1 00:00:00,720 --> 00:00:05,080 Speaker 1: Welcome to Noble Blood, a production of iHeartRadio and Grim 2 00:00:05,120 --> 00:00:13,640 Speaker 1: and Mild from Aaron Manky listener discretion advised. Duke Friedrich 3 00:00:13,760 --> 00:00:18,040 Speaker 1: Paul Wilhelm of Wurttemberg was a collector. He was a 4 00:00:18,040 --> 00:00:21,920 Speaker 1: man who would eventually fill his palace, located one hundred 5 00:00:21,960 --> 00:00:27,080 Speaker 1: kilometers outside Stuttgart, with countless artifacts from around the world, 6 00:00:27,640 --> 00:00:32,720 Speaker 1: skins from animals killed in Africa, knives from Native American tribes, 7 00:00:33,159 --> 00:00:37,519 Speaker 1: art and natural wonders from Australia. His palace would be 8 00:00:37,560 --> 00:00:41,240 Speaker 1: the largest private collection at the time of natural history 9 00:00:41,280 --> 00:00:46,640 Speaker 1: in Germany, possibly even in Europe. But as a younger man, 10 00:00:46,920 --> 00:00:51,680 Speaker 1: Duke Paul was also a collector of experiences. He was 11 00:00:51,760 --> 00:00:55,800 Speaker 1: bored with the military and bored with royal court. He 12 00:00:55,920 --> 00:00:59,200 Speaker 1: was a prince in the most powerful family in the region, 13 00:00:59,600 --> 00:01:02,680 Speaker 1: nephew to the King of Wurttemberg, but he was the 14 00:01:02,760 --> 00:01:06,640 Speaker 1: fifth son, and so he had the flexibility and freedom 15 00:01:07,160 --> 00:01:10,440 Speaker 1: to take some time to do what he wanted. And 16 00:01:10,600 --> 00:01:15,280 Speaker 1: what Paul wanted to do was explore. Early in the 17 00:01:15,319 --> 00:01:19,240 Speaker 1: eighteen twenties, when Paul Wilhelm was in his early twenties, 18 00:01:19,680 --> 00:01:23,680 Speaker 1: he wrote a letter to the American government requesting permission 19 00:01:23,760 --> 00:01:27,080 Speaker 1: to travel throughout the country. He wanted to learn as 20 00:01:27,160 --> 00:01:30,280 Speaker 1: much as he could about the natural world, and though 21 00:01:30,319 --> 00:01:33,399 Speaker 1: of course he didn't actually want to do it anonymously, 22 00:01:33,560 --> 00:01:37,200 Speaker 1: he was going to request permission, after all, he did 23 00:01:37,280 --> 00:01:43,120 Speaker 1: want to do it incognito. President Monroe scoffed at that part, 24 00:01:43,480 --> 00:01:48,320 Speaker 1: and without Paul Wilhelm's knowledge, Monroe went ahead and ensured 25 00:01:48,440 --> 00:01:52,760 Speaker 1: that the Secretary of State informed all local authorities that 26 00:01:52,840 --> 00:01:56,960 Speaker 1: a German prince was to be protected by whatever means necessary, 27 00:01:57,280 --> 00:02:01,520 Speaker 1: even military guards if need be. But Paul Wilhelm didn't 28 00:02:01,560 --> 00:02:05,560 Speaker 1: know that an entire government had mobilized to ensure his safety, 29 00:02:06,080 --> 00:02:09,680 Speaker 1: and in eighteen twenty two he sailed to New Orleans 30 00:02:09,680 --> 00:02:13,280 Speaker 1: from Hamburg in a three masted ship to begin his 31 00:02:13,480 --> 00:02:18,160 Speaker 1: grand adventure, probably imagining he was in more physical peril 32 00:02:18,280 --> 00:02:21,800 Speaker 1: than the American government would have ever let befall such 33 00:02:21,840 --> 00:02:25,120 Speaker 1: an important visitor, the Duke brought with him what was 34 00:02:25,160 --> 00:02:30,600 Speaker 1: considered an incredibly paltry entourage, only one servant, one hunter, 35 00:02:30,919 --> 00:02:34,720 Speaker 1: and one master woodworker, who I imagine is the type 36 00:02:34,760 --> 00:02:37,200 Speaker 1: of person you want to bring along when you're doing 37 00:02:37,560 --> 00:02:42,480 Speaker 1: so much travel by boat. Duke Paul was amazed at 38 00:02:42,520 --> 00:02:46,400 Speaker 1: the natural beauty of the so called New World, the 39 00:02:46,520 --> 00:02:51,800 Speaker 1: flora and fauna, the vast mountains and sweeping vistas. He 40 00:02:51,840 --> 00:02:55,120 Speaker 1: eventually even joined an expedition to track one of the 41 00:02:55,160 --> 00:02:59,640 Speaker 1: sources of the Missouri River. After three years spent exploring 42 00:02:59,680 --> 00:03:04,200 Speaker 1: North America, Duke Paul returned to Germany. But he wouldn't 43 00:03:04,240 --> 00:03:08,080 Speaker 1: do so empty handed. Like I said, Paul was a 44 00:03:08,200 --> 00:03:12,280 Speaker 1: collector and it wasn't just animals and objects that he 45 00:03:12,560 --> 00:03:16,240 Speaker 1: liked to fill his palace with. Paul had met a 46 00:03:16,400 --> 00:03:19,080 Speaker 1: young man only a few years younger than he was, 47 00:03:19,600 --> 00:03:24,200 Speaker 1: named Jean Baptiste Charboneaux in Kansas. Charboneau was the son 48 00:03:24,360 --> 00:03:27,840 Speaker 1: of a Native American woman and a French fur trapper, 49 00:03:28,320 --> 00:03:32,959 Speaker 1: and when Paul returned to Germany, Jean Baptiste Charboneau would 50 00:03:33,040 --> 00:03:38,040 Speaker 1: accompany him, living abroad with the Prince for six years 51 00:03:38,080 --> 00:03:41,440 Speaker 1: in something that was framed as sort of a cultural 52 00:03:41,560 --> 00:03:47,600 Speaker 1: exchange program. If the name Jean Baptiste Charboneau doesn't ring 53 00:03:47,720 --> 00:03:50,880 Speaker 1: any bells, would you believe me if I told you 54 00:03:50,880 --> 00:03:54,800 Speaker 1: you've almost certainly seen a picture of him, or at 55 00:03:54,920 --> 00:03:59,440 Speaker 1: least if you're American, you've almost certainly seen a picture 56 00:03:59,520 --> 00:04:03,600 Speaker 1: of him as a baby On his mother's back. It's 57 00:04:03,600 --> 00:04:07,320 Speaker 1: an image so iconic it was printed on the gold 58 00:04:07,520 --> 00:04:11,000 Speaker 1: one dollar coin that was minted in the United States 59 00:04:11,080 --> 00:04:14,800 Speaker 1: in the year two thousand to honor Jean Baptiste's mother, 60 00:04:15,400 --> 00:04:20,400 Speaker 1: saka Jeweya. The story of Sakajawea, the young Native woman 61 00:04:20,560 --> 00:04:24,279 Speaker 1: with an infant child who accompanied Lewis and Clark on 62 00:04:24,320 --> 00:04:28,880 Speaker 1: their quest to the Pacific, has become almost an American myth, 63 00:04:29,360 --> 00:04:34,719 Speaker 1: a story that's been flattened to its broadest, most inspiring strokes. 64 00:04:35,480 --> 00:04:40,080 Speaker 1: The story of Sakajawea, as myth, ends with Lewis and 65 00:04:40,160 --> 00:04:45,880 Speaker 1: Clark's successful journey, her son forever an infant, But Jean 66 00:04:45,960 --> 00:04:50,600 Speaker 1: Baptiste Charboneau grew up and he became a man, and 67 00:04:50,800 --> 00:04:56,480 Speaker 1: his strange life is perhaps the most American story imaginable. 68 00:04:57,080 --> 00:05:03,359 Speaker 1: A life caught between a shifting West and calcified European aristocracy. 69 00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:07,640 Speaker 1: A life caught between his native ancestry that made him 70 00:05:07,760 --> 00:05:13,120 Speaker 1: quote exotic and his white connections that allowed him certain privileges, 71 00:05:13,720 --> 00:05:18,039 Speaker 1: A life of celebrity, of politics of the gold Rush. 72 00:05:18,440 --> 00:05:22,000 Speaker 1: There's a theme that's recurred on this podcast over and 73 00:05:22,120 --> 00:05:25,760 Speaker 1: over again. If you allow yourself to become a symbol 74 00:05:26,160 --> 00:05:29,919 Speaker 1: you get certain privileges, but you sacrifice the right to 75 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:34,120 Speaker 1: be an actual human being. We all know the powerful 76 00:05:34,200 --> 00:05:38,320 Speaker 1: image of Jean Baptiste Charboneau and what he represented as 77 00:05:38,400 --> 00:05:42,800 Speaker 1: an infant, But who was he as a man. I'm 78 00:05:42,880 --> 00:05:51,800 Speaker 1: Danish Schwartz and this is noble blood. Jean Baptiste Charboneau's 79 00:05:51,839 --> 00:05:55,560 Speaker 1: life as a symbol began immediately when he was born. 80 00:05:56,240 --> 00:06:00,320 Speaker 1: In eighteen oh four, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark set 81 00:06:00,320 --> 00:06:03,320 Speaker 1: out with a group known as the Core of Discovery 82 00:06:03,680 --> 00:06:07,480 Speaker 1: with the goal of exploring and mapping the recently purchased 83 00:06:07,839 --> 00:06:12,680 Speaker 1: Louisiana territory. The trip began at the border of southern Illinois, 84 00:06:13,080 --> 00:06:15,159 Speaker 1: what up until then had been the end of the 85 00:06:15,279 --> 00:06:19,520 Speaker 1: United States, and the group traveled north and west until 86 00:06:19,560 --> 00:06:24,080 Speaker 1: they reached Oregon and the Pacific Ocean. The entire expedition 87 00:06:24,279 --> 00:06:29,039 Speaker 1: is mythologized in American culture, particularly when it's taught to 88 00:06:29,200 --> 00:06:34,000 Speaker 1: younger children, for embodying a spirit of adventure, a piece 89 00:06:34,040 --> 00:06:38,000 Speaker 1: of Romantic Americana that we can cling to in our 90 00:06:38,400 --> 00:06:44,000 Speaker 1: comparatively short national history, But the details of that exploratory 91 00:06:44,040 --> 00:06:49,400 Speaker 1: trip are less frequently explored in any significant detail. It 92 00:06:49,560 --> 00:06:52,560 Speaker 1: was about five months into the journey, when the corps 93 00:06:52,640 --> 00:06:56,200 Speaker 1: reached what is currently North Dakota, where they set up 94 00:06:56,200 --> 00:06:59,680 Speaker 1: a fort near the native Manden people called Fort Manden. 95 00:07:00,320 --> 00:07:03,400 Speaker 1: It was there that they hired a French fur trader 96 00:07:03,640 --> 00:07:06,679 Speaker 1: who had been living among the native people to act 97 00:07:06,800 --> 00:07:10,520 Speaker 1: as a guide and translator on the arduous journey up 98 00:07:10,600 --> 00:07:14,200 Speaker 1: the Missouri River and through the mountains. His name was 99 00:07:14,240 --> 00:07:18,320 Speaker 1: to Saint Charboneaux, and as luck would have it, his wife, 100 00:07:18,760 --> 00:07:22,880 Speaker 1: or rather one of his wives, was a Native Shoshone woman, 101 00:07:23,320 --> 00:07:26,320 Speaker 1: and it was decided that she would come along on 102 00:07:26,360 --> 00:07:30,440 Speaker 1: the journey to help communicate with the Shoshone people. Her 103 00:07:30,520 --> 00:07:35,160 Speaker 1: name was Sakajuweya. Now this is the detail that they 104 00:07:35,200 --> 00:07:39,280 Speaker 1: don't teach in the most romantic versions of the Adventures 105 00:07:39,320 --> 00:07:43,920 Speaker 1: of Lewis and Clark and Sakagaweya. She was sixteen years old, 106 00:07:44,280 --> 00:07:47,920 Speaker 1: and she was Charboneau's wife only in the sense that 107 00:07:48,040 --> 00:07:52,240 Speaker 1: he had purchased her or won her while gambling when 108 00:07:52,240 --> 00:07:56,280 Speaker 1: she was thirteen years old, along with another Shoshone girl 109 00:07:56,560 --> 00:08:01,280 Speaker 1: named Otter Woman. When Sakageweya was twelve twelve, her tribe 110 00:08:01,320 --> 00:08:04,560 Speaker 1: had been raided by a group of Hidatza people and 111 00:08:04,680 --> 00:08:09,600 Speaker 1: she was held captive. Charboneaux purchased Sakajaueya and otter woman 112 00:08:09,680 --> 00:08:14,360 Speaker 1: from the Hidatza, And so while texts refer to Sakajawea 113 00:08:14,440 --> 00:08:18,160 Speaker 1: as Charboneau's wife, I want to make very clear that, 114 00:08:18,240 --> 00:08:21,320 Speaker 1: even though that's the language a lot of texts use, 115 00:08:22,080 --> 00:08:26,840 Speaker 1: this was in no way a consensual marriage. And just 116 00:08:26,920 --> 00:08:29,480 Speaker 1: as long as we're being clear eyed about the history, 117 00:08:29,760 --> 00:08:32,520 Speaker 1: I think it's also important to note that Clark had 118 00:08:32,600 --> 00:08:36,360 Speaker 1: with him on the journey an enslaved man named York, 119 00:08:36,760 --> 00:08:40,760 Speaker 1: a man that he had inherited from his father. Anyway, 120 00:08:41,120 --> 00:08:44,199 Speaker 1: the corps remained at Fort Manden for the winter, and 121 00:08:44,360 --> 00:08:48,920 Speaker 1: in February of eighteen oh five, Sakajuweya gave birth to 122 00:08:49,080 --> 00:08:54,160 Speaker 1: John Baptiste. Less than two months later, the expedition set 123 00:08:54,200 --> 00:08:58,080 Speaker 1: off again, with Sakajawea and her infant son in tow. 124 00:08:59,000 --> 00:09:03,640 Speaker 1: Little Jean Baptiste was adored by Clark, who delightedly nicknamed 125 00:09:03,720 --> 00:09:07,959 Speaker 1: him Pompey. But more than that, the entire expedition quickly 126 00:09:08,040 --> 00:09:11,760 Speaker 1: realized what a coup it was to have an infant 127 00:09:11,920 --> 00:09:15,880 Speaker 1: with them. In his journals, Clark writes about an incident 128 00:09:16,080 --> 00:09:19,679 Speaker 1: along the riverside of the Columbia Plateau, where a group 129 00:09:19,720 --> 00:09:24,400 Speaker 1: of Native Americans fled into their homes visibly threatened by Clark. 130 00:09:24,960 --> 00:09:28,800 Speaker 1: Apparently he had fired a gun nearby, and they, for 131 00:09:29,080 --> 00:09:33,040 Speaker 1: good reason, assumed he was most likely a threat. No 132 00:09:33,120 --> 00:09:36,000 Speaker 1: matter how Clark tried to explain that he was part 133 00:09:36,000 --> 00:09:40,280 Speaker 1: of an exploratory mission, the Native Americans would not engage 134 00:09:40,280 --> 00:09:43,559 Speaker 1: with him. There was fear that the tension might bubble 135 00:09:43,600 --> 00:09:49,120 Speaker 1: into violence. And then Sakajeweya and baby John Baptiste arrived 136 00:09:49,360 --> 00:09:55,000 Speaker 1: with Lewis by canoe. Clark wrote, they immediately all came 137 00:09:55,040 --> 00:09:58,480 Speaker 1: out and appeared to assume new life. The sight of 138 00:09:58,640 --> 00:10:02,360 Speaker 1: this Indian woman, wife to one of our interpreters, confirmed 139 00:10:02,520 --> 00:10:06,240 Speaker 1: those people of our friendly intentions, as no woman ever 140 00:10:06,280 --> 00:10:11,480 Speaker 1: accompanies a war party of Indians in this quarter. Sakujueya 141 00:10:11,520 --> 00:10:13,760 Speaker 1: would also prove to be a boon to the Core 142 00:10:13,920 --> 00:10:17,400 Speaker 1: in more than just her physical presence. When a storm 143 00:10:17,520 --> 00:10:21,360 Speaker 1: caused a boat to capsize, it was Sakajuweya who dove 144 00:10:21,480 --> 00:10:24,800 Speaker 1: into the river and recovered many of the lost items, 145 00:10:25,120 --> 00:10:29,199 Speaker 1: including all of the corp's journals, which had been lost 146 00:10:29,679 --> 00:10:33,960 Speaker 1: when the Corps reached western Montana. Sakjuea was able to 147 00:10:34,040 --> 00:10:38,400 Speaker 1: point out Beaverhead Rock, a formation she recognized from her 148 00:10:38,480 --> 00:10:42,600 Speaker 1: childhood from where her nation would spend their summers, and 149 00:10:42,720 --> 00:10:45,640 Speaker 1: she pointed out where they would approach the pass through 150 00:10:45,679 --> 00:10:50,400 Speaker 1: the mountains. The group finally rendezvous with the Shoshone people, 151 00:10:50,840 --> 00:10:55,400 Speaker 1: and Sacjuwea had what must have been an incredibly surreal 152 00:10:55,559 --> 00:10:59,439 Speaker 1: and beautiful moment. She had been kidnapped from her home 153 00:10:59,559 --> 00:11:03,920 Speaker 1: when she was twelve, held captive, sold and married to 154 00:11:04,000 --> 00:11:08,080 Speaker 1: a stranger, and then years later, as part of the 155 00:11:08,080 --> 00:11:12,400 Speaker 1: Corps of Discovery, she reunited with her tribe, only to 156 00:11:12,520 --> 00:11:17,000 Speaker 1: realize that their chief was now her brother. As thanks 157 00:11:17,080 --> 00:11:21,360 Speaker 1: for reuniting him with his long lost sister, the chief, Camelwaite, 158 00:11:21,679 --> 00:11:24,320 Speaker 1: provided the group with the horses they would need to 159 00:11:24,400 --> 00:11:28,440 Speaker 1: cross the Rocky Mountains. This is also much less of 160 00:11:28,480 --> 00:11:31,080 Speaker 1: a big deal, but it is a detail I find touching. 161 00:11:31,520 --> 00:11:34,880 Speaker 1: Zaka Jueya gave up her beaded belt so that Lewis 162 00:11:34,920 --> 00:11:37,600 Speaker 1: and Clark could use it to trade for a sea 163 00:11:37,679 --> 00:11:41,280 Speaker 1: otter fur coat that they wanted to give to Thomas Jefferson. 164 00:11:41,840 --> 00:11:45,440 Speaker 1: To quote Clark on the incident directly, one of the 165 00:11:45,440 --> 00:11:48,840 Speaker 1: Indians had on a robe made of two seotter skins. 166 00:11:48,920 --> 00:11:51,520 Speaker 1: The fur of them were more beautiful than any fur 167 00:11:51,640 --> 00:11:55,720 Speaker 1: I had ever seen. Both Captain Lewis and myself endeavored 168 00:11:55,760 --> 00:11:59,160 Speaker 1: to purchase the robe with different articles. At length we 169 00:11:59,320 --> 00:12:02,760 Speaker 1: procured it for a belt of blue beads, which the 170 00:12:02,920 --> 00:12:07,400 Speaker 1: wife of our interpreter, Charboneau, wore around her waist. I 171 00:12:07,440 --> 00:12:09,760 Speaker 1: feel like he could have at least given her named 172 00:12:09,800 --> 00:12:13,440 Speaker 1: credit on that one. But alas and so that was 173 00:12:13,640 --> 00:12:18,560 Speaker 1: little Pompey's life for his first year, traveling across the 174 00:12:18,679 --> 00:12:23,720 Speaker 1: brand new nation, serving as silent ambassador, a mascot with 175 00:12:23,800 --> 00:12:29,000 Speaker 1: his mother for the expedition's peaceful intentions. When the expedition 176 00:12:29,280 --> 00:12:33,600 Speaker 1: was finally over, Lewis and Clark dropped Sakaguweya to Saint 177 00:12:33,679 --> 00:12:37,439 Speaker 1: Charbono and Pompey, now a year and a half old, 178 00:12:37,960 --> 00:12:41,880 Speaker 1: back near the Mandon people where they had started. Clark 179 00:12:41,960 --> 00:12:45,960 Speaker 1: had grown attached to Little Pompey and told his parents 180 00:12:46,280 --> 00:12:48,400 Speaker 1: that he would take him off their hands for them, 181 00:12:48,880 --> 00:12:52,160 Speaker 1: raising him as his own and seeing to his education. 182 00:12:53,040 --> 00:12:56,400 Speaker 1: A little while after the expedition, Clark wrote to tous 183 00:12:56,440 --> 00:13:00,520 Speaker 1: Saint Charbono, entreating him and Sakageweya to common move to 184 00:13:00,640 --> 00:13:03,959 Speaker 1: Illinois to be closer to him. At the letter's end, 185 00:13:04,200 --> 00:13:08,360 Speaker 1: Clark added, as to your little son, my boy Pomp, 186 00:13:08,800 --> 00:13:11,800 Speaker 1: you well know my fondness for him and my anxiety 187 00:13:11,880 --> 00:13:15,200 Speaker 1: to take and raise him as my own child. I 188 00:13:15,320 --> 00:13:18,040 Speaker 1: once more tell you, if you will bring your son 189 00:13:18,080 --> 00:13:21,480 Speaker 1: Baptiste to me, I will educate him and treat him 190 00:13:21,559 --> 00:13:26,040 Speaker 1: as my own child. Wish you and your family great success, 191 00:13:26,080 --> 00:13:30,679 Speaker 1: and with anxious expectations of seeing my little dancing boy Baptiste, 192 00:13:30,840 --> 00:13:34,800 Speaker 1: I shall remain your friend. William Clark three years later 193 00:13:34,920 --> 00:13:38,559 Speaker 1: to Saint Charboneau and sack Juwea did move to Saint Louis, 194 00:13:38,960 --> 00:13:42,200 Speaker 1: where they allowed Clark to take command of little Jean 195 00:13:42,240 --> 00:13:47,360 Speaker 1: Baptiste's education. Clark quickly enrolled the boy in Saint Louis 196 00:13:47,400 --> 00:13:52,120 Speaker 1: Academy boarding school. I do think that Clark genuinely liked 197 00:13:52,200 --> 00:13:55,679 Speaker 1: Jean Baptiste and was attached to him, after all, he 198 00:13:55,760 --> 00:13:57,920 Speaker 1: was there for the first year and a half of 199 00:13:57,920 --> 00:14:01,440 Speaker 1: his life, and he was his boy Pomp. But I 200 00:14:01,480 --> 00:14:04,160 Speaker 1: do think it would be a mistake to imagine that 201 00:14:04,280 --> 00:14:09,960 Speaker 1: his offer of paying for Jean Baptiste's education was entirely altruistic, 202 00:14:10,640 --> 00:14:16,760 Speaker 1: or rather altruistic without some slightly uncomfortable colonial implications. Because 203 00:14:16,840 --> 00:14:21,440 Speaker 1: Jean Baptiste was half Native American, his education could serve 204 00:14:21,560 --> 00:14:28,400 Speaker 1: as a model for assimilation for one of the most 205 00:14:28,560 --> 00:14:32,280 Speaker 1: famous women in American history, at least in terms of 206 00:14:32,400 --> 00:14:37,400 Speaker 1: name recognition. It's a little astonishing how little recorded history 207 00:14:37,440 --> 00:14:42,520 Speaker 1: there is about what happened to Secduea next. Most likely, 208 00:14:42,720 --> 00:14:47,520 Speaker 1: she died in eighteen twelve, presumably while living with Toussaint 209 00:14:47,600 --> 00:14:51,600 Speaker 1: at the Fort. Lisa trading Port, a clerk at the fort, 210 00:14:51,840 --> 00:14:56,120 Speaker 1: recorded in his journal on December twentieth, eighteen twelve, that 211 00:14:56,280 --> 00:15:01,040 Speaker 1: the wife of Charboneau died of putrid fever. The fur 212 00:15:01,120 --> 00:15:05,280 Speaker 1: trader and later Congressman Henry Breckinridge had also written that 213 00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:10,080 Speaker 1: zakajuwea Quote had become sickly and longed to revisit her 214 00:15:10,160 --> 00:15:15,240 Speaker 1: native country. As for Toucsant's other quote wife, otter woman, 215 00:15:15,800 --> 00:15:18,840 Speaker 1: after the Corps journals note that they were taking one 216 00:15:18,960 --> 00:15:22,280 Speaker 1: of Toucsant's wives along but not the other Otter woman 217 00:15:22,520 --> 00:15:26,120 Speaker 1: fully disappears from the record, and I haven't found any 218 00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:30,200 Speaker 1: reputable information at all about what happened to her. And so, 219 00:15:30,520 --> 00:15:34,320 Speaker 1: though while some claim that Zaca Joweya left Fort Lisa 220 00:15:34,440 --> 00:15:38,400 Speaker 1: and did return to her home people. She most likely 221 00:15:38,560 --> 00:15:42,480 Speaker 1: died when she was twenty five years old, having recently 222 00:15:42,520 --> 00:15:47,760 Speaker 1: given birth to an infant girl. Almost immediately, Toussains Charboneau 223 00:15:47,960 --> 00:15:52,920 Speaker 1: signed over custody of both Jean Baptiste and the little girl, Lizette, 224 00:15:53,320 --> 00:15:57,720 Speaker 1: over to Clark. Adoption papers in the Saint Louis records 225 00:15:57,760 --> 00:16:01,920 Speaker 1: make clear quote on August eleven, in eighteen thirteen, William 226 00:16:01,960 --> 00:16:05,000 Speaker 1: Clark became the guardian of tous Saint Charbono, a boy 227 00:16:05,120 --> 00:16:09,560 Speaker 1: of about ten years and Lizette Charboneau, a girl about 228 00:16:09,640 --> 00:16:14,480 Speaker 1: one year old. As for Lizette, it's assumed she also 229 00:16:14,640 --> 00:16:18,480 Speaker 1: died young because, and perhaps you notice a pattern here, 230 00:16:19,040 --> 00:16:23,320 Speaker 1: there is nothing more written about her. She simply disappears 231 00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:28,040 Speaker 1: from the record. Toussaint Charboneau would live for another thirty years, 232 00:16:28,520 --> 00:16:33,400 Speaker 1: going on to mary at least three more teenage Native 233 00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:37,120 Speaker 1: American girls, including a fourteen year old when he was 234 00:16:37,360 --> 00:16:43,200 Speaker 1: seventy years old. We have to imagine Jean Baptiste Charboneau's childhood, 235 00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:47,360 Speaker 1: his guardian, the famous William Clark, his mother dead, his 236 00:16:47,480 --> 00:16:52,680 Speaker 1: father gone, possibly raised alongside a young sister, possibly alone, 237 00:16:53,360 --> 00:16:56,680 Speaker 1: sent to boarding school until he was sixteen, when he 238 00:16:56,720 --> 00:16:59,520 Speaker 1: would meet the man who would change the course of 239 00:16:59,560 --> 00:17:08,480 Speaker 1: his life. Life. Duke Paul Wilhelm, thrilled by the promise 240 00:17:08,520 --> 00:17:12,240 Speaker 1: of natural discovery in the New World, had sailed across 241 00:17:12,240 --> 00:17:16,720 Speaker 1: the ocean to America. He was a fairly accomplished naturalist 242 00:17:16,760 --> 00:17:22,080 Speaker 1: and amateur painter dedicated to documenting the natural world. On 243 00:17:22,200 --> 00:17:25,800 Speaker 1: June twenty first, eighteen twenty three, he arrived at a 244 00:17:25,880 --> 00:17:29,440 Speaker 1: small chateau settlement near the mouth of the Kansas River. 245 00:17:30,080 --> 00:17:33,840 Speaker 1: That was where he first met Jean Baptiste Charboneau, and 246 00:17:34,080 --> 00:17:37,640 Speaker 1: from their first meeting, Paul Wilhelm was aware of the 247 00:17:37,680 --> 00:17:42,000 Speaker 1: celebrity of his mother. He wrote, quote here I also 248 00:17:42,160 --> 00:17:45,200 Speaker 1: found a youth whose mother, a member of the tribe 249 00:17:45,240 --> 00:17:49,639 Speaker 1: of Shoshones or Snake Indians, had accompanied the Messrs Lewis 250 00:17:49,640 --> 00:17:54,240 Speaker 1: and Clark as an interpreter to the Pacific Ocean. The 251 00:17:54,320 --> 00:17:57,959 Speaker 1: European continued up the Missouri River to its source, and 252 00:17:58,080 --> 00:18:01,760 Speaker 1: actually at one point hired to Saint Charbonneau as a 253 00:18:01,840 --> 00:18:06,440 Speaker 1: guide and translator. His mission was successful, and when the 254 00:18:06,560 --> 00:18:10,720 Speaker 1: Duke came back through America's interior that fall, when he 255 00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:14,680 Speaker 1: reached the Kansas River again. This time he would take 256 00:18:15,080 --> 00:18:18,760 Speaker 1: Jean Baptiste along with him, with the plan that the 257 00:18:18,800 --> 00:18:22,040 Speaker 1: two of them would both go back to Germany together. 258 00:18:23,160 --> 00:18:26,240 Speaker 1: The trip turned out to be a challenging one. The 259 00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:28,840 Speaker 1: steamboat that the men were on to get to New 260 00:18:28,960 --> 00:18:32,879 Speaker 1: Orleans sank, but they did make it eventually, though The 261 00:18:32,960 --> 00:18:35,960 Speaker 1: trip across the Atlantic would prove to be its own 262 00:18:36,119 --> 00:18:40,840 Speaker 1: arduous journey. Duke Paul wrote, the sea fought us with 263 00:18:41,080 --> 00:18:44,840 Speaker 1: huge waves, and the ship was tossed about so violently 264 00:18:45,280 --> 00:18:49,919 Speaker 1: that the rolling action became unbearable. The waves struck with 265 00:18:50,000 --> 00:18:53,920 Speaker 1: such force overboard that part of the railing was shattered, 266 00:18:55,040 --> 00:18:59,240 Speaker 1: but the pair did eventually make it safely back to Germany. 267 00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:03,680 Speaker 1: So it wasn't just John Baptiste that Duke Paul brought back. 268 00:19:04,240 --> 00:19:08,000 Speaker 1: He also brought back a live alligator that he had 269 00:19:08,040 --> 00:19:12,720 Speaker 1: captured in New Orleans. Jean Baptiste was only a few 270 00:19:12,800 --> 00:19:16,360 Speaker 1: years younger than Duke Paul, but it's difficult to discern 271 00:19:16,480 --> 00:19:19,840 Speaker 1: whether the relationship between the two men was one of 272 00:19:19,960 --> 00:19:24,480 Speaker 1: friendship or whether it was something more paternalistic or colonial. 273 00:19:25,280 --> 00:19:29,360 Speaker 1: The first major English translation of the original German texts 274 00:19:29,800 --> 00:19:33,280 Speaker 1: was done in the nineteen thirties, by Professor Lewis C. 275 00:19:33,440 --> 00:19:37,960 Speaker 1: Butcher at the University of Wyoming, and historians today are 276 00:19:38,640 --> 00:19:43,400 Speaker 1: fairly dismissive of his translations for being let's say, overly 277 00:19:43,640 --> 00:19:48,240 Speaker 1: romantic at best and more than a little embellished. Professor 278 00:19:48,240 --> 00:19:51,720 Speaker 1: Butcher's version of the story is the two men becoming 279 00:19:51,800 --> 00:19:56,639 Speaker 1: instant and close friends, both young men from illustrious families, 280 00:19:57,040 --> 00:20:00,399 Speaker 1: one a German prince, the other the scion one of 281 00:20:00,400 --> 00:20:05,359 Speaker 1: the most romanticized fables of Americana, and Professor Butcher is 282 00:20:05,480 --> 00:20:09,159 Speaker 1: correct in the facts that for the next six years, 283 00:20:09,720 --> 00:20:14,360 Speaker 1: Jean Baptiste Scharpeneau would live alongside Duke Paul in Germany 284 00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:17,959 Speaker 1: in a palace with him, and travel across the world 285 00:20:18,040 --> 00:20:23,720 Speaker 1: at his side, including travels to Africa and Australia. Imagining 286 00:20:23,760 --> 00:20:26,600 Speaker 1: that the two were just best friends who shared a 287 00:20:26,640 --> 00:20:30,919 Speaker 1: taste for adventure is appealing, and in fact, if you 288 00:20:30,960 --> 00:20:34,600 Speaker 1: are listening and looking for the subject of a historical 289 00:20:34,720 --> 00:20:37,359 Speaker 1: rom com that you want to write, I would be 290 00:20:37,480 --> 00:20:41,520 Speaker 1: delighted to read a fictional account of the two explorers 291 00:20:41,880 --> 00:20:47,199 Speaker 1: sharing an intimate and loving friendship. But unfortunately, as you 292 00:20:47,240 --> 00:20:51,720 Speaker 1: are probably predicting, the reality was a little more uncomfortable. 293 00:20:52,520 --> 00:20:56,360 Speaker 1: I actually don't think it's as nefarious as it could 294 00:20:56,400 --> 00:21:00,199 Speaker 1: have been. I've seen some suggestions that Jean Baptiste was 295 00:21:00,200 --> 00:21:03,560 Speaker 1: brought over to Germany to be a servant, but there 296 00:21:03,640 --> 00:21:08,560 Speaker 1: actually isn't really evidence of that either. Like Clark, Duke 297 00:21:08,640 --> 00:21:12,560 Speaker 1: Paul Wilhelm was likely excited by the chance to quote 298 00:21:12,680 --> 00:21:17,280 Speaker 1: enlighten a quote primitive Native American, and he would get 299 00:21:17,320 --> 00:21:21,320 Speaker 1: a personal encyclopedia on hand to answer any questions he 300 00:21:21,400 --> 00:21:25,640 Speaker 1: might have about America or Native American culture. In return, 301 00:21:25,800 --> 00:21:29,000 Speaker 1: Jean Baptiste would get to travel the world, live in 302 00:21:29,040 --> 00:21:32,960 Speaker 1: a palace, and get new experiences, all while having an 303 00:21:33,080 --> 00:21:39,000 Speaker 1: education funded. Jean Baptiste already spoke several languages at this point, 304 00:21:39,280 --> 00:21:41,280 Speaker 1: and over the course of his time in Germany he 305 00:21:41,320 --> 00:21:44,399 Speaker 1: would add a few more to the roster. According to 306 00:21:44,560 --> 00:21:49,960 Speaker 1: most twentieth century sources, the arrangement was something partly between 307 00:21:50,119 --> 00:21:54,639 Speaker 1: studying abroad and being a member of someone's entourage, with 308 00:21:54,800 --> 00:21:58,639 Speaker 1: John Baptiste receiving an education and enjoying the freedom to 309 00:21:58,760 --> 00:22:02,720 Speaker 1: meet new people, explore the Black forest, and practice his 310 00:22:02,880 --> 00:22:07,639 Speaker 1: hunting and horseback riding. The Duke had also previously brought 311 00:22:07,680 --> 00:22:11,840 Speaker 1: a young man, Juan Alverdo from Mexico, who, in theory, 312 00:22:11,960 --> 00:22:17,879 Speaker 1: received a similar education math, history, geography, and languages. The 313 00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:21,400 Speaker 1: Duke also brought back two men from Africa and one 314 00:22:21,440 --> 00:22:25,120 Speaker 1: from India. So all of these men were, depending on 315 00:22:25,200 --> 00:22:31,320 Speaker 1: your interpretation, either nineteenth century study abroad students quote unquote, 316 00:22:31,520 --> 00:22:38,360 Speaker 1: exotic servants, personal cultural encyclopedias, or some combination of all 317 00:22:38,400 --> 00:22:41,600 Speaker 1: of the above. We might have gotten a more detailed 318 00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:44,840 Speaker 1: account of the men's time spent together, but many of 319 00:22:44,880 --> 00:22:47,960 Speaker 1: the Duke's personal journals were destroyed in the damage of 320 00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:56,480 Speaker 1: World War II. Given that lack of evidence, Professor Albert 321 00:22:56,520 --> 00:23:01,480 Speaker 1: Furtwegler favors the more pessimistic framing. In two thousand one, 322 00:23:01,760 --> 00:23:04,760 Speaker 1: he wrote, quote, there is no evidence that the Prince 323 00:23:04,920 --> 00:23:08,880 Speaker 1: educated Charboneau, saw him as an equal, took interest enough 324 00:23:08,920 --> 00:23:12,200 Speaker 1: in him to learn about him directly after eighteen twenty nine, 325 00:23:12,600 --> 00:23:16,639 Speaker 1: or treated him as anything better than an exotic specimen 326 00:23:17,000 --> 00:23:20,400 Speaker 1: brought back to Europe along with other Indian items for 327 00:23:20,480 --> 00:23:25,439 Speaker 1: his collections. Indeed, we have almost nothing that the Prince 328 00:23:25,480 --> 00:23:29,359 Speaker 1: wrote about Charboneau. We know that John Baptiste remained in 329 00:23:29,440 --> 00:23:33,560 Speaker 1: Europe for six years until eighteen twenty nine, but it 330 00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:36,800 Speaker 1: wouldn't be until more than twenty five years later that 331 00:23:36,920 --> 00:23:41,800 Speaker 1: Charboneau emerges again in Paul Wilhelm's writings. The Duke was 332 00:23:41,840 --> 00:23:44,720 Speaker 1: back in California on a trip where he encountered a 333 00:23:44,720 --> 00:23:48,480 Speaker 1: group of Shoshone Native Americans. One of these, he wrote, 334 00:23:48,720 --> 00:23:51,879 Speaker 1: was a fine young lad, quite intelligent, who reminded me 335 00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:56,560 Speaker 1: strangely and with a certain sadness, of b Charboneau, who 336 00:23:56,560 --> 00:24:00,840 Speaker 1: had followed me to in eighteen twenty three Europe, and 337 00:24:00,880 --> 00:24:04,679 Speaker 1: whose mother was of the tribe of the Shoshones. Why 338 00:24:04,880 --> 00:24:08,880 Speaker 1: or when they lost touch, Whether Paul Wilhelm viewed Jean 339 00:24:08,960 --> 00:24:13,320 Speaker 1: Baptiste as a friend or just another specimen lost or 340 00:24:13,359 --> 00:24:18,439 Speaker 1: misplaced in his travels is something lost to us. We 341 00:24:18,560 --> 00:24:21,560 Speaker 1: do know one fact about the time that Jean Baptiste 342 00:24:21,680 --> 00:24:26,000 Speaker 1: was in Germany. A parish birth announcement for a child 343 00:24:26,160 --> 00:24:32,520 Speaker 1: named Anton Fryes born on February twentieth, eighteen twenty nine, 344 00:24:32,560 --> 00:24:37,200 Speaker 1: the child of quote Johann Baptiste Charbonneau of Saint Louis, 345 00:24:37,320 --> 00:24:41,000 Speaker 1: called the American in service of Duke Paul of this place, 346 00:24:41,480 --> 00:24:47,600 Speaker 1: and Anastasia Katerina Fries, unmarried daughter of the late George Fries, 347 00:24:47,840 --> 00:24:53,199 Speaker 1: a soldier. Here. The infant unfortunately died that spring, and 348 00:24:53,280 --> 00:24:56,280 Speaker 1: a few months later, when he was twenty five years old, 349 00:24:56,680 --> 00:25:00,359 Speaker 1: Jean Baptiste would leave Europe forever and returned turned to 350 00:25:00,440 --> 00:25:05,360 Speaker 1: the place he was born. Jean Baptiste joins a fur company. 351 00:25:05,520 --> 00:25:08,800 Speaker 1: He sets out west and joins several other parties of 352 00:25:08,880 --> 00:25:14,320 Speaker 1: men who hunted buffalo and traded furs. He traveled almost constantly. 353 00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:18,280 Speaker 1: When his father died in eighteen forty three, he sold 354 00:25:18,320 --> 00:25:22,480 Speaker 1: some land he had inherited for three hundred and twenty dollars. 355 00:25:23,000 --> 00:25:25,680 Speaker 1: He appears in the record as a guide on several 356 00:25:25,800 --> 00:25:31,440 Speaker 1: hunting expeditions, including one for another European nobleman, a Scottish 357 00:25:31,520 --> 00:25:37,080 Speaker 1: baronet named Sir William Drummond Stuart. Jean Baptiste would spend 358 00:25:37,200 --> 00:25:40,199 Speaker 1: the rest of his years living a rustic life on 359 00:25:40,280 --> 00:25:45,520 Speaker 1: the western frontier, seemingly a complete reversal of the years 360 00:25:45,560 --> 00:25:53,080 Speaker 1: he spent among the sophisticated finery of German court. The 361 00:25:53,240 --> 00:25:57,560 Speaker 1: historian Grace Hebberd, writing in nineteen thirty three, can barely 362 00:25:57,760 --> 00:26:02,080 Speaker 1: mask her condescension and frankly racism in her dismissal of 363 00:26:02,160 --> 00:26:07,440 Speaker 1: Jean Baptiste Charboneau, who quote seems to have deteriorated despite 364 00:26:07,480 --> 00:26:12,760 Speaker 1: his education, his contact with civilization, and his efficient services 365 00:26:12,800 --> 00:26:17,840 Speaker 1: in earlier years. Baptiste thus apparently forgot his classical education 366 00:26:18,119 --> 00:26:22,879 Speaker 1: and superior attainments. She continues that Charboneau is not a 367 00:26:23,080 --> 00:26:27,359 Speaker 1: unique case. Quote examples without number have occurred of the 368 00:26:27,480 --> 00:26:31,480 Speaker 1: same sort of reversion, both among Indians and Whites who 369 00:26:31,480 --> 00:26:36,160 Speaker 1: have lived under similar conditions among savages or in the wild. 370 00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:41,000 Speaker 1: She finally concludes that quote culture that is only a 371 00:26:41,119 --> 00:26:46,760 Speaker 1: veneering is easily rubbed off by constant association with uneducated 372 00:26:46,800 --> 00:26:52,280 Speaker 1: Indians and illiterate Whites. Anne Haefen, writing in the sixties, 373 00:26:52,440 --> 00:26:58,360 Speaker 1: presents a similarly condescending but more romanticized explanation of Jean 374 00:26:58,440 --> 00:27:03,000 Speaker 1: Baptiste Charboneau's life out west, quoting an anecdote of a 375 00:27:03,040 --> 00:27:06,119 Speaker 1: man from eighteen thirty nine who had met a Native 376 00:27:06,119 --> 00:27:09,520 Speaker 1: American trapper near Bent's Fort who may or may not 377 00:27:09,680 --> 00:27:13,560 Speaker 1: have actually been Jean Baptiste. In the anecdote that may 378 00:27:13,760 --> 00:27:17,439 Speaker 1: or may not have actually happened, as she reports, the 379 00:27:17,520 --> 00:27:21,600 Speaker 1: man apparently asked the Native American, why did you leave 380 00:27:21,720 --> 00:27:26,199 Speaker 1: civilized life for a precarious livelihood in the wilderness, to 381 00:27:26,280 --> 00:27:30,560 Speaker 1: which the Native American trapper replies quote for reasons found 382 00:27:30,640 --> 00:27:34,439 Speaker 1: in the nature of my race, explaining that Indians aren't 383 00:27:34,480 --> 00:27:38,320 Speaker 1: satisfied with quote the description of things, and that they 384 00:27:38,359 --> 00:27:42,440 Speaker 1: have to experience quote treasures and realities as they live 385 00:27:42,560 --> 00:27:48,560 Speaker 1: in their own native magnificence on the eternal mountains. Eventually, 386 00:27:48,720 --> 00:27:52,760 Speaker 1: Charbonneau was hired as a scout in the Mexican American War, 387 00:27:53,320 --> 00:27:56,880 Speaker 1: and in eighteen forty seven he was appointed the alcad 388 00:27:57,080 --> 00:28:01,159 Speaker 1: Or Mayor of Mission San Luis Rey de Frentancia. The 389 00:28:01,240 --> 00:28:04,600 Speaker 1: next year he would join in on the California Gold Rush, 390 00:28:04,960 --> 00:28:08,679 Speaker 1: mining the Big Crevice in California, an operation that was 391 00:28:08,720 --> 00:28:11,240 Speaker 1: successful enough for him that he did it for at 392 00:28:11,359 --> 00:28:16,239 Speaker 1: least sixteen years, living in whereas now Auburn, California, and 393 00:28:16,320 --> 00:28:21,800 Speaker 1: working as a hotel manager. He eventually left California when 394 00:28:21,840 --> 00:28:25,840 Speaker 1: he was sixty one years old, whether driven by wanderlust 395 00:28:26,040 --> 00:28:30,240 Speaker 1: or by the slowing local economy. While crossing the rugged 396 00:28:30,320 --> 00:28:34,440 Speaker 1: Oye River, Charboneaux slipped off his horse and fell into 397 00:28:34,440 --> 00:28:38,640 Speaker 1: the icy water. He became ill, either from the fall 398 00:28:39,040 --> 00:28:42,880 Speaker 1: or maybe he had been ill before from a lifetime 399 00:28:43,120 --> 00:28:48,080 Speaker 1: lived rough, breathing in alkali dust and living in Rugged surroundings. 400 00:28:48,600 --> 00:28:52,560 Speaker 1: He was brought to Danner, Oregon, where he died. The 401 00:28:52,600 --> 00:28:55,320 Speaker 1: city is now a ghost town, but there's a grave 402 00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:59,760 Speaker 1: site not too far which marks the final resting place 403 00:28:59,800 --> 00:29:03,320 Speaker 1: of the youngest member of the Lewis and Clark expedition, 404 00:29:04,240 --> 00:29:07,480 Speaker 1: the grave of the man who traveled across America before 405 00:29:07,520 --> 00:29:11,240 Speaker 1: he could walk, who spent six years in Germany alongside 406 00:29:11,280 --> 00:29:15,000 Speaker 1: a prince, who spoke five languages, and spent the better 407 00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:20,000 Speaker 1: part of the nineteenth century working as a guide, a trapper, 408 00:29:20,480 --> 00:29:24,760 Speaker 1: and gold prospector. As a child, he had represented the 409 00:29:24,800 --> 00:29:29,160 Speaker 1: promise of peace. As an adult, he can be reframed 410 00:29:29,240 --> 00:29:34,880 Speaker 1: to represent a romanticized version of the American West, a 411 00:29:35,040 --> 00:29:39,479 Speaker 1: mascot for a certain spirit of adventure onto whom people 412 00:29:39,560 --> 00:29:45,080 Speaker 1: can project their fears or prejudices or fascination with Native 413 00:29:45,120 --> 00:29:49,320 Speaker 1: Americans and the American West itself. It's a version of 414 00:29:49,360 --> 00:29:53,080 Speaker 1: our history that maybe never existed in the first place, 415 00:29:53,360 --> 00:29:58,400 Speaker 1: or only ever existed in the slivers of real people's stories. 416 00:29:59,040 --> 00:30:08,960 Speaker 1: But Jean be Baptiste Charboneau did exist. That's the story 417 00:30:09,040 --> 00:30:12,600 Speaker 1: of Jean Baptiste Charboneau and his relationship with Duke Paul 418 00:30:12,640 --> 00:30:16,560 Speaker 1: Wilhelm of Wurtemberg, but keep listening after a brief sponsor 419 00:30:16,640 --> 00:30:19,840 Speaker 1: break to hear a little bit more about Jean Baptiste's 420 00:30:20,160 --> 00:30:29,480 Speaker 1: lasting legacy in America. So much of this story has 421 00:30:29,520 --> 00:30:32,960 Speaker 1: been lost to history, forced into the realm of speculation 422 00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:38,320 Speaker 1: or wishful thinking. Even Lewis and Clark's journey, one of 423 00:30:38,360 --> 00:30:43,120 Speaker 1: the most famous adventures in American history, left almost no 424 00:30:43,480 --> 00:30:48,000 Speaker 1: physical evidence on the trail itself. It seems the two 425 00:30:48,120 --> 00:30:52,480 Speaker 1: men took the idiom to heart, leave only footprints, take 426 00:30:52,800 --> 00:30:58,160 Speaker 1: only detailed journal entries. But there is one tiny exception. 427 00:30:59,040 --> 00:31:02,880 Speaker 1: Near the banks of the Yellowstone River, a sandstone pillar 428 00:31:03,080 --> 00:31:06,600 Speaker 1: stretches more than one hundred feet into the air, covering 429 00:31:06,640 --> 00:31:10,920 Speaker 1: over two acres at its base. Enamored with Saka Juwaya's 430 00:31:10,920 --> 00:31:16,320 Speaker 1: baby son, Clark named the site Pompey's Pillar, and, perhaps 431 00:31:16,440 --> 00:31:20,120 Speaker 1: ironic on a monument named for a man for whom 432 00:31:20,200 --> 00:31:24,480 Speaker 1: there is such a dearth of primary physical sources. Pompey's 433 00:31:24,560 --> 00:31:28,760 Speaker 1: Pillar is the site of the only known physical evidence 434 00:31:29,120 --> 00:31:33,160 Speaker 1: of the core of discoveries journey. Carved into the stone 435 00:31:33,280 --> 00:31:39,280 Speaker 1: itself is W. Clark July twenty fifth, eighteen o six. 436 00:31:46,040 --> 00:31:50,400 Speaker 1: Noble Blood is a production of iHeartRadio and Grim and 437 00:31:50,480 --> 00:31:54,800 Speaker 1: Mild from Aaron Manky. Noble Blood is created and hosted 438 00:31:54,880 --> 00:31:59,520 Speaker 1: by me Dana Schwartz, with additional writing and researching by 439 00:31:59,600 --> 00:32:05,160 Speaker 1: Hannah Johnston, hannah's Wick, Mira Hayward, Courtney Sender, and Lori Goodman. 440 00:32:05,640 --> 00:32:09,400 Speaker 1: The show is edited and produced by Noemi Griffin and 441 00:32:09,640 --> 00:32:15,360 Speaker 1: rima Il Kahali, with supervising producer Josh Thain and executive 442 00:32:15,400 --> 00:32:20,080 Speaker 1: producers Aaron Manke, Alex Williams, and Matt Frederick. For more 443 00:32:20,120 --> 00:32:26,040 Speaker 1: podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, or 444 00:32:26,080 --> 00:33:00,080 Speaker 1: wherever you listen to your favorite shows you