WEBVTT - Kevin Godley

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<v Speaker 1>Welcome, Welcome, Welcome back to the Bible Left Sex Podcast.

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<v Speaker 1>I guess today this musician and director Kevin Gardley. Kevin,

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<v Speaker 1>good to have you on the program. Good to be here, Bob,

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<v Speaker 1>Nice to see you. Happy New Year. So where exactly

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<v Speaker 1>are you right now? I am in a little town

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<v Speaker 1>about forty minutes outside Dublin, in a conservatory which is

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<v Speaker 1>my office and my studio. So what is a nice

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<v Speaker 1>boy from the middle end of England doing in Dublin.

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<v Speaker 1>That's a good question. I I did quite a lot

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<v Speaker 1>of video work here in the late nineties. Earlier in

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<v Speaker 1>late nineties with you too, and I was going backwards

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<v Speaker 1>and forwards and backwards and forwards a lot with my wife,

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<v Speaker 1>and we fell in love with the place it is,

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<v Speaker 1>at least back then. It was so radically different to

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<v Speaker 1>living outside London that we fell in love with it.

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<v Speaker 1>Everything is quiet here, you can get to meet interesting

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<v Speaker 1>people in the art world much easier than you could

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<v Speaker 1>in London. Um, and we were looking to move house anyway,

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<v Speaker 1>and we thought, why not, let's give it a shot.

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<v Speaker 1>So here we are and we haven't regretted it for

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<v Speaker 1>one second. And how long have you been there? And

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<v Speaker 1>you can go a little bit deeper into the differences. Gosh,

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<v Speaker 1>I think we've been here for about fourteen years. The difference,

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<v Speaker 1>I guess is London is a very busy city, always

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<v Speaker 1>has been, and if you want to make a meeting

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<v Speaker 1>with somebody, you call up their pa and they say, well,

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<v Speaker 1>you know, someone star has a window for twenty minutes

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<v Speaker 1>next Thursday. Here you're bumping to someone who knows his

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<v Speaker 1>uncle and you can meet him in the pub next

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<v Speaker 1>Saturday night. It's it's much more. It's much less formal here.

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<v Speaker 1>Everybody is so much more accessible here. And is there

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<v Speaker 1>work there like there is in London? There is For me,

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<v Speaker 1>it's no different. I mean that the main difference between

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<v Speaker 1>working here and in London has changed so vastly over

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<v Speaker 1>the years because a lot of what a lot of

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<v Speaker 1>what I can do is done remotely anyway. If there's

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<v Speaker 1>a shoot to be done in London, for instance, then

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<v Speaker 1>I travel to London and I have a production team

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<v Speaker 1>there that I use. Obviously I haven't been able to

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<v Speaker 1>do that for a little while, but I also have

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<v Speaker 1>a production team here, and if I'm lucky enough, the

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<v Speaker 1>artist will come here and we can shoot here. So

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<v Speaker 1>it's it's been really been really good. In other words,

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<v Speaker 1>I have a lovely, gentle and quiet lifestyle, but I

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<v Speaker 1>can move to wherever is appropriate for when I have

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<v Speaker 1>to be somewhere. What's been keeping you busy recently, Kevin? Recently?

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<v Speaker 1>Oh gosh, you've been in the last two or three

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<v Speaker 1>years or so, Yes, because you know and how you've

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<v Speaker 1>been affected by COVID. Well, I haven't really been affected

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<v Speaker 1>by COVID, which is the strangest to say. I mean,

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<v Speaker 1>both myself and my wife haven't had COVID. We know

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<v Speaker 1>a few people who have, but we live a very

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<v Speaker 1>quiet life and I do most of my work from

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<v Speaker 1>home anyway. UM but probably one of the main things

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<v Speaker 1>that I did in twenty twenty, I released my first

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<v Speaker 1>solo album, which was recorded here, called Muscle Memory, which

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<v Speaker 1>was an exciting thing for me to do. I never

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<v Speaker 1>made a solo album before UM and that was that

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<v Speaker 1>was a big thrill. That was a big thrill. I

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<v Speaker 1>got extremely well reviewed, which was which was a buzz.

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<v Speaker 1>I also co wrote and directed a pilot episode for

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<v Speaker 1>a historical drama podcast about Irish music. UM. I started

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<v Speaker 1>experimenting with a system I called corrupted files, which is

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<v Speaker 1>for want of a better term, accidental artwork that's derived

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<v Speaker 1>from my video work, and started exploring n f T

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<v Speaker 1>and physical options for both UM. Also in one I

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<v Speaker 1>joined a new games company called Athena Athena Worlds, which

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<v Speaker 1>is led by UM extremely well known gaming programmer called

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<v Speaker 1>Jane Whittaker who did Alien Versus Predator, and also a

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<v Speaker 1>senior producer from Candy Crush called Emily Amslet anyone in

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<v Speaker 1>the gaming industry will know who they are immusically, and

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<v Speaker 1>they're driven by UM new revolutionary tech which hopefully will

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<v Speaker 1>revolutionize the games industry. And I'm a non exact director

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<v Speaker 1>and creative consultant for a Sena. I've also recently joined

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<v Speaker 1>a fascinating company called Group of Few Moans, which is

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<v Speaker 1>very very contemporary company. They are a community of industry

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<v Speaker 1>leading strategists, filmmakers, musicians, designers, writers, creative directors, researchers, accession.

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<v Speaker 1>We're like a herd of cattle, although we're not cattle.

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<v Speaker 1>We're all very very clever and very smart. But the

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<v Speaker 1>idea is that any any group of these people can

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<v Speaker 1>be selected for any particular project that comes in UM

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<v Speaker 1>to create the perfect group to deliver high quality outcomes

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<v Speaker 1>from different for a range of different kind of clients.

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<v Speaker 1>We work remotely, and I've never been involved in anything

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<v Speaker 1>like this before I am. Towards the end of last year,

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<v Speaker 1>I was I was frustrated in that there are so

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<v Speaker 1>many things that I do and I have a finger

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<v Speaker 1>in so many different creative pies. I was looking for

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<v Speaker 1>either a person or an organization to kind of represent

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<v Speaker 1>all the different aspects of my career. And this group

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<v Speaker 1>of people got in touch with me via a guy

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<v Speaker 1>who I've met before a number of years ago. Love

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<v Speaker 1>the guy called Rob Noble who invited me to become

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<v Speaker 1>part of group of humans. And it is. It is

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<v Speaker 1>a great It's a great bunch of people, a great

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<v Speaker 1>bunch of people. I can't tell you what we're doing

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<v Speaker 1>because we're all under N D A S. But it's

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<v Speaker 1>it's a real buzz. It's it allows me to explore

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<v Speaker 1>the more commercial side of what I'm capable of doing. Okay,

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<v Speaker 1>before we leave Dublin, I have to address the situation

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<v Speaker 1>with Ironland, which is divided in Brexit. What's your whole

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<v Speaker 1>take on Brexit and how it should work out? Fucking nightmare.

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<v Speaker 1>I never understood the point of it. Ever. I mean,

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<v Speaker 1>I don't know, it's crazy. I'm not a very politically

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<v Speaker 1>minded person, but I kind of don't see the wind

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<v Speaker 1>of it. It's it's divisive on a very day to

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<v Speaker 1>day level. If you order anything online. Um, we used

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<v Speaker 1>to be able to get loads of stuff that we

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<v Speaker 1>can no longer get now from from the UK. Um,

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<v Speaker 1>and you have to pay extra tax when it comes

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<v Speaker 1>into the country. It takes twice as long. I mean,

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<v Speaker 1>that's the immediate effect of it, and it's just boring.

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<v Speaker 1>I don't get it. Okay, let's go back a few years.

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<v Speaker 1>How did you ultimately get into video directing? Sort of

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<v Speaker 1>by accident, like most things in my life. Um, as

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<v Speaker 1>you know, we were we were in a band, quite

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<v Speaker 1>successful band, and when lor Creom and I left the band,

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<v Speaker 1>we were still making records, but we weren't a touring band,

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<v Speaker 1>so we never appeared anywhere live. We never did any shows.

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<v Speaker 1>But we had a record coming out on a single

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<v Speaker 1>that was called an Englishman in New York, not to

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<v Speaker 1>be confused with the song of the same name by Sting,

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<v Speaker 1>and we kind of figured that the only way we

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<v Speaker 1>could promote it would be to make a little film

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<v Speaker 1>of us performing it in some way. And we didn't

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<v Speaker 1>think for one minute that the record company would go

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<v Speaker 1>for the idea, because back then there was no video

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<v Speaker 1>industry as such, there was no MTV. But we came

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<v Speaker 1>up with a sort of cock eyed storyboard and went

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<v Speaker 1>to meet somebody at the label and lo and behold.

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<v Speaker 1>I said, yes, you can make it, but you can't

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<v Speaker 1>direct it because you you don't know a camera from

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<v Speaker 1>a camel. So we'll have to get a proper guy

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<v Speaker 1>into do that, which which they did, and joined the

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<v Speaker 1>process of making the film. A couple of lightbulbs went

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<v Speaker 1>off over our heads. It was an extraordinary experience. We

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<v Speaker 1>were ex art students, as you probably, and suddenly we

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<v Speaker 1>were involved in something that we instinctively felt we could

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<v Speaker 1>contribute to. We could do this, we thought, and much

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<v Speaker 1>to the director's annoyance, through the editing process, we started

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<v Speaker 1>to stick our oar in and suggest things and and

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<v Speaker 1>and say, well, what happens if you press this button

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<v Speaker 1>and you go no, no, And we pressed a button

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<v Speaker 1>and something interesting would happen that nobody expected. In other words,

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<v Speaker 1>we kind of took over, which must have been a

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<v Speaker 1>pain for the director. For the proper director, but we

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<v Speaker 1>knew that this was a very exciting thing to be

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<v Speaker 1>involved with. So we put we were performing, which took

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<v Speaker 1>up most of the day, and we were listening and

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<v Speaker 1>we were watching and we were learning, and that was

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<v Speaker 1>the first thing we kind of did um and we

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<v Speaker 1>got a lot of credit for it because the finished

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<v Speaker 1>result made the hit, made the record a hit, not

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<v Speaker 1>in the UK, but all over Europe. Would you remember

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<v Speaker 1>the budget and you remember where it was exhibited and

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<v Speaker 1>people became aware of it. It was shown a lot

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<v Speaker 1>in Europe, all over Europe and it was a hit

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<v Speaker 1>record in Europe. I can't remember the budget, but it

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<v Speaker 1>can't have been a lot of money. There wasn't a

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<v Speaker 1>lot of money around in those days for these things.

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<v Speaker 1>So what I actually happened from there is a guy

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<v Speaker 1>called Steve Strange who was just signed to our label

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<v Speaker 1>Polydor with his band called Visage. Is the same Steve

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<v Speaker 1>Strange who recently passed Yes unfortunately, Yes. We used to

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<v Speaker 1>from the clubs in London and he wanted us to

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<v Speaker 1>direct his first video for his first single for Visage,

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<v Speaker 1>which was called Fay to Grow and which is a

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<v Speaker 1>lovely compliment. I think you have to argue the point

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<v Speaker 1>somewhat with the low but we got to do it.

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<v Speaker 1>The budget for that I distinctly remember as being five

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<v Speaker 1>thousand pounds two and a half thousand, of which went

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<v Speaker 1>to the makeup artist. But that was our first professional

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<v Speaker 1>gigs as as video directors. And the rest is this history. Okay, Well,

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<v Speaker 1>as I say, you're let's go a little slower into

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<v Speaker 1>the rest. So you make that video. You did one

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<v Speaker 1>for your own act. It was very successful. What happened

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<v Speaker 1>with this video, Well, it did the trick um. It

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<v Speaker 1>proved the point that a good film or a good

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<v Speaker 1>video or whatever they used to call it in those days,

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<v Speaker 1>could make a difference. And it was a hit in Norway, Sweden,

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<v Speaker 1>Denmark and Scandinavia and France, in Germany, but didn't do

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<v Speaker 1>a damn thing in England, which was such a shame.

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<v Speaker 1>But it taught us a hell of a lot. It's

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<v Speaker 1>it flipped the switch for us because we'd left the

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<v Speaker 1>band and we were making records and I think subconsciously

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<v Speaker 1>we were looking for something else that we could get

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<v Speaker 1>our teeth into and this came along. It's just the

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<v Speaker 1>right time. Now we're in the history of MTV. Does

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<v Speaker 1>this happen quite early We're talking the early eighties. Um,

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<v Speaker 1>And I think we made an Englishman in New York

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<v Speaker 1>before MTV became a reality anywhere. Um. I think MTV launched.

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<v Speaker 1>Was it in nineteen August? First one? Okay, so we

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<v Speaker 1>were relatively close. We were relatively close, I thinking Englishmen

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<v Speaker 1>in New York those towards the end of the seventies.

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<v Speaker 1>But visage. I guess what I'm asking here is, did

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<v Speaker 1>you see MTV on the horizon when it happened? Did

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<v Speaker 1>it change your vision? Did it queed a lot of opportunity? Totally?

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<v Speaker 1>We didn't see it coming, and then we heard about it.

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<v Speaker 1>We heard about it launching in America first, which it did,

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<v Speaker 1>of course, and we started to get some interesting commissions

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<v Speaker 1>um from America. Probably the most significant one was for

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<v Speaker 1>Herbie Hancock Rocket UM. And things began to change radically

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<v Speaker 1>from that point, not just for us, but for the

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<v Speaker 1>whole music industry. From our perspective and from all the

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<v Speaker 1>other directors and producers that were working in this new medium,

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<v Speaker 1>it suddenly meant that there was a global art gallery

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<v Speaker 1>where all their work could be seen. There had been

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<v Speaker 1>nothing like this before ever. So the other thing that

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<v Speaker 1>I think was hugely influential. Was that a lot of

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<v Speaker 1>the more christially acclaimed and influential films on MTV We're

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<v Speaker 1>coming out of the UK and the stylistic elements of

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<v Speaker 1>those films made an impact on everything that was made

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<v Speaker 1>from that point on. And a lot of a lot

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<v Speaker 1>of bands, a lot of American bands particularly, were a

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<v Speaker 1>little bit uncomfortable with this. They were purists, they were musicians. Man,

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<v Speaker 1>we don't want to make films, We don't want to

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<v Speaker 1>tell stories, we just want to play. There was there

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<v Speaker 1>was a little bit of resistance to that initially, uh,

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<v Speaker 1>but things gradually began to change. They began to accept

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<v Speaker 1>it and take it on board and really use it well.

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<v Speaker 1>It took a little time though for it to sink in.

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<v Speaker 1>Let's talk about Rocket, So how did you that's a

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<v Speaker 1>legendary video. How did you come up with the concept?

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<v Speaker 1>And ultimately this became your main work? So at what

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<v Speaker 1>point did it become luquidi? What were the budget? Rocket

0:15:01.920 --> 0:15:05.760
<v Speaker 1>was an interesting one again, just a series of lucky accidents.

0:15:07.080 --> 0:15:12.280
<v Speaker 1>I was watching a TV news program, local TV news

0:15:12.320 --> 0:15:19.320
<v Speaker 1>program UM and they were showing a piece about a

0:15:19.400 --> 0:15:23.400
<v Speaker 1>sculptor and artist called Jim whit Ing. And his work,

0:15:24.120 --> 0:15:27.880
<v Speaker 1>which were these strange hydraulic robots, and it was probably

0:15:27.880 --> 0:15:30.400
<v Speaker 1>about a five minute piece. And as soon as it

0:15:30.520 --> 0:15:35.600
<v Speaker 1>started on the TV, I I dived at the video

0:15:35.680 --> 0:15:39.360
<v Speaker 1>recorder and taped what I could of it because I

0:15:39.360 --> 0:15:44.640
<v Speaker 1>found it absolutely fascinating and something was it was wonderful

0:15:44.680 --> 0:15:50.440
<v Speaker 1>about it, incredible um. But before then the rocket track

0:15:50.520 --> 0:15:53.680
<v Speaker 1>had landed on our desk asking us to come up

0:15:53.720 --> 0:15:55.840
<v Speaker 1>with an idea for it. So when I saw this

0:15:56.800 --> 0:15:59.680
<v Speaker 1>and took the video tape over to Lowell's place, we

0:16:00.000 --> 0:16:06.920
<v Speaker 1>we realized that rocket sounded like this looked okay. There

0:16:06.960 --> 0:16:09.360
<v Speaker 1>was there was no doubt in our minds about that.

0:16:09.520 --> 0:16:13.600
<v Speaker 1>And and back then things were relatively free. There was

0:16:13.640 --> 0:16:16.920
<v Speaker 1>no marketing department, there was no there was no real

0:16:17.120 --> 0:16:21.520
<v Speaker 1>awareness of the power of video. These were just films

0:16:21.600 --> 0:16:23.800
<v Speaker 1>that were made and nobody really knew if it hadn't

0:16:23.840 --> 0:16:27.000
<v Speaker 1>make any difference or not to the success of a record.

0:16:27.560 --> 0:16:30.640
<v Speaker 1>So how it worked was you sent a track to

0:16:31.160 --> 0:16:33.840
<v Speaker 1>a director whose work you liked and asked them to

0:16:33.920 --> 0:16:36.720
<v Speaker 1>make a film and gave them a little bit of

0:16:36.720 --> 0:16:39.680
<v Speaker 1>money to do it. You were never asked to compete

0:16:39.720 --> 0:16:43.800
<v Speaker 1>with other directors or sending a written treatment. You maybe

0:16:43.800 --> 0:16:47.800
<v Speaker 1>have a conversation or two, but we were allowed to

0:16:47.840 --> 0:16:52.640
<v Speaker 1>do pretty much what the hell we liked, and we

0:16:52.720 --> 0:16:57.640
<v Speaker 1>had enough faith in the idea to actually set it

0:16:57.720 --> 0:17:01.440
<v Speaker 1>up and go for it. We had Herbie fly over

0:17:01.560 --> 0:17:05.720
<v Speaker 1>a day and we filmed him separately because we knew

0:17:05.720 --> 0:17:08.520
<v Speaker 1>we'd be putting him into the finished film in a

0:17:08.560 --> 0:17:14.320
<v Speaker 1>TV monitor. But nobody, including us to a degree, understood

0:17:14.320 --> 0:17:17.440
<v Speaker 1>at that stage what the Finnish film would look like.

0:17:18.080 --> 0:17:21.240
<v Speaker 1>We were we were just busking, but we were busking

0:17:21.280 --> 0:17:24.920
<v Speaker 1>with confidence. It was really only when we hit the

0:17:25.080 --> 0:17:28.040
<v Speaker 1>edit suite with all this vast amount of material, and

0:17:28.080 --> 0:17:32.920
<v Speaker 1>I'd say vast because back then you couldn't play the

0:17:33.440 --> 0:17:38.280
<v Speaker 1>material backwards. You had to you had to retransfer all

0:17:38.320 --> 0:17:42.480
<v Speaker 1>the films of video backwards, all the footage. You couldn't

0:17:42.560 --> 0:17:44.439
<v Speaker 1>hit a button and it would go backwards. So we

0:17:44.520 --> 0:17:47.840
<v Speaker 1>had an enormous amount of footage and I think the

0:17:48.080 --> 0:17:54.280
<v Speaker 1>edit was probably about an eighteen to twenty edit, solid

0:17:54.960 --> 0:18:00.159
<v Speaker 1>in an edit suite, very smoky edit suite um And

0:18:00.320 --> 0:18:04.320
<v Speaker 1>when we finished it, we looked at it and we

0:18:04.440 --> 0:18:08.520
<v Speaker 1>looked at each other and we said, they're gonna fucking

0:18:08.640 --> 0:18:17.800
<v Speaker 1>kill us, because I mean, from our perspective, it was extraordinary. Um,

0:18:17.840 --> 0:18:23.800
<v Speaker 1>but there's been nothing like that shown anywhere before. And

0:18:23.920 --> 0:18:26.359
<v Speaker 1>so we we were, you know, we thought, you know,

0:18:26.520 --> 0:18:30.000
<v Speaker 1>fuck it, let's send it to them and and and

0:18:30.000 --> 0:18:37.000
<v Speaker 1>and see what happens. And predictably, it was like, don't

0:18:37.040 --> 0:18:44.280
<v Speaker 1>they They didn't quite understand what they were watching, if

0:18:44.280 --> 0:18:50.280
<v Speaker 1>that makes any sense. UM, But they didn't know they

0:18:50.320 --> 0:18:54.040
<v Speaker 1>had something. What they didn't know and what we didn't

0:18:54.119 --> 0:18:58.359
<v Speaker 1>know is that that's something I was going to turn

0:18:58.400 --> 0:19:02.399
<v Speaker 1>out to be something significant in kicking the medium forward.

0:19:03.720 --> 0:19:06.760
<v Speaker 1>And we want a lot of awards at the first

0:19:06.920 --> 0:19:14.880
<v Speaker 1>MTV show for that one particular video. It was and

0:19:14.920 --> 0:19:18.359
<v Speaker 1>it taught us that you know, believe in your instincts.

0:19:18.680 --> 0:19:20.479
<v Speaker 1>You know what you're doing. Even though you don't know

0:19:20.560 --> 0:19:23.359
<v Speaker 1>that you know what you're doing, you do know something

0:19:23.400 --> 0:19:27.320
<v Speaker 1>that they don't know. So just keep doing this because

0:19:27.840 --> 0:19:37.800
<v Speaker 1>you're good at it. Let's go back a couple of years.

0:19:37.880 --> 0:19:39.639
<v Speaker 1>Tell me the story of the making of the video

0:19:39.800 --> 0:19:43.560
<v Speaker 1>for Duran Duran's Girls and Film. They're they're a very

0:19:43.560 --> 0:19:47.119
<v Speaker 1>clove a bunch of guys still are and as is

0:19:47.840 --> 0:19:53.520
<v Speaker 1>their management. They were very savvy and um in wanting

0:19:53.560 --> 0:19:59.320
<v Speaker 1>to break America. They we're keeping an eye on what

0:19:59.359 --> 0:20:02.400
<v Speaker 1>was going on in the clubs as well as what

0:20:02.480 --> 0:20:04.199
<v Speaker 1>was going on in TV. And what was going on

0:20:04.240 --> 0:20:07.640
<v Speaker 1>in the clubs was that they were playing these new

0:20:07.720 --> 0:20:11.960
<v Speaker 1>fangled video things in the clubs, and some of them

0:20:11.960 --> 0:20:15.359
<v Speaker 1>were kind of uncensored because there were no there's no

0:20:15.480 --> 0:20:18.640
<v Speaker 1>censorship in the clubs. The rauncher they was, the more

0:20:18.720 --> 0:20:21.119
<v Speaker 1>daring they were, the weirder they were, the more they

0:20:21.200 --> 0:20:26.240
<v Speaker 1>get played. And so as part of the brief for

0:20:26.320 --> 0:20:30.520
<v Speaker 1>Girls on Film, we were told to create a version

0:20:31.080 --> 0:20:34.520
<v Speaker 1>that was to be played in clubs, primarily in clubs,

0:20:34.680 --> 0:20:38.400
<v Speaker 1>so they were kind of kind of coming out America

0:20:38.800 --> 0:20:43.520
<v Speaker 1>from underneath, not from in front. So that's what we did.

0:20:44.760 --> 0:20:47.399
<v Speaker 1>It just so happened that that and and and the

0:20:48.119 --> 0:20:52.760
<v Speaker 1>TV Cup was a little time, as you know, but

0:20:52.880 --> 0:20:57.639
<v Speaker 1>the full version was kind of probably wouldn't get made today.

0:20:58.119 --> 0:21:01.320
<v Speaker 1>There's very sexy, very raunchy, very daring for its time,

0:21:02.200 --> 0:21:05.800
<v Speaker 1>and the words started to spread, as that sometimes happens,

0:21:06.520 --> 0:21:09.320
<v Speaker 1>and it was all part of this this growth, this

0:21:09.520 --> 0:21:13.360
<v Speaker 1>strange upheaval that was going on in the music business.

0:21:13.400 --> 0:21:17.439
<v Speaker 1>People were getting excited about the power of the music

0:21:17.560 --> 0:21:20.840
<v Speaker 1>video and it became a thing. Had you end up

0:21:20.880 --> 0:21:24.479
<v Speaker 1>working with the Police. Um. We we used to record

0:21:24.520 --> 0:21:29.840
<v Speaker 1>in the same studio, strangely enough, near Well where Luell

0:21:30.160 --> 0:21:32.600
<v Speaker 1>lived at the time, in a place called Leatherhead, which

0:21:32.640 --> 0:21:36.280
<v Speaker 1>sounds like a heavy metal man. UM a little studio

0:21:37.320 --> 0:21:43.680
<v Speaker 1>UM called Sorry Sound, which was run by a guy

0:21:44.080 --> 0:21:47.280
<v Speaker 1>who was producing the Police at the time, and they

0:21:47.320 --> 0:21:53.000
<v Speaker 1>were working there and we just kind of meat every

0:21:53.040 --> 0:21:55.479
<v Speaker 1>now and again we finished a session, they start a session.

0:21:55.520 --> 0:22:00.320
<v Speaker 1>And when we came into our first album as Godly

0:22:00.440 --> 0:22:05.320
<v Speaker 1>and Cream, Nigel Nigel Grave was the guy I'm talking about.

0:22:05.400 --> 0:22:09.600
<v Speaker 1>He played us the stuff he'd been recording with the

0:22:09.600 --> 0:22:14.360
<v Speaker 1>Police and it kind of made our hair sound upon

0:22:14.359 --> 0:22:17.399
<v Speaker 1>it and just three people playing and singing, whereas we

0:22:17.400 --> 0:22:20.880
<v Speaker 1>were messing around with all sorts of peculiar sounds and

0:22:20.880 --> 0:22:25.240
<v Speaker 1>and since and goodness what Um, there were these three

0:22:25.240 --> 0:22:28.159
<v Speaker 1>guys that were that were that had it that magic

0:22:28.280 --> 0:22:31.840
<v Speaker 1>stuff that everybody wants to find. And that's kind of

0:22:31.840 --> 0:22:34.440
<v Speaker 1>where we met them. And at this point we we

0:22:34.880 --> 0:22:40.480
<v Speaker 1>this was prior to us getting into music video really um.

0:22:40.560 --> 0:22:43.919
<v Speaker 1>But when they when they had made it big and

0:22:44.000 --> 0:22:52.359
<v Speaker 1>they wanted to change their style on film, they called us. UM.

0:22:53.040 --> 0:22:56.119
<v Speaker 1>They were doing hugely well all over the world and

0:22:56.080 --> 0:23:00.280
<v Speaker 1>in America, and the album that Every Breath You Take

0:23:01.040 --> 0:23:03.080
<v Speaker 1>was on. They wanted to present it in a more

0:23:03.080 --> 0:23:08.119
<v Speaker 1>sophisticated way, more interesting way, and they asked us if

0:23:08.160 --> 0:23:09.800
<v Speaker 1>we'd be interested in making a film for it, and

0:23:09.880 --> 0:23:13.479
<v Speaker 1>of course we were. The interesting thing is that we

0:23:13.480 --> 0:23:17.240
<v Speaker 1>were all They were thinking along a certain line and

0:23:17.280 --> 0:23:20.960
<v Speaker 1>we were thinking along certain lines, but we never really

0:23:21.000 --> 0:23:26.480
<v Speaker 1>got together to talk about it until we flew over

0:23:26.520 --> 0:23:30.600
<v Speaker 1>to la to meet them at the record label, and

0:23:31.560 --> 0:23:35.840
<v Speaker 1>all our ideas kind of coalesced. The idea of doing

0:23:35.840 --> 0:23:38.280
<v Speaker 1>it in black and white, the idea of holding on

0:23:38.359 --> 0:23:42.600
<v Speaker 1>things for an enormous amount of time as opposed to

0:23:42.600 --> 0:23:45.800
<v Speaker 1>cutting every second, which most videos did at the time,

0:23:46.600 --> 0:23:49.600
<v Speaker 1>was exactly where they wanted to go. Something that was subtle,

0:23:49.760 --> 0:23:55.800
<v Speaker 1>something that was delicate, something that was powerful. Um. It

0:23:55.920 --> 0:24:01.399
<v Speaker 1>was an extraordinary, uplifting experience for us, a huge kick

0:24:01.480 --> 0:24:05.199
<v Speaker 1>up the ladder. There were a number of of shoots

0:24:05.240 --> 0:24:07.560
<v Speaker 1>around about that time, and there was Herbie, there was

0:24:07.600 --> 0:24:10.520
<v Speaker 1>Every Breath You Take. In fact, we did two more

0:24:10.800 --> 0:24:13.439
<v Speaker 1>for the Police on the same album. But that was

0:24:13.480 --> 0:24:16.040
<v Speaker 1>a big kick in the bomb for us up the ladder.

0:24:16.560 --> 0:24:19.720
<v Speaker 1>That made us, for want of a badder description video

0:24:19.840 --> 0:24:23.280
<v Speaker 1>starts not something we were aiming to be, but it

0:24:23.359 --> 0:24:26.399
<v Speaker 1>made us significant in the medium, and how did the

0:24:26.600 --> 0:24:32.000
<v Speaker 1>change your life and career made us feel good? The

0:24:32.080 --> 0:24:36.040
<v Speaker 1>budgets got a little bit bigger, and it gave us

0:24:36.040 --> 0:24:42.160
<v Speaker 1>a little bit more wait in terms of presenting ideas

0:24:42.200 --> 0:24:48.320
<v Speaker 1>to people. I think the industry was starting to understand,

0:24:50.080 --> 0:24:54.080
<v Speaker 1>at least the marketing people within the industry, We're beginning

0:24:54.080 --> 0:24:56.640
<v Speaker 1>to understand the power of a music video and how

0:24:56.640 --> 0:25:03.720
<v Speaker 1>it could actually help a single become a hit. And therefore,

0:25:03.880 --> 0:25:06.760
<v Speaker 1>when they came to us that they knew if they

0:25:06.800 --> 0:25:09.480
<v Speaker 1>were coming to us, we weren't going to do what

0:25:09.520 --> 0:25:13.359
<v Speaker 1>they told us to do, and we were trusted to

0:25:13.480 --> 0:25:16.399
<v Speaker 1>a degree to deliver them something that was original, that

0:25:16.520 --> 0:25:20.320
<v Speaker 1>was different, but had a quality that was going to

0:25:20.400 --> 0:25:23.720
<v Speaker 1>help the record be a success. And we used to

0:25:23.800 --> 0:25:26.480
<v Speaker 1>push that home. That was that was the buzz for us.

0:25:26.920 --> 0:25:31.280
<v Speaker 1>In a sense, it wasn't It wasn't about the success.

0:25:31.880 --> 0:25:35.639
<v Speaker 1>It was about being allowed to try something that we

0:25:35.680 --> 0:25:39.399
<v Speaker 1>would dearly like to see on the screen and sort of,

0:25:39.400 --> 0:25:42.080
<v Speaker 1>shall we say, eight times out of ten it did

0:25:42.119 --> 0:25:44.600
<v Speaker 1>the job. How did you feel when you'd make a

0:25:44.640 --> 0:25:49.200
<v Speaker 1>successful video? Frodact and then they would end up working

0:25:49.280 --> 0:25:53.280
<v Speaker 1>with somebody else for the next video. It didn't happen

0:25:53.280 --> 0:25:56.920
<v Speaker 1>that often, at least not initially, particularly in the police's case.

0:25:57.040 --> 0:25:59.800
<v Speaker 1>We we did every breath and we did the following

0:26:00.000 --> 0:26:04.320
<v Speaker 1>to videos. But I think what was happening the industry

0:26:04.320 --> 0:26:09.320
<v Speaker 1>as an industry was was maturing and more people we're

0:26:09.320 --> 0:26:13.960
<v Speaker 1>coming into the industry. More directors were realizing that you know,

0:26:14.000 --> 0:26:15.960
<v Speaker 1>as well as the commercials that they did, as well

0:26:16.040 --> 0:26:18.200
<v Speaker 1>as the films that they did, this was an area

0:26:18.240 --> 0:26:21.360
<v Speaker 1>where they could be free or a little freer than

0:26:21.400 --> 0:26:24.200
<v Speaker 1>everything else, and they could try some bizarre ideas out

0:26:24.240 --> 0:26:26.760
<v Speaker 1>that they may not be able to try in some

0:26:26.920 --> 0:26:30.399
<v Speaker 1>of the other area areas of their work. So I

0:26:30.400 --> 0:26:33.400
<v Speaker 1>wouldn't say it was becoming crowded, but it was becoming

0:26:33.520 --> 0:26:37.359
<v Speaker 1>populated with a lot of different kinds of directors and

0:26:37.400 --> 0:26:40.720
<v Speaker 1>so there was more choice for people. And also, don't

0:26:40.720 --> 0:26:44.880
<v Speaker 1>forget at the time, because labels and management people were

0:26:44.960 --> 0:26:49.639
<v Speaker 1>now understanding the power of the music video. They were thinking, Okay,

0:26:49.640 --> 0:26:52.399
<v Speaker 1>well this is a great song. Who can we go to?

0:26:53.160 --> 0:26:56.760
<v Speaker 1>Does this guy that does this team? There's godling cream,

0:26:56.920 --> 0:26:59.639
<v Speaker 1>there's so and so on the so and so and

0:26:59.680 --> 0:27:01.640
<v Speaker 1>they had a number of show reels to look at,

0:27:02.200 --> 0:27:05.959
<v Speaker 1>and they could then choose who they would like to

0:27:05.960 --> 0:27:08.760
<v Speaker 1>make their film. And they could also go to more

0:27:08.800 --> 0:27:15.280
<v Speaker 1>than one set of individuals and say, listen, guys, this

0:27:15.359 --> 0:27:17.640
<v Speaker 1>is how much money. We have come up with an

0:27:17.720 --> 0:27:21.760
<v Speaker 1>idea for this, and we will choose the winner to

0:27:21.800 --> 0:27:25.320
<v Speaker 1>make the film. It was becoming exactly what you would

0:27:25.400 --> 0:27:31.200
<v Speaker 1>expect a successful industry to become. So you made these

0:27:32.000 --> 0:27:36.120
<v Speaker 1>videos with law How do you split up the responsibilities?

0:27:36.160 --> 0:27:38.360
<v Speaker 1>What did he do? What did you do? We kind

0:27:38.359 --> 0:27:41.280
<v Speaker 1>of both did everything, which was kind of messy sometimes,

0:27:42.240 --> 0:27:47.119
<v Speaker 1>but it was I think everything we did in music

0:27:47.240 --> 0:27:51.480
<v Speaker 1>video we approached pretty much the same way as we

0:27:51.520 --> 0:27:53.760
<v Speaker 1>would if we were making a record or if we

0:27:53.760 --> 0:27:57.760
<v Speaker 1>were writing a song. There was no the lines were

0:27:57.800 --> 0:28:04.119
<v Speaker 1>blurred between the two of us um and it worked

0:28:04.119 --> 0:28:08.480
<v Speaker 1>for a time, it worked really, really well. Um. It

0:28:08.520 --> 0:28:11.760
<v Speaker 1>was only later towards the end of our relationship where

0:28:11.760 --> 0:28:15.480
<v Speaker 1>we we both had different kinds of ideas that we

0:28:15.560 --> 0:28:17.480
<v Speaker 1>wanted to do that it became a little bit of

0:28:17.480 --> 0:28:22.560
<v Speaker 1>a problem. But the initial push, the initial few years

0:28:22.640 --> 0:28:28.600
<v Speaker 1>during THEES was was extremely productive and extremely joyful. It

0:28:28.680 --> 0:28:31.840
<v Speaker 1>was we had a blast. I have to tell you

0:28:32.119 --> 0:28:35.440
<v Speaker 1>it was an absolute blast. When it ended with Lal

0:28:36.240 --> 0:28:38.320
<v Speaker 1>was an un bad terms. Do you have any contact

0:28:38.360 --> 0:28:40.960
<v Speaker 1>with him today? Not really. We've we've kind of we've

0:28:41.000 --> 0:28:45.000
<v Speaker 1>grown apart, you know. It's it's I think I've been

0:28:45.040 --> 0:28:48.760
<v Speaker 1>working longer without Lal than I was working with Law.

0:28:49.840 --> 0:28:54.880
<v Speaker 1>It's so long ago. Um, we've drawn apart. I mean,

0:28:54.920 --> 0:28:57.560
<v Speaker 1>all the members of the original band have kind of

0:28:57.600 --> 0:29:01.080
<v Speaker 1>grown apart. It's funny, I think. You know, when you're

0:29:01.120 --> 0:29:04.360
<v Speaker 1>young and you're a band and you're starting off together,

0:29:04.440 --> 0:29:08.640
<v Speaker 1>there's a gang mentality. It's it's it's you against the world,

0:29:08.760 --> 0:29:12.360
<v Speaker 1>and the most important thing in your lives is the band,

0:29:12.560 --> 0:29:14.600
<v Speaker 1>the success of the band, and the quality of the

0:29:14.680 --> 0:29:17.640
<v Speaker 1>music that you make, and that's all. That's all that counts.

0:29:17.680 --> 0:29:21.120
<v Speaker 1>But gradually, as you grow into yourself, as you cannot

0:29:21.160 --> 0:29:23.240
<v Speaker 1>come older, and you make new friends and you have

0:29:23.320 --> 0:29:28.280
<v Speaker 1>new experiences, you developer, you develop as a person. And

0:29:28.880 --> 0:29:31.760
<v Speaker 1>you know, that's what happened between me and Law. We

0:29:31.880 --> 0:29:38.080
<v Speaker 1>became different people with different tastes, and it happens. Okay,

0:29:38.160 --> 0:29:40.959
<v Speaker 1>let's go back to the beginning. Where did you grow up?

0:29:41.520 --> 0:29:48.880
<v Speaker 1>I grew up in Manchester, outside Manchester, Um, I was

0:29:48.960 --> 0:29:54.520
<v Speaker 1>a quiet lonely kid, didn't have many friends. The only

0:29:54.840 --> 0:29:59.640
<v Speaker 1>thing that I could do well and enjoy doing was

0:29:59.800 --> 0:30:05.640
<v Speaker 1>was drawing pencil sketching, and I used to do that

0:30:05.680 --> 0:30:09.120
<v Speaker 1>whenever I could. I used to take a sketchbook, compencil

0:30:09.160 --> 0:30:12.280
<v Speaker 1>and jump over the wall into Heaton Park, which was

0:30:12.360 --> 0:30:16.560
<v Speaker 1>directly opposite to where we lived, and spend an afternoon

0:30:16.640 --> 0:30:20.920
<v Speaker 1>sitting on a bench drawing um. And I think it

0:30:21.000 --> 0:30:25.160
<v Speaker 1>was it was during that period that occasionally people would

0:30:26.160 --> 0:30:28.200
<v Speaker 1>would wander over and have a look at what I

0:30:28.280 --> 0:30:32.920
<v Speaker 1>was doing and say, that's really good, that's really really good,

0:30:32.960 --> 0:30:38.360
<v Speaker 1>well done, congratulations, that's fantastic work. And in a bizarre way,

0:30:38.400 --> 0:30:42.680
<v Speaker 1>that was my first audience. I suddenly I understood that

0:30:42.800 --> 0:30:47.320
<v Speaker 1>people liked something that I was doing, and although they

0:30:47.320 --> 0:30:50.080
<v Speaker 1>weren't applauding, they were saying nice things. So that was

0:30:50.440 --> 0:30:54.360
<v Speaker 1>that was hugely significant to me. And what did your

0:30:54.440 --> 0:30:56.160
<v Speaker 1>parents do for a living? And how many kids in

0:30:56.160 --> 0:31:01.840
<v Speaker 1>the family just me um. My father had a number

0:31:01.880 --> 0:31:05.280
<v Speaker 1>of shops in the center of Manchester. He was a

0:31:05.320 --> 0:31:12.960
<v Speaker 1>shopkeeper and he sold He sold radios, tape recorders, records,

0:31:13.160 --> 0:31:20.200
<v Speaker 1>camera equipment. He also sold telescopes and he also sold

0:31:20.560 --> 0:31:25.560
<v Speaker 1>musical instruments all in different shops and camping equipment. Strangely enough,

0:31:26.560 --> 0:31:29.880
<v Speaker 1>um so that the weird thing is, you know, he

0:31:29.960 --> 0:31:32.280
<v Speaker 1>wanted me to go into the family business, of course,

0:31:33.040 --> 0:31:35.640
<v Speaker 1>and I hated it. I used to help out at

0:31:35.640 --> 0:31:39.920
<v Speaker 1>the shops on a Saturday behind the till, you know,

0:31:40.160 --> 0:31:42.680
<v Speaker 1>try and demonstrate things. I was hopeless at that and

0:31:43.480 --> 0:31:51.080
<v Speaker 1>you know, but looking back was really strange to me

0:31:51.200 --> 0:31:53.600
<v Speaker 1>is even though I didn't want to go into the

0:31:53.640 --> 0:31:57.280
<v Speaker 1>family business, all the things that he sold other than

0:31:57.320 --> 0:32:01.600
<v Speaker 1>camping equipment areas that I ended up investigating and became

0:32:01.680 --> 0:32:08.320
<v Speaker 1>becoming part of in my growd up careers, cameras, tape recorders, television,

0:32:08.840 --> 0:32:13.080
<v Speaker 1>musical instruments. It's the strangest thing. What was it like

0:32:13.280 --> 0:32:17.240
<v Speaker 1>being in the UK when the Beatles hit and all

0:32:17.280 --> 0:32:19.520
<v Speaker 1>those means, and some of them were from Liverpool, not

0:32:19.600 --> 0:32:22.440
<v Speaker 1>that far from me and Chester. What was the experience

0:32:22.480 --> 0:32:26.640
<v Speaker 1>through your eyes? It was it was like being part

0:32:26.680 --> 0:32:31.120
<v Speaker 1>of something important. I think that if you were a

0:32:31.160 --> 0:32:35.480
<v Speaker 1>teenager before the Beatles came along, that I you were

0:32:35.640 --> 0:32:39.360
<v Speaker 1>sort of playing a musical instrument or in any kind

0:32:39.360 --> 0:32:45.560
<v Speaker 1>of band, nobody really took you very seriously. Um It

0:32:45.680 --> 0:32:48.720
<v Speaker 1>only seemed to become significant once the Beatles have made

0:32:48.720 --> 0:32:51.880
<v Speaker 1>an impact, and it then it was there was some

0:32:52.280 --> 0:32:57.880
<v Speaker 1>strange cultural upheaval that took place. I remember leaping, you know,

0:32:57.960 --> 0:33:03.200
<v Speaker 1>leaping a good few years forward. I remember I've been

0:33:03.240 --> 0:33:07.120
<v Speaker 1>home for a weekend and I got a train back

0:33:07.160 --> 0:33:11.560
<v Speaker 1>to to our college and Sergeant Pepper had just come out.

0:33:13.160 --> 0:33:16.840
<v Speaker 1>And I walked into the Art College and every single

0:33:16.960 --> 0:33:22.000
<v Speaker 1>department of the Art College had stopped work, and each

0:33:22.040 --> 0:33:25.239
<v Speaker 1>department was playing a different track from the album, and

0:33:25.280 --> 0:33:30.800
<v Speaker 1>the tutors weren't teaching anybody. They were pouring over the

0:33:30.840 --> 0:33:36.120
<v Speaker 1>gayfold album sleeve. Everybody was marveling at this wonder that

0:33:36.200 --> 0:33:40.920
<v Speaker 1>had come out of nowhere, and that was huge for me.

0:33:41.040 --> 0:33:47.480
<v Speaker 1>It just changed everything. Um. You can imagine walking into

0:33:47.520 --> 0:33:49.760
<v Speaker 1>this building and hearing all these tracks at the same time.

0:33:49.760 --> 0:33:54.400
<v Speaker 1>It's like Revolution number nine coming out of the windows. Um.

0:33:54.480 --> 0:33:56.960
<v Speaker 1>But that made a huge difference. And I was in

0:33:57.000 --> 0:33:59.000
<v Speaker 1>the band while I was Art college, and we were

0:33:59.040 --> 0:34:03.280
<v Speaker 1>doing gigs pretty much every every old turn at night.

0:34:03.480 --> 0:34:05.680
<v Speaker 1>I get picked up at the end of a working

0:34:05.760 --> 0:34:07.440
<v Speaker 1>day at college and go off in a van and

0:34:07.520 --> 0:34:10.040
<v Speaker 1>do a gig, come back late at night, and then

0:34:10.080 --> 0:34:12.600
<v Speaker 1>go to college the next day. So suddenly it's just

0:34:12.680 --> 0:34:15.799
<v Speaker 1>being in a band. Wasn't just a buzz. It was

0:34:15.840 --> 0:34:20.839
<v Speaker 1>a possible thing that could become something significant should you

0:34:20.880 --> 0:34:23.440
<v Speaker 1>want it to be. So, so, how did you start

0:34:23.560 --> 0:34:29.400
<v Speaker 1>playing musical instrument? Like many kids that era, people wanted

0:34:29.440 --> 0:34:33.560
<v Speaker 1>to play music. Music was a big outlet then, before

0:34:33.600 --> 0:34:37.600
<v Speaker 1>the Beatles, before anything, every wanted to play. Everybody wanted

0:34:37.640 --> 0:34:39.960
<v Speaker 1>to play a guitar or something or other. I think

0:34:40.000 --> 0:34:42.520
<v Speaker 1>it was like skateboards or video games or now. It

0:34:42.600 --> 0:34:47.960
<v Speaker 1>was the thing. And it wasn't necessarily because you could

0:34:48.000 --> 0:34:50.080
<v Speaker 1>make a career out of it. It was, you know,

0:34:50.160 --> 0:34:52.719
<v Speaker 1>because it made you feel, made you look cool, you

0:34:52.800 --> 0:34:57.040
<v Speaker 1>could meet girls, made you feel something, and it made

0:34:57.080 --> 0:34:59.759
<v Speaker 1>you feel like you were doing something that was about you,

0:35:00.160 --> 0:35:03.840
<v Speaker 1>and it was about your generation. Where it would go

0:35:03.920 --> 0:35:06.280
<v Speaker 1>nobody really knew, but it was a way of stamping

0:35:06.280 --> 0:35:13.520
<v Speaker 1>your identity on something. And I took up a guitar first.

0:35:13.680 --> 0:35:18.560
<v Speaker 1>I had a half in the club fifty six dring

0:35:18.600 --> 0:35:22.120
<v Speaker 1>guitar sy semi solid body, and I was terrible. I

0:35:22.239 --> 0:35:27.799
<v Speaker 1>joined a group called Groups seventeen and played bass on

0:35:27.840 --> 0:35:31.600
<v Speaker 1>a six string guitar very badly, and we used to

0:35:31.600 --> 0:35:35.120
<v Speaker 1>do covers of a bank called the shadows who have

0:35:35.200 --> 0:35:38.040
<v Speaker 1>used to back Cliff Richard in the UK. And we

0:35:38.120 --> 0:35:42.440
<v Speaker 1>used to play things like old people's homes and private

0:35:42.520 --> 0:35:48.200
<v Speaker 1>parties and whatever we could get. But there was we

0:35:48.280 --> 0:35:51.760
<v Speaker 1>were terrible, but there was something amazing about the experience.

0:35:52.080 --> 0:35:59.919
<v Speaker 1>And I I shifted to drums because um, my next

0:36:00.000 --> 0:36:04.320
<v Speaker 1>door neighbor, my next door neighbors family were quite wealthy,

0:36:04.360 --> 0:36:06.960
<v Speaker 1>had bought his name was Jeff, had brought him a

0:36:07.040 --> 0:36:13.000
<v Speaker 1>drum set and sorry Jeff, but but he couldn't play it.

0:36:13.840 --> 0:36:19.440
<v Speaker 1>And um, and I just I wanted to try playing

0:36:19.800 --> 0:36:22.399
<v Speaker 1>his drums. And it took me ages to get him

0:36:22.400 --> 0:36:25.560
<v Speaker 1>to allow me to sit down behind the kid. And

0:36:25.680 --> 0:36:31.279
<v Speaker 1>I I had that sort of independent suspension thing that

0:36:31.320 --> 0:36:34.880
<v Speaker 1>you need to play drums, you know. And I could

0:36:34.960 --> 0:36:37.880
<v Speaker 1>sort of do the simple and do this now and

0:36:38.160 --> 0:36:41.160
<v Speaker 1>the base drum and the high heart and hit things

0:36:41.200 --> 0:36:48.000
<v Speaker 1>and reasonable ways. And that was incredible. It's something clicked

0:36:48.040 --> 0:36:50.799
<v Speaker 1>and said, Wow, you didn't have to pose dancing and

0:36:50.840 --> 0:36:52.680
<v Speaker 1>trying to play a guitar at the front of the band.

0:36:52.719 --> 0:36:57.080
<v Speaker 1>You can sit back and be the engine room. And

0:36:57.080 --> 0:36:59.600
<v Speaker 1>and then I remembered something that happened when I was

0:36:59.640 --> 0:37:04.480
<v Speaker 1>a child, probably about nine or ten years old. We

0:37:04.600 --> 0:37:09.040
<v Speaker 1>used to have music lessons at school, and a music

0:37:09.120 --> 0:37:11.960
<v Speaker 1>lesson consisted of a teacher coming in and putting a

0:37:12.000 --> 0:37:15.720
<v Speaker 1>record on a record deck and asking you to listen

0:37:15.760 --> 0:37:18.719
<v Speaker 1>to it, and they disappear for half an hour and

0:37:18.760 --> 0:37:20.680
<v Speaker 1>you should come back and you'd have to talk about

0:37:20.719 --> 0:37:23.160
<v Speaker 1>it and so whether you thought it was only good

0:37:23.280 --> 0:37:25.680
<v Speaker 1>or not. And there were you know, a little oper

0:37:25.719 --> 0:37:28.640
<v Speaker 1>writers in classical music, and you know, to a kid

0:37:28.600 --> 0:37:32.080
<v Speaker 1>who's nine, in turns a bit boring. But one day

0:37:32.719 --> 0:37:37.560
<v Speaker 1>she put on an Elvis track and I started hammering

0:37:37.600 --> 0:37:41.040
<v Speaker 1>away on the school desk. And I have no idea why,

0:37:41.160 --> 0:37:43.239
<v Speaker 1>and I have no idea where the hell that came from.

0:37:43.280 --> 0:37:45.600
<v Speaker 1>But I was banging the school. That's like I would

0:37:45.600 --> 0:37:48.880
<v Speaker 1>have drunk it. And I was thrown out the class

0:37:49.840 --> 0:37:53.040
<v Speaker 1>and made to stand in the corridor for about half

0:37:53.080 --> 0:37:55.759
<v Speaker 1>an hour. It was a punishment for the thing that

0:37:55.800 --> 0:38:01.720
<v Speaker 1>i'd eventually did through me um. But I love playing

0:38:01.719 --> 0:38:06.840
<v Speaker 1>the drums. That's how it began. Now you're in a

0:38:06.920 --> 0:38:09.760
<v Speaker 1>band in art school, how do you end up becoming

0:38:09.840 --> 0:38:14.080
<v Speaker 1>professional and starting to make records? Well that the band

0:38:14.120 --> 0:38:16.520
<v Speaker 1>I was in our college was called the mocking Birds,

0:38:16.560 --> 0:38:21.280
<v Speaker 1>and the mocking Birds had Graham Goldman as their leader.

0:38:21.640 --> 0:38:25.759
<v Speaker 1>Graham was already rosively successful as a songwriter about that,

0:38:25.920 --> 0:38:27.719
<v Speaker 1>and I was the drawer of the mocking Birds, and

0:38:27.800 --> 0:38:32.200
<v Speaker 1>we actually recorded some of the tracks that went on

0:38:32.320 --> 0:38:35.279
<v Speaker 1>to be big hits with other bands. We never had

0:38:35.280 --> 0:38:39.000
<v Speaker 1>a hit. It was. It was really very, very strange.

0:38:39.160 --> 0:38:44.840
<v Speaker 1>But it wasn't like I'd set out to be a

0:38:44.920 --> 0:38:49.880
<v Speaker 1>professional musician. It was always something that was traveling parallel

0:38:49.960 --> 0:38:54.280
<v Speaker 1>through what I was doing in order to become something professionally,

0:38:54.280 --> 0:38:57.440
<v Speaker 1>and that at the time was being a graphic designer

0:38:58.640 --> 0:39:01.080
<v Speaker 1>at our college. I was studying to be a professional

0:39:01.080 --> 0:39:03.960
<v Speaker 1>graphic designer, but it was not in any way, shape

0:39:04.040 --> 0:39:06.279
<v Speaker 1>or form as much upon as traveling around in the

0:39:06.320 --> 0:39:10.759
<v Speaker 1>vam playing drums and bat and we'd spend when I

0:39:10.840 --> 0:39:13.440
<v Speaker 1>say we asked myself in long Cream, we'd spend our

0:39:13.480 --> 0:39:17.640
<v Speaker 1>weekends writing songs, recording them on to track tape recorder

0:39:19.080 --> 0:39:24.239
<v Speaker 1>and dreaming about becoming a band. And I guess it

0:39:24.400 --> 0:39:30.640
<v Speaker 1>kind of matured when Eric Stewart, who had now become

0:39:30.680 --> 0:39:35.200
<v Speaker 1>the leader of a band called the mind Lenders, decided

0:39:35.239 --> 0:39:39.920
<v Speaker 1>he wanted to set up a professional recording studio in Manchester,

0:39:40.440 --> 0:39:42.880
<v Speaker 1>which at the time and looking back, was a ludicrous

0:39:42.920 --> 0:39:46.480
<v Speaker 1>idea because the center of the recording industry in the

0:39:46.600 --> 0:39:49.880
<v Speaker 1>UK is in London, but he wanted to do this

0:39:50.080 --> 0:39:54.359
<v Speaker 1>in Manchester. He raises the money, found the building and

0:39:54.520 --> 0:39:59.279
<v Speaker 1>they built a recording studio, small place, but with a

0:39:59.320 --> 0:40:03.200
<v Speaker 1>good room, good control room. And because we moved into

0:40:03.239 --> 0:40:07.000
<v Speaker 1>similar circles, we were asked to be myself in law.

0:40:07.080 --> 0:40:08.919
<v Speaker 1>We were asked to be the two guys who came

0:40:08.960 --> 0:40:14.240
<v Speaker 1>in that would allow him to test the equipment. And

0:40:15.360 --> 0:40:16.839
<v Speaker 1>you know, I would sit there and hammer and wait

0:40:16.840 --> 0:40:20.960
<v Speaker 1>at the drums. They multitracked the drums and I was

0:40:21.000 --> 0:40:23.440
<v Speaker 1>sort of sit opposite me on the floor strumming away

0:40:23.480 --> 0:40:29.120
<v Speaker 1>on something. And before we knew it, you know, during

0:40:29.200 --> 0:40:35.480
<v Speaker 1>this testing period we've recorded something that sounded quite interesting.

0:40:36.600 --> 0:40:39.040
<v Speaker 1>It turned out to be this thing called neanderthal Man

0:40:39.760 --> 0:40:44.040
<v Speaker 1>um that we had to record again because once we've

0:40:44.080 --> 0:40:47.600
<v Speaker 1>gone home during one of the test dates, someone white

0:40:47.680 --> 0:40:50.920
<v Speaker 1>the date that we've been recording up and we had

0:40:50.960 --> 0:40:56.839
<v Speaker 1>to start from scratch. But we learned something and we

0:40:56.920 --> 0:40:59.520
<v Speaker 1>recorded this thing called Neanderthal Man that was a number

0:40:59.760 --> 0:41:03.480
<v Speaker 1>two hit record in the UK. And it was like,

0:41:03.560 --> 0:41:07.000
<v Speaker 1>you know, it just came out of just doing it

0:41:07.040 --> 0:41:11.560
<v Speaker 1>as opposed to planning to do it, and usually that's

0:41:11.600 --> 0:41:15.560
<v Speaker 1>the best way. And so how did it ultimately become tense?

0:41:15.600 --> 0:41:19.440
<v Speaker 1>To you see, Hot Lights didn't last very long. We

0:41:19.840 --> 0:41:24.359
<v Speaker 1>made an album, We did it all, but we made

0:41:24.360 --> 0:41:29.640
<v Speaker 1>the fatal arab of not understanding how the business works.

0:41:30.040 --> 0:41:32.960
<v Speaker 1>Nean litle Man was a very strange piece of music,

0:41:33.560 --> 0:41:35.960
<v Speaker 1>if it even qualifies for being a piece of music.

0:41:36.440 --> 0:41:40.400
<v Speaker 1>But the album, and it's interesting this because the album

0:41:40.480 --> 0:41:42.279
<v Speaker 1>was like, Okay, we're going to make an album, and

0:41:42.320 --> 0:41:44.760
<v Speaker 1>this is going to be real music. But of course,

0:41:45.000 --> 0:41:50.120
<v Speaker 1>if if you're young and you're starting and you're making music,

0:41:50.239 --> 0:41:54.080
<v Speaker 1>it's it's almost inevitable that you're going to be trying

0:41:54.160 --> 0:41:58.600
<v Speaker 1>to sound like the people that you admire. And we

0:41:58.640 --> 0:42:03.480
<v Speaker 1>would be subconsciously or consciously to a degree, trying to

0:42:03.600 --> 0:42:07.800
<v Speaker 1>sound like the Beatles, or the Beach Boys, or Simon

0:42:07.800 --> 0:42:12.840
<v Speaker 1>and Garfuncle, all the people that we admired. And it

0:42:12.960 --> 0:42:16.080
<v Speaker 1>had nothing whatsoever to do with neanderthal Man. And so

0:42:16.320 --> 0:42:21.239
<v Speaker 1>the album, although it was quite interesting, failed miserably. So

0:42:22.640 --> 0:42:28.360
<v Speaker 1>we stopped and essentially Graham joined us at that point,

0:42:29.800 --> 0:42:35.000
<v Speaker 1>as I recall, and we became producers and we became

0:42:35.600 --> 0:42:39.960
<v Speaker 1>the house band at Strawberry Studios. We kind of forgot

0:42:40.000 --> 0:42:44.120
<v Speaker 1>about being a group and we became the people who

0:42:44.120 --> 0:42:49.680
<v Speaker 1>produced other people um and played as a band for

0:42:49.760 --> 0:42:52.120
<v Speaker 1>other people. And we did that for a few years,

0:42:52.160 --> 0:42:55.839
<v Speaker 1>doing a lot of interesting and mad stuff, anything from

0:42:55.960 --> 0:43:03.600
<v Speaker 1>football clubs too football teams to ventraliquus and and god

0:43:03.600 --> 0:43:05.960
<v Speaker 1>knows what. I think the best thing we did was

0:43:06.000 --> 0:43:09.920
<v Speaker 1>an album by a strange couple called Rama Sys that

0:43:10.040 --> 0:43:13.680
<v Speaker 1>was called Space Hymns. It's it's a cult album, and

0:43:15.000 --> 0:43:17.799
<v Speaker 1>that taught taught us the hell of a lot. And

0:43:17.840 --> 0:43:21.640
<v Speaker 1>then we did we produced and became the house bound

0:43:21.800 --> 0:43:26.319
<v Speaker 1>for two albums by Neil Sadaka that were recorded at

0:43:26.360 --> 0:43:31.320
<v Speaker 1>Strawberry Studios. And it was joined those sessions that Neil

0:43:31.360 --> 0:43:33.319
<v Speaker 1>said to us, you know, you guys are great. You

0:43:33.320 --> 0:43:38.759
<v Speaker 1>should form a group. We've been, you know, we've been

0:43:38.800 --> 0:43:41.160
<v Speaker 1>sort of lost in production runser so long that the

0:43:41.280 --> 0:43:46.799
<v Speaker 1>idea had not appealed, and suddenly it became obvious that

0:43:46.880 --> 0:43:50.799
<v Speaker 1>perhaps we should, and so we did. And so then

0:43:50.840 --> 0:43:53.040
<v Speaker 1>how did you record the songs on the first album?

0:43:53.040 --> 0:43:55.600
<v Speaker 1>And where those the only songs who record a hundred

0:43:55.600 --> 0:43:57.719
<v Speaker 1>and end up with those? No, we never worked like

0:43:57.800 --> 0:44:01.000
<v Speaker 1>that at all. We worked. I don't know. I think

0:44:01.000 --> 0:44:03.000
<v Speaker 1>a lot of bands at the time worked in a

0:44:03.120 --> 0:44:07.200
<v Speaker 1>very sort of practical way, but a very linear way.

0:44:07.239 --> 0:44:10.880
<v Speaker 1>They would they'd write a bunch of songs, and they

0:44:10.920 --> 0:44:13.560
<v Speaker 1>would lay the backing tracks down for all the songs,

0:44:14.200 --> 0:44:16.640
<v Speaker 1>and then they would do the vocals for all the songs,

0:44:17.040 --> 0:44:19.600
<v Speaker 1>and then they would do the overdubs for all the songs,

0:44:19.640 --> 0:44:21.719
<v Speaker 1>and then they would start playing with it, mixing it

0:44:21.840 --> 0:44:24.960
<v Speaker 1>the song and so forth. We didn't work like that.

0:44:25.080 --> 0:44:30.600
<v Speaker 1>We we we started a song and we would finish it,

0:44:30.920 --> 0:44:33.720
<v Speaker 1>and during the making of the track recording, we would

0:44:33.800 --> 0:44:38.160
<v Speaker 1>make decisions about how the finished thing should sound, and

0:44:38.280 --> 0:44:40.719
<v Speaker 1>we would finish that track, and then we would move

0:44:40.760 --> 0:44:43.680
<v Speaker 1>on to the next track and again take it from

0:44:43.800 --> 0:44:46.680
<v Speaker 1>A to Z and the next one from A to Z.

0:44:47.760 --> 0:44:50.920
<v Speaker 1>I don't think many people weren't like that back in

0:44:50.960 --> 0:44:55.960
<v Speaker 1>those days. But the first tense C album was done

0:44:56.040 --> 0:44:59.640
<v Speaker 1>very very quickly. We had a couple of hits I

0:44:59.719 --> 0:45:04.840
<v Speaker 1>think at that point at least one Donna, and we

0:45:04.920 --> 0:45:07.720
<v Speaker 1>were being pressured to come up with something relatively quickly,

0:45:09.440 --> 0:45:12.960
<v Speaker 1>and we had I think we had about three weeks

0:45:14.120 --> 0:45:20.279
<v Speaker 1>to record, to write and record everything, so we just

0:45:20.360 --> 0:45:22.640
<v Speaker 1>went in the studio and just did it without a

0:45:22.719 --> 0:45:25.200
<v Speaker 1>great deal of planning and without a great deal of thought,

0:45:25.840 --> 0:45:29.840
<v Speaker 1>and thank goodness, we did it that way because everything

0:45:30.000 --> 0:45:34.239
<v Speaker 1>was Everything was done instinctively, intuitively. There was no none

0:45:34.280 --> 0:45:37.360
<v Speaker 1>of this, well, we want this to sound like the Beatles,

0:45:37.440 --> 0:45:40.319
<v Speaker 1>we want this to sound like this. We just did it.

0:45:40.920 --> 0:45:43.279
<v Speaker 1>We wrote it, we recorded it. We didn't even think

0:45:43.320 --> 0:45:47.040
<v Speaker 1>about it. And what occurred during the making of that

0:45:47.200 --> 0:45:52.360
<v Speaker 1>album was a sudden realization that we don't sound like

0:45:52.440 --> 0:45:56.640
<v Speaker 1>anybody else. We did have an individuality and an approach

0:45:57.400 --> 0:45:59.839
<v Speaker 1>that didn't seem to be like anybody else at all,

0:46:00.640 --> 0:46:05.279
<v Speaker 1>and that was because we were free enough to to

0:46:05.400 --> 0:46:09.719
<v Speaker 1>do the whole goal, through the whole process, without referencing anybody.

0:46:10.120 --> 0:46:13.439
<v Speaker 1>Do you remember what songs were cut first for that album? Well,

0:46:13.480 --> 0:46:14.759
<v Speaker 1>I think the one that was a hit. I don't

0:46:14.760 --> 0:46:17.080
<v Speaker 1>know if it was out yet. It was probably Rubber Bullets,

0:46:17.800 --> 0:46:28.720
<v Speaker 1>which was quite an uptem person Okay, So rubber Bullets,

0:46:29.160 --> 0:46:32.480
<v Speaker 1>you know, sounded almost like a Parity Beach Boys song.

0:46:32.600 --> 0:46:34.680
<v Speaker 1>How did you guys come up with that sound in

0:46:34.680 --> 0:46:36.960
<v Speaker 1>that song? Well, it's a lot of strange things going

0:46:36.960 --> 0:46:38.840
<v Speaker 1>on in there. I mean that there's a lot of

0:46:38.960 --> 0:46:44.680
<v Speaker 1>guitar work is is recorded with the tape being played

0:46:44.880 --> 0:46:49.280
<v Speaker 1>the half speed, so it finishes up being double speed,

0:46:50.560 --> 0:46:52.840
<v Speaker 1>and lots of things like that. You know, it's crazy,

0:46:52.960 --> 0:46:58.840
<v Speaker 1>did it's insane, And so at that particular time, we

0:46:58.840 --> 0:47:02.560
<v Speaker 1>we we had nothing to lose, We'd had a hit,

0:47:02.600 --> 0:47:04.279
<v Speaker 1>We had nothing to do is we didn't know that

0:47:04.280 --> 0:47:07.760
<v Speaker 1>that was going to be another record, another track, another single,

0:47:08.760 --> 0:47:14.200
<v Speaker 1>So we were just trying stuff that sounded interesting because

0:47:14.239 --> 0:47:16.839
<v Speaker 1>we could. If you remember, we're not down south in

0:47:16.880 --> 0:47:19.920
<v Speaker 1>the middle of London where the label can pop by

0:47:19.480 --> 0:47:23.440
<v Speaker 1>in ten minutes and check everything is sort of going smoothly.

0:47:24.280 --> 0:47:26.960
<v Speaker 1>We were up north, you know, a couple of hundred

0:47:27.040 --> 0:47:29.400
<v Speaker 1>miles away, so no one was going to drop into check.

0:47:29.800 --> 0:47:32.799
<v Speaker 1>So we were pretty much our own man. So we

0:47:32.800 --> 0:47:35.680
<v Speaker 1>were experimenting to which agree with everything, and the stuff

0:47:35.719 --> 0:47:41.120
<v Speaker 1>we were writing was kind of bizarre. But the way

0:47:41.239 --> 0:47:45.759
<v Speaker 1>each of us worked, our taste buds seemed to balance

0:47:46.040 --> 0:47:51.120
<v Speaker 1>each other extremely well. Long and I were the art experimenters,

0:47:52.640 --> 0:47:56.560
<v Speaker 1>and Graham and Eric with the classic songwriters for one

0:47:56.560 --> 0:47:59.640
<v Speaker 1>of a better description of the two teams, and the

0:47:59.680 --> 0:48:03.279
<v Speaker 1>two balanced extremely well. And that's I don't know, that

0:48:03.360 --> 0:48:05.440
<v Speaker 1>was the sound that was the approach that we had

0:48:05.440 --> 0:48:08.240
<v Speaker 1>a we had a great time doing. It was very horrid,

0:48:08.320 --> 0:48:12.480
<v Speaker 1>but the album was really interesting. The album is great,

0:48:12.520 --> 0:48:15.959
<v Speaker 1>but it has a very distinct sense of humor. Where

0:48:15.960 --> 0:48:17.600
<v Speaker 1>do you think that came from. You think that came

0:48:17.640 --> 0:48:21.560
<v Speaker 1>from everybody being Jewish or you know, and having that irreverence. Well,

0:48:21.600 --> 0:48:25.120
<v Speaker 1>we weren't Jewish. We were Jewish, you know, we were

0:48:25.239 --> 0:48:29.080
<v Speaker 1>kind of okay, like everybody from our generator jewish raised

0:48:29.120 --> 0:48:31.560
<v Speaker 1>that way. As far as a little guy in the sky,

0:48:31.680 --> 0:48:35.400
<v Speaker 1>I'm not sure. Well, we were, I mean three of

0:48:35.480 --> 0:48:39.040
<v Speaker 1>us were. Um, I think it was because it was

0:48:39.080 --> 0:48:42.480
<v Speaker 1>just naturally who we were, and we kind of we

0:48:42.480 --> 0:48:47.480
<v Speaker 1>weren't really we didn't buy into that thing where you know,

0:48:47.520 --> 0:48:50.279
<v Speaker 1>you can't have humor recourse. That's just not cool man.

0:48:51.360 --> 0:48:54.400
<v Speaker 1>You know, we kind of didn't buy into that. But

0:48:54.520 --> 0:48:57.040
<v Speaker 1>we were more it was more than humor. It was satire.

0:48:57.160 --> 0:48:58.960
<v Speaker 1>I think to a degree we were We were more

0:48:59.000 --> 0:49:04.880
<v Speaker 1>like journalists some satirists. So we were straightforward songwriters. I

0:49:04.920 --> 0:49:07.880
<v Speaker 1>think everything that we wrote that had an element of

0:49:08.040 --> 0:49:10.759
<v Speaker 1>humor about it was kind of poking fun at something

0:49:10.800 --> 0:49:15.759
<v Speaker 1>that was going on at the time. I think, Um, now,

0:49:15.760 --> 0:49:18.040
<v Speaker 1>we didn't we weren't embarrassed about it at all. And

0:49:18.120 --> 0:49:21.120
<v Speaker 1>how did you decide who's saying which song? We didn't

0:49:21.239 --> 0:49:26.799
<v Speaker 1>we we we had a bizarre audition system. Once the

0:49:26.880 --> 0:49:31.080
<v Speaker 1>backing track had been recorded, each one of us were

0:49:31.160 --> 0:49:33.640
<v Speaker 1>going through the live room, stand in front of the

0:49:33.719 --> 0:49:38.440
<v Speaker 1>mic an attempt to sing the song, and the others

0:49:38.480 --> 0:49:43.120
<v Speaker 1>would hold up score cards, you know, and if you

0:49:43.200 --> 0:49:45.160
<v Speaker 1>did it well, you could carry on, and if you

0:49:45.239 --> 0:49:47.960
<v Speaker 1>failed miserably, they'd hold up a sign that said next,

0:49:48.800 --> 0:49:50.919
<v Speaker 1>and then you'd come and the next guy, we're going,

0:49:50.960 --> 0:49:53.279
<v Speaker 1>Graham would try it and if he was good, you know,

0:49:53.360 --> 0:49:55.239
<v Speaker 1>he got a few minutes to try it. If he wasn't,

0:49:55.480 --> 0:49:58.239
<v Speaker 1>next and so on and so forth. And it was

0:49:58.320 --> 0:50:01.799
<v Speaker 1>very democratic. Really meant that the person who sang the

0:50:01.840 --> 0:50:05.600
<v Speaker 1>song was the person who could sing the song the best. Okay.

0:50:05.600 --> 0:50:07.760
<v Speaker 1>But even so, if you go back to that first album,

0:50:07.880 --> 0:50:10.920
<v Speaker 1>you know it starts with a fan fear and it

0:50:11.040 --> 0:50:14.320
<v Speaker 1>has ell this type stuff and do up type stuff.

0:50:14.600 --> 0:50:17.560
<v Speaker 1>I mean, it was really wild retro with a wink.

0:50:18.520 --> 0:50:22.120
<v Speaker 1>And was that very conscious? I guess it must have been,

0:50:22.160 --> 0:50:23.959
<v Speaker 1>because you know, if your form us into a track

0:50:24.040 --> 0:50:26.560
<v Speaker 1>and you know what you're doing, if you're embarrassed by

0:50:26.680 --> 0:50:32.000
<v Speaker 1>you start again. So I think, you know, like any

0:50:32.320 --> 0:50:35.600
<v Speaker 1>any situation like that, you each member of the band

0:50:35.680 --> 0:50:38.160
<v Speaker 1>is trying to impress all the other members of the band,

0:50:38.400 --> 0:50:41.840
<v Speaker 1>and we're all trying to have a good time making

0:50:41.880 --> 0:50:45.879
<v Speaker 1>this stuff, and we were trying to get an album done,

0:50:45.960 --> 0:50:51.920
<v Speaker 1>so anything that we came up with we committed to tape. Luckily,

0:50:52.120 --> 0:50:54.319
<v Speaker 1>most of the stuff that we committed to tape turned

0:50:54.360 --> 0:50:57.520
<v Speaker 1>out quite well. We never did that thing where we'd

0:50:57.520 --> 0:51:00.680
<v Speaker 1>write a hundred songs and record fifty arms and then

0:51:00.760 --> 0:51:05.200
<v Speaker 1>choose the best twelve. We just wrote until we felt

0:51:05.239 --> 0:51:07.680
<v Speaker 1>we had something interesting and recorded it. So there wasn't

0:51:07.680 --> 0:51:10.960
<v Speaker 1>any There was never any fat. It was all. It

0:51:11.080 --> 0:51:14.279
<v Speaker 1>was all slim down and it was all sinews, and

0:51:14.320 --> 0:51:16.160
<v Speaker 1>it was all the stuff that we ended up with

0:51:16.200 --> 0:51:19.000
<v Speaker 1>on the finished albums. And what was your role in

0:51:19.040 --> 0:51:23.360
<v Speaker 1>the songwriting? I was a songwriter. I didn't I didn't

0:51:23.360 --> 0:51:25.360
<v Speaker 1>have a role, even though I don't play an instrument.

0:51:26.640 --> 0:51:29.520
<v Speaker 1>You know that the traditional way of writing in those

0:51:29.600 --> 0:51:33.440
<v Speaker 1>days is you sit with somebody. In my case, mostly

0:51:33.520 --> 0:51:37.719
<v Speaker 1>long he would be playing the guitar or a keyboard

0:51:37.920 --> 0:51:42.000
<v Speaker 1>and we'd play and I'd sing, and at some point

0:51:43.160 --> 0:51:46.880
<v Speaker 1>something would happen, a certain phrase would match with a

0:51:46.920 --> 0:51:52.480
<v Speaker 1>certain set of chords that that felt like something, and

0:51:52.520 --> 0:51:54.920
<v Speaker 1>then you would take that a bit further, and you

0:51:55.000 --> 0:51:56.960
<v Speaker 1>play around, and then you go now, and then you

0:51:57.000 --> 0:52:00.279
<v Speaker 1>start again. You did you kind of developed develop an

0:51:59.800 --> 0:52:05.919
<v Speaker 1>instinct as to what what serves the song best. There's

0:52:05.920 --> 0:52:09.319
<v Speaker 1>the point in any song if it's good, and you're

0:52:09.320 --> 0:52:13.400
<v Speaker 1>always looking for the key. The key could be anything.

0:52:13.480 --> 0:52:16.880
<v Speaker 1>It could be a hook, it could be a phrase,

0:52:17.000 --> 0:52:19.799
<v Speaker 1>it could be the way a certain melody fits with

0:52:19.840 --> 0:52:23.239
<v Speaker 1>a cord. It could even be a pause. But it

0:52:23.800 --> 0:52:27.120
<v Speaker 1>tells you something about where that song has to go.

0:52:27.239 --> 0:52:29.640
<v Speaker 1>And we're always looking for that. I think every songwriter

0:52:29.840 --> 0:52:33.560
<v Speaker 1>is always looking for that. And it just you know,

0:52:33.680 --> 0:52:36.279
<v Speaker 1>it was none of it felt precious to us. There

0:52:36.320 --> 0:52:40.080
<v Speaker 1>was no sense of, oh, we better get this right.

0:52:41.080 --> 0:52:44.640
<v Speaker 1>There was none of that because it was all such such,

0:52:44.920 --> 0:52:48.880
<v Speaker 1>such a great time and such. We could have been Postman,

0:52:49.800 --> 0:52:51.560
<v Speaker 1>but we weren't. We were lucky enough to be in

0:52:51.560 --> 0:52:55.759
<v Speaker 1>a band. Okay, so you work with law on videos,

0:52:55.880 --> 0:52:58.640
<v Speaker 1>you work with the three others intense se C and

0:52:58.760 --> 0:53:01.319
<v Speaker 1>now you're working along own. What is the difference between

0:53:01.480 --> 0:53:06.720
<v Speaker 1>working in collaboration and working alone? Um, well, there's nobody

0:53:06.719 --> 0:53:11.839
<v Speaker 1>else there to start with. Obviously you or should I say,

0:53:11.920 --> 0:53:19.120
<v Speaker 1>I have found it. Well, probably the best example of

0:53:19.160 --> 0:53:25.520
<v Speaker 1>working alone for me, and probably the most fundamentally satisfying

0:53:26.239 --> 0:53:29.719
<v Speaker 1>saying I've done on my own was the project that

0:53:29.760 --> 0:53:35.080
<v Speaker 1>I did for the BBC um and this was in gosh,

0:53:35.160 --> 0:53:40.040
<v Speaker 1>this sign this, this was rather about that, or maybe

0:53:40.040 --> 0:53:43.680
<v Speaker 1>a little bit later maybe I was asked by the

0:53:43.719 --> 0:53:50.920
<v Speaker 1>BBC to come up with an idea four to celebrate

0:53:50.960 --> 0:53:56.880
<v Speaker 1>two weeks of environmental concerned broadcasting on BBC two, and

0:53:57.360 --> 0:53:59.160
<v Speaker 1>I have no idea where they came to me, but

0:53:59.160 --> 0:54:05.080
<v Speaker 1>but but um. They originally wanted to put on a

0:54:05.200 --> 0:54:11.400
<v Speaker 1>kind of live aid concert, and I I thought that

0:54:11.440 --> 0:54:14.040
<v Speaker 1>was a terrible idea because live aide was such a

0:54:14.160 --> 0:54:19.399
<v Speaker 1>huge phenomenon and so hugely successful. There was no way

0:54:19.400 --> 0:54:21.440
<v Speaker 1>you could better that. There was no way you could

0:54:21.520 --> 0:54:26.279
<v Speaker 1>duplicate that. So I had an alternative idea which I

0:54:26.360 --> 0:54:29.920
<v Speaker 1>presented to them, which was which was called One World,

0:54:29.960 --> 0:54:34.480
<v Speaker 1>One Voice. And the idea was, instead of having all

0:54:34.560 --> 0:54:38.280
<v Speaker 1>these musicians in one place and filming them, we would

0:54:38.320 --> 0:54:41.959
<v Speaker 1>start to assemble a piece of music in a part

0:54:42.000 --> 0:54:46.000
<v Speaker 1>of the world, film it being made and take an

0:54:46.040 --> 0:54:49.520
<v Speaker 1>audio and sound crew around the world to different cities,

0:54:50.560 --> 0:54:55.320
<v Speaker 1>adding different musicians in those cities to this piece of music,

0:54:55.440 --> 0:54:58.960
<v Speaker 1>so that piece of music would grow in scale and

0:54:59.040 --> 0:55:04.759
<v Speaker 1>in length as we traveled. And I presented this to

0:55:05.000 --> 0:55:10.600
<v Speaker 1>a group of broadcasters in Europe and they thought it

0:55:10.680 --> 0:55:15.200
<v Speaker 1>was great. So we then had to make it happen.

0:55:16.400 --> 0:55:21.040
<v Speaker 1>And if you consider the things that could possibly go

0:55:21.120 --> 0:55:23.880
<v Speaker 1>around and the lack of technology that would allow us

0:55:23.920 --> 0:55:26.360
<v Speaker 1>to do that the way we would do it today

0:55:26.600 --> 0:55:31.120
<v Speaker 1>in the late nineties eighties, it's astonishing that we actually

0:55:31.120 --> 0:55:34.879
<v Speaker 1>got it done. But we did. The music producer who

0:55:34.960 --> 0:55:41.240
<v Speaker 1>was who was key to this working at all, um

0:55:41.320 --> 0:55:47.440
<v Speaker 1>Oh rupert Heim, who I'm sad to say past a

0:55:47.480 --> 0:55:52.600
<v Speaker 1>couple of years ago. Um, but but what amne? What

0:55:52.440 --> 0:55:58.840
<v Speaker 1>a what a great sense of enabling all these musicians

0:55:58.880 --> 0:56:04.120
<v Speaker 1>to colless, to coalescing to one incredible piece of music. Um.

0:56:04.120 --> 0:56:06.160
<v Speaker 1>And it was my job to filming taking place and

0:56:06.239 --> 0:56:09.400
<v Speaker 1>my job to edit it. And that you know, I

0:56:09.440 --> 0:56:12.120
<v Speaker 1>look back on a lot of the stuff I've done,

0:56:12.400 --> 0:56:17.000
<v Speaker 1>and so much of it as used effects and techniques

0:56:17.160 --> 0:56:19.719
<v Speaker 1>and this that mean that was pure, That was us

0:56:19.760 --> 0:56:24.440
<v Speaker 1>filming stuff and using our imaginations with very little equipment.

0:56:25.680 --> 0:56:30.040
<v Speaker 1>You know, minimal stuff, traveling, grabbing stuff while it was happening,

0:56:30.040 --> 0:56:34.239
<v Speaker 1>and I look back as that being one of the

0:56:34.320 --> 0:56:37.719
<v Speaker 1>things I'm most proud of. Another thing that I did

0:56:37.920 --> 0:56:43.200
<v Speaker 1>was I was involved in UM the formation of an

0:56:43.320 --> 0:56:48.640
<v Speaker 1>environmental pressure group called ARC, and I was involved, Chrissy

0:56:48.719 --> 0:56:52.360
<v Speaker 1>High and Matthew Freud McCartney's were involved to a degree.

0:56:52.360 --> 0:56:56.319
<v Speaker 1>A lot of interesting people were involved. And I made

0:56:56.320 --> 0:57:00.919
<v Speaker 1>a film of a wonderful lady called French the UK

0:57:01.040 --> 0:57:05.200
<v Speaker 1>Communion playing the part of Mother Earth. And again that

0:57:05.320 --> 0:57:07.800
<v Speaker 1>was something that was done for love, it wasn't done

0:57:07.880 --> 0:57:11.800
<v Speaker 1>for money. UM. So there's a lot of stuff that

0:57:12.200 --> 0:57:15.640
<v Speaker 1>I was kind of doing around about this period that

0:57:17.040 --> 0:57:20.000
<v Speaker 1>brought things out of me that I didn't know that

0:57:20.080 --> 0:57:24.560
<v Speaker 1>I could do, and began to form my own set

0:57:24.600 --> 0:57:28.480
<v Speaker 1>of taste pots and musically, I guess that really started

0:57:28.520 --> 0:57:33.600
<v Speaker 1>to come out when I recorded my solo album Muscle Memory. Uh.

0:57:33.640 --> 0:57:39.480
<v Speaker 1>The interesting thing being about that album in terms of collaboration, UM,

0:57:39.640 --> 0:57:45.240
<v Speaker 1>I put an as scout Um on a channel called

0:57:47.320 --> 0:57:53.000
<v Speaker 1>Pledge Music, asking people to send me pieces of music

0:57:53.840 --> 0:57:57.960
<v Speaker 1>that they thought that I could turn into songs. Okay,

0:57:58.800 --> 0:58:01.120
<v Speaker 1>and I thought maybe I get a out twenty fifty

0:58:01.320 --> 0:58:03.880
<v Speaker 1>or something. I got two d and eighty six pieces

0:58:03.880 --> 0:58:10.360
<v Speaker 1>of music to choose from, which staggered me and it

0:58:10.440 --> 0:58:12.760
<v Speaker 1>took a long time to go through them. But I

0:58:12.840 --> 0:58:15.760
<v Speaker 1>ended up choosing twelve of these pieces of music and

0:58:15.800 --> 0:58:20.560
<v Speaker 1>then writing melodies and lyrics for and once again that

0:58:20.680 --> 0:58:25.000
<v Speaker 1>was that was a huge change for me. Again, it

0:58:25.160 --> 0:58:27.680
<v Speaker 1>told me that I could do something that up to

0:58:27.720 --> 0:58:32.680
<v Speaker 1>that point I never knew that I could because I

0:58:32.720 --> 0:58:35.320
<v Speaker 1>was collaborating with people. It's just that they weren't there

0:58:35.360 --> 0:58:38.600
<v Speaker 1>in the room and asking me to make them coffee. Right,

0:58:38.680 --> 0:58:41.360
<v Speaker 1>So you work with Jonathan King. What's your experience with

0:58:41.440 --> 0:58:44.360
<v Speaker 1>Jonathan King. Jonathan King was amazing. He was that. He

0:58:44.480 --> 0:58:48.800
<v Speaker 1>was the guy that signed Fancy six. He was great.

0:58:48.840 --> 0:58:51.920
<v Speaker 1>I mean he put our first two albums and allowed

0:58:52.000 --> 0:58:53.959
<v Speaker 1>us to do what the hell we like pretty much.

0:58:54.280 --> 0:58:59.640
<v Speaker 1>He had a very very very very succinct and commercial brain.

0:58:59.720 --> 0:59:02.280
<v Speaker 1>He knew wish with the singles and he was great.

0:59:02.360 --> 0:59:06.040
<v Speaker 1>He came up with the name of the band Um.

0:59:06.240 --> 0:59:11.080
<v Speaker 1>He came down to hear I think must have been Donna,

0:59:11.640 --> 0:59:17.480
<v Speaker 1>the first recording UM from London, and he told us

0:59:17.560 --> 0:59:20.080
<v Speaker 1>that he had a dream the night before where he

0:59:20.160 --> 0:59:25.880
<v Speaker 1>was standing outside the Hammersmith Audion and up in lights

0:59:25.920 --> 0:59:29.200
<v Speaker 1>above the venue, it's appearing tonight for one night only,

0:59:29.320 --> 0:59:36.840
<v Speaker 1>tensee C. And he said, that's that's who you guys are.

0:59:36.880 --> 0:59:38.760
<v Speaker 1>We didn't have a name, you know, we were just

0:59:39.200 --> 0:59:44.200
<v Speaker 1>still these production guys, and that's where that's where the

0:59:44.280 --> 0:59:47.840
<v Speaker 1>name came from. Not that other story, which you probably know.

0:59:48.240 --> 0:59:50.680
<v Speaker 1>So that other story has no truth to it whatsoever,

0:59:50.880 --> 0:59:56.280
<v Speaker 1>none whatsoever. It's probably better after dinner conversation. I'm supposed

0:59:56.320 --> 0:59:59.880
<v Speaker 1>to before dinner conversation. But but it's simply not true.

1:00:00.440 --> 1:00:02.520
<v Speaker 1>And even if it was, it's pretty bad show for

1:00:02.600 --> 1:00:06.800
<v Speaker 1>four guys. So literally, the dream just said tense C. Yeah,

1:00:07.080 --> 1:00:11.160
<v Speaker 1>appearing for one night only tonight, Tennessee C. It's interesting

1:00:11.240 --> 1:00:13.880
<v Speaker 1>that when we started to talk tour, when we started

1:00:13.920 --> 1:00:18.600
<v Speaker 1>to tour America, we taured in the South and nobody

1:00:18.680 --> 1:00:21.800
<v Speaker 1>understood what it meant, and we ended up in some

1:00:22.000 --> 1:00:27.280
<v Speaker 1>venues being billed as the Tennessee Boys. Okay, I'm the

1:00:27.400 --> 1:00:31.320
<v Speaker 1>second album. My favorite song is one that you're heavily

1:00:31.400 --> 1:00:35.080
<v Speaker 1>involved with somewhere in Hollywood. Can you tell me about

1:00:35.120 --> 1:00:37.880
<v Speaker 1>the com position and recording of that track. We were

1:00:37.880 --> 1:00:41.080
<v Speaker 1>getting a bit more ambitious than the kind of songs

1:00:41.120 --> 1:00:45.120
<v Speaker 1>that we like to write, and we wanted to write

1:00:45.200 --> 1:00:48.000
<v Speaker 1>something that was longer, and we wanted to write something

1:00:48.080 --> 1:00:52.640
<v Speaker 1>that didn't stick to the verse chorus, first chorus, middle

1:00:52.680 --> 1:01:00.680
<v Speaker 1>eight fade um format, and we loll had the piano

1:01:00.800 --> 1:01:03.000
<v Speaker 1>part and I started singing, and it took a while

1:01:03.040 --> 1:01:09.520
<v Speaker 1>to write um and it felt like we'd moved forward

1:01:09.560 --> 1:01:14.560
<v Speaker 1>to notch with that particular song. I'm I re recorded

1:01:14.600 --> 1:01:18.080
<v Speaker 1>it recently, well, not that recently, probably about five or

1:01:18.120 --> 1:01:23.720
<v Speaker 1>six years ago. I made a film of it for

1:01:23.960 --> 1:01:26.760
<v Speaker 1>Graham Goldman and too, who tours his version of TENSC.

1:01:27.400 --> 1:01:29.480
<v Speaker 1>But it's one of my favorite songs, one of the

1:01:29.520 --> 1:01:32.440
<v Speaker 1>best songs I think we ever wrote for Tennessee C.

1:01:33.600 --> 1:01:38.480
<v Speaker 1>I don't know. It just felt like something a great

1:01:38.560 --> 1:01:42.320
<v Speaker 1>lead forward, if you like, in terms of our songwriting skills. Well,

1:01:42.360 --> 1:01:45.120
<v Speaker 1>it was epic and it had a heaviness, but it

1:01:45.200 --> 1:01:48.680
<v Speaker 1>also had humorous lyrics, like a dog up in Beverly Hills.

1:01:49.520 --> 1:01:52.920
<v Speaker 1>It's crazy, yeah, and there's a sort there is a

1:01:52.920 --> 1:01:55.800
<v Speaker 1>tap dancing section in the middle which is me banging

1:01:55.840 --> 1:01:59.160
<v Speaker 1>shoes on the floor and all sorts of things like that. Yeah,

1:01:59.560 --> 1:02:02.160
<v Speaker 1>Well it was but it was a joy. It was

1:02:02.320 --> 1:02:06.840
<v Speaker 1>a difficult song to sing live, I should say. Now,

1:02:06.880 --> 1:02:09.240
<v Speaker 1>supposedly on the next album you switched to Mercury and

1:02:09.240 --> 1:02:13.400
<v Speaker 1>the original soundtrack I'm Not in Love. Supposedly you we

1:02:13.480 --> 1:02:16.360
<v Speaker 1>had a lot of influence in the sound and the

1:02:16.400 --> 1:02:19.720
<v Speaker 1>recording of that. Can you give me your perspective? Yeah,

1:02:19.920 --> 1:02:25.040
<v Speaker 1>interestingly I'm Not in Love. We'd already recorded that song

1:02:26.640 --> 1:02:31.600
<v Speaker 1>towards the beginning of the whole recording, the whole group

1:02:31.640 --> 1:02:36.680
<v Speaker 1>of recording sessions for the album, and we've recorded it

1:02:36.720 --> 1:02:40.360
<v Speaker 1>as a kind of cheesy Boston over and it just

1:02:40.400 --> 1:02:42.760
<v Speaker 1>didn't work. It was like it was it was crap,

1:02:43.240 --> 1:02:45.640
<v Speaker 1>and we knew it was crap, but we knew that

1:02:45.680 --> 1:02:49.520
<v Speaker 1>the song had something, but we did not know how

1:02:49.560 --> 1:02:51.280
<v Speaker 1>it should be done. So we kind of parked it.

1:02:51.360 --> 1:02:53.560
<v Speaker 1>We put it on a shelf and carried on recording

1:02:54.400 --> 1:02:58.320
<v Speaker 1>the other songs, and eventually we came back to it,

1:03:00.040 --> 1:03:03.120
<v Speaker 1>and you know, we were sat around discussing how we

1:03:03.160 --> 1:03:07.880
<v Speaker 1>should approach it, and I said, excuse me, out of desperation,

1:03:08.000 --> 1:03:10.760
<v Speaker 1>probably more than anything else, why don't we do it

1:03:10.800 --> 1:03:13.800
<v Speaker 1>all in voices? The whole thing in voices, like a

1:03:13.840 --> 1:03:17.800
<v Speaker 1>tsunami of voices, A little bit like the sound that

1:03:17.960 --> 1:03:22.040
<v Speaker 1>was in a lot of two thousand and one splace obviously,

1:03:22.080 --> 1:03:27.720
<v Speaker 1>that kind of haunting, haunting vocus you know. Word, is

1:03:27.760 --> 1:03:31.840
<v Speaker 1>that that was your idea? Is that true? Yeah? The

1:03:31.880 --> 1:03:36.160
<v Speaker 1>technique wasn't necessarily my idea, but that the vision for it,

1:03:36.920 --> 1:03:40.959
<v Speaker 1>the audio vision for it, was my idea. We don't

1:03:40.960 --> 1:03:44.840
<v Speaker 1>have to figure out how we would do it, um.

1:03:44.880 --> 1:03:48.040
<v Speaker 1>And what we were after was this sound that you know,

1:03:48.360 --> 1:03:50.600
<v Speaker 1>if you're sing a note, you have to stop and breathe,

1:03:51.400 --> 1:03:54.120
<v Speaker 1>and you don't want to hear that. So Loll came

1:03:54.200 --> 1:03:56.040
<v Speaker 1>up with the idea of doing it as a set

1:03:56.160 --> 1:04:00.960
<v Speaker 1>of complex loops um. And so we start to work

1:04:01.040 --> 1:04:03.800
<v Speaker 1>doing this, and it took quite a while. We had

1:04:03.840 --> 1:04:07.600
<v Speaker 1>to make a loop with all of us singing, multi tracked,

1:04:07.720 --> 1:04:10.960
<v Speaker 1>mix it down, create a loop for every note of

1:04:11.000 --> 1:04:15.200
<v Speaker 1>every recording the song, and then we had to transfer

1:04:15.440 --> 1:04:20.080
<v Speaker 1>this onto the multi track tape record and then we

1:04:20.120 --> 1:04:26.280
<v Speaker 1>would play the loops back using the faders on the

1:04:26.320 --> 1:04:29.280
<v Speaker 1>recording console the way you would use the keys on

1:04:29.320 --> 1:04:33.320
<v Speaker 1>a keyboard. And that was that was the technique. No

1:04:33.360 --> 1:04:35.680
<v Speaker 1>one had done that before, and we'd already recorded a

1:04:35.760 --> 1:04:39.400
<v Speaker 1>backing track for it, so and we never thought we'd

1:04:39.480 --> 1:04:41.840
<v Speaker 1>end up using the backing track, but it all just

1:04:42.600 --> 1:04:46.920
<v Speaker 1>began to fall together the way things do sometimes if

1:04:46.920 --> 1:04:50.920
<v Speaker 1>you're lucky in a series of recording sessions, everything you

1:04:51.000 --> 1:04:58.760
<v Speaker 1>had makes everything better, and this was just that. And again,

1:04:59.000 --> 1:05:04.360
<v Speaker 1>like when we are um Rocket for Herbie Hancock, were

1:05:04.400 --> 1:05:07.280
<v Speaker 1>listened back to what we've done, we thought. We didn't

1:05:07.320 --> 1:05:11.480
<v Speaker 1>think they're going to fucking kill this time. We thought

1:05:11.720 --> 1:05:15.040
<v Speaker 1>this is this is, this is very very good. But

1:05:15.200 --> 1:05:18.360
<v Speaker 1>it's six minutes long. They're never going to play it.

1:05:20.400 --> 1:05:24.160
<v Speaker 1>And so when we presented it to the label Low

1:05:24.200 --> 1:05:26.120
<v Speaker 1>and Behold, they said, yeah, it's fabulous, but we're going

1:05:26.160 --> 1:05:30.760
<v Speaker 1>to release Life as a Ministroli instead. And to this

1:05:30.840 --> 1:05:35.120
<v Speaker 1>day I'm piste off because they released Bohemian Rhapsody. I

1:05:35.120 --> 1:05:38.400
<v Speaker 1>don't think it was the same label, but whoever queen

1:05:38.480 --> 1:05:41.640
<v Speaker 1>were Weirds had the balls to release something as daring

1:05:41.720 --> 1:05:45.520
<v Speaker 1>as Bohemian Rhapsody, which again was the landmark in recording

1:05:46.120 --> 1:05:49.560
<v Speaker 1>and stayed a number one for god knows how many millennia.

1:05:51.000 --> 1:05:53.360
<v Speaker 1>So they should have had the balls to put this

1:05:53.440 --> 1:05:57.280
<v Speaker 1>out first, but they didn't. But nevertheless, one it did

1:05:57.320 --> 1:06:01.760
<v Speaker 1>come out, it was huge. What exactly was the gizmo?

1:06:02.120 --> 1:06:09.960
<v Speaker 1>The gizmo. That's going back in time, um before tense

1:06:10.120 --> 1:06:14.040
<v Speaker 1>Se existed, probably around about Hot Legs Beonderful man time.

1:06:14.600 --> 1:06:19.760
<v Speaker 1>While we were doing the album, we wanted some string

1:06:19.840 --> 1:06:22.680
<v Speaker 1>parts and some more chestral parts on some of the songs.

1:06:23.960 --> 1:06:28.080
<v Speaker 1>And you know, there weren't money string players in Manchester

1:06:28.400 --> 1:06:31.440
<v Speaker 1>at the time. There was the Halle Orchestra, who were

1:06:31.520 --> 1:06:34.760
<v Speaker 1>very grand and very you know, sort of pop songs.

1:06:35.320 --> 1:06:38.160
<v Speaker 1>We don't do that sort of thing, and they were

1:06:38.160 --> 1:06:43.840
<v Speaker 1>expensive and they worked very strange hours. And therefore, and

1:06:43.880 --> 1:06:47.440
<v Speaker 1>we didn't particularly like the sound of the malatrum. We

1:06:47.480 --> 1:06:52.800
<v Speaker 1>wanted proper string sounds. So we thought, okay, a guitar

1:06:52.960 --> 1:06:57.440
<v Speaker 1>is a string instrument. Is there a way of playing

1:06:57.600 --> 1:07:02.040
<v Speaker 1>strings to get a sustain a bowing sound, to sustain

1:07:02.160 --> 1:07:07.280
<v Speaker 1>bowing sound from this instrument instead of hiring a bunch

1:07:07.320 --> 1:07:10.160
<v Speaker 1>of string players in an arranger, And so we messed around.

1:07:10.160 --> 1:07:14.720
<v Speaker 1>We remember it was Lowe's fendless transit Custer and the

1:07:14.800 --> 1:07:18.920
<v Speaker 1>first experiment was to to get an electric drill and

1:07:19.040 --> 1:07:21.760
<v Speaker 1>put a robot eraser on the end of the drill

1:07:22.800 --> 1:07:27.520
<v Speaker 1>and hold it against the strings. And it made an

1:07:27.560 --> 1:07:33.040
<v Speaker 1>infernal racket. But for maybe about two seconds it said

1:07:33.080 --> 1:07:36.200
<v Speaker 1>to us that this this might work. It sort of

1:07:36.280 --> 1:07:40.600
<v Speaker 1>weren't you know it was going to be and there

1:07:40.680 --> 1:07:43.160
<v Speaker 1>was something that that that that told us that this

1:07:43.240 --> 1:07:48.000
<v Speaker 1>would work. We found our way to the engineering department

1:07:48.360 --> 1:07:54.200
<v Speaker 1>of the College Courage of Science and Technology, I think,

1:07:54.360 --> 1:07:59.160
<v Speaker 1>and a couple of guys who were prepared to build

1:07:59.320 --> 1:08:06.240
<v Speaker 1>us a prototype based on this idea that might actually work. UM.

1:08:07.280 --> 1:08:11.240
<v Speaker 1>Guy's name was John McConnell, lovely guy, and I forget

1:08:11.320 --> 1:08:14.760
<v Speaker 1>the other guys now, I'm sorry about that. And they did.

1:08:14.920 --> 1:08:19.160
<v Speaker 1>They built as the prototype that was used on any

1:08:19.240 --> 1:08:24.600
<v Speaker 1>recordings that the gizmo featured on UM, including all of

1:08:24.680 --> 1:08:31.559
<v Speaker 1>consequences UM. But at a certain point we were told

1:08:31.600 --> 1:08:33.840
<v Speaker 1>that or he was. It was suggested to us that

1:08:33.960 --> 1:08:36.800
<v Speaker 1>this becose it could become a commercial item. It could

1:08:36.840 --> 1:08:40.920
<v Speaker 1>become an effect like an effects pedal that one could

1:08:40.960 --> 1:08:45.280
<v Speaker 1>sell on the open market. So we went to America

1:08:45.479 --> 1:08:50.160
<v Speaker 1>to meet somebody at a company called Music Tronics who

1:08:50.280 --> 1:08:58.160
<v Speaker 1>actually produced the gizmo. Unfortunately, it the materials that were

1:08:58.280 --> 1:09:03.680
<v Speaker 1>used to create the constant bowing sound weren't good enough

1:09:05.000 --> 1:09:08.600
<v Speaker 1>UM for it to work consistently, and it would It

1:09:08.760 --> 1:09:14.320
<v Speaker 1>was affected by waz by by temperature, by how it

1:09:14.479 --> 1:09:17.240
<v Speaker 1>had been transported from one place to the other, and

1:09:17.360 --> 1:09:21.000
<v Speaker 1>also not insignificantly by the fact you have to screw

1:09:21.120 --> 1:09:24.840
<v Speaker 1>it to your guitar body. And it came out on

1:09:24.880 --> 1:09:29.439
<v Speaker 1>the market just at the time when chute synthesizers were

1:09:29.479 --> 1:09:33.280
<v Speaker 1>also coming out on the market and they were much

1:09:33.360 --> 1:09:37.240
<v Speaker 1>more alloy. So the gizmo was The gizmo was like

1:09:37.439 --> 1:09:43.920
<v Speaker 1>something Da Vinci might have actually created um and it

1:09:44.040 --> 1:09:46.360
<v Speaker 1>didn't actually sell. It's become a bit of a cult.

1:09:46.960 --> 1:09:50.560
<v Speaker 1>A number of different artists used it on their recordings,

1:09:50.600 --> 1:09:55.240
<v Speaker 1>including Paul McCartney, including Susie and the Bandshoes, numerous people,

1:09:55.800 --> 1:10:00.519
<v Speaker 1>but it never became a commercially successful device. Over the

1:10:00.640 --> 1:10:04.040
<v Speaker 1>last maybe five years, a company in the States that

1:10:04.120 --> 1:10:08.280
<v Speaker 1>started to produce them again in small quantities, so it

1:10:08.439 --> 1:10:18.559
<v Speaker 1>might have its day again at some point that from

1:10:18.600 --> 1:10:21.559
<v Speaker 1>the next year year it was said that you left

1:10:21.640 --> 1:10:26.000
<v Speaker 1>Tennessee c To make an album with the gizmo. What

1:10:26.320 --> 1:10:29.360
<v Speaker 1>really happened there and why did you leave Tennsee C.

1:10:29.560 --> 1:10:32.160
<v Speaker 1>And had you end up making a triple album? Well,

1:10:32.200 --> 1:10:36.120
<v Speaker 1>it wasn't initially, it wasn't meant to be a triple album. Initially.

1:10:37.479 --> 1:10:40.960
<v Speaker 1>Initially the idea was we we'd invented this thing, and

1:10:41.120 --> 1:10:44.960
<v Speaker 1>we didn't really get to use it an experiment with

1:10:45.120 --> 1:10:49.240
<v Speaker 1>it and test its potential within the context of tennessee Ce.

1:10:50.439 --> 1:10:52.000
<v Speaker 1>So we thought, you know, I think we know, we

1:10:52.080 --> 1:10:54.599
<v Speaker 1>had a break from recording and touring, and we thought, well,

1:10:54.640 --> 1:10:58.080
<v Speaker 1>let's book some time at Strawberry. Let's book ourselves enough

1:10:58.120 --> 1:10:59.760
<v Speaker 1>for three weeks and see what we think and do,

1:11:01.120 --> 1:11:03.760
<v Speaker 1>which is exactly what we did. And we had such

1:11:03.800 --> 1:11:08.320
<v Speaker 1>a a great time doing that and making the kind

1:11:08.400 --> 1:11:11.000
<v Speaker 1>of music that we hadn't even attempted to make before

1:11:11.960 --> 1:11:16.160
<v Speaker 1>that we wanted to continue to do that. So the

1:11:16.320 --> 1:11:20.040
<v Speaker 1>idea was our initial idea was okay, guys, that we're

1:11:20.080 --> 1:11:23.400
<v Speaker 1>doing something that you know, we really think it's interesting

1:11:23.479 --> 1:11:26.720
<v Speaker 1>and worthwhile. Just give us a little bit more time

1:11:26.760 --> 1:11:31.040
<v Speaker 1>and we'll make our single album um and we'll put

1:11:31.080 --> 1:11:32.920
<v Speaker 1>it out and then we'll come back, you know, to

1:11:33.000 --> 1:11:36.000
<v Speaker 1>the group, and we'll carry on. But that we we

1:11:36.080 --> 1:11:38.240
<v Speaker 1>were on a roll by the Intensity she was on

1:11:38.320 --> 1:11:41.439
<v Speaker 1>a roll. And there, you know, we had a road crew,

1:11:41.600 --> 1:11:45.799
<v Speaker 1>we had responsibilities. We we had to put a intensity

1:11:45.840 --> 1:11:51.760
<v Speaker 1>c album out and and unfortunately it was one of

1:11:51.800 --> 1:11:54.880
<v Speaker 1>those situations where it was we had to do one

1:11:54.960 --> 1:11:58.760
<v Speaker 1>thing or the other We weren't really given a choice. Two,

1:11:59.120 --> 1:12:02.919
<v Speaker 1>we weren't allowed to do it. Essentially, we weren't mature

1:12:03.080 --> 1:12:07.960
<v Speaker 1>enough as a group of people to understand that, you know,

1:12:08.040 --> 1:12:11.519
<v Speaker 1>in order to to grow as individuals as well as

1:12:11.600 --> 1:12:15.599
<v Speaker 1>as a unit, we had to grow individually as well

1:12:15.800 --> 1:12:19.479
<v Speaker 1>musically and then bring that back to the table for

1:12:19.600 --> 1:12:25.400
<v Speaker 1>the bigger picture. That wasn't going to happen in this context. So,

1:12:25.640 --> 1:12:28.320
<v Speaker 1>you know, we we we have numerous meetings about it,

1:12:28.439 --> 1:12:33.160
<v Speaker 1>and we we were given an ultimatum, you know, we

1:12:33.680 --> 1:12:36.000
<v Speaker 1>we have to do a tense C album instead, let's

1:12:36.040 --> 1:12:42.559
<v Speaker 1>do let's let's do that. And uh so we paused

1:12:42.720 --> 1:12:47.240
<v Speaker 1>and Eric and Graham had written a particular song. I

1:12:47.360 --> 1:12:50.680
<v Speaker 1>forget which song it was. I don't know if it

1:12:50.760 --> 1:12:52.240
<v Speaker 1>was The Things We Do for Love, but it was.

1:12:52.400 --> 1:12:56.920
<v Speaker 1>It was a ballad like that, and we all sampled

1:12:56.960 --> 1:12:59.759
<v Speaker 1>in studio and you know, with a view to listening

1:12:59.800 --> 1:13:04.000
<v Speaker 1>to to what was what have been written and to

1:13:04.320 --> 1:13:09.000
<v Speaker 1>think about starting a Tennesseec album. They played as a

1:13:09.120 --> 1:13:13.160
<v Speaker 1>song and Lol and I looked at each other and

1:13:13.320 --> 1:13:17.080
<v Speaker 1>we thought, oh god, we don't want to do this anymore.

1:13:18.720 --> 1:13:22.080
<v Speaker 1>And and that was it. It was as simple as that.

1:13:22.360 --> 1:13:28.759
<v Speaker 1>We just we found access to a way of working.

1:13:29.920 --> 1:13:35.000
<v Speaker 1>There was thrilling us and really that's what TENSEEC we're

1:13:35.040 --> 1:13:37.080
<v Speaker 1>all about. For the first three years or so, it

1:13:37.200 --> 1:13:40.440
<v Speaker 1>was all about the thrill of doing it, not the success.

1:13:40.520 --> 1:13:42.320
<v Speaker 1>The thrill of the four of us in the studio

1:13:42.479 --> 1:13:46.200
<v Speaker 1>making music was what it was about, and that somehow

1:13:47.040 --> 1:13:51.439
<v Speaker 1>got diluted. But we found it again and we wanted

1:13:51.479 --> 1:13:56.559
<v Speaker 1>to continue doing that. Yes, and then Tennessee c which

1:13:56.640 --> 1:13:59.120
<v Speaker 1>sounds different now. You can definitely hear the difference between

1:13:59.160 --> 1:14:04.800
<v Speaker 1>the post You and Law albums sound different, and one

1:14:04.840 --> 1:14:06.840
<v Speaker 1>can argue the albums are not as good, but their

1:14:06.880 --> 1:14:09.759
<v Speaker 1>gigantic kits on that record. So how did you feel

1:14:09.880 --> 1:14:13.000
<v Speaker 1>being on the outside of that. We didn't have a problem.

1:14:13.080 --> 1:14:18.519
<v Speaker 1>Not we was thinking that ceased to become about hits. Um.

1:14:19.240 --> 1:14:21.320
<v Speaker 1>It was never really about hits. I think the fact

1:14:21.400 --> 1:14:25.280
<v Speaker 1>that Tennessee See had hits was a bonus. You know,

1:14:25.439 --> 1:14:27.920
<v Speaker 1>we made stuff that we wanted to make and a

1:14:28.080 --> 1:14:30.680
<v Speaker 1>hell of a lot of people like them. Wow, you

1:14:30.760 --> 1:14:34.360
<v Speaker 1>know it's not the like um. But now we were

1:14:34.439 --> 1:14:37.560
<v Speaker 1>were in a different frame of mind. We were we

1:14:37.680 --> 1:14:42.639
<v Speaker 1>were artists. If you go back to that era, royalty

1:14:42.800 --> 1:14:45.799
<v Speaker 1>rates were low, there were four people in the band.

1:14:46.720 --> 1:14:49.200
<v Speaker 1>But the money can be in publishing. But there were

1:14:49.280 --> 1:14:53.240
<v Speaker 1>multiple writers. Do you get any money from those songs?

1:14:53.640 --> 1:14:56.080
<v Speaker 1>Have you sold the rights? What's the status of that?

1:14:56.880 --> 1:14:59.639
<v Speaker 1>You're going You're going back a long way. We didn't

1:14:59.640 --> 1:15:01.200
<v Speaker 1>even say think about money in those Well you know

1:15:01.280 --> 1:15:03.080
<v Speaker 1>whether the money is coming into your account or not.

1:15:03.360 --> 1:15:05.360
<v Speaker 1>Oh yeah, the money was coming into our account. But

1:15:05.600 --> 1:15:10.000
<v Speaker 1>usually a song was written by two people, three people

1:15:10.040 --> 1:15:12.880
<v Speaker 1>at most. There were never any songs tends to see

1:15:12.960 --> 1:15:16.080
<v Speaker 1>songs particularly that we're written by four as far as

1:15:16.120 --> 1:15:19.400
<v Speaker 1>I recall. So even though the royalty rate was small,

1:15:20.840 --> 1:15:24.320
<v Speaker 1>it was you know, it kept us alive. I don't

1:15:24.360 --> 1:15:26.400
<v Speaker 1>think we ever got really rich of it, but it

1:15:26.520 --> 1:15:29.800
<v Speaker 1>kept us alive. Yeah, but how about today in are

1:15:29.840 --> 1:15:33.320
<v Speaker 1>you still getting royalties? But there's a whole new element

1:15:33.400 --> 1:15:36.760
<v Speaker 1>of the music business, as we well know, with people

1:15:36.760 --> 1:15:41.840
<v Speaker 1>are Hypnosis and Sony and goodness who else who have

1:15:42.040 --> 1:15:45.920
<v Speaker 1>created a new system whereby us, shall we say more

1:15:46.040 --> 1:15:51.560
<v Speaker 1>mature artists can earn money sooner rather than later in

1:15:51.680 --> 1:15:56.679
<v Speaker 1>drives and drabs. So yeah, that is that is very helpful.

1:15:56.960 --> 1:15:59.439
<v Speaker 1>So did you make a deal with Hypnosis or one

1:15:59.479 --> 1:16:02.920
<v Speaker 1>of it? To compare address I did, and did you

1:16:02.960 --> 1:16:06.960
<v Speaker 1>go with hypnosis? Yeah? So hypnosis. So essentially they say

1:16:07.000 --> 1:16:08.479
<v Speaker 1>you get it. I know, Mark said, you get a

1:16:08.520 --> 1:16:10.760
<v Speaker 1>teen percent pay out whatever. So the money you got

1:16:11.520 --> 1:16:15.760
<v Speaker 1>from Merk you live another twenty years, well invested. That

1:16:15.880 --> 1:16:18.120
<v Speaker 1>money can cure you, or you gotta work for a living.

1:16:18.360 --> 1:16:20.679
<v Speaker 1>I gotta work for them. And Jesus, I'm not Neil Young,

1:16:20.720 --> 1:16:25.000
<v Speaker 1>I'm not Bob Dylan. I you know, let's just say

1:16:25.040 --> 1:16:27.760
<v Speaker 1>it took the edge of and so it this lay date.

1:16:27.960 --> 1:16:31.320
<v Speaker 1>What keeps you creating? I love it. That's what I do.

1:16:31.840 --> 1:16:36.479
<v Speaker 1>I I wake up in the mornings and if I'm lucky,

1:16:36.680 --> 1:16:39.080
<v Speaker 1>I've got an idea in my heading and it could

1:16:39.120 --> 1:16:43.320
<v Speaker 1>be for a film. I've written two films to screenplays

1:16:43.680 --> 1:16:46.160
<v Speaker 1>over the last few years, one with another guy. I'm

1:16:46.200 --> 1:16:49.240
<v Speaker 1>one on my own, and one of my big things

1:16:49.360 --> 1:16:52.280
<v Speaker 1>is to make these these two movies. Direct these two movies.

1:16:53.280 --> 1:16:57.920
<v Speaker 1>I've also joined a group of humans. As I said,

1:16:58.040 --> 1:17:02.120
<v Speaker 1>I've also joined the scene of the game company. I'm constantly,

1:17:03.000 --> 1:17:08.519
<v Speaker 1>excuse me, pushing myself to keep working, not just to

1:17:08.680 --> 1:17:15.599
<v Speaker 1>earn money, but because I love pushing myself into areas

1:17:15.680 --> 1:17:18.000
<v Speaker 1>where I think I can do good work. I enjoy

1:17:18.120 --> 1:17:22.360
<v Speaker 1>doing good work. Um. So there are a number of

1:17:22.479 --> 1:17:27.760
<v Speaker 1>projects on the horizon, on number of self initiated projects

1:17:27.840 --> 1:17:32.120
<v Speaker 1>that things that I would really like to do, um,

1:17:32.520 --> 1:17:34.720
<v Speaker 1>that I'm pushing to get done. Two of which of

1:17:34.800 --> 1:17:39.240
<v Speaker 1>these two film scripts, so unfortunately we were we were

1:17:39.360 --> 1:17:44.320
<v Speaker 1>really close to going into pre production before COVID hit

1:17:45.160 --> 1:17:49.160
<v Speaker 1>for one of the films, and that's sort of been

1:17:49.200 --> 1:17:51.800
<v Speaker 1>on the back back burnus and I'm I'm sort of

1:17:51.920 --> 1:17:55.760
<v Speaker 1>pushing to try and get that to the fore again. Um.

1:17:56.560 --> 1:18:00.519
<v Speaker 1>The other is a low budget film about media in

1:18:00.560 --> 1:18:03.400
<v Speaker 1>the twenty one century, which is a bit hardcore. So

1:18:03.560 --> 1:18:07.120
<v Speaker 1>I'm trying to get that off the ground. But it's

1:18:07.200 --> 1:18:10.320
<v Speaker 1>up here. It's up here that counts. It's it's keeping

1:18:10.439 --> 1:18:15.479
<v Speaker 1>busy up there. You know, it's so easy not to

1:18:16.200 --> 1:18:18.559
<v Speaker 1>let me just ask. You make an album like Muscle Memory,

1:18:18.560 --> 1:18:20.759
<v Speaker 1>you put a lot of time, but the music business

1:18:20.800 --> 1:18:24.000
<v Speaker 1>has changed and it's much harder to be heard than

1:18:24.080 --> 1:18:26.880
<v Speaker 1>it was before. Does that make it harder to do it?

1:18:27.080 --> 1:18:29.120
<v Speaker 1>Or just as long as you can get your idea down,

1:18:29.240 --> 1:18:33.880
<v Speaker 1>you're happy. Yes. The latter. For me, it was about

1:18:34.000 --> 1:18:36.559
<v Speaker 1>just getting the idea. It was about proving it, proving

1:18:36.640 --> 1:18:39.320
<v Speaker 1>it to myself proving that I could actually do it

1:18:40.280 --> 1:18:45.599
<v Speaker 1>and actually do something that wasn't just twenty minutes of fluff.

1:18:45.960 --> 1:18:47.640
<v Speaker 1>It was you know, it had a little bit of

1:18:47.720 --> 1:18:50.760
<v Speaker 1>weight to it. The lyrics were good, the tunes were good,

1:18:50.880 --> 1:18:55.480
<v Speaker 1>the exercise was good. The whole process was was elevating

1:18:55.760 --> 1:19:01.360
<v Speaker 1>for me. Um. I still had the mystery the match. Okay,

1:19:01.439 --> 1:19:04.280
<v Speaker 1>so you still have things in the pipeline. But at

1:19:04.320 --> 1:19:06.280
<v Speaker 1>this point, if you look back, what are you most

1:19:06.320 --> 1:19:12.639
<v Speaker 1>proud of across the whole lifetime? Absolutely give me too,

1:19:12.920 --> 1:19:17.320
<v Speaker 1>to Jesus, well, the album is one. Most of the

1:19:17.360 --> 1:19:24.880
<v Speaker 1>memories one one world, One Voice is another that's too. Um,

1:19:27.280 --> 1:19:34.760
<v Speaker 1>the first tand CC album maybe a three, and a

1:19:34.880 --> 1:19:39.040
<v Speaker 1>number of different music videos if I can have a four,

1:19:39.160 --> 1:19:42.280
<v Speaker 1>which is you know, I did a number of videos

1:19:42.400 --> 1:19:47.920
<v Speaker 1>for you too, which I am very proud of. But

1:19:48.320 --> 1:19:51.880
<v Speaker 1>possibly Rocket is the one that stands out head and

1:19:51.960 --> 1:19:56.200
<v Speaker 1>shoulders above the other because of what I was saying before,

1:19:56.280 --> 1:19:59.800
<v Speaker 1>because it was so bizarre and nobody knew what the

1:20:00.080 --> 1:20:05.439
<v Speaker 1>it was and it did a huge amount a number

1:20:05.479 --> 1:20:08.720
<v Speaker 1>of different levels. Okay, you mentioned that you that you

1:20:08.720 --> 1:20:12.240
<v Speaker 1>would like to do a movie about media. So you

1:20:12.320 --> 1:20:14.400
<v Speaker 1>grew up in an analyze world. We live in a

1:20:14.520 --> 1:20:17.960
<v Speaker 1>digital internet world. You've seen both. What do you think

1:20:18.040 --> 1:20:23.760
<v Speaker 1>about where we are today? It's complex, it's fascinating. Um,

1:20:26.200 --> 1:20:29.720
<v Speaker 1>I don't know. I've had I disliked the idea of

1:20:29.840 --> 1:20:36.360
<v Speaker 1>technology for technology's sake, and the thing I accepted and

1:20:36.479 --> 1:20:40.759
<v Speaker 1>I use it um because it can give me things

1:20:40.920 --> 1:20:44.920
<v Speaker 1>that analog could never give me. But then again there's

1:20:44.960 --> 1:20:49.479
<v Speaker 1>a certain foolishness to it. And probably the best example

1:20:49.600 --> 1:20:54.360
<v Speaker 1>of that is the original version of the video that

1:20:54.479 --> 1:20:58.040
<v Speaker 1>we did for our Godlian Crimson Crime, for instance, was

1:20:58.400 --> 1:21:05.080
<v Speaker 1>was edited in an analog function and the mixes going

1:21:05.200 --> 1:21:08.240
<v Speaker 1>from one face to the other took place using what

1:21:08.320 --> 1:21:12.600
<v Speaker 1>they used to call paddles, which was handheld stick that

1:21:12.760 --> 1:21:14.920
<v Speaker 1>you moved from the top to the bottom and you

1:21:15.000 --> 1:21:22.439
<v Speaker 1>could actually feel physically the mix taking place. That doesn't

1:21:22.479 --> 1:21:25.439
<v Speaker 1>happen anymore. It's done by a lot of number crunching

1:21:25.680 --> 1:21:28.920
<v Speaker 1>and you watch if it's not right, the numbers are

1:21:28.960 --> 1:21:33.879
<v Speaker 1>crunched again. But there is now two things that has happened,

1:21:35.240 --> 1:21:40.799
<v Speaker 1>one being the fact that one can lose a physical

1:21:40.920 --> 1:21:45.320
<v Speaker 1>contact with the material you're playing with, and that applies

1:21:45.360 --> 1:21:48.200
<v Speaker 1>to music as well. You know, you could be using

1:21:48.240 --> 1:21:50.880
<v Speaker 1>the drum sample instead of playing the drums, which is fine,

1:21:51.479 --> 1:21:56.519
<v Speaker 1>but there's a gap appearing between the result and the

1:21:56.640 --> 1:22:01.400
<v Speaker 1>performance and the actual process of making something it um

1:22:04.439 --> 1:22:08.599
<v Speaker 1>and the time it takes. I mean to use video

1:22:08.760 --> 1:22:11.040
<v Speaker 1>editing as an example. The time it takes to do

1:22:12.880 --> 1:22:17.080
<v Speaker 1>an edit of a music video has expanded. It usually

1:22:17.200 --> 1:22:22.559
<v Speaker 1>takes me, say, at least three days to do something

1:22:22.640 --> 1:22:25.240
<v Speaker 1>in digital mode that I used to be able to

1:22:25.320 --> 1:22:30.320
<v Speaker 1>do in one. And that is because if you're editing

1:22:30.400 --> 1:22:35.040
<v Speaker 1>digitally you can defer making final decisions for a long time.

1:22:35.120 --> 1:22:37.920
<v Speaker 1>You can try a shot here, you can extend it,

1:22:38.080 --> 1:22:40.840
<v Speaker 1>you can move it backwards, forward, slow it down, speed

1:22:40.920 --> 1:22:44.320
<v Speaker 1>it up at color, remove color. You don't have to

1:22:44.400 --> 1:22:48.519
<v Speaker 1>make a decision, whereas in the analog world a video,

1:22:48.600 --> 1:22:52.160
<v Speaker 1>a video editing, you had to decide where you want

1:22:52.240 --> 1:22:55.000
<v Speaker 1>things to be. You have to think, you have to

1:22:55.320 --> 1:22:57.639
<v Speaker 1>use your instincts and you have to use your mind.

1:22:58.600 --> 1:23:04.400
<v Speaker 1>Um And you did, and it still worked. What you've

1:23:04.439 --> 1:23:09.520
<v Speaker 1>gained digitalist quality and the potential for trying lots of alternatives.

1:23:09.840 --> 1:23:13.000
<v Speaker 1>But it does take longer, so you win and you lose.

1:23:13.439 --> 1:23:15.439
<v Speaker 1>But the bottom line is this is the world that

1:23:15.520 --> 1:23:19.280
<v Speaker 1>we live in. So I have chosen too to use

1:23:19.280 --> 1:23:23.880
<v Speaker 1>an American expression, to embrace it and take it as

1:23:23.920 --> 1:23:27.559
<v Speaker 1>far as I can and use it to its best advantage. Well, Kevin,

1:23:28.360 --> 1:23:30.639
<v Speaker 1>thanks so much for spending your time with us today

1:23:30.680 --> 1:23:34.960
<v Speaker 1>and giving us insight into your long career. Really interesting,

1:23:35.080 --> 1:23:39.280
<v Speaker 1>so thanks so much, pleasure and enjoyed it. Until next time.

1:23:39.760 --> 1:23:41.080
<v Speaker 1>This is Barbie Offsets