1 00:00:00,160 --> 00:00:03,520 Speaker 1: Rebecca Nagel. Here before we get into this episode, I 2 00:00:03,560 --> 00:00:05,880 Speaker 1: wanted to let you know that you can hear episodes 3 00:00:05,920 --> 00:00:09,880 Speaker 1: of First America early and ad free by signing up 4 00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:14,440 Speaker 1: for Pushkin Plus. You'll also get bonus episodes, full audiobooks, 5 00:00:14,520 --> 00:00:18,000 Speaker 1: and other binges from your favorite Pushkin hosts and authors. 6 00:00:18,520 --> 00:00:21,680 Speaker 1: Find Pushkin Plus on the First America Show page on 7 00:00:21,760 --> 00:00:27,120 Speaker 1: Apple Podcasts, or at pushkin dot fm slash plus. Let's 8 00:00:27,120 --> 00:00:31,240 Speaker 1: get into it. There's this famous painting about the end 9 00:00:31,320 --> 00:00:35,519 Speaker 1: of the Revolutionary War. In the painting, George Washington is 10 00:00:35,560 --> 00:00:38,600 Speaker 1: standing in the middle of an official looking room, surrounded 11 00:00:38,640 --> 00:00:42,479 Speaker 1: by a sea of whigs. A sword swings from his hips, 12 00:00:42,800 --> 00:00:46,320 Speaker 1: and in an outstretched hand, Washington is holding a piece 13 00:00:46,440 --> 00:00:51,839 Speaker 1: of paper. It's his resignation letter. Normally, someone quitting their 14 00:00:51,920 --> 00:00:55,440 Speaker 1: job isn't the type of thing memorialized in a painting, 15 00:00:55,880 --> 00:00:59,800 Speaker 1: but it was an important moment in American history. At 16 00:00:59,800 --> 00:01:03,880 Speaker 1: the end of the Revolutionary War, the Continental Army disbanded. 17 00:01:04,640 --> 00:01:07,839 Speaker 1: The soldiers that had fought and won the war went home, 18 00:01:08,240 --> 00:01:14,800 Speaker 1: including Washington. Our founding fathers didn't want a big, centralized military. 19 00:01:15,520 --> 00:01:20,160 Speaker 1: You have to remember British soldiers occupied colonial towns. They 20 00:01:20,240 --> 00:01:23,600 Speaker 1: shot and killed people in the streets. Our founders thought 21 00:01:23,680 --> 00:01:26,720 Speaker 1: a big military would lead to the abuse of power, 22 00:01:27,560 --> 00:01:31,200 Speaker 1: so the army they did keep around was small, tiny, 23 00:01:31,240 --> 00:01:34,800 Speaker 1: even at one point the United States only had eighty 24 00:01:35,000 --> 00:01:40,319 Speaker 1: enlisted men. If that's how it started, how's it going now? 25 00:01:41,160 --> 00:01:45,760 Speaker 2: The White House has unveiled a record shattering Pentagon budget 26 00:01:45,840 --> 00:01:48,920 Speaker 2: request of one and a half trillion dollars. 27 00:01:49,160 --> 00:01:51,680 Speaker 3: President Trump called on the US yesterday to boost a 28 00:01:51,680 --> 00:01:54,360 Speaker 3: military spending in twenty twenty seven by more than fifty 29 00:01:54,400 --> 00:01:57,480 Speaker 3: percent to one point five trillion dollars, So it sounds 30 00:01:57,520 --> 00:01:59,880 Speaker 3: like he's planning to go in and take that No 31 00:02:00,400 --> 00:02:01,680 Speaker 3: Peace Prize by force. 32 00:02:03,520 --> 00:02:06,680 Speaker 1: Today the United States spends more money on our military 33 00:02:06,840 --> 00:02:11,160 Speaker 1: than any other country. It feels like we're constantly at war, 34 00:02:11,639 --> 00:02:14,960 Speaker 1: and whenever we finally end the conflicts. 35 00:02:14,360 --> 00:02:17,919 Speaker 4: The last US troops have withdrawn from Afghanistan, ending America's 36 00:02:17,919 --> 00:02:18,720 Speaker 4: longest war. 37 00:02:19,000 --> 00:02:22,120 Speaker 1: A new one starts. The US and Israel launch strikes 38 00:02:22,160 --> 00:02:25,560 Speaker 1: against Iran, with Donald Trump urging Iranians to take over 39 00:02:25,600 --> 00:02:29,799 Speaker 1: the government. How did that happen? How did we go 40 00:02:29,919 --> 00:02:33,360 Speaker 1: from founding fathers who didn't want a big military to 41 00:02:33,480 --> 00:02:47,840 Speaker 1: having the most expensive, most powerful one in the world. 42 00:02:51,280 --> 00:02:54,680 Speaker 1: You're listening to First America, the true story of how 43 00:02:54,720 --> 00:02:57,360 Speaker 1: the United States came to be and how our current 44 00:02:57,440 --> 00:02:59,799 Speaker 1: political moment is two hundred and fifty years in the 45 00:02:59,800 --> 00:03:04,280 Speaker 1: main from Pushkin Industries and Critical Frequency. I'm your host, 46 00:03:04,400 --> 00:03:10,160 Speaker 1: Rebecca nagele goheend Do lacayedlie Gela, citizen of Cherokee Nation. 47 00:03:14,400 --> 00:03:17,600 Speaker 1: On the heels of the American Revolution, the young government 48 00:03:17,720 --> 00:03:20,520 Speaker 1: wanted to expand, and they had their eyes set on 49 00:03:20,560 --> 00:03:24,160 Speaker 1: the land that is now Ohio, but the tribes there 50 00:03:24,440 --> 00:03:28,800 Speaker 1: were pushing back. The war that came next forever changed 51 00:03:29,000 --> 00:03:32,840 Speaker 1: two nations, the United States and the Miamia. 52 00:03:33,200 --> 00:03:35,040 Speaker 5: Well, let me take my glove off so we can 53 00:03:35,040 --> 00:03:37,920 Speaker 5: actually touch the nom asip it, but it's frozen over 54 00:03:38,120 --> 00:03:39,120 Speaker 5: completely in this spact. 55 00:03:39,480 --> 00:03:43,080 Speaker 1: I'm with George Ironstrack. He's a historian and educator at 56 00:03:43,080 --> 00:03:46,240 Speaker 1: the Miamia Center and a citizen of the Miami Tribe 57 00:03:46,240 --> 00:03:49,840 Speaker 1: of Oklahoma. Their name for themselves is Miamia. 58 00:03:49,960 --> 00:03:52,240 Speaker 5: So touching solad ice. So I'm not going to walk 59 00:03:52,240 --> 00:03:55,160 Speaker 5: on because it be a classic, you know, George falls 60 00:03:55,160 --> 00:03:56,240 Speaker 5: in and dies story. 61 00:03:56,640 --> 00:04:00,240 Speaker 1: We're standing in downtown Fort Wayne, Indiana. 62 00:04:00,120 --> 00:04:03,720 Speaker 5: Looking at the NAMESCP with a Saint Mary's River and 63 00:04:03,800 --> 00:04:06,560 Speaker 5: up here it's still almost completely frozen over from the 64 00:04:06,640 --> 00:04:09,520 Speaker 5: really big cold spell that Kishka Yonge had. It's not 65 00:04:09,640 --> 00:04:10,200 Speaker 5: like thick enough. 66 00:04:10,240 --> 00:04:12,360 Speaker 1: Well, George was careful not to step on the ice. 67 00:04:12,680 --> 00:04:17,080 Speaker 1: Oh so sorry, I almost fell in. Oh no, okay, 68 00:04:17,160 --> 00:04:20,080 Speaker 1: I want to take a step backwards. Why do you 69 00:04:20,120 --> 00:04:22,160 Speaker 1: still like to come down to the river itself? 70 00:04:22,880 --> 00:04:26,520 Speaker 5: The landscape all around has been so built up. 71 00:04:26,640 --> 00:04:29,560 Speaker 1: In the late seventeen hundreds. This was the capital of 72 00:04:29,680 --> 00:04:30,600 Speaker 1: Miamia Nation. 73 00:04:31,040 --> 00:04:33,360 Speaker 5: But when you come down to the level of the river, 74 00:04:34,000 --> 00:04:35,080 Speaker 5: there's less disruption. 75 00:04:35,680 --> 00:04:36,560 Speaker 1: What does it feel like? 76 00:04:39,160 --> 00:04:42,520 Speaker 5: It just feels right like, it feels like home. I 77 00:04:42,640 --> 00:04:45,359 Speaker 5: just feel like a whole as a person when I 78 00:04:45,400 --> 00:04:46,400 Speaker 5: come to these places. 79 00:04:47,040 --> 00:04:50,400 Speaker 1: For the Miamia this place was home. It was where 80 00:04:50,440 --> 00:04:54,200 Speaker 1: their ancestors were buried, where their stories and teachings told 81 00:04:54,240 --> 00:04:57,320 Speaker 1: them they belonged. Why did Americans want this land? 82 00:05:00,200 --> 00:05:03,880 Speaker 5: I mean financially they needed it after the American Revolution. 83 00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:07,240 Speaker 5: They just needed money. The farmland is really rich. It's 84 00:05:07,600 --> 00:05:10,320 Speaker 5: really good soil, which is still to this day is 85 00:05:10,360 --> 00:05:12,919 Speaker 5: some of the best farmland in the United States. 86 00:05:13,400 --> 00:05:16,240 Speaker 1: And at Kikayonge am I saying that, right, do you 87 00:05:16,240 --> 00:05:19,880 Speaker 1: guys know how many people were living there at the time, Like. 88 00:05:20,040 --> 00:05:22,800 Speaker 5: An estimate would be like five thousand people. 89 00:05:22,720 --> 00:05:26,480 Speaker 1: Which is like a pretty big town on the continent 90 00:05:26,520 --> 00:05:29,719 Speaker 1: of North America at the time, both Native and European. 91 00:05:31,000 --> 00:05:34,440 Speaker 1: To fight US expansion, the Miamia formed an alliance with 92 00:05:34,480 --> 00:05:38,000 Speaker 1: more than half a dozen indigenous nations. In English, this 93 00:05:38,160 --> 00:05:42,159 Speaker 1: was called the United Indian Nations or the Northwestern Confederacy, 94 00:05:42,640 --> 00:05:45,040 Speaker 1: but in Miamia it had a different name. 95 00:05:45,160 --> 00:05:47,200 Speaker 5: The Tauahwa Cpewa Alliance. 96 00:05:47,800 --> 00:05:51,440 Speaker 1: US leaders started to worry this alliance was strong enough 97 00:05:51,480 --> 00:05:52,520 Speaker 1: to get in their way. 98 00:05:53,279 --> 00:05:58,919 Speaker 5: The mission Malsa. The Americans come to see q so 99 00:05:59,000 --> 00:06:01,160 Speaker 5: our capital city. They come to see that as like 100 00:06:01,480 --> 00:06:05,120 Speaker 5: the center of this conspiracy, and so they believe that 101 00:06:05,839 --> 00:06:09,039 Speaker 5: to bring this resistance to an end, they need to 102 00:06:09,160 --> 00:06:12,599 Speaker 5: invade that center and build a fort. 103 00:06:12,920 --> 00:06:15,200 Speaker 1: Can you say the name for the Americans again. 104 00:06:15,520 --> 00:06:19,560 Speaker 5: Yeah, So we called them the Mishimalsa or the big Knives. 105 00:06:20,839 --> 00:06:23,359 Speaker 1: What was the United States willing to do to build 106 00:06:23,360 --> 00:06:26,279 Speaker 1: a fort in quick Ayonge. It turned out to be 107 00:06:26,360 --> 00:06:29,240 Speaker 1: harder than they thought. Like the Three Little Pigs or 108 00:06:29,320 --> 00:06:32,960 Speaker 1: Goldilocks and the Three Bears. It would take three American 109 00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:36,119 Speaker 1: generals to build that fort. The story of the first 110 00:06:36,120 --> 00:06:45,400 Speaker 1: one after the break. The first American general to try 111 00:06:45,400 --> 00:06:48,799 Speaker 1: and build a fort in quick Gyunge was named Josiah Harmar. 112 00:06:49,680 --> 00:06:51,800 Speaker 1: He was known to drink a lot, but also to 113 00:06:51,839 --> 00:06:56,560 Speaker 1: punish soldiers for small infractions like a rusty weapon. At first, 114 00:06:56,680 --> 00:06:59,919 Speaker 1: Harmar didn't have much of an army to lead. Remember, 115 00:07:00,240 --> 00:07:03,680 Speaker 1: after the Revolutionary War, the US army was less than 116 00:07:03,680 --> 00:07:06,720 Speaker 1: one hundred men, and so the federal government gathered up 117 00:07:06,760 --> 00:07:11,240 Speaker 1: more soldiers and sent General Harmar about three hundred. Since 118 00:07:11,240 --> 00:07:14,440 Speaker 1: the army was so small, over a thousand militiamen came 119 00:07:14,480 --> 00:07:17,920 Speaker 1: to help out, and together they headed north to Kikayunge. 120 00:07:18,360 --> 00:07:21,280 Speaker 5: Their goal was to leave that village struggling to survive 121 00:07:21,320 --> 00:07:21,960 Speaker 5: the coming winter. 122 00:07:22,240 --> 00:07:26,240 Speaker 1: By the time Harmar got there, most Miamia people had fled. 123 00:07:26,600 --> 00:07:29,200 Speaker 5: But then there's some small skirmishes that occur, but there's 124 00:07:29,240 --> 00:07:33,000 Speaker 5: not really a battle, but they very quickly occupy the town. 125 00:07:34,160 --> 00:07:39,320 Speaker 1: The Americans quickly turned to destruction. In one day, American 126 00:07:39,360 --> 00:07:44,520 Speaker 1: soldiers burned twenty thousand bushels of corn. Twenty thousand bushels 127 00:07:44,560 --> 00:07:47,320 Speaker 1: like I can't I have no concepts, and. 128 00:07:47,240 --> 00:07:50,200 Speaker 5: That the corn isn't just food right, there's like a 129 00:07:50,280 --> 00:07:53,720 Speaker 5: relationship with that plant, Like we have stories to talk about. 130 00:07:53,760 --> 00:07:57,760 Speaker 5: If you like mistreat that plant, there's like there's bad 131 00:07:57,800 --> 00:08:00,000 Speaker 5: outcomes for you. 132 00:08:00,600 --> 00:08:04,320 Speaker 1: The Americans aren't just fighting Miamia soldiers on the battlefield. 133 00:08:04,800 --> 00:08:11,120 Speaker 1: They're attacking civilians, burning villages, destroying food, leaving the people 134 00:08:11,320 --> 00:08:17,000 Speaker 1: to starve. In the chaos, a trunk that contained basically 135 00:08:17,080 --> 00:08:21,320 Speaker 1: the national archives of the Miamia people was burned. To 136 00:08:21,360 --> 00:08:24,000 Speaker 1: this day, there are parts of their history that they 137 00:08:24,000 --> 00:08:24,400 Speaker 1: don't know. 138 00:08:25,160 --> 00:08:29,560 Speaker 5: We have a story, it's our oldest historical narrative, called 139 00:08:29,560 --> 00:08:32,360 Speaker 5: the Coming Out story, but the stories of what came 140 00:08:32,400 --> 00:08:34,120 Speaker 5: before that are lost to us. 141 00:08:34,920 --> 00:08:39,400 Speaker 1: The American soldiers thought they'd won, but Miamia warriors had 142 00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:42,679 Speaker 1: been watching them from a distance, and they saw the 143 00:08:42,720 --> 00:08:44,080 Speaker 1: Americans looting. 144 00:08:44,520 --> 00:08:48,120 Speaker 5: Because Miami people are wealthy. Through the fur trade, we 145 00:08:48,160 --> 00:08:51,920 Speaker 5: could gain wool, blankets, silver, jewelry of all different kinds. 146 00:08:51,960 --> 00:08:56,160 Speaker 5: Miami people love to bedazzle ourselves, so you can imagine 147 00:08:56,440 --> 00:08:59,520 Speaker 5: in the panic of leaving a lot of those valuables 148 00:08:59,559 --> 00:09:00,480 Speaker 5: were left behind. 149 00:09:01,000 --> 00:09:05,920 Speaker 1: The Miamia warriors decide to use the American's greed against them. 150 00:09:06,440 --> 00:09:11,440 Speaker 5: They sprinkled the ground with trinkets and then waited for 151 00:09:11,480 --> 00:09:14,600 Speaker 5: the militia to start picking everything up, and then they 152 00:09:14,679 --> 00:09:17,240 Speaker 5: hit them with an ambush. 153 00:09:19,040 --> 00:09:21,720 Speaker 1: By the end of the fighting, that small force that 154 00:09:21,760 --> 00:09:25,319 Speaker 1: the US scraped together, over two hundred of them are 155 00:09:25,440 --> 00:09:26,920 Speaker 1: killed or wounded. 156 00:09:27,120 --> 00:09:31,559 Speaker 5: And like disorder and panic spreads everywhere, and that terror spreads, 157 00:09:32,200 --> 00:09:34,720 Speaker 5: and so Hamar decides that they should probably just leave, 158 00:09:34,840 --> 00:09:37,840 Speaker 5: like he's not going to be able to build a fort. Today, 159 00:09:37,880 --> 00:09:40,280 Speaker 5: we call it the Battle of Kikayong because that's what 160 00:09:40,320 --> 00:09:43,319 Speaker 5: it is. It's a battle of our city, of our 161 00:09:43,320 --> 00:09:45,319 Speaker 5: capital city. 162 00:09:47,280 --> 00:09:51,120 Speaker 1: History books call it Harmar's defeat because instead of building 163 00:09:51,120 --> 00:09:56,400 Speaker 1: a fort at Kikayunge, Harmar and his men retreated. At 164 00:09:56,400 --> 00:10:00,960 Speaker 1: this time, a man named Major General Arthur Saint Clair 165 00:10:01,320 --> 00:10:04,600 Speaker 1: was in charge of the Northwest Territory that was the 166 00:10:04,679 --> 00:10:08,040 Speaker 1: area of land the US was fighting to control. He 167 00:10:08,160 --> 00:10:11,720 Speaker 1: was a wealthy immigrant from Scotland and he was not 168 00:10:11,920 --> 00:10:12,959 Speaker 1: ready to give up. 169 00:10:13,320 --> 00:10:16,160 Speaker 5: Yeah, it's kind of a classic office politics. You give 170 00:10:16,200 --> 00:10:17,960 Speaker 5: the order and the guy you tell to do it 171 00:10:17,960 --> 00:10:19,400 Speaker 5: doesn't do it well, so you're like, finally, just do 172 00:10:19,440 --> 00:10:21,680 Speaker 5: it myself, and it just goes even worse. 173 00:10:22,920 --> 00:10:26,160 Speaker 1: And so about a year after Harmar's defeat, the United 174 00:10:26,160 --> 00:10:30,600 Speaker 1: States sent the second general to attack Kika Yunge, General 175 00:10:30,840 --> 00:10:34,840 Speaker 1: Arthur Saint Clair. Congress had created a brand new regiment 176 00:10:34,920 --> 00:10:38,000 Speaker 1: and gave Saint Clair about twice as many regular soldiers, 177 00:10:38,440 --> 00:10:40,800 Speaker 1: and like they did the first time, members of state 178 00:10:40,840 --> 00:10:44,440 Speaker 1: militias joined in, they all gathered at a fort on 179 00:10:44,520 --> 00:10:49,239 Speaker 1: the edge of Miamia homelands to try and weaken the alliance. 180 00:10:49,280 --> 00:10:53,360 Speaker 1: Before his main attack, Saint Clair sent out smaller rating parties. 181 00:10:53,920 --> 00:10:57,640 Speaker 1: In those raids, about eighty Miamia women were taken captive. 182 00:10:58,160 --> 00:11:00,480 Speaker 6: So at a time where they were trying to peel 183 00:11:00,559 --> 00:11:05,240 Speaker 6: off aspects of the Miamiya Confederacy, they were using these 184 00:11:05,240 --> 00:11:07,000 Speaker 6: women and children really as pawns. 185 00:11:07,760 --> 00:11:11,800 Speaker 1: This is Kara Strass. She directs tribulations at the Miamia Center. 186 00:11:12,320 --> 00:11:16,280 Speaker 1: Kara says, the Americans made a list of the women's names. 187 00:11:16,480 --> 00:11:20,480 Speaker 6: And so we have a list of names like Ama 188 00:11:20,600 --> 00:11:26,360 Speaker 6: Kunz Aqua or Aqua Conga. But there are also names 189 00:11:26,400 --> 00:11:30,200 Speaker 6: that we're given that now that we look back and recognize, 190 00:11:30,760 --> 00:11:33,800 Speaker 6: like these names make no sense. And so that's names 191 00:11:33,960 --> 00:11:38,440 Speaker 6: like a dishe a lot below literally means look that 192 00:11:38,520 --> 00:11:43,240 Speaker 6: way is a command like if you knew Miamia language, 193 00:11:43,280 --> 00:11:47,559 Speaker 6: you know this is a command of something chicawqwe wapame 194 00:11:48,360 --> 00:11:53,640 Speaker 6: look nearby, or one that's maybe my favorite is katwa, 195 00:11:53,760 --> 00:11:58,440 Speaker 6: which literally just means what, but they added the person 196 00:11:58,480 --> 00:12:00,640 Speaker 6: marker onto it, So they literally just took the word 197 00:12:00,720 --> 00:12:03,719 Speaker 6: what and then made it into something that sounds like 198 00:12:03,760 --> 00:12:04,120 Speaker 6: a name. 199 00:12:05,480 --> 00:12:08,920 Speaker 1: The Miamia women knew their names would be used to 200 00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:13,080 Speaker 1: course Miamia leaders, so they gave fake names. 201 00:12:13,120 --> 00:12:17,720 Speaker 6: And the Americans had no clue. Right, they're just writing 202 00:12:17,800 --> 00:12:20,840 Speaker 6: down phonetically what they were hearing. 203 00:12:21,600 --> 00:12:23,240 Speaker 1: Do you find humor in it? 204 00:12:24,520 --> 00:12:27,680 Speaker 6: Yeah, in a way, I think it does. Feel like 205 00:12:28,960 --> 00:12:33,079 Speaker 6: this has to be one of the worst experiences of 206 00:12:33,120 --> 00:12:41,000 Speaker 6: these Miamia women's lives. Right, They're in the middle of warfare, 207 00:12:42,240 --> 00:12:47,400 Speaker 6: that's total right, They're being used as pawns, and yet 208 00:12:47,559 --> 00:12:50,880 Speaker 6: they have the strength to do something to push back 209 00:12:50,920 --> 00:12:52,400 Speaker 6: on that, and to do it in a way that's 210 00:12:53,360 --> 00:12:54,239 Speaker 6: pretty humorous. 211 00:12:55,920 --> 00:12:58,480 Speaker 1: At the same place where the Miamia women are being 212 00:12:58,559 --> 00:13:02,320 Speaker 1: held captive, saying, Claire gathers a fighting force of about 213 00:13:02,360 --> 00:13:05,760 Speaker 1: two thousand men and together they head north to quick 214 00:13:05,840 --> 00:13:08,320 Speaker 1: a Yonge Saint Clair. 215 00:13:08,679 --> 00:13:12,280 Speaker 5: And when he heads north, it's with a bigger group, 216 00:13:12,600 --> 00:13:15,080 Speaker 5: but they move a lot more slowly, and he doesn't 217 00:13:15,080 --> 00:13:16,960 Speaker 5: always know where he is, and so in the end, 218 00:13:17,040 --> 00:13:21,360 Speaker 5: the decisive battle of this invasion happens near the headwaters 219 00:13:21,440 --> 00:13:24,480 Speaker 5: of the Wapashika Sipii or the Wabash River. What a 220 00:13:24,520 --> 00:13:27,880 Speaker 5: stave fort recovery, Ohio. But Saint Clair actually thought he 221 00:13:28,040 --> 00:13:29,480 Speaker 5: was on the Saint Mary's River. 222 00:13:29,800 --> 00:13:31,000 Speaker 1: Oh, so he didn't know where he was. 223 00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:32,080 Speaker 5: He didn't know where he was at all. He was 224 00:13:32,120 --> 00:13:32,600 Speaker 5: way off. 225 00:13:33,440 --> 00:13:35,640 Speaker 1: Saint Claire may have not known where he was, but 226 00:13:35,679 --> 00:13:40,320 Speaker 1: the Tuahua cp Way Alliance did. This time. They don't 227 00:13:40,360 --> 00:13:42,760 Speaker 1: want to have the battle near a village where homes 228 00:13:42,760 --> 00:13:45,360 Speaker 1: can be destroyed, and so they headed out from quicka 229 00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:49,360 Speaker 1: Yonge to meet the slow moving and lost American army. 230 00:13:50,080 --> 00:13:52,880 Speaker 1: George had me join him at the battle site. Today. 231 00:13:53,040 --> 00:13:55,760 Speaker 1: It's in a small town in Ohio. Oh, he wants 232 00:13:55,760 --> 00:13:56,600 Speaker 1: me to park right here. 233 00:13:56,720 --> 00:13:57,040 Speaker 7: Okay. 234 00:13:57,559 --> 00:14:02,000 Speaker 1: Saint Clair's defeat seventeen ninety one, where my producer Kim 235 00:14:02,040 --> 00:14:05,320 Speaker 1: and I parked was right in front of a historical marker. 236 00:14:05,760 --> 00:14:09,280 Speaker 1: I could read it through the windshields. Wow. As American 237 00:14:09,320 --> 00:14:14,960 Speaker 1: settlers pushed west, conflicts resulted and attempts at peaceful settlement failed. Yeah, 238 00:14:15,000 --> 00:14:19,120 Speaker 1: that's what we looked at when we parked. Okay, do 239 00:14:19,200 --> 00:14:20,720 Speaker 1: I want a hat? I think I want a hat? 240 00:14:20,800 --> 00:14:22,360 Speaker 1: I think you want to have It was a cold 241 00:14:22,360 --> 00:14:27,080 Speaker 1: December day in Ohio. We've got one hot hands left today. 242 00:14:27,240 --> 00:14:30,880 Speaker 1: The place of this famous battle is a park. Along 243 00:14:30,880 --> 00:14:33,800 Speaker 1: with George, we met up with two local archaeologists who 244 00:14:33,800 --> 00:14:37,400 Speaker 1: have studied the site, Kevin Nolan and Christine Thompson. 245 00:14:37,800 --> 00:14:41,880 Speaker 8: That's freezing Kentucky Borisha had up in the snow. 246 00:14:42,840 --> 00:14:47,160 Speaker 1: One night during their meandering invasion, Saint Clair decided to 247 00:14:47,200 --> 00:14:50,640 Speaker 1: camp near the Wabash River. Christine and Kevin showed me 248 00:14:50,720 --> 00:14:52,720 Speaker 1: the spot, so that's where they were camped. 249 00:14:53,680 --> 00:14:57,880 Speaker 9: His camp was a rectangle, basically himmed in the river 250 00:14:58,360 --> 00:15:01,560 Speaker 9: in the ditch that's where the Wabash River originally ran. 251 00:15:02,040 --> 00:15:05,360 Speaker 1: Saint Clair's men spread out, with the Kentucky militia in 252 00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:09,080 Speaker 1: one area and the army regulars and another. The land 253 00:15:09,120 --> 00:15:11,359 Speaker 1: around the river goes up and down. 254 00:15:11,520 --> 00:15:13,520 Speaker 8: And one of the things that you can see, there's 255 00:15:13,520 --> 00:15:15,040 Speaker 8: this little ridge. 256 00:15:14,840 --> 00:15:17,760 Speaker 1: Where Saint Clair set up camp. Looked high to him, 257 00:15:18,280 --> 00:15:20,360 Speaker 1: but it was actually a low spot. 258 00:15:20,480 --> 00:15:24,400 Speaker 8: So they picked a very bad spot to see people 259 00:15:24,520 --> 00:15:27,440 Speaker 8: trying to surround them. On three sides. 260 00:15:28,160 --> 00:15:31,280 Speaker 1: The Tuawa CPA Alliance found them sleeping next to the 261 00:15:31,320 --> 00:15:32,160 Speaker 1: Wabash River. 262 00:15:32,720 --> 00:15:35,920 Speaker 9: The native tribes they had come down from Kikianga. The 263 00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:39,400 Speaker 9: land gets higher up there, and so they congregated the 264 00:15:39,520 --> 00:15:43,960 Speaker 9: night before and they spread out on a ridge. 265 00:15:44,320 --> 00:15:52,480 Speaker 1: The indigenous forces led by the Miamia but includes Odawa, Ojibwe, Potawatamie, Lenape, Shawnee, 266 00:15:52,800 --> 00:15:56,400 Speaker 1: Wine Dot podone and Cherokee fighters. 267 00:15:56,520 --> 00:15:59,600 Speaker 9: And they spread The historical ac counts talk about how 268 00:15:59,720 --> 00:16:02,960 Speaker 9: they were standing shoulder to shoulder when they started the 269 00:16:02,960 --> 00:16:05,520 Speaker 9: battle as they formed this crescent. And so I always 270 00:16:05,520 --> 00:16:09,000 Speaker 9: tell kids, Okay, if there was fourteen hundred navive fighters 271 00:16:09,440 --> 00:16:11,680 Speaker 9: and we'll give them each three feet, how long is that? 272 00:16:12,600 --> 00:16:14,760 Speaker 9: And a couple smart ones, we're like, oh, that's close 273 00:16:14,800 --> 00:16:18,880 Speaker 9: to mile. They came around and they completely surrounded Saint 274 00:16:18,920 --> 00:16:20,560 Speaker 9: Clairs Ari in fifteen minutes. 275 00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:26,040 Speaker 8: So as dawn is coming, the Kentucky militia's over there, 276 00:16:26,120 --> 00:16:30,040 Speaker 8: and so they're just getting out of bed. They're half dressed. 277 00:16:30,360 --> 00:16:35,080 Speaker 1: The Tuahwa Spwa Alliance attacks the Kentucky militia first. 278 00:16:35,440 --> 00:16:39,520 Speaker 8: They're screaming and running across this flat plane. It's November. 279 00:16:39,640 --> 00:16:40,360 Speaker 5: It just snowed. 280 00:16:40,360 --> 00:16:45,040 Speaker 8: The night before, so it's slippery, they're wet, they're scared, 281 00:16:45,360 --> 00:16:50,080 Speaker 8: they're potentially bloody, and people are trying to kill them, 282 00:16:50,200 --> 00:16:53,360 Speaker 8: and they have to climb that twenty foot hill under fire. 283 00:16:54,080 --> 00:16:57,720 Speaker 1: The Kentucky militia starts running towards their fellow soldiers in 284 00:16:57,760 --> 00:16:59,000 Speaker 1: the main camp. 285 00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:01,440 Speaker 8: And as the noise starts to wake up and alert 286 00:17:01,480 --> 00:17:04,800 Speaker 8: the main camp, they start firing down, but they're firing 287 00:17:04,880 --> 00:17:06,760 Speaker 8: into the Kentucky militia. 288 00:17:07,480 --> 00:17:11,400 Speaker 1: From a high spot overlooking the main camp. Indigenous warriors 289 00:17:11,400 --> 00:17:16,199 Speaker 1: started firing down. The Americans tried shooting back, but they 290 00:17:16,240 --> 00:17:20,120 Speaker 1: aimed too hie. For generations, when people cut down trees 291 00:17:20,280 --> 00:17:23,399 Speaker 1: in this small Ohio town, they would find lead in 292 00:17:23,440 --> 00:17:28,080 Speaker 1: the wood. At this time, guns could take thirty seconds 293 00:17:28,160 --> 00:17:31,400 Speaker 1: or more to reload, so once the fighting got close range, 294 00:17:31,560 --> 00:17:36,280 Speaker 1: guns were pretty useless. Both sides had guns, but Kevin says. 295 00:17:36,400 --> 00:17:39,720 Speaker 8: On the Native side, after a while they would switch 296 00:17:40,119 --> 00:17:43,959 Speaker 8: to both because you can put another arrow in about 297 00:17:44,280 --> 00:17:45,040 Speaker 8: five seconds. 298 00:17:46,200 --> 00:17:52,119 Speaker 1: And the Tuhuawa Sipway Alliance strategically killed the American commanding officers. 299 00:17:52,680 --> 00:17:57,560 Speaker 1: The Indigenous warriors knew those officers personally. They'd been trading 300 00:17:57,600 --> 00:17:59,160 Speaker 1: and negotiating with them for. 301 00:17:59,160 --> 00:18:02,439 Speaker 5: Years, and so targeting the officers is also like, oh, 302 00:18:02,480 --> 00:18:05,240 Speaker 5: I remember you. You're that one who said that thing 303 00:18:05,240 --> 00:18:07,359 Speaker 5: to me, and now we're going to settle it. 304 00:18:08,560 --> 00:18:11,320 Speaker 8: From then on, it's just a scramble for the US 305 00:18:11,720 --> 00:18:14,600 Speaker 8: and they don't have the organization anymore because a lot 306 00:18:14,600 --> 00:18:16,879 Speaker 8: of their officers have been picked off, the guns have 307 00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:21,560 Speaker 8: been rendered moot, and it's just disorganized chaos. 308 00:18:23,320 --> 00:18:27,840 Speaker 1: The tuahwacp Way Alliance killed or wounded over eighty percent 309 00:18:27,960 --> 00:18:32,160 Speaker 1: of US soldiers during what's now known as Saint Clair's Defeat. 310 00:18:32,680 --> 00:18:35,520 Speaker 1: To this day, it is one of the highest casualty 311 00:18:35,600 --> 00:18:40,200 Speaker 1: rates the US has experienced in war. Ever, this one 312 00:18:40,359 --> 00:18:45,120 Speaker 1: battle effectively wiped out the US Army. 313 00:18:45,480 --> 00:18:48,720 Speaker 5: My ancestors put dirt in those soldiers' mouths to say, 314 00:18:48,760 --> 00:18:50,199 Speaker 5: if you're going to get our homelands, this is the 315 00:18:50,200 --> 00:18:51,199 Speaker 5: only way you're going to get it. 316 00:18:52,080 --> 00:18:56,160 Speaker 1: Close to one thousand people following General Arthur Saint Clair 317 00:18:56,640 --> 00:18:57,360 Speaker 1: died that day. 318 00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:06,720 Speaker 5: Don't I don't celebrate this victory. This is really horrific violence. 319 00:19:08,440 --> 00:19:10,840 Speaker 5: I also don't like blame my ancestors for that. Like 320 00:19:10,840 --> 00:19:14,240 Speaker 5: the violence was back and forth. You know, when I 321 00:19:14,240 --> 00:19:17,359 Speaker 5: think about the loss of life, I know what the 322 00:19:17,359 --> 00:19:20,080 Speaker 5: culture demands of a family every time a whole like 323 00:19:20,119 --> 00:19:23,000 Speaker 5: that is created. And actually, I think of it for 324 00:19:23,320 --> 00:19:26,720 Speaker 5: the Mission malsake as well. Every person who fell there 325 00:19:27,600 --> 00:19:29,720 Speaker 5: in the service of American Empire left a gap in 326 00:19:29,760 --> 00:19:34,399 Speaker 5: their family. And you know, war is war as. 327 00:19:34,240 --> 00:19:40,760 Speaker 1: Hell, right, yeah, yeah, yeah, there's no winning. Saint Clair's 328 00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:43,760 Speaker 1: defeat or the Battle of the Wabash, as the Miamia 329 00:19:43,840 --> 00:19:47,800 Speaker 1: call it was so decisive the Tauahwa Cepwa alliance thought 330 00:19:48,080 --> 00:19:49,200 Speaker 1: that would be the end of it. 331 00:19:50,240 --> 00:19:53,920 Speaker 5: And so they really, I think, thought for a while that, oh, 332 00:19:53,920 --> 00:19:55,919 Speaker 5: this will do it, This will stop the Mission Malsa 333 00:19:55,960 --> 00:19:58,359 Speaker 5: from coming, because who can endure this level of loss 334 00:19:58,359 --> 00:20:04,240 Speaker 5: and come again? And who can is like the colonial 335 00:20:04,280 --> 00:20:07,840 Speaker 5: system like that this empire can endure that loss and 336 00:20:07,880 --> 00:20:08,359 Speaker 5: come again. 337 00:20:09,800 --> 00:20:12,600 Speaker 1: After Saint Clair's defeat on the US side, there was 338 00:20:12,640 --> 00:20:15,480 Speaker 1: a lot of finger pointing. The militia blamed the army, 339 00:20:15,600 --> 00:20:20,120 Speaker 1: the army blamed the militia. Congress wanted to investigate what happened, 340 00:20:20,280 --> 00:20:24,439 Speaker 1: but had never done that before. Leaders were unsure of 341 00:20:24,480 --> 00:20:29,120 Speaker 1: what authority they even had. After some debate, Congress created 342 00:20:29,160 --> 00:20:33,720 Speaker 1: a committee That House Oversight Committee conducted the first ever 343 00:20:33,840 --> 00:20:38,960 Speaker 1: Congressional investigation. During the Hooplah, George Washington called a meeting 344 00:20:39,080 --> 00:20:42,600 Speaker 1: of all his department heads. That group would later be 345 00:20:42,720 --> 00:20:48,280 Speaker 1: called the Presidential Cabinet. The George Washington, who had resigned 346 00:20:48,320 --> 00:20:50,400 Speaker 1: from the army at the end of the last war 347 00:20:50,560 --> 00:20:54,080 Speaker 1: and watched his troops go home, had a change of heart. 348 00:20:54,880 --> 00:20:57,480 Speaker 1: He wrote to Congress and told them he needed an 349 00:20:57,640 --> 00:21:02,560 Speaker 1: army capable of defeating the tuahwas Way Alliance, and Congress 350 00:21:02,560 --> 00:21:06,280 Speaker 1: gave him one. So that whole vision of not having 351 00:21:06,320 --> 00:21:10,360 Speaker 1: a big army our founding fathers decided to let it go. 352 00:21:11,480 --> 00:21:14,640 Speaker 1: They needed an army not so different from the one 353 00:21:14,760 --> 00:21:23,800 Speaker 1: England had. They needed the army of an empire. The 354 00:21:23,920 --> 00:21:27,720 Speaker 1: US spent a year rebuilding. They created a new centralized 355 00:21:27,760 --> 00:21:31,840 Speaker 1: military called the Legion of the United States. They decided 356 00:21:31,880 --> 00:21:36,000 Speaker 1: this army would fight with well trained professional soldiers, not 357 00:21:36,240 --> 00:21:40,760 Speaker 1: backcountry militias, and instead of having only dozens or hundreds 358 00:21:40,760 --> 00:21:45,440 Speaker 1: of soldiers, the new army would have thousands. The army 359 00:21:45,480 --> 00:21:49,080 Speaker 1: bought more supplies, They held war games, and to build 360 00:21:49,119 --> 00:21:54,520 Speaker 1: a fort in Kikayunge. They recruited General number three. Can 361 00:21:54,560 --> 00:21:56,800 Speaker 1: you tell me who Anthony Wayne is? 362 00:21:57,400 --> 00:22:00,199 Speaker 5: In our language? You call him a la Massannoi, and 363 00:22:01,200 --> 00:22:03,560 Speaker 5: he kind of rose to prominence as a military leader 364 00:22:03,640 --> 00:22:07,520 Speaker 5: during the American Revolution. Was called mad because he hopped 365 00:22:07,560 --> 00:22:09,800 Speaker 5: on a soldier's back and pt a charge up a 366 00:22:09,880 --> 00:22:15,240 Speaker 5: hill during a battle, and was trusted by George Washington 367 00:22:15,520 --> 00:22:19,359 Speaker 5: to reorganize the military. Winning a battle is about like 368 00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:22,840 Speaker 5: tactics and individual bravery, but winning the war is about bureaucracy. 369 00:22:23,440 --> 00:22:27,000 Speaker 1: And the general may have been known as Mad Anthony Wayne, 370 00:22:27,400 --> 00:22:31,680 Speaker 1: but he was patient. Instead of leading a charge straight 371 00:22:31,720 --> 00:22:36,040 Speaker 1: to Kikayunge, he spent years building a series of forts, 372 00:22:36,560 --> 00:22:39,399 Speaker 1: slowly advancing into Miamia homelands. 373 00:22:40,480 --> 00:22:43,320 Speaker 5: So Wayne eventually builds a fort at the site of 374 00:22:43,359 --> 00:22:45,600 Speaker 5: the Battle of the Wabash where Saint Clair was defeated, 375 00:22:46,400 --> 00:22:48,800 Speaker 5: and literally they have to clean the bones away of 376 00:22:49,040 --> 00:22:51,200 Speaker 5: Saint Clair's soldiers to begin to build this fort. 377 00:22:51,760 --> 00:22:56,520 Speaker 1: They named it Fort Recovery. George Christina and I toured 378 00:22:56,560 --> 00:22:59,840 Speaker 1: a reconstructed version of it. It almost to me feels 379 00:22:59,840 --> 00:23:03,240 Speaker 1: like a prison yard, like the way that there's like 380 00:23:03,280 --> 00:23:06,680 Speaker 1: an open space and then these towers at each corner. 381 00:23:06,880 --> 00:23:08,320 Speaker 5: I think it's a good comparison. 382 00:23:08,520 --> 00:23:10,800 Speaker 1: The fort had a wall made out of spiked logs 383 00:23:10,840 --> 00:23:14,439 Speaker 1: with two guard tower looking buildings on each side. It 384 00:23:14,440 --> 00:23:18,159 Speaker 1: feels almost medieval. I mean, obviously like it was built 385 00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:22,200 Speaker 1: for war. In the system of US, forts for recovery 386 00:23:22,440 --> 00:23:25,199 Speaker 1: wasn't a big deal. It was really just a supply 387 00:23:25,320 --> 00:23:29,520 Speaker 1: for it. When the US was invading Indigenous territory, it 388 00:23:29,560 --> 00:23:32,880 Speaker 1: would build these forts twenty miles apart, because that's how 389 00:23:32,920 --> 00:23:35,080 Speaker 1: far a pack horse could travel in a day. 390 00:23:35,920 --> 00:23:38,640 Speaker 9: They built a first story on Christmas Day, and they 391 00:23:38,680 --> 00:23:41,959 Speaker 9: weren't such a rush to get that because Wayne warn them, 392 00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:43,639 Speaker 9: We're not gonna be surprised again. 393 00:23:44,280 --> 00:23:47,760 Speaker 1: And they weren't. When the Tauahwa Cpa Alliance did attack, 394 00:23:48,160 --> 00:23:49,479 Speaker 1: the Americans were ready. 395 00:23:50,359 --> 00:23:54,159 Speaker 5: They couldn't They couldn't take the fort. And you know, 396 00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:58,520 Speaker 5: I think maybe seventeen men died from the alliance's side. 397 00:23:59,040 --> 00:24:02,239 Speaker 1: The Americans Act actually lost more men than that, but 398 00:24:02,359 --> 00:24:06,160 Speaker 1: for Indigenous leaders, those seventeen deaths were devastating. 399 00:24:06,840 --> 00:24:09,679 Speaker 5: That level of loss was actually too high for the 400 00:24:09,720 --> 00:24:13,040 Speaker 5: men involved, Like you didn't want to lose that many soldiers. 401 00:24:13,600 --> 00:24:15,960 Speaker 1: It sounds like there's a difference in like the view 402 00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:17,760 Speaker 1: of how much life is expendable. 403 00:24:18,760 --> 00:24:24,800 Speaker 5: Yeah, yeah, I think the American military can just throw 404 00:24:24,840 --> 00:24:29,280 Speaker 5: more soldiers at it. And the Alliance. It just didn't. 405 00:24:29,560 --> 00:24:33,120 Speaker 5: They didn't see soldiers as expendable in that way because 406 00:24:33,520 --> 00:24:35,560 Speaker 5: the harm done to the community by that loss of 407 00:24:35,600 --> 00:24:38,359 Speaker 5: life is too high a price to pay. And so 408 00:24:38,480 --> 00:24:41,320 Speaker 5: a lot of folks who were connected to the alliance 409 00:24:41,440 --> 00:24:43,879 Speaker 5: a little more loosely they left after this battle. 410 00:24:44,400 --> 00:24:47,440 Speaker 1: The Alliance didn't fall apart, but a lot of important 411 00:24:47,440 --> 00:24:52,200 Speaker 1: people pulled back, including a prominent Miamia military leader named 412 00:24:52,280 --> 00:24:54,240 Speaker 1: Little Turtle in English. 413 00:24:54,640 --> 00:24:57,080 Speaker 5: It kind of sealed for him the understanding that we 414 00:24:57,080 --> 00:25:00,159 Speaker 5: weren't going to be able to defeat the Americans. They 415 00:25:00,200 --> 00:25:03,680 Speaker 5: kept coming after what we did to them at the Wabash, 416 00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:07,159 Speaker 5: How can beat them like they're just going to keep coming. 417 00:25:07,760 --> 00:25:10,920 Speaker 5: The leaders of the Alliance actually meet and Little Turro 418 00:25:11,040 --> 00:25:15,160 Speaker 5: makes a very clear pitch for peace, that violence wasn't 419 00:25:15,160 --> 00:25:18,760 Speaker 5: the way to resist American Empire, that there was going 420 00:25:18,840 --> 00:25:19,840 Speaker 5: to have to be another path. 421 00:25:20,560 --> 00:25:24,120 Speaker 1: The Alliance continues to fight, but it shrinks in size. 422 00:25:24,480 --> 00:25:27,600 Speaker 1: There's one last battle, but it's pretty anti climactic. 423 00:25:28,760 --> 00:25:31,760 Speaker 5: It's like barely a skirmish, fifteen to twenty minutes of 424 00:25:31,800 --> 00:25:35,639 Speaker 5: hard fighting and basically the Americans take the field. 425 00:25:36,440 --> 00:25:39,160 Speaker 1: At this point, the tribe has been at war for 426 00:25:39,280 --> 00:25:41,000 Speaker 1: fifteen years. 427 00:25:41,280 --> 00:25:46,960 Speaker 5: And you have successive burnings of villages and farm fields 428 00:25:47,600 --> 00:25:52,959 Speaker 5: stored grain. You have women and children taken captive, but 429 00:25:53,000 --> 00:25:59,280 Speaker 5: also noncombatants made into refugees. So you have a depth 430 00:25:59,359 --> 00:26:04,680 Speaker 5: of disruption of life ways that impacts definitely one generation 431 00:26:04,800 --> 00:26:09,000 Speaker 5: and probably two generations of Miamia people and really shapes 432 00:26:09,040 --> 00:26:12,840 Speaker 5: their understanding of what it means to resist through warfare. 433 00:26:13,640 --> 00:26:16,640 Speaker 5: So there's an understanding they're gonna have to resist American 434 00:26:16,640 --> 00:26:18,000 Speaker 5: Empire using other. 435 00:26:17,920 --> 00:26:20,120 Speaker 1: Tools, why not warfare. 436 00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:24,359 Speaker 5: Because they couldn't pay the price of total war. 437 00:26:25,160 --> 00:26:29,400 Speaker 1: Yeah, I think sometimes I hear the sentiment that if 438 00:26:29,440 --> 00:26:33,440 Speaker 1: Indigenous people had known was coming, they would have fought harder. 439 00:26:34,160 --> 00:26:36,639 Speaker 1: And I'm wondering if you have a response. 440 00:26:36,160 --> 00:26:40,159 Speaker 5: To that, Like I mean, to not be flippant about it, 441 00:26:41,359 --> 00:26:43,679 Speaker 5: they have no idea how hard people fought and the 442 00:26:43,880 --> 00:26:46,240 Speaker 5: very very difficult decisions they had to make to not 443 00:26:46,359 --> 00:26:49,199 Speaker 5: fight anymore. It would have been easier to die, right 444 00:26:49,200 --> 00:26:52,080 Speaker 5: in some cases, and they made the hard choice not 445 00:26:52,160 --> 00:26:57,320 Speaker 5: to die, and we're here today because of that. But 446 00:26:57,600 --> 00:27:01,080 Speaker 5: I think it's a common stereotype like, oh, well, if 447 00:27:01,119 --> 00:27:03,920 Speaker 5: you had just been better, if you had just invented 448 00:27:03,960 --> 00:27:06,040 Speaker 5: guns and gunpowder, you would have been able to win. 449 00:27:06,240 --> 00:27:09,119 Speaker 5: It neglects all the forces at play. 450 00:27:09,760 --> 00:27:12,120 Speaker 1: I think it's a way to tell the story without 451 00:27:12,240 --> 00:27:17,000 Speaker 1: having to grapple with how extreme the violence was. 452 00:27:17,200 --> 00:27:21,119 Speaker 5: From Yama perspective, military resistance wasn't the way forward, but 453 00:27:21,160 --> 00:27:24,199 Speaker 5: there were lots of other forms of resistance, forms of 454 00:27:24,280 --> 00:27:29,359 Speaker 5: fighting that people took up, and we are still here. Therefore, 455 00:27:29,520 --> 00:27:34,600 Speaker 5: I would argue we won those battles. What adaptive resistance 456 00:27:34,720 --> 00:27:38,200 Speaker 5: argues is that it's possible for Native people to intentionally 457 00:27:38,359 --> 00:27:42,359 Speaker 5: change the way they're living in order to resist certain 458 00:27:42,440 --> 00:27:46,600 Speaker 5: aspects of American imperialism, so that you might give ground 459 00:27:46,600 --> 00:27:49,600 Speaker 5: in one area. So, for example, religion, you might begin 460 00:27:49,720 --> 00:27:52,400 Speaker 5: to join a Catholic church and you might even come 461 00:27:52,440 --> 00:27:55,120 Speaker 5: to believe some of those things. But then in other 462 00:27:55,200 --> 00:27:58,159 Speaker 5: aspects of your life, you might maintain tribal governance, you 463 00:27:58,240 --> 00:27:59,760 Speaker 5: might maintain tribal lands. 464 00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:02,840 Speaker 1: I think one of the things that I think about 465 00:28:03,000 --> 00:28:05,800 Speaker 1: a lot when I'm looking at the decisions that my 466 00:28:05,880 --> 00:28:10,119 Speaker 1: ancestors made, I think sometimes it's hard to understand from 467 00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:12,880 Speaker 1: the way we talk about these issues today, because we 468 00:28:12,960 --> 00:28:15,440 Speaker 1: frame things as like what is just and that we're 469 00:28:15,440 --> 00:28:18,440 Speaker 1: fighting for justice, And when I look at the decisions 470 00:28:18,440 --> 00:28:21,879 Speaker 1: of my ancestors. What I see them fighting for is survival. 471 00:28:23,560 --> 00:28:25,560 Speaker 5: I would just add that I don't think they were 472 00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:28,440 Speaker 5: fighting only for survival, like in that moment. What they're 473 00:28:28,480 --> 00:28:30,639 Speaker 5: doing is we're just trying to survive this moment, but 474 00:28:30,720 --> 00:28:33,760 Speaker 5: it's with the goal of providing a path forward for 475 00:28:33,840 --> 00:28:37,040 Speaker 5: something better for their children and grandchildren, right, And that's 476 00:28:37,080 --> 00:28:40,120 Speaker 5: the part that I think Native people, like we innately 477 00:28:40,200 --> 00:28:42,320 Speaker 5: know that, but the broader public doesn't see it, like 478 00:28:42,360 --> 00:28:43,840 Speaker 5: why would they agree to these things? 479 00:28:45,040 --> 00:28:50,040 Speaker 1: After fifteen years of war, General Anthony Wayne won he 480 00:28:50,120 --> 00:28:51,840 Speaker 1: built a fort in Kikayonge. 481 00:28:52,480 --> 00:28:55,320 Speaker 5: So the fort that's eventually built there is kind of 482 00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:59,760 Speaker 5: named in his honor. Of course, the town is called Fort. 483 00:28:59,600 --> 00:29:04,120 Speaker 1: Wayne, and that's how Fort Wayne, Indiana got its name. 484 00:29:08,840 --> 00:29:12,480 Speaker 1: In the treaty, the Miamia actually kept most of their land. 485 00:29:13,320 --> 00:29:17,440 Speaker 1: They seated hunting grounds in Ohio, but most Miamia villages 486 00:29:17,520 --> 00:29:21,280 Speaker 1: were able to rebuild and stay put. They adapted so 487 00:29:21,320 --> 00:29:25,360 Speaker 1: they could remain in their homeland at least for a time. 488 00:29:31,680 --> 00:29:35,240 Speaker 1: With US backed wars in Iran and Gaza strikes against 489 00:29:35,240 --> 00:29:39,160 Speaker 1: Syria and Yemen in the invasion of Venezuela, a lot 490 00:29:39,200 --> 00:29:42,320 Speaker 1: of people are concerned with what the US military is doing, 491 00:29:42,880 --> 00:29:45,880 Speaker 1: but so much of what we're seeing today goes back 492 00:29:45,920 --> 00:29:50,080 Speaker 1: to this early history. There are other wars and moments 493 00:29:50,120 --> 00:29:53,600 Speaker 1: in US history that make our military bigger, but the 494 00:29:53,720 --> 00:29:57,640 Speaker 1: first big shift happens really early during this war with 495 00:29:57,680 --> 00:30:02,440 Speaker 1: the Tuhuahwa CPA Alliance. And we didn't build the military 496 00:30:02,520 --> 00:30:06,760 Speaker 1: out to defend freedom or liberty. We built it so 497 00:30:06,840 --> 00:30:08,720 Speaker 1: the US could Expand. 498 00:30:09,400 --> 00:30:11,320 Speaker 2: You've maybe heard the phrase total war before. 499 00:30:11,800 --> 00:30:15,680 Speaker 1: This is Stefan Awnie. He's a historian at Williams College. 500 00:30:16,240 --> 00:30:19,800 Speaker 2: Total war would describe making kind of population centers the 501 00:30:19,840 --> 00:30:23,120 Speaker 2: object of military campaigns as opposed to just defeating armies 502 00:30:23,120 --> 00:30:26,360 Speaker 2: in the battlefield. If you center in Native Indigenous history, 503 00:30:26,720 --> 00:30:29,160 Speaker 2: that kind of total warfare is there from the very beginning, 504 00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:32,960 Speaker 2: and in those strategies you have kind of inherently the 505 00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:36,040 Speaker 2: possibility for induscriment of violence, the killing of noncombatants. 506 00:30:36,280 --> 00:30:39,600 Speaker 1: When we think about how the US fights wars, how 507 00:30:39,600 --> 00:30:42,640 Speaker 1: we target or protect civilians, whether or not we commit 508 00:30:42,720 --> 00:30:47,040 Speaker 1: war crimes, there's this double standard from the very beginning, 509 00:30:47,600 --> 00:30:50,720 Speaker 1: and it starts with how we fight indigenous people. 510 00:30:51,400 --> 00:30:55,600 Speaker 2: I call this the Savage exception, which is the idea 511 00:30:55,680 --> 00:30:59,520 Speaker 2: that in the quote unquote savage war, the rules of 512 00:30:59,560 --> 00:31:01,200 Speaker 2: war not need to apply as much. 513 00:31:01,880 --> 00:31:05,960 Speaker 1: In those rules of war, the US keeps violating them. 514 00:31:06,400 --> 00:31:10,160 Speaker 1: During the Vietnam War, soldiers use the term Indian country. 515 00:31:10,360 --> 00:31:13,320 Speaker 1: It's lingo for any place that was enemy territory. 516 00:31:13,960 --> 00:31:16,840 Speaker 2: There's an interview with the soldier who describes Indian country 517 00:31:16,880 --> 00:31:19,720 Speaker 2: as the place where there's no civilians. Everyone's an enemy. 518 00:31:20,760 --> 00:31:22,480 Speaker 2: Indian country is the place where you can kind of 519 00:31:22,520 --> 00:31:25,320 Speaker 2: just fire on anything. And of course Vietnam is defined 520 00:31:25,320 --> 00:31:28,200 Speaker 2: in part by some of these really brutal civilian massacres, 521 00:31:28,200 --> 00:31:29,840 Speaker 2: the most famous being the Meli massacre. 522 00:31:29,920 --> 00:31:33,720 Speaker 10: The villager's version of the incident was given by survivors yesterday, 523 00:31:34,160 --> 00:31:36,920 Speaker 10: I said, a patrol of one hundred Americans stormed into 524 00:31:36,960 --> 00:31:39,920 Speaker 10: the hamlet, drove all the residents out of their huts, 525 00:31:40,040 --> 00:31:42,360 Speaker 10: then opened fire with automatic weapons. 526 00:31:42,640 --> 00:31:44,959 Speaker 1: The same thing happened during the War on Terror. 527 00:31:45,360 --> 00:31:45,840 Speaker 10: Good Evening. 528 00:31:45,840 --> 00:31:49,600 Speaker 9: A scathing report issued today details what the CIA did. 529 00:31:49,440 --> 00:31:51,120 Speaker 10: The terrorism suspects in the. 530 00:31:51,120 --> 00:31:55,000 Speaker 1: Name of nine to eleven and in the War on Terrorism. 531 00:31:54,840 --> 00:31:55,040 Speaker 5: I mean. 532 00:31:55,040 --> 00:31:58,080 Speaker 2: A classic example is when the Bush ministration is trying 533 00:31:58,080 --> 00:32:02,200 Speaker 2: to justify its torture program their lawyers site wars with 534 00:32:02,240 --> 00:32:04,440 Speaker 2: the modoc people, and. 535 00:32:04,400 --> 00:32:07,760 Speaker 1: I'm just curious, like with Venezuela or the bombing of 536 00:32:07,800 --> 00:32:11,480 Speaker 1: boats in the Caribbean, did you see any parallels in 537 00:32:11,520 --> 00:32:14,520 Speaker 1: those events with what you've studied in the history of 538 00:32:14,520 --> 00:32:15,240 Speaker 1: Indian wars. 539 00:32:16,040 --> 00:32:19,080 Speaker 2: You know, Congress is not declared war on Venezuela, nor 540 00:32:19,120 --> 00:32:20,400 Speaker 2: had they declared war in Iran. 541 00:32:22,480 --> 00:32:26,560 Speaker 1: That war with the Tuawa cp Way Alliance. Congress funded it, 542 00:32:26,840 --> 00:32:30,760 Speaker 1: but they never formally declared war. Some experts call it 543 00:32:30,800 --> 00:32:33,920 Speaker 1: the first undeclared war the US ever fought, and it 544 00:32:33,960 --> 00:32:37,960 Speaker 1: became precedent for all the undeclared wars we've fought since. 545 00:32:38,480 --> 00:32:41,200 Speaker 2: Certainly, if you take the longestory of US military history, 546 00:32:41,440 --> 00:32:44,080 Speaker 2: there's been more undeclared wars than declared wars. 547 00:32:44,760 --> 00:32:49,400 Speaker 4: There is no military action that should be taken in Venezuela, 548 00:32:49,480 --> 00:32:53,880 Speaker 4: in Greenland, or anywhere else on this globe without explicit 549 00:32:54,000 --> 00:32:56,560 Speaker 4: approval by the United States Congress. 550 00:32:57,360 --> 00:33:01,360 Speaker 1: Trump's military actions may be controversial, but they aren't new. 551 00:33:02,600 --> 00:33:05,720 Speaker 1: That fifteen year war between the United States and the 552 00:33:05,760 --> 00:33:09,880 Speaker 1: Miamia it had a long lasting impact on the United States. 553 00:33:10,600 --> 00:33:14,160 Speaker 1: It is why we have a centralized military, why it's 554 00:33:14,200 --> 00:33:18,680 Speaker 1: so big, why the president can fight wars without congressional oversight, 555 00:33:19,280 --> 00:33:22,720 Speaker 1: and why those wars have been plagued by human rights abuses. 556 00:33:24,160 --> 00:33:29,480 Speaker 1: This war also changed the Miamia nation that story. After 557 00:33:29,520 --> 00:33:38,560 Speaker 1: the break a few years ago, the Miami tribe bought 558 00:33:38,600 --> 00:33:42,520 Speaker 1: back land in Fort Wayne, Indiana, and Kikayonge we're here. 559 00:33:42,920 --> 00:33:46,000 Speaker 1: That's their turtle sign. Okay I got a tour with 560 00:33:46,080 --> 00:33:48,680 Speaker 1: George and Kara and a group of people who work there. 561 00:33:49,560 --> 00:33:54,680 Speaker 1: Guys on the land, there's a house from when it 562 00:33:54,720 --> 00:33:57,360 Speaker 1: was a family farm. The tribe has added a community 563 00:33:57,360 --> 00:34:00,920 Speaker 1: building and hiking trails through the woods. We've got mushrooms 564 00:34:00,960 --> 00:34:04,840 Speaker 1: on property. We have ramps here. Claudia Hadeen showed me 565 00:34:04,920 --> 00:34:08,520 Speaker 1: some plants. Danny Tipman pointed out their maple trees, so. 566 00:34:08,440 --> 00:34:11,080 Speaker 8: We'll tap them and cook them down and then we'll 567 00:34:11,120 --> 00:34:12,400 Speaker 8: have maple syrup. 568 00:34:12,480 --> 00:34:14,800 Speaker 1: Doug Pakangi showed me their lacrosse field. 569 00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:17,160 Speaker 11: And the great thing about this game and how it 570 00:34:17,200 --> 00:34:20,960 Speaker 11: really connects us as a community is you hear Miami 571 00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:24,320 Speaker 11: a twangy out there when we're playing. So you hear 572 00:34:25,040 --> 00:34:29,480 Speaker 11: people saying, Mahondo, scoop it me, lee Lo, give it 573 00:34:29,520 --> 00:34:32,880 Speaker 11: to me. You get that connection back to the way 574 00:34:33,920 --> 00:34:38,080 Speaker 11: our relatives played when they were here one hundred and 575 00:34:38,120 --> 00:34:39,520 Speaker 11: fifty two hundred years ago. 576 00:34:39,760 --> 00:34:42,920 Speaker 1: The tribe put this land into trust, which means it's 577 00:34:43,000 --> 00:34:46,919 Speaker 1: under tribal jurisdiction, not the States. It's just a few 578 00:34:46,960 --> 00:34:50,759 Speaker 1: dozen acres, but it's a place Miamia people can come 579 00:34:50,760 --> 00:34:51,200 Speaker 1: home too. 580 00:34:52,239 --> 00:34:54,759 Speaker 5: We can truly exist in that area with a kind 581 00:34:54,760 --> 00:34:59,280 Speaker 5: of freedom that we haven't had since before Anthony Wayne's invasion. 582 00:35:00,080 --> 00:35:04,279 Speaker 1: Ironstrack says, after that fifteen year war, the Miamia thought 583 00:35:04,320 --> 00:35:07,239 Speaker 1: they would be able to stay in their homeland, and 584 00:35:07,280 --> 00:35:11,279 Speaker 1: they did for a couple generations. But then in the 585 00:35:11,320 --> 00:35:12,800 Speaker 1: eighteen forties. 586 00:35:12,760 --> 00:35:15,520 Speaker 5: The army was once again came in to miamionge on 587 00:35:15,640 --> 00:35:19,120 Speaker 5: to Miami villages, rounded people, up held them in what 588 00:35:19,239 --> 00:35:21,240 Speaker 5: you could fairly call concentration camps. 589 00:35:21,880 --> 00:35:25,480 Speaker 1: The US forced them to move first to Kansas and 590 00:35:25,520 --> 00:35:26,560 Speaker 1: then to Oklahoma. 591 00:35:27,640 --> 00:35:32,279 Speaker 5: Thinking of my ancestors arriving in the eastern Kansas in 592 00:35:32,320 --> 00:35:36,840 Speaker 5: November with no houses. People are sick, people are dying, 593 00:35:37,480 --> 00:35:40,840 Speaker 5: and they made it through that winter, and that could 594 00:35:40,880 --> 00:35:43,759 Speaker 5: not have been easy. You know, you're just scraping out 595 00:35:43,800 --> 00:35:46,920 Speaker 5: in existence. And the only thing I think that motivates 596 00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:49,840 Speaker 5: Native people in situations like that is thinking about the community. 597 00:35:50,760 --> 00:35:54,440 Speaker 1: Some people stayed behind in Indiana, but most of the 598 00:35:54,520 --> 00:35:58,759 Speaker 1: tribe settled in Oklahoma. At one time, the tribe had 599 00:35:58,840 --> 00:36:02,160 Speaker 1: less than one hundred cent sense and with all that loss, 600 00:36:02,440 --> 00:36:05,640 Speaker 1: Karastras says, something happened to the Miamia language. 601 00:36:06,560 --> 00:36:10,919 Speaker 6: In the late eighties. Miamia people did not know any 602 00:36:10,960 --> 00:36:14,200 Speaker 6: of our language. We didn't even know the word Miamia, 603 00:36:14,239 --> 00:36:19,680 Speaker 6: and so even your name for yourself is something that 604 00:36:19,719 --> 00:36:24,160 Speaker 6: we had to reclaim. 605 00:36:24,640 --> 00:36:28,160 Speaker 1: I've heard Miamia people describe their language like the embers 606 00:36:28,239 --> 00:36:31,000 Speaker 1: of a fire. The flame had gone out, but the 607 00:36:31,080 --> 00:36:32,239 Speaker 1: coals were still there. 608 00:36:32,920 --> 00:36:36,640 Speaker 6: For Miamia people, like our language was lost and we 609 00:36:36,800 --> 00:36:41,239 Speaker 6: are reclaiming it entirely from documentation. Archives are at the 610 00:36:41,280 --> 00:36:42,960 Speaker 6: base of everything that we do. 611 00:36:43,880 --> 00:36:47,200 Speaker 1: The tribe went through any record that contained a piece 612 00:36:47,280 --> 00:36:50,480 Speaker 1: of their language and painstakingly reconstructed it. 613 00:36:52,239 --> 00:36:55,200 Speaker 6: So you know what has happened in the last thirty years. 614 00:36:55,719 --> 00:36:59,320 Speaker 6: We've gone from no one speaking the language to hundreds 615 00:36:59,360 --> 00:37:02,200 Speaker 6: of people who are certainly not fluent but using it 616 00:37:02,239 --> 00:37:03,320 Speaker 6: on a daily basis. 617 00:37:03,760 --> 00:37:06,880 Speaker 1: And so the Miamia adults who are teaching their kids 618 00:37:06,920 --> 00:37:10,680 Speaker 1: to play lacrosse or make maple syrup, or tell Miamia 619 00:37:10,760 --> 00:37:14,920 Speaker 1: stories or sing Miamia songs. They actually didn't grow up 620 00:37:14,920 --> 00:37:15,960 Speaker 1: with that themselves. 621 00:37:18,000 --> 00:37:21,839 Speaker 11: I grew up disconnected from my community. I knew who 622 00:37:21,880 --> 00:37:24,359 Speaker 11: my answers this were. I knew I was Miami, But 623 00:37:24,440 --> 00:37:27,200 Speaker 11: really what happens? I just grew up being an Indian. 624 00:37:27,719 --> 00:37:28,760 Speaker 1: This is Doug again. 625 00:37:29,280 --> 00:37:33,840 Speaker 11: It wasn'tuntil the cultural revitalization that I really started to 626 00:37:33,880 --> 00:37:41,480 Speaker 11: become Miamia. And so what this space does for our 627 00:37:41,520 --> 00:37:46,440 Speaker 11: community is that our children and grandchildren will be able 628 00:37:46,480 --> 00:37:51,200 Speaker 11: to grow up Miamia. They will be born Miamia. 629 00:37:51,360 --> 00:37:53,640 Speaker 1: What does it mean for you knowing that, like you 630 00:37:53,760 --> 00:37:57,560 Speaker 1: grew up without that connection to Miamia people, but that 631 00:37:57,680 --> 00:38:01,239 Speaker 1: future generations will grow up up always having had it. 632 00:38:01,760 --> 00:38:05,000 Speaker 11: Yeah, So for me, it starts with my kids. So, 633 00:38:08,520 --> 00:38:12,480 Speaker 11: you know, growing up without the culture. For me, I 634 00:38:12,920 --> 00:38:19,760 Speaker 11: lacked that identity. My involvement in the language and culture 635 00:38:19,880 --> 00:38:25,040 Speaker 11: started with them. But they grew up knowing that they 636 00:38:25,040 --> 00:38:28,520 Speaker 11: were Miami. They know the language, you know, they know 637 00:38:28,600 --> 00:38:29,280 Speaker 11: their culture. 638 00:38:31,200 --> 00:38:36,400 Speaker 6: I mean, my Miami identity always started with my grandmother. 639 00:38:36,920 --> 00:38:42,000 Speaker 6: Here's Kara, and I think remembering that there were people 640 00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:47,719 Speaker 6: who tried their very hardest to remember and pass along 641 00:38:47,760 --> 00:38:50,880 Speaker 6: what they had, and what they had was very little. 642 00:38:52,840 --> 00:38:54,960 Speaker 6: And what I heard from her and what I saw 643 00:38:55,000 --> 00:39:00,279 Speaker 6: from her was that was a very individual process, like 644 00:39:00,360 --> 00:39:06,280 Speaker 6: she didn't have other people always to help push that forward, 645 00:39:06,960 --> 00:39:11,520 Speaker 6: and that as this revitalization process happened, as our family 646 00:39:11,560 --> 00:39:15,480 Speaker 6: got involved with it, it was almost like she could relax, 647 00:39:16,719 --> 00:39:19,120 Speaker 6: like she knew there was other people who were picking 648 00:39:19,160 --> 00:39:23,319 Speaker 6: that up and would keep going with it. And I 649 00:39:23,320 --> 00:39:26,000 Speaker 6: think that was really special that she got to experience 650 00:39:26,040 --> 00:39:31,040 Speaker 6: that because her mother and grandmother didn't get that. They 651 00:39:31,080 --> 00:39:34,640 Speaker 6: were those generations that were trying to pass on things 652 00:39:34,680 --> 00:39:37,840 Speaker 6: but being very cautious about how to do it. And 653 00:39:37,920 --> 00:39:41,799 Speaker 6: today we don't always have to have that same level 654 00:39:41,800 --> 00:39:42,640 Speaker 6: of caution. 655 00:39:42,480 --> 00:39:44,120 Speaker 1: Or at least not in our own community. 656 00:39:44,200 --> 00:39:46,360 Speaker 6: Like we get to pick these things up and proudly 657 00:39:46,400 --> 00:39:49,719 Speaker 6: be miyamya and figure out what that means for us 658 00:39:49,760 --> 00:39:52,040 Speaker 6: today and also how we're going to pass that on 659 00:39:52,080 --> 00:39:55,840 Speaker 6: to future generations that we won't lose these things ever again. 660 00:39:58,600 --> 00:40:00,880 Speaker 1: While the US side of this story tells us how 661 00:40:00,920 --> 00:40:05,279 Speaker 1: our military got bigger, got more violent, the Miamia side 662 00:40:05,280 --> 00:40:08,520 Speaker 1: of the story tells us how to survive that violence 663 00:40:09,120 --> 00:40:11,520 Speaker 1: and even if we don't see it in our own lifetime. 664 00:40:12,000 --> 00:40:14,840 Speaker 1: How to protect the things that matter to us most. 665 00:40:15,800 --> 00:40:21,680 Speaker 1: You've got turtles. Where the Miami Tribe is headquartered in Oklahoma. 666 00:40:21,760 --> 00:40:25,000 Speaker 1: It's only a couple hours from my house. One day 667 00:40:25,040 --> 00:40:27,960 Speaker 1: last January, I drove up there to see George and Kara. 668 00:40:28,840 --> 00:40:32,640 Speaker 1: The tribe was having a big gathering. George, can I 669 00:40:32,640 --> 00:40:33,399 Speaker 1: ask you a for a questions? 670 00:40:33,480 --> 00:40:35,080 Speaker 5: Let me to check my daughter request. She's tying up 671 00:40:35,080 --> 00:40:35,680 Speaker 5: for cans. 672 00:40:35,680 --> 00:40:38,080 Speaker 1: I'll be right back. Tribes in Oklahoma we go to 673 00:40:38,120 --> 00:40:40,120 Speaker 1: each other's dances. Do you want to see the way 674 00:40:40,120 --> 00:40:40,319 Speaker 1: I go? 675 00:40:40,400 --> 00:40:40,799 Speaker 3: See Jack? 676 00:40:41,080 --> 00:40:46,280 Speaker 1: So I ran into a bunch of people. I knew, 677 00:40:46,560 --> 00:40:48,600 Speaker 1: Oh my gosh, I fight you guys might be here. 678 00:40:48,680 --> 00:40:55,320 Speaker 5: So good to see. Yes, we're here for our winter gathering, 679 00:40:55,520 --> 00:40:58,600 Speaker 5: stomp dance and social dances. It's my favorite event of 680 00:40:58,640 --> 00:41:01,000 Speaker 5: the year. Yep, absolutely love it. It's a busy time, 681 00:41:01,360 --> 00:41:04,399 Speaker 5: a lot of work, but it's just two to three 682 00:41:04,480 --> 00:41:06,719 Speaker 5: days of NonStop culture and community. 683 00:41:07,600 --> 00:41:10,239 Speaker 1: I knew the work that George and Kara do to 684 00:41:10,320 --> 00:41:14,680 Speaker 1: preserve Miamia history and culture was important, but I don't 685 00:41:14,719 --> 00:41:17,560 Speaker 1: think I understood it until I saw them in their community. 686 00:41:18,120 --> 00:41:21,640 Speaker 1: Young people peppered them with questions. One person called Kara 687 00:41:21,719 --> 00:41:26,160 Speaker 1: her fairy godmother. Even adults asked them for help pronouncing 688 00:41:26,239 --> 00:41:31,160 Speaker 1: certain words. That revitalization that we talked about. They're leading it. 689 00:41:32,120 --> 00:41:34,840 Speaker 5: So you've got a lot of women sitting around putting 690 00:41:34,880 --> 00:41:37,520 Speaker 5: on shaker cans. So that's a shaking noise you're hearing. 691 00:41:38,080 --> 00:41:41,839 Speaker 5: Most of the shaker cans here tonight are made from 692 00:41:41,920 --> 00:41:44,400 Speaker 5: milk cans, if that very milk cans, or tomato sauce cans, 693 00:41:44,400 --> 00:41:47,279 Speaker 5: so that they're metal filled with riverstone. And there might 694 00:41:47,320 --> 00:41:49,560 Speaker 5: be a few folks here tonight with turtle shells. 695 00:41:50,640 --> 00:41:54,239 Speaker 1: Some stomp dances are ceremonial, others like this one are 696 00:41:54,280 --> 00:41:59,040 Speaker 1: social dances. They bring people together. During the stomp dance, 697 00:41:59,080 --> 00:42:01,920 Speaker 1: women shake shell were kind of like the rhythm section, 698 00:42:02,560 --> 00:42:06,560 Speaker 1: and men sing. The songs are call and response, and 699 00:42:06,600 --> 00:42:10,080 Speaker 1: so for each song there's a leader. When it was 700 00:42:10,120 --> 00:42:22,840 Speaker 1: George's turn to lead, I got up to dance. Like 701 00:42:22,920 --> 00:42:26,360 Speaker 1: most dances, it went late into the night. I stayed 702 00:42:26,440 --> 00:42:53,600 Speaker 1: until the end. The government is just one of the 703 00:42:53,600 --> 00:42:56,839 Speaker 1: big forces that controls our lives. The other big one 704 00:42:57,560 --> 00:43:02,080 Speaker 1: money How this thing called the US economy was built. 705 00:43:02,080 --> 00:43:04,400 Speaker 7: Oh Man, At the end of the Revolutionary War. The 706 00:43:05,080 --> 00:43:08,120 Speaker 7: United States was in a financial disaster. 707 00:43:08,760 --> 00:43:12,720 Speaker 1: How did our Fanders plan to pay that debt? 708 00:43:12,960 --> 00:43:16,839 Speaker 7: I mean, land really was essential to how they thought 709 00:43:16,840 --> 00:43:19,000 Speaker 7: they were going to address this fiscal crisis. 710 00:43:19,560 --> 00:43:25,760 Speaker 1: Next time on First America. If you like what you're hearing, 711 00:43:25,880 --> 00:43:27,879 Speaker 1: please leave a review. It's one of the best ways 712 00:43:27,880 --> 00:43:30,160 Speaker 1: to help listeners find this show. You can also support 713 00:43:30,160 --> 00:43:33,320 Speaker 1: First America by subscribing or sharing episodes with your friends. 714 00:43:34,520 --> 00:43:37,520 Speaker 1: First America was made possible by the generous support of 715 00:43:37,560 --> 00:43:42,320 Speaker 1: the Henry Loose Foundation in Nyu Yale American Indian Sovereignty Project. 716 00:43:42,560 --> 00:43:47,160 Speaker 1: Additional support came from Indian Collective, First Nations Development Institute, 717 00:43:47,440 --> 00:43:52,840 Speaker 1: Jahaviatum of sand Manuel Nation, Borealis Philanthropy, Black Liberation Indigenous 718 00:43:52,840 --> 00:43:57,160 Speaker 1: Sovereignty Collective, and the Tulsa Artist Fellowship. Our fiscal sponsor 719 00:43:57,280 --> 00:44:00,320 Speaker 1: is Red Media. I dreamed this project into the world 720 00:44:00,320 --> 00:44:04,040 Speaker 1: in collaboration with an amazing group of Indigenous scholars, including 721 00:44:04,040 --> 00:44:08,120 Speaker 1: Maggie Blackhawk, fond de Lac Ojibwe Ned Blackhawk, citizen of 722 00:44:08,120 --> 00:44:12,000 Speaker 1: the tam Oak Tribe of Western Shoshone, Phil Deloria, descendant 723 00:44:12,080 --> 00:44:15,640 Speaker 1: of the Standing Rock and Yankton Sioux tribes, and Nick Estes, 724 00:44:15,800 --> 00:44:20,280 Speaker 1: citizen of the Lower Brule Sioux Tribe. I Rebecca Nagel, 725 00:44:20,520 --> 00:44:25,640 Speaker 1: citizen of Cherokee Nation, also reported, wrote, hosted, and executive produced. 726 00:44:25,680 --> 00:44:29,520 Speaker 1: The show First America is produced by Critical Frequency and 727 00:44:29,560 --> 00:44:34,080 Speaker 1: distributed by Pushkin Industries. Our managing producer is Amy Westervelt. 728 00:44:34,200 --> 00:44:37,760 Speaker 1: Senior producer and sound designer is Brendan Baker. Our story 729 00:44:37,880 --> 00:44:42,680 Speaker 1: editor is Audrey Quinn. Our producers are Jules Bradley, Sarah Ventry, 730 00:44:43,000 --> 00:44:47,960 Speaker 1: Kim Nettervi Petersa, and Jordan Gosspere. Our editorial consultant is 731 00:44:48,040 --> 00:44:51,600 Speaker 1: Connie Walker, citizen of the Okineese First Nation. Fact checking 732 00:44:51,719 --> 00:44:55,799 Speaker 1: by Naomi bar Our Partnership's director is Lindsay Crowder. Our 733 00:44:55,840 --> 00:44:59,480 Speaker 1: development consultant is Jenny Lawton. Our theme song is by 734 00:44:59,560 --> 00:45:03,520 Speaker 1: Raven sh who is Dinney. Scoring by Laura Ortman, citizen 735 00:45:03,560 --> 00:45:07,200 Speaker 1: of the White Mountain Apache Tribe, and Raven Chacon. Artwork 736 00:45:07,239 --> 00:45:11,319 Speaker 1: by Kelly Gonzalez, citizen of Cherokee Nation. The team at 737 00:45:11,360 --> 00:45:16,120 Speaker 1: Pushkin is Greta Cone CEO, Eric Sandler, Chief Strategy Officer, 738 00:45:16,360 --> 00:45:21,320 Speaker 1: Grace Ross VP of Business Development, Morgan Ratner, Director of Marketing, 739 00:45:21,560 --> 00:45:26,880 Speaker 1: Owen Miller Content Delivery Associate Kira Posey Creative Partnerships Manager, 740 00:45:27,040 --> 00:45:31,840 Speaker 1: Jordan McMillan, Social Media Manager, Brian Strabinnick Senior Analytics Manager, 741 00:45:32,000 --> 00:45:36,320 Speaker 1: and Jake Flanagan Production Council Special thanks this episode to 742 00:45:36,400 --> 00:45:42,479 Speaker 1: Martin Case, Jody Bird, Emily Connelly, David Correa, and Jason Moore. Hey, 743 00:45:42,800 --> 00:45:45,600 Speaker 1: it's Rebecca Nagel. I wanted to thank you for listening 744 00:45:45,640 --> 00:45:49,520 Speaker 1: to First America and for being a pushkin Plus subscriber. 745 00:45:49,920 --> 00:45:53,000 Speaker 1: I hope you're enjoying this season. When you finish the show, 746 00:45:53,160 --> 00:45:56,000 Speaker 1: make sure you check out other pushkin Plus offerings like 747 00:45:56,200 --> 00:46:00,000 Speaker 1: bonus episodes and ad free listening of podcasts like Cautionary Time, 748 00:46:00,040 --> 00:46:02,560 Speaker 1: Hale's Revisionist History and Drilled