,480 --> 00:10:09,160 Speaker 2: spelling Cidi with the y like seeds in the ground, 152 00:10:09,840 --> 00:10:13,480 Speaker 2: Mbarak without the U, and Mambay with an M. But 153 00:10:13,520 --> 00:10:17,120 Speaker 2: then he says that he's known as Bombay. Vernie Lovett 154 00:10:17,160 --> 00:10:21,920 Speaker 2: Cameron included the name Barak Bombay in parentheses and his 155 00:10:21,920 --> 00:10:25,480 Speaker 2: book Across Africa, But it does seem like the name 156 00:10:25,559 --> 00:10:29,040 Speaker 2: Bombay was what he chose to use during his lifetime. 157 00:10:29,120 --> 00:10:32,080 Speaker 2: So that is what we will go with today, and 158 00:10:32,120 --> 00:10:35,559 Speaker 2: we'll get to his time doing expeditions after we pause 159 00:10:35,640 --> 00:10:48,240 Speaker 2: for a sponsor break. As he mentioned in the passage 160 00:10:48,280 --> 00:10:51,280 Speaker 2: that we read from before the break, after about twenty 161 00:10:51,360 --> 00:10:55,599 Speaker 2: years of enslavement in India, Sidi Mubarak Bombay was liberated 162 00:10:55,720 --> 00:10:57,920 Speaker 2: on the death of his enslaver and he returned to 163 00:10:58,040 --> 00:11:02,040 Speaker 2: Zanzibar off the eastern coast of Africa. That is where 164 00:11:02,080 --> 00:11:05,680 Speaker 2: he met Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning speak in 165 00:11:05,800 --> 00:11:10,080 Speaker 2: February of eighteen fifty seven. They were on an expedition 166 00:11:10,280 --> 00:11:14,280 Speaker 2: funded by the Royal Geographical Society and Burton was trying 167 00:11:14,320 --> 00:11:16,560 Speaker 2: to find the source of the White Nile. 168 00:11:17,240 --> 00:11:19,720 Speaker 1: The source of the Nile was a huge source of 169 00:11:19,760 --> 00:11:23,360 Speaker 1: fascination in Europe at this point. The Nile is the 170 00:11:23,400 --> 00:11:26,359 Speaker 1: longest river in the world, and its two main tributaries 171 00:11:26,400 --> 00:11:30,400 Speaker 1: are the White and Blue Nile. Europeans already knew the 172 00:11:30,440 --> 00:11:33,680 Speaker 1: source of the Blue Nile, but not the White The 173 00:11:33,800 --> 00:11:36,240 Speaker 1: search for the source of the Nile was interconnected with 174 00:11:36,280 --> 00:11:39,920 Speaker 1: a fascination for the ancient Egyptian cultures that lived along 175 00:11:39,960 --> 00:11:42,840 Speaker 1: the northern portion of the river, and the perception of 176 00:11:42,880 --> 00:11:46,319 Speaker 1: the interior of Africa, where the source had to be located, 177 00:11:46,640 --> 00:11:51,760 Speaker 1: as a nearly impenetrable mystery. Burton and Speke were returning 178 00:11:51,800 --> 00:11:55,360 Speaker 1: to Africa after a failed attempt at an expedition in 179 00:11:55,440 --> 00:12:00,000 Speaker 1: eighteen fifty five. On this earlier expedition, they'd been attacked 180 00:12:00,400 --> 00:12:04,280 Speaker 1: in Somaliland and seriously injured, and one of the British 181 00:12:04,320 --> 00:12:08,240 Speaker 1: officers with them had been killed. After they had recovered 182 00:12:08,280 --> 00:12:11,080 Speaker 1: from their injuries and then served in the Crimean War, 183 00:12:11,559 --> 00:12:15,080 Speaker 1: they had regrouped to try again once again, with Burton 184 00:12:15,200 --> 00:12:19,640 Speaker 1: leading the expedition and Speak his second in command. Burton 185 00:12:19,720 --> 00:12:25,839 Speaker 1: had already undertaken numerous expeditions, including disguising himself to enter 186 00:12:26,000 --> 00:12:30,320 Speaker 1: Mecca during the Hajj, and he had published several books. 187 00:12:31,080 --> 00:12:33,760 Speaker 1: Speak had not published any books yet, but he was 188 00:12:33,800 --> 00:12:37,079 Speaker 1: an avid hunter and had also traveled, including into the 189 00:12:37,120 --> 00:12:42,280 Speaker 1: Himalayan mountains and Tibet. Burton and Speak both described Sidi 190 00:12:42,320 --> 00:12:47,240 Speaker 1: Bubarik Bombay as someone they immediately recognized as necessary to 191 00:12:47,320 --> 00:12:51,280 Speaker 1: have on their expedition. Burton called him quote the gem 192 00:12:51,440 --> 00:12:53,960 Speaker 1: of the party, and his description of him went on 193 00:12:54,040 --> 00:12:56,840 Speaker 1: to say, quote, he works on principle, and he works 194 00:12:56,880 --> 00:13:00,560 Speaker 1: like a horse, candidly declaring that not love us, but 195 00:13:00,640 --> 00:13:03,960 Speaker 1: his duty to his belly made him work with a 196 00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:08,040 Speaker 1: sprained ankle and a load quite disproportioned to his chatif body. 197 00:13:08,440 --> 00:13:12,160 Speaker 1: He insists upon carrying two guns, and after a thirty 198 00:13:12,200 --> 00:13:14,840 Speaker 1: miles walk he is as fresh as before it began. 199 00:13:15,760 --> 00:13:20,599 Speaker 1: He attends us everywhere, manages our purchases, carries all our messages, 200 00:13:20,679 --> 00:13:23,600 Speaker 1: and when not employed by us, he is at every 201 00:13:23,640 --> 00:13:28,280 Speaker 1: man's beck and call. Speak's account of him was pretty similar. 202 00:13:29,000 --> 00:13:33,400 Speaker 1: At one point, Speak also described a misunderstanding between the 203 00:13:33,440 --> 00:13:36,800 Speaker 1: two of them in which Bombay asked for some cloth, 204 00:13:36,920 --> 00:13:39,760 Speaker 1: which was part of his pay, but he had already 205 00:13:39,760 --> 00:13:44,559 Speaker 1: been given cloth Speak originally thought this was Bombay's quote 206 00:13:44,760 --> 00:13:49,160 Speaker 1: seedy nature coming through, but in Speaks words quote. Had 207 00:13:49,200 --> 00:13:52,079 Speaker 1: Bombay only opened his heart, this matter would have been 208 00:13:52,120 --> 00:13:55,839 Speaker 1: settled at once, for his motives were of a superior order. 209 00:13:56,520 --> 00:13:59,720 Speaker 1: He had bought to be his adopted brother, a slave 210 00:13:59,800 --> 00:14:03,640 Speaker 1: of the Waha tribe, a tall, athletic, fine looking man, 211 00:14:03,760 --> 00:14:07,680 Speaker 1: whose figure was of such excellent proportions that he would 212 00:14:07,720 --> 00:14:10,720 Speaker 1: have been remarkable in any society. And it was for 213 00:14:10,880 --> 00:14:13,880 Speaker 1: this youth, and not himself, that he had made such 214 00:14:13,880 --> 00:14:18,800 Speaker 1: a fuss and used so many devices to obtain the cloths. Indeed, 215 00:14:18,840 --> 00:14:22,280 Speaker 1: he is a very singular character, not caring one bit 216 00:14:22,360 --> 00:14:26,080 Speaker 1: about himself, how he dressed, or what he ate ever contented, 217 00:14:26,120 --> 00:14:29,320 Speaker 1: and doing everybody's work in preference to his own, and 218 00:14:29,400 --> 00:14:33,960 Speaker 1: of such exemplary honesty, he stands a solitary marvel in 219 00:14:34,080 --> 00:14:34,600 Speaker 1: the land. 220 00:14:35,200 --> 00:14:38,600 Speaker 2: He would do no wrong to benefit himself, to please 221 00:14:38,680 --> 00:14:43,000 Speaker 2: anybody else. There is nothing he would stick at. Over time, 222 00:14:43,160 --> 00:14:47,520 Speaker 2: Bombay became a servant and interpreter to John Hanning speak. 223 00:14:48,400 --> 00:14:50,960 Speaker 2: Both of them spoke Hindi and that was the language 224 00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:54,640 Speaker 2: they conversed in. Burton spoke Hindi as well, but he 225 00:14:54,680 --> 00:14:57,800 Speaker 2: also spoke a number of other languages, and he was 226 00:14:57,840 --> 00:15:01,760 Speaker 2: prone to having conversations in languages that Speak did not know. 227 00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:06,680 Speaker 2: Later on, David Livingstone described Bombay as having quote lifted 228 00:15:06,760 --> 00:15:09,840 Speaker 2: Speak out of the disagreeable position of being a silent 229 00:15:09,920 --> 00:15:14,960 Speaker 2: onlooker in all of Burton's conversations. Over time, Bombay also 230 00:15:15,080 --> 00:15:19,840 Speaker 2: learned to speak English, Arabic, and Kishwahili. I'm not sure 231 00:15:19,960 --> 00:15:24,320 Speaker 2: if Burton was doing this on purpose to exclude Speak. 232 00:15:24,440 --> 00:15:29,280 Speaker 1: They had some personality conflicts and other conflicts. 233 00:15:30,320 --> 00:15:34,480 Speaker 2: This expedition was arduous, and many of the people who 234 00:15:34,520 --> 00:15:39,400 Speaker 2: were part of it became injured and ill along the way. Bombay, Burton, 235 00:15:39,480 --> 00:15:42,400 Speaker 2: and Speak all developed malaria, although not all at the 236 00:15:42,400 --> 00:15:47,200 Speaker 2: same time. At one point Bombay was well, but Burton 237 00:15:47,240 --> 00:15:50,960 Speaker 2: and Speake were both almost too sick to walk. The 238 00:15:51,000 --> 00:15:54,520 Speaker 2: party only had one donkey to spare, so Speak would 239 00:15:54,640 --> 00:15:57,880 Speaker 2: ride it and Burton would just kind of struggle along 240 00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:01,760 Speaker 2: until he had to stop, and eventually Bombay would loop 241 00:16:01,920 --> 00:16:05,480 Speaker 2: back with the donkey to pick him up. Burton wrote 242 00:16:05,480 --> 00:16:08,280 Speaker 2: about the huge relief that he felt when he saw 243 00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:12,360 Speaker 2: quote ceed Bombay coming back with the donkey and some 244 00:16:12,520 --> 00:16:14,520 Speaker 2: scones and hard boiled eggs. For him. 245 00:16:15,320 --> 00:16:19,200 Speaker 1: Bombay was knowledgeable about local plants and medicines, and he 246 00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:22,400 Speaker 1: helped care for the sick and injured during these expeditions. 247 00:16:23,120 --> 00:16:27,000 Speaker 1: He also became a messenger and negotiator, the person who 248 00:16:27,040 --> 00:16:30,120 Speaker 1: would be sent ahead to arrange passage with the chieftains 249 00:16:30,120 --> 00:16:33,160 Speaker 1: and kings whose territory they were trying to pass through. 250 00:16:33,880 --> 00:16:37,200 Speaker 1: On top of all of that, he increasingly managed the 251 00:16:37,280 --> 00:16:41,480 Speaker 1: large crews of African porters, rowers, and other laborers that 252 00:16:41,560 --> 00:16:44,080 Speaker 1: the expedition relied on to get where they were going. 253 00:16:44,920 --> 00:16:48,520 Speaker 2: This party eventually arrived at Kase in the Tabora region 254 00:16:48,560 --> 00:16:52,680 Speaker 2: of what's now Tanzania on November seventh, eighteen fifty seven, 255 00:16:52,800 --> 00:16:55,280 Speaker 2: and they stayed there for more than a month while 256 00:16:55,360 --> 00:16:57,640 Speaker 2: Burton and Speak and some of the others and their 257 00:16:57,680 --> 00:17:02,600 Speaker 2: party recovered. They left on December fifteenth, looking for a 258 00:17:02,840 --> 00:17:05,879 Speaker 2: large lake that had been described in the accounts of 259 00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:11,240 Speaker 2: local people and missionaries. This turned out to be Lake Tanganyika, 260 00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:15,080 Speaker 2: which they first cited on February thirteenth, eighteen fifty eight. 261 00:17:15,960 --> 00:17:18,840 Speaker 2: They thought this lake might be the source of the Nile, 262 00:17:19,080 --> 00:17:21,600 Speaker 2: but it turned out that there was a large river 263 00:17:21,680 --> 00:17:24,480 Speaker 2: that was flowing into it, not out of it. 264 00:17:25,160 --> 00:17:26,399 Speaker 1: Also, it wasn't. 265 00:17:26,160 --> 00:17:30,639 Speaker 2: Completely clear until later, but that large river was not 266 00:17:30,760 --> 00:17:33,200 Speaker 2: connected to the White Nile. It was a different river. 267 00:17:34,040 --> 00:17:38,320 Speaker 2: After the expedition returned to Kasei, Burton stayed behind because 268 00:17:38,320 --> 00:17:42,520 Speaker 2: he was ill, so sick that he had become partially paralyzed, 269 00:17:43,160 --> 00:17:46,280 Speaker 2: but Bombay and Speak went out again, hoping to press on. 270 00:17:46,320 --> 00:17:50,639 Speaker 2: While Burton recovered. To be clear, Speak was also sick. 271 00:17:50,920 --> 00:17:54,080 Speaker 2: Among other things, he had an eye inflammation that had 272 00:17:54,160 --> 00:17:59,080 Speaker 2: seriously impacted his vision. Speak also had another mishap on 273 00:17:59,119 --> 00:18:01,520 Speaker 2: this leg of the journey, in which he was swarmed 274 00:18:01,560 --> 00:18:04,479 Speaker 2: by beatles in the night and one of them crawled 275 00:18:04,520 --> 00:18:08,119 Speaker 2: into his ear and he permanently injured himself while trying 276 00:18:08,160 --> 00:18:10,960 Speaker 2: to kill it. This gave me both the hebes and 277 00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:15,119 Speaker 2: the geebses. That's way more graphic in the accounts of 278 00:18:15,160 --> 00:18:18,879 Speaker 2: the trip than what I put in here. Somehow, though 279 00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:24,320 Speaker 2: his blindness largely resolved after this, Speak Bombay and company 280 00:18:24,480 --> 00:18:29,080 Speaker 2: eventually reached a lake known in Swahili as Lake Yukurewe. 281 00:18:29,800 --> 00:18:33,040 Speaker 2: That was on July twenty eighth. Speak dub this lake 282 00:18:33,359 --> 00:18:37,399 Speaker 2: Lake Victoria after Queen Victoria. This is one of the 283 00:18:37,560 --> 00:18:41,159 Speaker 2: largest lakes in the world and they arrived at the 284 00:18:41,280 --> 00:18:44,040 Speaker 2: southern part of it, where they could not possibly see 285 00:18:44,080 --> 00:18:47,440 Speaker 2: the other ends or any other waterway that was connected 286 00:18:47,480 --> 00:18:51,560 Speaker 2: to it. Based on what they had heard from local people, though, 287 00:18:51,840 --> 00:18:56,000 Speaker 2: Speak concluded that the White Nile emerged from the northern 288 00:18:56,200 --> 00:19:00,399 Speaker 2: end of this lake. When Speak and Bombay reconnect with 289 00:19:00,480 --> 00:19:03,720 Speaker 2: Burton and told him what they'd found, he was not 290 00:19:03,840 --> 00:19:05,639 Speaker 2: happy about it at all. 291 00:19:06,320 --> 00:19:09,479 Speaker 1: He concluded that Speak just had to be mistaken and 292 00:19:09,480 --> 00:19:13,400 Speaker 1: that Bombay was part of that mistake. He wrote, quote Bombay, 293 00:19:13,840 --> 00:19:20,119 Speaker 1: after misunderstanding his master's ill expressed Hindustani probably mistranslated the 294 00:19:20,160 --> 00:19:24,399 Speaker 1: words into Kishwaili to some traveled African, who in turn 295 00:19:24,600 --> 00:19:27,800 Speaker 1: passed on the question in a wilder dialect to the 296 00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:32,879 Speaker 1: barbarian or barbarians under examination during such a journey to 297 00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:37,000 Speaker 1: and fro words must be liable to severe accidents. 298 00:19:38,240 --> 00:19:42,720 Speaker 2: That's pretty dismissive and insulting with the words barbarian, But 299 00:19:43,040 --> 00:19:47,920 Speaker 2: it didn't come completely out of nowhere. When first approaching 300 00:19:48,200 --> 00:19:51,960 Speaker 2: Lake Tanganyika and talking to the locals about it, Bombay 301 00:19:52,040 --> 00:19:56,199 Speaker 2: apparently really had flipped some things around, and his translations 302 00:19:56,240 --> 00:19:59,280 Speaker 2: of what an Arab trader told him about the river 303 00:19:59,440 --> 00:20:02,879 Speaker 2: that was connect did to the lake, but beyond that, 304 00:20:03,160 --> 00:20:07,399 Speaker 2: Burton was furious that Speke was claiming credit for this 305 00:20:07,480 --> 00:20:11,320 Speaker 2: discovery and that Speak had gotten to this immense lake 306 00:20:11,440 --> 00:20:16,679 Speaker 2: without him. This added to some lingering discomfort between the 307 00:20:16,680 --> 00:20:18,679 Speaker 2: two of them that traced all the way back to 308 00:20:18,720 --> 00:20:23,240 Speaker 2: that very first failed expedition, when Speke thought Burton was 309 00:20:23,280 --> 00:20:26,479 Speaker 2: calling him a coward for how he behaved when they 310 00:20:26,520 --> 00:20:31,920 Speaker 2: were attacked. There was just an increasing sense of resentment 311 00:20:32,040 --> 00:20:35,920 Speaker 2: between these two men. After this point, the party returned 312 00:20:35,920 --> 00:20:39,760 Speaker 2: to Zanzibar, and from there Burton and Speke returned to England, 313 00:20:40,119 --> 00:20:42,959 Speaker 2: where their dispute over the source of the Nile became 314 00:20:43,080 --> 00:20:47,080 Speaker 2: public and quite ugly. Among other things, Speak got back 315 00:20:47,119 --> 00:20:49,960 Speaker 2: to London before Burton did, and he told the Royal 316 00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:54,760 Speaker 2: Geographic Society all about the expedition and his conclusions about 317 00:20:54,760 --> 00:20:57,880 Speaker 2: the source of the Nile before Burton had a chance 318 00:20:57,960 --> 00:21:01,560 Speaker 2: to tell them that he thought Speak was wrong. Burton 319 00:21:01,680 --> 00:21:04,760 Speaker 2: was also less complimentary of Bombay than he had been 320 00:21:04,880 --> 00:21:08,520 Speaker 2: in some of his earlier descriptions. In his book The 321 00:21:08,600 --> 00:21:12,760 Speaker 2: Lake Regions of Central Africa, for example, he describes Bombay 322 00:21:12,800 --> 00:21:16,520 Speaker 2: this way quote, though he did nothing well, rarely did 323 00:21:16,560 --> 00:21:22,160 Speaker 2: anything very badly. In eighteen sixty the Royal Geographic Society 324 00:21:22,280 --> 00:21:26,159 Speaker 2: sent Speak back to Africa to confirm that he really 325 00:21:26,200 --> 00:21:29,480 Speaker 2: had found the source of the White Nile. He and 326 00:21:29,600 --> 00:21:34,639 Speaker 2: Scottish explorer James Augustus Grant arrived in Zanzibar that August. 327 00:21:35,359 --> 00:21:38,160 Speaker 2: Speak and Grant already knew each other. They were friends 328 00:21:38,160 --> 00:21:42,439 Speaker 2: from their military service in India. Bombay was waiting for 329 00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:45,840 Speaker 2: them at the dock, and once again they hired him. 330 00:21:46,600 --> 00:21:50,560 Speaker 2: Grant's account of this expedition is called a Walk Across 331 00:21:50,640 --> 00:21:55,360 Speaker 2: Africa or Domestic Scenes from My Nile Journal, and in 332 00:21:55,400 --> 00:21:59,800 Speaker 2: it he describes Bombay as their factotum and interpreter. When 333 00:21:59,840 --> 00:22:02,320 Speaker 2: they set out, it was with a party of British 334 00:22:02,320 --> 00:22:07,800 Speaker 2: officers and soldiers, local interpreters and guides, sixty four cedy 335 00:22:07,920 --> 00:22:12,960 Speaker 2: boys or Bombay Africans, one hundred and fifteen locally hired porters, 336 00:22:13,400 --> 00:22:17,040 Speaker 2: eleven mules, and perhaps not wanting a repeat of that 337 00:22:17,200 --> 00:22:20,760 Speaker 2: situation where Bombay was having to ferry one available donkey 338 00:22:20,800 --> 00:22:24,840 Speaker 2: between two sick men five donkeys to carry the sick. 339 00:22:25,680 --> 00:22:30,040 Speaker 2: On July twenty first, eighteen sixty two, Speak reached the 340 00:22:30,080 --> 00:22:33,679 Speaker 2: place where the Nile River actually exits the lake that 341 00:22:33,760 --> 00:22:38,280 Speaker 2: he had named Lake Victoria. He named this Ripon falls 342 00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:42,880 Speaker 2: after George Robinson, first marquessov Rippon, who had served as 343 00:22:42,960 --> 00:22:47,480 Speaker 2: president of the Royal Geographic Society. Grant was not with 344 00:22:47,680 --> 00:22:52,080 Speaker 2: Speak when this happened. Grant had a leg injury and 345 00:22:52,160 --> 00:22:56,120 Speaker 2: had stayed behind along with most of their company. There's 346 00:22:56,160 --> 00:23:01,719 Speaker 2: also some speculation that maybe he stayed by Hindes because 347 00:23:02,040 --> 00:23:04,840 Speaker 2: Speak was kind of arrogant and did not want anybody 348 00:23:04,880 --> 00:23:10,919 Speaker 2: else's claiming credit for this. Bombay, though was with Speak 349 00:23:11,000 --> 00:23:13,479 Speaker 2: when he was there. He had led about a dozen 350 00:23:13,600 --> 00:23:16,720 Speaker 2: Bombay Africans who supported Speak on this part of the 351 00:23:16,800 --> 00:23:22,120 Speaker 2: journey to Speak. This was conclusive confirmation that this lake 352 00:23:22,440 --> 00:23:23,920 Speaker 2: was the source of the Nile. 353 00:23:24,760 --> 00:23:27,720 Speaker 1: By this point, Bombay had been promoted to command the 354 00:23:27,760 --> 00:23:31,359 Speaker 1: expedition's African porters, and he had been entrusted with a 355 00:23:31,440 --> 00:23:35,160 Speaker 1: series of independent missions to do things like hire more 356 00:23:35,200 --> 00:23:39,520 Speaker 1: porters when an expected group of reinforcements didn't arrive. He 357 00:23:39,560 --> 00:23:42,719 Speaker 1: had also served as the expedition's envoy to two different 358 00:23:42,760 --> 00:23:47,119 Speaker 1: Banu kingdoms they needed to pass through, Karaguay and Buganda. 359 00:23:48,040 --> 00:23:51,359 Speaker 1: After they were finished at Lake Victoria, Speak and Grant 360 00:23:51,520 --> 00:23:54,879 Speaker 1: wanted to continue westward, which would take them through the 361 00:23:54,960 --> 00:24:00,400 Speaker 1: Kingdom of Bunuro. King Kuamassi of Bunuro refused their passage, though, 362 00:24:00,480 --> 00:24:03,680 Speaker 1: and Bombay was the one who negotiated a different route 363 00:24:03,760 --> 00:24:09,080 Speaker 1: that took them northward through Sudan instead. They ultimately ended 364 00:24:09,119 --> 00:24:14,600 Speaker 1: this expedition in Cairo, that was thousands of miles away 365 00:24:14,640 --> 00:24:18,560 Speaker 1: from where they had started. Speak talked about what happened 366 00:24:18,560 --> 00:24:21,159 Speaker 1: to the Africans he had hired after this. In his 367 00:24:21,280 --> 00:24:24,600 Speaker 1: book The Discovery of the Source of the Nile. He 368 00:24:24,720 --> 00:24:28,359 Speaker 1: described them as his quote faithful children, and they became 369 00:24:28,520 --> 00:24:33,640 Speaker 1: known as Speaks faithfuls quote. I next appointed Bombay captain 370 00:24:33,760 --> 00:24:37,120 Speaker 1: of the Faithfuls and gave him three photographs of all 371 00:24:37,160 --> 00:24:39,960 Speaker 1: the eighteen men and three more of the four women, 372 00:24:40,359 --> 00:24:43,040 Speaker 1: to give one of each to our consuls at Suez 373 00:24:43,160 --> 00:24:46,800 Speaker 1: Aiden and Zanzibar, by which they might be recognized. I 374 00:24:46,920 --> 00:24:50,280 Speaker 1: also gave them increased wages equal to three years pay 375 00:24:50,359 --> 00:24:53,879 Speaker 1: each by orders on Zanzibar, which was one in addition 376 00:24:53,960 --> 00:24:57,359 Speaker 1: to their time of service, and an order for a 377 00:24:57,440 --> 00:25:00,520 Speaker 1: grand freeman's garden to be purchased for them at Za Zanzibar, 378 00:25:01,080 --> 00:25:04,000 Speaker 1: and in order that each one should receive ten dollars 379 00:25:04,160 --> 00:25:06,920 Speaker 1: dowry money. As soon as he could find a wife. 380 00:25:07,760 --> 00:25:10,600 Speaker 1: With these letters in their hands, I made arrangements with 381 00:25:10,680 --> 00:25:14,399 Speaker 1: our consul, mister Drummond Hay to frank them through Suez, 382 00:25:14,520 --> 00:25:17,160 Speaker 1: Aiden and the Seychelles to Zanzibar. 383 00:25:17,840 --> 00:25:21,439 Speaker 2: John Hanning speak described Bombay as quote the life and 384 00:25:21,520 --> 00:25:26,199 Speaker 2: success of the expedition in a letter to Christopher Palmer Rigby, 385 00:25:26,359 --> 00:25:30,399 Speaker 2: British consul in Zanzibar. He praised both Bombay and the 386 00:25:30,440 --> 00:25:34,119 Speaker 2: African porters who had made the trip possible. Quote, it 387 00:25:34,359 --> 00:25:37,919 Speaker 2: is to these singular negroes acting as hired servants that 388 00:25:37,960 --> 00:25:41,720 Speaker 2: I have been chiefly indebted for opening this large section 389 00:25:41,840 --> 00:25:45,440 Speaker 2: of Africa. Would that I had listened to Bombay when 390 00:25:45,480 --> 00:25:48,760 Speaker 2: at Zanzibar and had engaged double the number of his 391 00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:51,800 Speaker 2: free men, for they do all the work, and do 392 00:25:51,920 --> 00:25:57,159 Speaker 2: it as an enlightened and disciplined people. After returning to Zanzibar, 393 00:25:57,359 --> 00:25:59,520 Speaker 2: Bombay settled on the island of Pemba. 394 00:26:00,240 --> 00:26:03,560 Speaker 1: He was married. By this point he had multiple wives, 395 00:26:03,760 --> 00:26:06,800 Speaker 1: some of whom traveled with the expedition and worked as 396 00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:10,760 Speaker 1: cooks or laundresses. At least two of his children had 397 00:26:10,760 --> 00:26:14,320 Speaker 1: been born during this expedition. Although both of them had. 398 00:26:14,119 --> 00:26:18,720 Speaker 2: Died, Speke and Grant returned to England in eighteen ninety three, 399 00:26:18,840 --> 00:26:21,400 Speaker 2: and sadly, Speke did not live for very. 400 00:26:21,240 --> 00:26:25,720 Speaker 1: Long after that. Richard Burton had continued to challenge his 401 00:26:25,840 --> 00:26:28,640 Speaker 1: findings about the source of the nile, and the two 402 00:26:28,760 --> 00:26:31,640 Speaker 1: men were supposed to have a public debate about it. 403 00:26:32,080 --> 00:26:35,919 Speaker 1: But on September fifteenth, eighteen sixty four, the day before 404 00:26:35,960 --> 00:26:39,440 Speaker 1: that debate was supposed to happen, Speke was killed by 405 00:26:39,480 --> 00:26:43,560 Speaker 1: a shot from his own gun while out hunting. The 406 00:26:43,640 --> 00:26:48,080 Speaker 1: coroner ruled this death to be accidental, but some people, 407 00:26:48,240 --> 00:26:52,240 Speaker 1: including Burton, believed that it was suicide, and there were 408 00:26:52,280 --> 00:26:56,240 Speaker 1: also people who put the blame on Burton for purportedly 409 00:26:56,440 --> 00:27:01,720 Speaker 1: driving Speak to it. Bombay was re heartbroken when he learned. 410 00:27:01,480 --> 00:27:04,480 Speaker 2: About speaks death, and he talked about wanting to go 411 00:27:04,520 --> 00:27:06,040 Speaker 2: to England to visit his grave. 412 00:27:07,119 --> 00:27:09,840 Speaker 1: We're going to get to more expeditions after we pause 413 00:27:09,920 --> 00:27:23,000 Speaker 1: for a sponsor break. Although John Hanning Speak believed that 414 00:27:23,080 --> 00:27:26,200 Speaker 1: he had found the source of the White Nile, after 415 00:27:26,240 --> 00:27:30,160 Speaker 1: his death, the matter was still not considered fully settled 416 00:27:30,280 --> 00:27:34,439 Speaker 1: among British geographers. Today, It's considered to be kind of 417 00:27:34,480 --> 00:27:36,320 Speaker 1: a little more complicated than that. 418 00:27:37,040 --> 00:27:39,359 Speaker 2: The White Nile does flow out of that lake, and 419 00:27:39,520 --> 00:27:42,320 Speaker 2: the lake gets a lot of its water from rainfall, 420 00:27:42,480 --> 00:27:47,480 Speaker 2: but it is also fed by some other waterways. Burton 421 00:27:47,600 --> 00:27:50,520 Speaker 2: felt like he had never been able to publicly lay 422 00:27:50,520 --> 00:27:53,560 Speaker 2: out his arguments against Speaks findings the way that he 423 00:27:53,640 --> 00:27:56,960 Speaker 2: wanted to, but then after speaks death, he mostly moved 424 00:27:56,960 --> 00:28:00,520 Speaker 2: on to other things. One of the people who embarked 425 00:28:00,520 --> 00:28:03,760 Speaker 2: on an expedition to try to conclusively determine the source 426 00:28:03,800 --> 00:28:08,280 Speaker 2: of the nile was Scottish missionary and explorer David Livingstone, 427 00:28:08,359 --> 00:28:11,600 Speaker 2: who was also an abolitionist whose work was connected to 428 00:28:11,680 --> 00:28:16,200 Speaker 2: both spreading Christianity and trying to abolish slavery in Africa. 429 00:28:17,320 --> 00:28:21,920 Speaker 1: Livingstone had already undertaken several expeditions when he set off 430 00:28:21,960 --> 00:28:23,919 Speaker 1: in search of the source of the nile in eighteen 431 00:28:23,960 --> 00:28:28,720 Speaker 1: sixty six. He eventually reached Lake Tanganyika, but he became 432 00:28:28,840 --> 00:28:32,760 Speaker 1: seriously ill. People back in the UK didn't know where 433 00:28:32,800 --> 00:28:35,080 Speaker 1: he was or what had happened to him, and by 434 00:28:35,119 --> 00:28:38,880 Speaker 1: eighteen seventy one, multiple search parties had been sent to 435 00:28:38,920 --> 00:28:42,680 Speaker 1: look for him. One of these was led by Henry 436 00:28:42,720 --> 00:28:46,840 Speaker 1: Morton Stanley, who arrived in Zanzibar on January sixth, eighteen 437 00:28:46,920 --> 00:28:51,440 Speaker 1: seventy one, and he hired CD Mubarak Bombay as his 438 00:28:51,680 --> 00:28:56,120 Speaker 1: chief of caravan. Stanley wanted to hire some of the 439 00:28:56,160 --> 00:29:02,200 Speaker 1: so called Speaks Faithfuls, and specifically to hire Bombay. He wrote, quote, 440 00:29:02,240 --> 00:29:04,600 Speaker 1: the idea had struck me before that if I could 441 00:29:04,600 --> 00:29:07,920 Speaker 1: obtain the services of a few men acquainted with the 442 00:29:07,920 --> 00:29:10,920 Speaker 1: ways of white men, and who could induce other good 443 00:29:10,920 --> 00:29:13,520 Speaker 1: men to join the expedition I was organizing, I might 444 00:29:13,560 --> 00:29:17,880 Speaker 1: consider myself fortunate. More especially, I had thought of Sidium 445 00:29:17,960 --> 00:29:22,760 Speaker 1: Barak Bombay, commonly called Bombay, who, though his head was 446 00:29:22,840 --> 00:29:26,160 Speaker 1: woodennee and his hands clumsy, was considered to be the 447 00:29:26,240 --> 00:29:30,760 Speaker 1: faithfullest of the Faithfuls. They followed a similar route to 448 00:29:30,760 --> 00:29:33,520 Speaker 1: the one that Bombay had followed with Burton and Speak, 449 00:29:34,120 --> 00:29:38,120 Speaker 1: and just like on that expedition, Stanley's convoy had its 450 00:29:38,160 --> 00:29:42,320 Speaker 1: share of challenges, including all kinds of illnesses and injuries 451 00:29:42,360 --> 00:29:48,080 Speaker 1: and delays. Initially, Stanley described Bombay as honest and trustworthy, 452 00:29:48,400 --> 00:29:51,920 Speaker 1: but sometimes slow to act, but over the course of 453 00:29:51,960 --> 00:29:56,160 Speaker 1: the expedition Stanley became frustrated with him. At one point 454 00:29:56,240 --> 00:29:58,680 Speaker 1: they stopped at a village for almost a month because 455 00:29:58,720 --> 00:30:01,920 Speaker 1: Stanley was ill and Bombay met a woman while they 456 00:30:01,920 --> 00:30:05,760 Speaker 1: were there and didn't want to leave, so Stanley flogged 457 00:30:05,800 --> 00:30:09,880 Speaker 1: him with his cane. Later on, Stanley had Bombay put 458 00:30:09,880 --> 00:30:13,400 Speaker 1: in chains for failing to keep discipline among the porters 459 00:30:13,440 --> 00:30:17,120 Speaker 1: after a mutiny. But in spite of all of this, 460 00:30:17,280 --> 00:30:21,160 Speaker 1: on November tenth, eighteen seventy one, the party reached Lake 461 00:30:21,240 --> 00:30:25,160 Speaker 1: Tanganyika and they met up with David Livingstone. There is 462 00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:28,680 Speaker 1: an episode on this reunion from previous hosts of the show, 463 00:30:28,840 --> 00:30:32,040 Speaker 1: which we ran as a Saturday Classic on September twenty third, 464 00:30:32,200 --> 00:30:37,040 Speaker 1: twenty seventeen. The expedition returned to Zanzibar on May seventh, 465 00:30:37,120 --> 00:30:40,840 Speaker 1: eighteen seventy two, and had some issues on this leg 466 00:30:40,880 --> 00:30:43,920 Speaker 1: of the route as well, including one in which Bombay 467 00:30:44,280 --> 00:30:47,240 Speaker 1: and one of the rowers got drunk and fell asleep, 468 00:30:47,720 --> 00:30:50,320 Speaker 1: and while they were out cold, someone stole the gear 469 00:30:50,360 --> 00:30:52,640 Speaker 1: from a canoe that they were supposed to be guarding. 470 00:30:53,400 --> 00:30:56,000 Speaker 1: So they had gone out there to try to find Livingstone, 471 00:30:56,080 --> 00:30:59,640 Speaker 1: but Livingstone did not come back with them. He wanted 472 00:30:59,680 --> 00:31:03,360 Speaker 1: to stay in Africa and continue his work, so a 473 00:31:03,400 --> 00:31:07,160 Speaker 1: couple of years later, Vernie Lovett Cameron embarked on an 474 00:31:07,160 --> 00:31:11,960 Speaker 1: expedition to try to bring Livingstone back. Like all the 475 00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:15,480 Speaker 1: other people we've been talking about, Cameron thought cidium of 476 00:31:15,560 --> 00:31:20,120 Speaker 1: Barak Bombay would be necessary to the expedition's success because 477 00:31:20,160 --> 00:31:24,280 Speaker 1: of his previous experience and his status as chief among 478 00:31:24,360 --> 00:31:29,360 Speaker 1: speaks faithfuls, But Cameron did not retain that opinion over 479 00:31:29,360 --> 00:31:32,960 Speaker 1: the course of the expedition. Bombay was about fifty three 480 00:31:33,040 --> 00:31:35,640 Speaker 1: years old when they left, and Cameron wrote in his 481 00:31:35,680 --> 00:31:40,080 Speaker 1: book Across Africa quote, he rather presumed on our ignorance, 482 00:31:40,200 --> 00:31:43,080 Speaker 1: And we soon learned that, however useful he might have 483 00:31:43,160 --> 00:31:46,040 Speaker 1: been in days gone by, he was not the best 484 00:31:46,080 --> 00:31:49,320 Speaker 1: man to consult in fitting out an expedition, not having 485 00:31:49,360 --> 00:31:52,880 Speaker 1: sufficient readiness and knowledge to advise us as to the 486 00:31:52,920 --> 00:31:57,680 Speaker 1: most serviceable things with which to supply ourselves. He had, besides, 487 00:31:57,840 --> 00:32:00,479 Speaker 1: lost much of the energy he displayed in his journeys 488 00:32:00,480 --> 00:32:04,560 Speaker 1: with our predecessors in African travel, and was much inclined 489 00:32:04,560 --> 00:32:08,520 Speaker 1: to trade upon his previous reputation. But the high opinion 490 00:32:08,600 --> 00:32:11,240 Speaker 1: we had formed of him at first blinded us to 491 00:32:11,320 --> 00:32:12,760 Speaker 1: his many failings. 492 00:32:13,400 --> 00:32:17,440 Speaker 2: Bombay was once again the person who recruited and hired 493 00:32:17,480 --> 00:32:22,000 Speaker 2: all of the expedition's porters, servants, and drivers, and this 494 00:32:22,080 --> 00:32:26,959 Speaker 2: group Cameron later described as a motley crew. Cameron's account 495 00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:31,120 Speaker 2: of their expedition describes a range of frustrations with Bombay, 496 00:32:31,280 --> 00:32:34,640 Speaker 2: including his guiding them through a swamp where they had 497 00:32:34,640 --> 00:32:37,680 Speaker 2: to stay overnight when a different path would have gotten 498 00:32:37,680 --> 00:32:41,560 Speaker 2: them back to the camp they'd already established, and opening 499 00:32:41,800 --> 00:32:44,600 Speaker 2: loads of goods in front of a chieftain who then 500 00:32:44,760 --> 00:32:49,120 Speaker 2: wanted some expensive cloth from those goods that Cameron did 501 00:32:49,120 --> 00:32:50,280 Speaker 2: not want to trade with him. 502 00:32:50,840 --> 00:32:54,640 Speaker 1: Sometimes this seems more like a difference of opinion than 503 00:32:54,680 --> 00:32:59,000 Speaker 1: Bombay actually doing anything wrong. Cameron had issues with his 504 00:32:59,120 --> 00:33:02,200 Speaker 1: legs and feet during a lot of this expedition, including 505 00:33:02,280 --> 00:33:06,760 Speaker 1: Boyle's abscesses and swelling. At one point, he was really 506 00:33:06,800 --> 00:33:09,920 Speaker 1: having trouble walking, and Bombay convinced him to stay where 507 00:33:09,960 --> 00:33:13,560 Speaker 1: they were. Another day, Cameron wrote quote, I could not 508 00:33:13,800 --> 00:33:17,000 Speaker 1: understand the economy of remaining an extra day in a 509 00:33:17,040 --> 00:33:20,720 Speaker 1: place doing nothing, simply to save about one sixth of 510 00:33:20,760 --> 00:33:24,960 Speaker 1: our ordinary daily expenses. It seems like Bombay might have 511 00:33:25,000 --> 00:33:27,640 Speaker 1: thought access to cheaper food might make it a good 512 00:33:27,680 --> 00:33:30,640 Speaker 1: time for Cameron to try to recover a little before 513 00:33:30,680 --> 00:33:34,920 Speaker 1: they moved on. Also, While they were on the way 514 00:33:35,080 --> 00:33:39,320 Speaker 1: to Lake Tanganyika to try to find livingstone, they learned 515 00:33:39,360 --> 00:33:43,360 Speaker 1: that he had died. In spite of that, Cameron decided 516 00:33:43,400 --> 00:33:47,200 Speaker 1: to press on and to explore the lake. This then 517 00:33:47,280 --> 00:33:51,800 Speaker 1: turned into a trek all the way across Equatorial Africa, 518 00:33:52,040 --> 00:33:56,400 Speaker 1: all the way from Zanzibar to Angola. This took two years, 519 00:33:56,520 --> 00:33:58,760 Speaker 1: and it made them the first party known to have 520 00:33:58,840 --> 00:34:03,440 Speaker 1: ever done that. While Cameron seemed annoyed by the quote 521 00:34:03,600 --> 00:34:07,880 Speaker 1: motley crew that Bombay had assembled for this, forty nine 522 00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:10,920 Speaker 1: of the fifty four people who got to the Atlantic 523 00:34:10,960 --> 00:34:14,520 Speaker 1: Ocean with them were people he had recruited and managed 524 00:34:14,560 --> 00:34:19,480 Speaker 1: that whole way. On February eighth, eighteen seventy six, Bombay 525 00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:21,600 Speaker 1: and the rest of the retinue were sent back to 526 00:34:21,719 --> 00:34:26,400 Speaker 1: zanzibard abort a schooner. A few months later, Bombay received 527 00:34:26,440 --> 00:34:30,160 Speaker 1: a visit from the Reverend W. Salter Price, who approached 528 00:34:30,200 --> 00:34:33,640 Speaker 1: him about an expedition to Uganda to establish a Christian 529 00:34:33,719 --> 00:34:38,279 Speaker 1: mission for the Church Missionary Society. They embarked on a 530 00:34:38,320 --> 00:34:42,560 Speaker 1: preliminary trip, but in eighteen seventy six Bombay was awarded 531 00:34:42,600 --> 00:34:46,760 Speaker 1: a silver medal by the Royal Geographic Society. A number 532 00:34:46,800 --> 00:34:49,319 Speaker 1: of the porters and other laborers who were part of 533 00:34:49,360 --> 00:34:53,080 Speaker 1: these expeditions were also awarded bronze medals. 534 00:34:54,040 --> 00:34:58,480 Speaker 2: Although Bombay was not invited to London to receive this medal, 535 00:34:58,719 --> 00:35:02,480 Speaker 2: it did come along with a pension, and at this 536 00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:06,000 Speaker 2: point it seems like he essentially retired as a guide. 537 00:35:06,960 --> 00:35:10,200 Speaker 2: It does seem like he continued to travel and work 538 00:35:10,239 --> 00:35:12,759 Speaker 2: with the Church Missionary Society, but he kind of did 539 00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:16,240 Speaker 2: it on his own terms. I found the writing about 540 00:35:16,239 --> 00:35:17,560 Speaker 2: the later years of his life. 541 00:35:17,360 --> 00:35:18,960 Speaker 1: To be kind of vague. 542 00:35:19,600 --> 00:35:22,719 Speaker 2: Some of the accounts of him describe him as Muslim. 543 00:35:23,040 --> 00:35:25,680 Speaker 2: It's not clear if he converted to Christianity and was 544 00:35:25,719 --> 00:35:29,080 Speaker 2: doing Christian missionary work at this point. I tried to 545 00:35:29,080 --> 00:35:32,080 Speaker 2: get more clarity on exactly what was happening here and 546 00:35:32,440 --> 00:35:33,440 Speaker 2: was not successful. 547 00:35:34,640 --> 00:35:38,800 Speaker 1: Sidi Mubarik Bombay died in Zanzibar on October twelfth, eighteen 548 00:35:38,840 --> 00:35:42,799 Speaker 1: eighty five, at the age of about sixty five. Over 549 00:35:42,840 --> 00:35:45,719 Speaker 1: the course of all these expeditions, he had traveled more 550 00:35:45,719 --> 00:35:49,520 Speaker 1: than nine thousand miles, most of it on foot. He 551 00:35:49,680 --> 00:35:53,000 Speaker 1: was probably the most widely traveled person of his era. 552 00:35:53,200 --> 00:35:55,920 Speaker 1: By the time he returned from crossing the continent with 553 00:35:56,080 --> 00:36:00,000 Speaker 1: Vernie Lovett Cameron. And while these more well known exts 554 00:36:00,040 --> 00:36:04,440 Speaker 1: floorers expressed a range of frustrations and foibles, it's pretty 555 00:36:04,440 --> 00:36:06,239 Speaker 1: clear that they could not have done what they did 556 00:36:06,280 --> 00:36:09,839 Speaker 1: without him, and without the porters, rowers and soldiers who 557 00:36:09,880 --> 00:36:14,200 Speaker 1: he hired and managed. After learning of his death, Henry 558 00:36:14,239 --> 00:36:17,920 Speaker 1: Morton Stanley wrote a letter to James Augustus Grant in 559 00:36:17,920 --> 00:36:20,799 Speaker 1: which he said of Bombay quote, he had his failings, 560 00:36:20,880 --> 00:36:24,520 Speaker 1: but he had also virtues. He was brave and manly, 561 00:36:24,880 --> 00:36:28,160 Speaker 1: He was faithful, and was incorruptible in a sense. He 562 00:36:28,280 --> 00:36:31,480 Speaker 1: was a fine old gossip, delighted to talk of past 563 00:36:31,560 --> 00:36:34,920 Speaker 1: days and old times seen at such a time. Bombay 564 00:36:35,040 --> 00:36:38,200 Speaker 1: was a dear and even lovable man. And as I 565 00:36:38,320 --> 00:36:42,120 Speaker 1: recall them, romance leads a charm to them and softens 566 00:36:42,280 --> 00:36:46,359 Speaker 1: many asperities of my journey. Peace be to his old head. 567 00:36:46,920 --> 00:36:51,400 Speaker 1: May his failings be forgotten and only his virtues remembered. 568 00:36:52,760 --> 00:36:56,520 Speaker 1: And that is Ceedee Mubarak Bombay. Do you have listener mail? 569 00:36:57,080 --> 00:37:00,680 Speaker 2: I do I have listener mail that I hope I 570 00:37:00,719 --> 00:37:06,880 Speaker 2: didn't read already. I almost picked one that I definitely 571 00:37:06,920 --> 00:37:09,320 Speaker 2: did read. I confirmed that I had read it already 572 00:37:09,480 --> 00:37:12,799 Speaker 2: and went to get a different one. This is from Kathleen. 573 00:37:13,440 --> 00:37:16,600 Speaker 2: Kathleen wrote to say thank you for the Dorothy Arsener episode, 574 00:37:17,160 --> 00:37:19,920 Speaker 2: and this email says, HI, There, Like many listeners, I've 575 00:37:19,920 --> 00:37:22,520 Speaker 2: thought about writing to you in response to an episode 576 00:37:22,560 --> 00:37:25,560 Speaker 2: I love, but would never actually commit. However, this time 577 00:37:25,640 --> 00:37:28,200 Speaker 2: I am sending this from my phone, so I don't 578 00:37:28,239 --> 00:37:30,520 Speaker 2: chicken out. I just want to say thank you for 579 00:37:30,600 --> 00:37:34,720 Speaker 2: the Dorothy Arsener episode. I'm always learning about fascinating people 580 00:37:34,840 --> 00:37:37,239 Speaker 2: that I've never heard of from this podcast, but I 581 00:37:37,280 --> 00:37:40,120 Speaker 2: wanted to send an email about this episode specifically because 582 00:37:40,120 --> 00:37:43,280 Speaker 2: I work in the film industry. I grew up learning 583 00:37:43,280 --> 00:37:45,520 Speaker 2: what I could about film history, and I went to 584 00:37:45,560 --> 00:37:48,919 Speaker 2: school for film, but never heard of Dorothy Arsner, which 585 00:37:48,960 --> 00:37:53,000 Speaker 2: is a travesty. After learning about all of her contributions filmmaking, 586 00:37:53,120 --> 00:37:56,680 Speaker 2: directing and teaching, even though she never received an award, 587 00:37:57,360 --> 00:38:00,360 Speaker 2: and to learn that she taught Francis Ford Cope and 588 00:38:00,440 --> 00:38:03,719 Speaker 2: with such an influence is amazing. I guess my very 589 00:38:03,760 --> 00:38:06,240 Speaker 2: minuscule connection is that a friend of mine was able 590 00:38:06,280 --> 00:38:09,120 Speaker 2: to work on his film Megalopolis that came out last year. 591 00:38:09,200 --> 00:38:12,239 Speaker 2: So thank you Dorothy Osner for teaching Coppola. So my 592 00:38:12,440 --> 00:38:15,640 Speaker 2: friends could work on his films. I don't want to 593 00:38:15,640 --> 00:38:17,480 Speaker 2: make this email too long, so I'll go ahead and 594 00:38:17,520 --> 00:38:19,920 Speaker 2: wrap it up by paying the pet tax with some 595 00:38:20,040 --> 00:38:23,880 Speaker 2: pictures of my cats. I have a black and white 596 00:38:23,920 --> 00:38:29,000 Speaker 2: tuxedo cat named Dinah and a mixed Siamese cat named Olive. 597 00:38:29,520 --> 00:38:32,680 Speaker 1: If you can believe it, Dinah is Olive's mom. 598 00:38:33,600 --> 00:38:35,839 Speaker 2: I don't know enough about genetics to tell you how 599 00:38:35,840 --> 00:38:38,239 Speaker 2: a black and white cat popped out of a Siamese cat. 600 00:38:38,280 --> 00:38:41,080 Speaker 2: One day, I'll do a genetics test again. Thank you 601 00:38:41,080 --> 00:38:43,480 Speaker 2: for all you do. I was able to see you 602 00:38:44,440 --> 00:38:47,440 Speaker 2: live last year at the Indiana Historical Society, and it 603 00:38:47,480 --> 00:38:49,160 Speaker 2: was such a fun treat for me and my mom. 604 00:38:49,239 --> 00:38:51,879 Speaker 2: I've been listening for years since college, and you've helped 605 00:38:51,920 --> 00:38:55,200 Speaker 2: me get through work, chores, and the monotonousness of a 606 00:38:55,239 --> 00:39:00,120 Speaker 2: long drive. Cheers, Katie. I might have said Kathleen and 607 00:39:00,200 --> 00:39:02,880 Speaker 2: I kicked off the email, but Katie signed it Katie 608 00:39:02,920 --> 00:39:06,560 Speaker 2: at the bottom. So thank you so much, Katie. Let's 609 00:39:06,560 --> 00:39:10,280 Speaker 2: look at Oh my goodness, there's a kitty cat. 610 00:39:10,600 --> 00:39:14,799 Speaker 1: Cat. Genetics are super fascinating. They are. They are very, 611 00:39:15,440 --> 00:39:20,960 Speaker 1: very fascinating. My cats, who are almost entirely all black, 612 00:39:20,960 --> 00:39:25,200 Speaker 1: They've got a couple of little white toes, little patches 613 00:39:25,239 --> 00:39:28,880 Speaker 1: of white on their bodies, had one sibling in their 614 00:39:29,480 --> 00:39:32,560 Speaker 1: litter who was an orange tabby. It was all black 615 00:39:32,640 --> 00:39:37,520 Speaker 1: cats and an orange tabby. There are so many fascinating 616 00:39:38,160 --> 00:39:41,040 Speaker 1: things about colors that cats turn out with and how 617 00:39:41,080 --> 00:39:45,600 Speaker 1: they relate to their behavior in later life. You know 618 00:39:45,600 --> 00:39:50,520 Speaker 1: how people say like, oh, torties have attitude, and you know, well, yeah, 619 00:39:50,880 --> 00:39:53,200 Speaker 1: which sometimes hold true and sometimes don't. But like, there 620 00:39:53,200 --> 00:39:55,440 Speaker 1: are also interesting things that happen in terms of their 621 00:39:55,440 --> 00:39:58,840 Speaker 1: position in the womb and how that impacts the receptors 622 00:39:58,840 --> 00:40:02,240 Speaker 1: that do all of that. I'm talking kind of from memory, 623 00:40:02,280 --> 00:40:04,160 Speaker 1: so hopefully I don't screw anything up. But you know, 624 00:40:04,200 --> 00:40:06,880 Speaker 1: we have the example, we just adopted three sisters from 625 00:40:06,960 --> 00:40:09,480 Speaker 1: the same litter. They don't look alike. 626 00:40:09,880 --> 00:40:12,760 Speaker 2: They don't look anything alike. One is a very puffy 627 00:40:12,800 --> 00:40:18,600 Speaker 2: black cat. One is a giant tabby who is very 628 00:40:18,960 --> 00:40:22,520 Speaker 2: very big and has kind of like I would have 629 00:40:22,520 --> 00:40:24,799 Speaker 2: thought she was a male cat if I hadn't been 630 00:40:24,840 --> 00:40:27,440 Speaker 2: told otherwise, because she has kind of the features you 631 00:40:27,480 --> 00:40:30,200 Speaker 2: associate with male cats, like her head has kind of 632 00:40:30,200 --> 00:40:33,080 Speaker 2: that fist shape, and she's got very big muscles. 633 00:40:33,120 --> 00:40:36,399 Speaker 1: And then they have a teeny tiny baby sister who 634 00:40:36,520 --> 00:40:40,319 Speaker 1: is shaped the same way as Marva the black cat, 635 00:40:40,360 --> 00:40:43,759 Speaker 1: but like in shrinkulated version, and she's more petite than 636 00:40:43,800 --> 00:40:46,720 Speaker 1: the other two. And she's kind of got torty color 637 00:40:46,800 --> 00:40:49,680 Speaker 1: like the same color ways as the big tabby, but 638 00:40:49,880 --> 00:40:52,320 Speaker 1: in a more of a torty thing with one white 639 00:40:52,920 --> 00:40:56,040 Speaker 1: toe on each foot. They may all have different dads, 640 00:40:56,280 --> 00:40:59,560 Speaker 1: so that's part of it possible. The father, as a 641 00:40:59,560 --> 00:41:05,279 Speaker 1: contribut of the genetics, is often why litters look real different. Yeah, yeah, 642 00:41:04,360 --> 00:41:08,080 Speaker 1: because a litter can have all different ads, all kinds. 643 00:41:09,400 --> 00:41:12,279 Speaker 1: So Katie has sent a number of pictures of these 644 00:41:12,320 --> 00:41:15,439 Speaker 1: adorable cats, and there are two different ones in which 645 00:41:15,480 --> 00:41:19,520 Speaker 1: they are curled up together, and I super would not 646 00:41:19,600 --> 00:41:22,200 Speaker 1: have guessed these cats were related to each other, not 647 00:41:22,360 --> 00:41:26,799 Speaker 1: knowing this ahead of time. Incredibly cute. Thank you so much, 648 00:41:26,920 --> 00:41:29,680 Speaker 1: Thank you so much, Katie. I am glad that you 649 00:41:29,840 --> 00:41:34,880 Speaker 1: liked the episode. Folks can email us anytime to say 650 00:41:35,120 --> 00:41:41,120 Speaker 1: just hello. That is also totally fine, but I love 651 00:41:41,160 --> 00:41:43,560 Speaker 1: the idea of sending the email on your phone so 652 00:41:43,640 --> 00:41:45,719 Speaker 1: that you don't check it out. I have done similar 653 00:41:45,760 --> 00:41:49,320 Speaker 1: things to make sure that I do a thing immediately, 654 00:41:50,040 --> 00:41:51,680 Speaker 1: so if you would like to send us a note 655 00:41:51,920 --> 00:41:54,960 Speaker 1: about this or any other podcast where at History podcast 656 00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:58,960 Speaker 1: at iHeartRadio dot com, and you can subscribe to our 657 00:41:59,040 --> 00:42:01,640 Speaker 1: show on the I heart radio app and anywhere else 658 00:42:01,680 --> 00:42:09,160 Speaker 1: you'd like to get your podcasts. Stuff you missed in 659 00:42:09,239 --> 00:42:12,920 Speaker 1: History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. For more podcasts 660 00:42:12,960 --> 00:42:17,080 Speaker 1: from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever 661 00:42:17,160 --> 00:42:18,680 Speaker 1: you listen to your favorite shows.