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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how

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Speaker 1: Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.

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Speaker 1: I'm Katie Lambert and I'm Sarah Dowdy. And Sarah read

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Speaker 1: a really cool article that got us thinking about King Herod,

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Speaker 1: of all people, I did a few months back. National

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Speaker 1: Geographic had a really neat article about King Herod's tomb,

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Speaker 1: and then recently Smithsonian just put out one and I

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Speaker 1: got to thinking, we need to talk about this historical celebrity.

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Speaker 1: So most of us know King Herod from his biblical reputation,

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Speaker 1: which is about the Massacre of the Innocence, where in

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Speaker 1: preparation for the birth of the Messiah, he had all

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Speaker 1: the male infants in Bethlehem killed. But it's kind of

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Speaker 1: unlikely that this actually happened. The only recorded instance of

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Speaker 1: it is in the Gospel of Matthew, so biblical scholars

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Speaker 1: debate whether this really went down. But even if he

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Speaker 1: didn't kill all the babies of Bethlehem, he certainly killed

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Speaker 1: plenty of people on his own time, including his own

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Speaker 1: children and his favorite wife and mother in law, nobles, really,

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Speaker 1: anybody who got on his bad side or anyone he

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Speaker 1: thought might usurp his place on the throne like his

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Speaker 1: wife's brothers, but with a huge family ten wives and

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Speaker 1: more than a dozen kids, he had plenty to be

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Speaker 1: paranoid about. And he was also living in a time

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Speaker 1: of a lot of conflict and strife. So let's go

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Speaker 1: back to the beginnings of Herod. He was born in

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Speaker 1: seventy three b c. And grew up in Judea and Palestine,

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Speaker 1: which was a time of civil war and plenty of enemies.

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Speaker 1: The monarchy of Judea that has many and monarchy was

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Speaker 1: split between two fighting brothers over who would take the throne,

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Speaker 1: and the Romans and the Parthians and either side of

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Speaker 1: the kingdom were fighting over Judea as well. Herod's father

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Speaker 1: was an adviser to one of the brothers who wanted

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Speaker 1: the kingship, and he was also a general and decided

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Speaker 1: to sigh with the Romans, which is a thread that

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Speaker 1: will keep coming up. Parents to the Romans for for

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Speaker 1: the long haul, definitely, which made a lot of people

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Speaker 1: feel that he was a traitor to the Jewish people,

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Speaker 1: but we'll get into that a little bit later. His

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Speaker 1: mother was an Arab and his father was an Edamite,

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Speaker 1: so he was what they called a half Jew and

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Speaker 1: a bit of an outsider, even though he was raised Jewish.

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Speaker 1: And in forty three b C, his father was poisoned

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Speaker 1: and the Parthians invaded Judea, and considering that Herod's family

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Speaker 1: was on the Roman side, this didn't go over well

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Speaker 1: for them. The Parthians mutilated and killed the king, and

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Speaker 1: they came after Herod, who left Jerusalem with his family

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Speaker 1: and went to Rome for help, but at the site

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Speaker 1: that would later become Herodium, he defeated the Parthians and

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Speaker 1: went to Rome, where the senate named him the Judean King.

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Speaker 1: And if you can picture this, picture him walking out

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Speaker 1: of the senate with Mark Antony on one side and

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Speaker 1: Octavian on the other, that's a celebrity crowd. The paparazzim

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Speaker 1: as that one. And he Proceedd did to make a

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Speaker 1: sacrifice at the Temple of Jove, which of course was

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Speaker 1: a pagan thing to do and being a Jew, a

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Speaker 1: bit scandalous. He had the kingship, but he had to

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Speaker 1: fight for years to actually get control of his kingdom,

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Speaker 1: and he finally captured Jerusalem in thirty seven BC, divorced

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Speaker 1: his wife and married as Many and princess, hoping that

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Speaker 1: he would get in better with the people, and then

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Speaker 1: he had a brother drowned, so that probably didn't go

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Speaker 1: over so great. So another famous monarch living at this time, Cleopatra,

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Speaker 1: is also involved with Herod. She tries to get bits

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Speaker 1: of his kingdom from Mark Anthony, who gives them to

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Speaker 1: her because they're in a relationship, and she also tries

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Speaker 1: to seduce Herod, which really feels Cleopatra's reputation, and it

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Speaker 1: didn't work. He said no. But in thirty one BC,

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Speaker 1: at the Battle of acting m, Octavian crushes Mark Anthony

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Speaker 1: and Cleopatra's armies, and this isn't looking great for Herod

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Speaker 1: because he's Marc Anthony's good buddy, so he runs off

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Speaker 1: to Rhods to see Octavian and to pledge his allegiance.

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Speaker 1: He goes without his crown, and Octavian not only confirmed

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Speaker 1: him king but gave him even more land, and this

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Speaker 1: is when the good stuff starts. Despite his reputation, Herod

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Speaker 1: was actually a pretty great ruler, and two decades of

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Speaker 1: prosperity and peace follow his kingship. He gets very cultural

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Speaker 1: and invites poets and artists and architects and He's a

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Speaker 1: lot of time for building, doesn't it, which he really

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Speaker 1: really loves. He builds a deep water harbor on the

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Speaker 1: north coast of Judea, and also and the Northern Palace

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Speaker 1: at Massada, which goes down a cliff face on terraces

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Speaker 1: and rebuilds the Second Temple. But that's not the only

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Speaker 1: thing he builds. He also builds a huge fortress and

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Speaker 1: pleasure palace at her Audium. It's basically on top of

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Speaker 1: this volcano type mountain. It's not really a volcano, it

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Speaker 1: just but it looks like one. It's a steep mountain

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Speaker 1: with a flat top, and uh at the bottom of

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Speaker 1: it is the pleasure palace sort of area Lower Herodium.

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Speaker 1: It fills forty acres. It has homes and gardens and stables,

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Speaker 1: and this huge pool that's about as big as a

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Speaker 1: soccer field that even has an island in the middle.

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Speaker 1: It's all very luxurious and Upper Herodium at the top

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Speaker 1: used to have a five story tower and that was

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Speaker 1: the palace and fortress. But Herodium is located pretty far

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Speaker 1: outside of Jerusalem, and Herod actually moves his whole operation there,

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Speaker 1: his whole city um. It takes about three or four

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Speaker 1: hours on horseback to get there. So this is an

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Speaker 1: inconvenient location, an odd spot to chew. Well, it didn't

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Speaker 1: remind you, Verstal a little locating your capital to this

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Speaker 1: sort of out of the way place and surrounding yourself

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Speaker 1: with loyal families and building the ideal city, and as

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Speaker 1: far as urban planning goes, Herodium was very well set out.

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Speaker 1: Yet has this royal theater with beautiful secco landscapes done

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Speaker 1: very symmetrical. There's clearly some sort of master plan that

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Speaker 1: put everything together. It wasn't just built willy nilly. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: So despite her Audium looking like it's a pretty nice place,

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Speaker 1: it's surrounded by desert and it is out of the way.

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Speaker 1: Like we said, so why would Herod build his fortress

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Speaker 1: and his palace in the middle of nowhere? This is

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Speaker 1: a good part of the story. Yeah, So it turns

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Speaker 1: out that it wasn't anything about strategy. This wasn't just

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Speaker 1: a good location to build a fortress. It was all

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Speaker 1: personal with Herod. And when he had been governor of

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Speaker 1: Galilee and the Parthians invaded, he got out because of

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Speaker 1: the new king being named right and tried to fleet

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Speaker 1: to Rome, and he had declared his allegiance and everything,

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Speaker 1: and he fled with five thousand of his people. And

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Speaker 1: during this this escape, his mother's wagon flips over and

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Speaker 1: Harod thinks she's dead. He's about to commit suicide when

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Speaker 1: he realizes that she's actually okay. And later he returns

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Speaker 1: to the site and fights like Katie talked about earlier,

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Speaker 1: and he makes a promise that he'll be buried there

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Speaker 1: as a tribute both to his victory and to his

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Speaker 1: mother's survival. So if he says that he'll be buried there,

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Speaker 1: where exactly is his tomb Because we've talked about Herodium,

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Speaker 1: but we haven't actually talked about Herod's tomb and Haradium.

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Speaker 1: People have actually known about it for a while. Obviously,

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Speaker 1: it's sort of faded off the map um some time

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Speaker 1: after Herod's death. This is his spot, after all. But

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Speaker 1: it was positively identified in eighteen thirty eight by an

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Speaker 1: American scholar, Edward Robinson, who compared it to a Roman

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Speaker 1: Greco Roman historians accounts and identified it as the historic site.

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Speaker 1: But people still didn't know where the tomb was, and

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Speaker 1: it has kind of become this biblic whole quest for

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Speaker 1: archaeologists to positively i d Herod's tomb, but we didn't

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Speaker 1: find it until April of two thousand seven, when Hood

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Speaker 1: nuts Or, an archaeologist, said that after thirty five years

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Speaker 1: of archaeological work, he had positively found the tomb. Was

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Speaker 1: absolutely sure that he found it, and lots of folks

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Speaker 1: have been looking for this tomb. The eighteen sixties of

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Speaker 1: French explorer was focusing on that uh that island in

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Speaker 1: the middle of the pool. He thought that would be

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Speaker 1: the place Herod Herod was resting um. Another archaeologists checked

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Speaker 1: out the Summit of Herodium and later Lambert Dolls, in

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Speaker 1: which I thought Katie might like not related who was

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Speaker 1: from the Silicon Valley, thought that the tomb must be

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Speaker 1: located on the at the base of the highest tower

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Speaker 1: on the mountaintop. But nuts Er wasn't swayed by any

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Speaker 1: of these previous expeditions well, and he wasn't looking for

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Speaker 1: Herod's tomb when he even started excavating different locations. But

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Speaker 1: at some point it turned into an obsession, and in

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Speaker 1: two thousand and six he saw an irregularity in a

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Speaker 1: wall and decided that again since everything looked so planned out,

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Speaker 1: if something was irregular, that must mean something bigger and

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Speaker 1: decided that's where they should look. And he had already

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Speaker 1: so thoroughly covered the lower complex. He was pretty sure

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Speaker 1: the comb was not there. He just he looked everywhere

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Speaker 1: it could be. So in two thousand and seven they

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Speaker 1: found fragments of hard pink limestone with rosettes on it

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Speaker 1: and thought, there's a good chance that might be his sarcophagus.

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Speaker 1: And then later in April they found giant blocks of

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Speaker 1: white limestone which would have been part of a structure

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Speaker 1: that was eight feet high and according to the National

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Speaker 1: Geographic article, there was a cube shaped first floor, cylindrical

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Speaker 1: second floor, and a high peaked roof. And they also

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Speaker 1: found two other sarcopha guy that weren't quite as nice,

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Speaker 1: along with some human bones, sonser suspects. Herod probably changed

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Speaker 1: his mind about the burial spot. This halfway up the

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Speaker 1: mountain location is kind of surprising. Um, it is the

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Speaker 1: last place everyone looked, obviously, but um, there's still a

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Speaker 1: little question about whether this is for sure Herod's tomb.

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Speaker 1: It's definitely a royal person's tomb, but there's no inscription,

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Speaker 1: which is the kind of positive identification you really want.

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Speaker 1: But part of the problem with that was that the

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Speaker 1: Sarcopha guy had been destroyed about seventy years after Herod's

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Speaker 1: death during one of the Jewish revolts against the Romans,

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Speaker 1: and it's clearly been smashed to pieces with hammers, So

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Speaker 1: even if there had been some sort of identification, it

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Speaker 1: may have been purposefully destroyed. So while Herod was obviously

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Speaker 1: unpopular enough to get his tomb smashed seventy or so

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Speaker 1: years after or he died, he wasn't super well liked

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Speaker 1: even immediately after he died. Part of that comes from

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Speaker 1: his great deathbed idea to imprison a lot of the

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Speaker 1: local notables Jewish notables and ordering them to be killed

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Speaker 1: after he died, because that way everyone would be even

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Speaker 1: sadder that he was dead. Not only had you lost

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Speaker 1: your king, you lost all of your notable g d

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Speaker 1: and citizens. But obviously Harod dies and these guys are

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Speaker 1: let go, and everybody celebrates because hey, you know, all

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Speaker 1: of our notable citizens are alive, and there were none

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Speaker 1: too impressed with their king at that point. Although we've

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Speaker 1: talked about Herod's too, and we haven't talked about his

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Speaker 1: actual death and it's a bit grizzly. He has a

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Speaker 1: pretty remarkable, if disgusting death. Uh. I love these modern

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Speaker 1: day diagnostics where, yeah, it happened recently with Mozart, Mozart

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Speaker 1: and stripped up hacus Um. Just where modern doctors go

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Speaker 1: back and look at the case history of some famous

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Speaker 1: long dead patient and try to diagnose how they died.

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Speaker 1: And this happened a few years ago. Um A doctor

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Speaker 1: Jan Hirshman made a diagnosis based on the biography of

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Speaker 1: Herod by Flavius Josephus, which was itself based on account

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Speaker 1: of Herod's court historian, and Josephus had written that Herod

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Speaker 1: had a fever, though not a raging one, an intolerable

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Speaker 1: itching of the whole skin, continuous pains and the intestiness

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Speaker 1: of the feet, inflammation of the abdomen, and gangrene of

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Speaker 1: the privy parts. Also he had asthma, loom convulsions, and

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Speaker 1: bad breath. I saw the bad breathing too, and putrified

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Speaker 1: and worm eaten genitals, along with a ravenous appetite and

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Speaker 1: an ulcerated colon. So some people have thought that Herod

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Speaker 1: died of gonorrhea or syphilis. Hirshman figured that all the symptoms,

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Speaker 1: except for the genital gang green, signified chronic kidney disease,

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Speaker 1: figured that the gang green was actually caused by a

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Speaker 1: rare infection called for neiers gang green. But some people

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Speaker 1: have said that these may all have been a figment

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Speaker 1: of his biographer's imagination, because again, Harod wasn't so popular

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Speaker 1: at that particular time. He was called Herod the Great

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Speaker 1: a bit sarcastically, so he may have just listed all

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Speaker 1: of the things that could happen to you if you

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Speaker 1: had incurred the wrath of God, which they assumed that

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Speaker 1: Herod had. He was looked at as the Antichrist during

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Speaker 1: the Middle Ages, so you might not put it past

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Speaker 1: a biographer after the fact to make his death as

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Speaker 1: disgusting as possible. Yeah, if you really didn't like somebody,

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Speaker 1: these are the symptoms I think you would probably give

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Speaker 1: them were I'm eating genitals, remember that one. But regardless

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Speaker 1: of how it went down, Harod in Jericho, which was

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Speaker 1: his winter palace, and his people carried him twenty five

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Speaker 1: miles on a golden beer. His family army in full

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Speaker 1: battle gear, five hundred servants and freed slaves all just

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Speaker 1: walk into Herodium l he promised to be buried. He

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Speaker 1: had gemstones and purple drapes and his crown and scepter,

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Speaker 1: so he was still shown a royal dignity in death again,

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Speaker 1: even if he wasn't the favorite. And after he died,

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Speaker 1: everything in Judea just completely fell apart. His fortune was

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Speaker 1: spent by his family, harmony was destroyed, things started to

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Speaker 1: get into conflict again, and Harod's son was so bad

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Speaker 1: at ruling that the Romans finally put someone else in

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Speaker 1: there to rule, which just intensified the conflict between the

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Speaker 1: Jews and the Romans. So the Jews first revolted in

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Speaker 1: the sixties a d and vandalized Herod's tomb, changed his

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Speaker 1: dining room into a synagogue Dug Mikvah's in the courtyard,

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Speaker 1: and they lost, and at Sata said they killed themselves

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Speaker 1: to avoid becoming Roman slaves on. The second revolt was

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Speaker 1: in the one thirties, where they again used to Rodium

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Speaker 1: and Masada as fortresses and dead tunnels into the hills

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Speaker 1: at Herodium, which you can still see today. So if

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Speaker 1: you like to learn more about Jerusalem, Jerusalem syndrome, archaeology,

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Speaker 1: and the Battle of Actim can go to our homepage

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Speaker 1: at www dot how stuff works dot com and type

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Speaker 1: into the search bar, and also take a look at

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Speaker 1: our blog and if you have any comments or questions,

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Speaker 1: send us an email at History Podcast at how staff

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Speaker 1: works dot com. For more on this and thousands of

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Speaker 1: other topics, visit how stuff works dot com. Let us

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Speaker 1: know what you think. Send an email to podcast at

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