1 00:00:09,039 --> 00:00:12,440 Speaker 1: Hey, Jorney, Maybe you're not aware of you recently coined 2 00:00:12,440 --> 00:00:15,600 Speaker 1: a word that I now use all the time. Oh yeah, 3 00:00:15,600 --> 00:00:17,599 Speaker 1: I've been in his movies. Know. The word that you 4 00:00:17,720 --> 00:00:21,040 Speaker 1: made up that I really like is the word engineeringly. 5 00:00:21,600 --> 00:00:24,000 Speaker 1: That was pretty a pretty good word. But how do 6 00:00:24,040 --> 00:00:26,279 Speaker 1: you use it in a sentence. Let's say you could say, 7 00:00:26,320 --> 00:00:32,600 Speaker 1: for example, a warp drive is physically possible, but engineeringly impossible. 8 00:00:32,760 --> 00:00:34,760 Speaker 1: That just sounds to me like you need better engineers. 9 00:00:35,440 --> 00:00:38,400 Speaker 1: We definitely need better engineers, and I hope that they're 10 00:00:38,440 --> 00:00:41,800 Speaker 1: out there in our audience listening today because we have 11 00:00:42,000 --> 00:01:02,200 Speaker 1: some engineeringly very challenging projects on the docket. Ye hi, 12 00:01:02,240 --> 00:01:05,720 Speaker 1: am orhammy cartoonists and the creator of PhD comments, Hi, 13 00:01:05,959 --> 00:01:08,840 Speaker 1: I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I'm happy to 14 00:01:08,840 --> 00:01:12,560 Speaker 1: put off my problems onto engineers, even your personal problems. 15 00:01:12,600 --> 00:01:15,200 Speaker 1: There does seem to be a proliferation of engineers. You know, 16 00:01:15,280 --> 00:01:19,080 Speaker 1: back in the day that was mechanical electric. You make 17 00:01:19,120 --> 00:01:21,800 Speaker 1: it sound like we're a pest or, but you know, 18 00:01:21,840 --> 00:01:25,880 Speaker 1: now you've got the software engineers, you've got social engineers, 19 00:01:25,959 --> 00:01:28,320 Speaker 1: You've got every kind of engineer. It's crazy. So yeah, 20 00:01:28,360 --> 00:01:32,600 Speaker 1: maybe Daniel's personal problem engineers, I supposed to physicists who 21 00:01:32,640 --> 00:01:36,400 Speaker 1: there's only one kind. There are only a few of us. Yeah, 22 00:01:36,400 --> 00:01:40,800 Speaker 1: that's true. There's like solid state matter, wet matter, dark matter. 23 00:01:41,040 --> 00:01:42,920 Speaker 1: It's been a while since we invented a new kind 24 00:01:42,920 --> 00:01:46,240 Speaker 1: of physicist. Yah, maybe it's time. Maybe it's time. Yeah, 25 00:01:46,360 --> 00:01:50,080 Speaker 1: Daniel's personal problem physicists. I don't think any of my 26 00:01:50,120 --> 00:01:53,800 Speaker 1: personal problems can be solved with physics. That there's learnal 27 00:01:53,920 --> 00:01:57,120 Speaker 1: laws there to be found. But welcome to our podcast. 28 00:01:57,200 --> 00:02:00,560 Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge explained the Universe State production of Hard Radio, 29 00:02:01,160 --> 00:02:04,160 Speaker 1: in which we focus on the questions that can be answered, 30 00:02:04,240 --> 00:02:07,360 Speaker 1: the questions that might one day in the future be answered, 31 00:02:07,640 --> 00:02:10,880 Speaker 1: questions about how the world works, about what the universe 32 00:02:10,960 --> 00:02:12,959 Speaker 1: is like, how it will end, and how it is 33 00:02:13,000 --> 00:02:17,200 Speaker 1: put together on the smallest scale. Yeah, we love questions, 34 00:02:17,200 --> 00:02:19,600 Speaker 1: and we love questions for which we know the answers 35 00:02:19,680 --> 00:02:21,880 Speaker 1: and we know the question. We love the also questions 36 00:02:21,880 --> 00:02:24,040 Speaker 1: for which we don't know the answers, because there are 37 00:02:24,040 --> 00:02:27,320 Speaker 1: still a lot of questions out there in the universe 38 00:02:27,400 --> 00:02:30,440 Speaker 1: that nobody knows the answer to, and often on this 39 00:02:30,560 --> 00:02:33,080 Speaker 1: podcast we take a tour of some of those questions. 40 00:02:33,160 --> 00:02:36,080 Speaker 1: We show you what's in the mind of scientists at 41 00:02:36,160 --> 00:02:38,960 Speaker 1: the forefront of knowledge is they try to peel back 42 00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:42,320 Speaker 1: a layer of reality and expose the universe as it 43 00:02:42,400 --> 00:02:45,160 Speaker 1: really is. And sometimes we take you on a tour 44 00:02:45,200 --> 00:02:48,560 Speaker 1: of the minds of our listeners, thinking about what everybody 45 00:02:48,560 --> 00:02:51,239 Speaker 1: out there is wondering about. Yeah, and we love taking 46 00:02:51,320 --> 00:02:54,280 Speaker 1: lists questions from listeners because they really sort of give 47 00:02:54,360 --> 00:02:57,200 Speaker 1: us an insight into what people are thinking and what 48 00:02:57,360 --> 00:03:00,680 Speaker 1: they're what our podcast is kind of make them think about. 49 00:03:00,840 --> 00:03:02,760 Speaker 1: That's right, and not just because they give us sort 50 00:03:02,800 --> 00:03:06,119 Speaker 1: of like a checkpoint so that we understand what listeners 51 00:03:06,120 --> 00:03:09,240 Speaker 1: are getting and what they're confused about. But sometimes listeners 52 00:03:09,320 --> 00:03:12,919 Speaker 1: questions really put their finger on something amazing about the universe. 53 00:03:13,240 --> 00:03:16,760 Speaker 1: When I teach, you know, freshman physics here you see Irvine, 54 00:03:16,960 --> 00:03:19,080 Speaker 1: it's when they ask a question that it makes me 55 00:03:19,120 --> 00:03:21,040 Speaker 1: think about a topic in a new way, makes me 56 00:03:21,120 --> 00:03:24,079 Speaker 1: explain in a new way, and then it really makes 57 00:03:24,120 --> 00:03:27,160 Speaker 1: me understand it. So listener questions are really a source 58 00:03:27,200 --> 00:03:29,400 Speaker 1: of insight. Yeah, And let's face it, we have I 59 00:03:29,440 --> 00:03:35,080 Speaker 1: think the best listeners in the universe Daniel Podcast on Earth, 60 00:03:35,200 --> 00:03:37,760 Speaker 1: and I would say in anywhere else in the universe, 61 00:03:37,800 --> 00:03:40,400 Speaker 1: I think we have the best listeners. That's right, And 62 00:03:40,440 --> 00:03:43,200 Speaker 1: we're talking specifically about you. You know who you are. 63 00:03:43,600 --> 00:03:45,920 Speaker 1: We're talking about you right there listening to us right now. 64 00:03:46,320 --> 00:03:49,360 Speaker 1: You're the best. You're our favorite listen. You're the best looking, 65 00:03:49,600 --> 00:03:53,040 Speaker 1: you smell great today, and you ask awesome questions and 66 00:03:53,160 --> 00:03:54,960 Speaker 1: tell my kids that all the time. I'm like, you're 67 00:03:55,000 --> 00:03:58,080 Speaker 1: my favorite daughter, and she's like, I'm your only daughter 68 00:03:58,560 --> 00:04:05,480 Speaker 1: that I know of. Daniel and Jorge dig Into or 69 00:04:05,560 --> 00:04:07,960 Speaker 1: his sort of past. Hey, you know, if this is 70 00:04:07,960 --> 00:04:10,280 Speaker 1: going to be Daniel and Jorge starting to tell a novella, 71 00:04:10,360 --> 00:04:12,000 Speaker 1: then you're going to have some sort of you know, 72 00:04:12,040 --> 00:04:14,200 Speaker 1: other family show up at some point in season seven. 73 00:04:14,240 --> 00:04:20,680 Speaker 1: My evil twin twins genetically the same. Does that mean 74 00:04:20,720 --> 00:04:24,359 Speaker 1: their kids are sort of also like your kids? Boy? Interesting, 75 00:04:24,400 --> 00:04:26,720 Speaker 1: he's had a great listener question. Yeah, Or does that 76 00:04:26,800 --> 00:04:28,760 Speaker 1: mean if you can have, if you can be twins 77 00:04:28,800 --> 00:04:30,440 Speaker 1: and one of you is evil, does that mean that 78 00:04:30,480 --> 00:04:33,120 Speaker 1: evil is not genetic? Or maybe you are evil but 79 00:04:33,160 --> 00:04:36,919 Speaker 1: you do you don't know it. There are no good twins, 80 00:04:36,960 --> 00:04:40,040 Speaker 1: is that what you're saying? Well, they should either both 81 00:04:40,040 --> 00:04:42,560 Speaker 1: be good or both be evil. I'm sure that all 82 00:04:42,600 --> 00:04:45,560 Speaker 1: the twins listening right now are both good? Well, anyways, 83 00:04:45,760 --> 00:04:47,520 Speaker 1: we do have the best listeners and they do ask 84 00:04:47,520 --> 00:04:50,760 Speaker 1: the best questions that they send us through Twitter or 85 00:04:50,880 --> 00:04:54,720 Speaker 1: Facebook or Instagram or by email. And if you're out 86 00:04:54,720 --> 00:04:56,560 Speaker 1: there listening to this podcast and you have a question 87 00:04:56,600 --> 00:04:58,960 Speaker 1: about the universe, you can also write it to us 88 00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:02,400 Speaker 1: and we will eventually get to it on the podcast. 89 00:05:02,960 --> 00:05:05,600 Speaker 1: That's right, And we answer all of our listener emails 90 00:05:05,640 --> 00:05:09,360 Speaker 1: pretty promptly. Sometimes people writing asking a good physics questions. 91 00:05:09,440 --> 00:05:13,719 Speaker 1: Sometimes people writing asking sort of off the wall questions. Uh, 92 00:05:13,760 --> 00:05:16,960 Speaker 1: nobody so far is asking for marriage advice. But here's 93 00:05:16,960 --> 00:05:19,039 Speaker 1: a question we got last week which sort of made 94 00:05:19,080 --> 00:05:22,440 Speaker 1: me chuckle. It's from Gridget saying and here's what he 95 00:05:22,480 --> 00:05:25,279 Speaker 1: had to say. He wrote, if we assume the world 96 00:05:25,360 --> 00:05:28,760 Speaker 1: is a simulation, do you think there's only one conscious 97 00:05:28,800 --> 00:05:31,880 Speaker 1: being and the rest of the world are just biological zombies? 98 00:05:32,040 --> 00:05:36,960 Speaker 1: Or everyone is conscious? I love this question. It's like 99 00:05:37,200 --> 00:05:39,440 Speaker 1: am I playing a video game? Or are we all 100 00:05:39,440 --> 00:05:41,719 Speaker 1: playing a video game together? It's like are you a 101 00:05:41,760 --> 00:05:46,960 Speaker 1: non player? Yeah? Yeah? Or is there somebody really in there? Interesting? Well, 102 00:05:47,000 --> 00:05:49,160 Speaker 1: it just gets to the bottom of consciousness, right, like 103 00:05:49,800 --> 00:05:54,239 Speaker 1: kind of machine be conscious, kind of machine be conscious. Yeah, 104 00:05:54,320 --> 00:05:56,000 Speaker 1: and maybe this guy spends a lot of time in 105 00:05:56,120 --> 00:05:59,280 Speaker 1: video games wondering if those other players are real or not. 106 00:05:59,680 --> 00:06:02,080 Speaker 1: But a fun question, but not one that I, you know, 107 00:06:02,240 --> 00:06:06,479 Speaker 1: necessarily have any expertise or ability to answer. So I 108 00:06:06,520 --> 00:06:09,600 Speaker 1: could pontificate as a physicist, but I think the physicists 109 00:06:09,640 --> 00:06:12,719 Speaker 1: spend too much time talking about things outside their area 110 00:06:12,720 --> 00:06:15,280 Speaker 1: of expertise. So I'm gonna have to point on that one. 111 00:06:17,200 --> 00:06:19,839 Speaker 1: Maybe you've noticed that what if? What if you're playing 112 00:06:19,839 --> 00:06:22,000 Speaker 1: a bit of games where you have to kill zombies, 113 00:06:22,320 --> 00:06:25,880 Speaker 1: then technically are those zombies? But are those zombies conscious? 114 00:06:25,960 --> 00:06:28,560 Speaker 1: But they can't because there's zombies? Yeah, well you could 115 00:06:28,560 --> 00:06:32,640 Speaker 1: be committing digital moral crimes. But we love answering listener 116 00:06:32,720 --> 00:06:35,280 Speaker 1: questions and sometimes we have episodes where we ask to them, 117 00:06:35,279 --> 00:06:37,719 Speaker 1: and so today is what are those episodes? So today 118 00:06:37,720 --> 00:06:46,680 Speaker 1: on the program, we'll be tackling listener questions about the universe. 119 00:06:46,960 --> 00:06:49,680 Speaker 1: That's right. We'll be touching on exotic matter, will be 120 00:06:49,720 --> 00:06:52,640 Speaker 1: building roads that span the Earth, and we'll take our 121 00:06:52,680 --> 00:06:56,200 Speaker 1: minds to other galaxies and wondering what life is like 122 00:06:56,400 --> 00:07:00,720 Speaker 1: out there aliens. Basically, we're feel I feel like we 123 00:07:00,760 --> 00:07:04,960 Speaker 1: can have a listener questions episode without touching the hitting 124 00:07:04,960 --> 00:07:07,440 Speaker 1: the alien button. Are you saying that's because our listeners 125 00:07:07,480 --> 00:07:10,160 Speaker 1: are fascinated with aliens? Are you suspecting that I'm picking 126 00:07:10,200 --> 00:07:13,720 Speaker 1: the alien questions out of the slush pile. I feel 127 00:07:13,800 --> 00:07:18,880 Speaker 1: like there's a Van diagram there listener questions and things 128 00:07:19,000 --> 00:07:21,520 Speaker 1: Daniel loves to talk about. If you have a question 129 00:07:21,520 --> 00:07:24,520 Speaker 1: about anything, dear listeners, just put the word alien in 130 00:07:24,520 --> 00:07:27,480 Speaker 1: it and it will increase your chances that we'll talk 131 00:07:27,520 --> 00:07:30,840 Speaker 1: about it. That's fair, that's good advice. Yea, I have 132 00:07:30,880 --> 00:07:33,080 Speaker 1: a question about dark matter. Just wonder if dark about 133 00:07:33,080 --> 00:07:36,160 Speaker 1: her could be made by aliens? And well, I'm sure 134 00:07:36,160 --> 00:07:38,880 Speaker 1: we'll consider it. My kids know that already. They're like, hey, Dad, 135 00:07:38,920 --> 00:07:41,440 Speaker 1: can I have ten bucks? It's for aliens? Yeah, sure, 136 00:07:41,480 --> 00:07:43,200 Speaker 1: here we go. All right, So today we have three 137 00:07:43,280 --> 00:07:46,280 Speaker 1: questions from listeners from all around the world, and so 138 00:07:46,360 --> 00:07:48,840 Speaker 1: we'll be tackling each of these questions one by one. 139 00:07:49,560 --> 00:07:52,560 Speaker 1: And so the first question comes from Maria from Canada 140 00:07:52,840 --> 00:07:57,480 Speaker 1: and she has a question about exotic matter. Here's your question. Hi, 141 00:07:57,560 --> 00:07:59,680 Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorgey. My name is Maria and I'm a 142 00:07:59,720 --> 00:08:04,440 Speaker 1: listen from Victoria, Canada and I was wondering what's exotic matter, 143 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:08,000 Speaker 1: how is it different from dark matter or antimatter? And 144 00:08:08,160 --> 00:08:10,600 Speaker 1: how many different kinds of matter even are there? Anyways, 145 00:08:10,760 --> 00:08:13,600 Speaker 1: thank you so much, awesome questions. I feel like she's 146 00:08:13,600 --> 00:08:17,440 Speaker 1: sort of get throwing little shaded physicists. I felt that, 147 00:08:17,520 --> 00:08:20,240 Speaker 1: I felt that shade, like, hey, get this under control, 148 00:08:20,320 --> 00:08:24,560 Speaker 1: Like people are ridiculous, Yeah, that this matter naming is 149 00:08:24,600 --> 00:08:27,120 Speaker 1: getting out of control. It's we have as many kinds 150 00:08:27,160 --> 00:08:29,400 Speaker 1: of matter as there are like fields of engineering, and 151 00:08:29,400 --> 00:08:31,680 Speaker 1: that's absurd. We we need a new feel for every 152 00:08:31,720 --> 00:08:33,600 Speaker 1: kind of matter you guys come up with. So it's 153 00:08:33,600 --> 00:08:38,280 Speaker 1: not our fault. We need exotic physics and exotic physicists. 154 00:08:38,360 --> 00:08:40,800 Speaker 1: We're just trying to plug the holes of physicist are creedive. 155 00:08:41,480 --> 00:08:43,920 Speaker 1: Thank you, by the way for your tireless work plugging 156 00:08:43,920 --> 00:08:45,520 Speaker 1: our holes. We just need to have a lot of 157 00:08:45,600 --> 00:08:50,839 Speaker 1: kinds of matter in our universe. There's, for example, baryonic matter, antimatter, 158 00:08:51,000 --> 00:08:55,360 Speaker 1: dark matter, exotic matter, supersymmetric matter. Yeah. Yeah, the list 159 00:08:55,400 --> 00:08:58,880 Speaker 1: goes on. And this is a totally great question, and 160 00:08:59,040 --> 00:09:01,880 Speaker 1: it's a fair question also because this term is used 161 00:09:01,920 --> 00:09:04,760 Speaker 1: in lots of different ways. In a very general way, 162 00:09:04,840 --> 00:09:07,760 Speaker 1: people use the phrase exotic matter to me literally, just 163 00:09:07,840 --> 00:09:10,760 Speaker 1: that like matter that seems kind of weird, like exotic, 164 00:09:11,120 --> 00:09:14,600 Speaker 1: something different from the every day you know, the everyday 165 00:09:14,640 --> 00:09:18,480 Speaker 1: matter is made of quarks and electrons, and so from 166 00:09:18,520 --> 00:09:22,080 Speaker 1: that definition, exotic matter could be like dark matter, you know, 167 00:09:22,280 --> 00:09:25,760 Speaker 1: or other weird stuff that's out there. Oh boy, now 168 00:09:25,760 --> 00:09:28,440 Speaker 1: you're just making it worse, Daniel. Now you're like overlapping 169 00:09:28,480 --> 00:09:31,680 Speaker 1: all these matter designations. We're not great at that. In 170 00:09:31,720 --> 00:09:34,440 Speaker 1: particle physics, you know, matter could just be any matter 171 00:09:34,559 --> 00:09:36,880 Speaker 1: that is against something. Yeah, it could be. So it's 172 00:09:37,040 --> 00:09:39,400 Speaker 1: it's a different opinion. It's a very vague tournament. And 173 00:09:39,440 --> 00:09:43,760 Speaker 1: it could even be weird forms of familiar matter. Like 174 00:09:44,120 --> 00:09:46,640 Speaker 1: if you take atoms and you cool them down and 175 00:09:46,720 --> 00:09:50,480 Speaker 1: make weird quantum states like Bose Einstein condensates, some people 176 00:09:50,480 --> 00:09:54,120 Speaker 1: would call that exotic matter. Or if you make super fluids, 177 00:09:54,280 --> 00:09:56,880 Speaker 1: you could call that exotic matter. Well, well, let's take 178 00:09:56,880 --> 00:09:59,480 Speaker 1: it's a step back here. You're saying that the word 179 00:09:59,480 --> 00:10:03,640 Speaker 1: exotic matter is not well defined in physics. Yeah, if 180 00:10:03,640 --> 00:10:06,720 Speaker 1: you just google what is exotic matter? For example, you 181 00:10:06,760 --> 00:10:09,920 Speaker 1: will see articles physicists discover exotic matter, but then it 182 00:10:09,920 --> 00:10:13,120 Speaker 1: turns out it's actually about super fluids, or physicists use 183 00:10:13,200 --> 00:10:16,640 Speaker 1: exotic matter to communicate quantum mechanically and then it turns 184 00:10:16,640 --> 00:10:19,880 Speaker 1: out it's just bosion stain content. States m hmmm. So 185 00:10:19,960 --> 00:10:23,079 Speaker 1: you're saying, just like in our culture, the word exotic 186 00:10:23,200 --> 00:10:26,800 Speaker 1: is sort of outdated and inappropriate. Yeah, it's a little bit. 187 00:10:27,160 --> 00:10:30,600 Speaker 1: It's been a bit abused. But there is also sort 188 00:10:30,640 --> 00:10:33,160 Speaker 1: of a narrower version of exotic matter that has a 189 00:10:33,240 --> 00:10:36,800 Speaker 1: very specific, fascinating meeting in particle physics that I think 190 00:10:36,800 --> 00:10:39,600 Speaker 1: we could dig into. Oh I see, all right, So 191 00:10:39,679 --> 00:10:43,280 Speaker 1: in general, it can just mean any kind of non 192 00:10:43,280 --> 00:10:48,040 Speaker 1: normal matter, weird, spooky Halloween matter in the loose sort 193 00:10:48,080 --> 00:10:52,360 Speaker 1: of definition of yes, spooky Halloween matter, or you know 194 00:10:52,480 --> 00:10:59,880 Speaker 1: matter from the Orient, which is that racist. Yeah yeah, yeah, 195 00:11:00,000 --> 00:11:04,280 Speaker 1: extern centric and but um no, you're saying, and in 196 00:11:04,440 --> 00:11:08,160 Speaker 1: general sense it just means weird matter. But there's also 197 00:11:08,200 --> 00:11:11,200 Speaker 1: sort of maybe a hardcore group of physicists who are like, hey, 198 00:11:11,280 --> 00:11:14,040 Speaker 1: this means something very specific. Yeah, they rock out the 199 00:11:14,080 --> 00:11:15,959 Speaker 1: heavy metal and they talk about this kind of matter. 200 00:11:16,320 --> 00:11:20,640 Speaker 1: They are hardcore, and that's matter with negative mass. So 201 00:11:20,720 --> 00:11:24,560 Speaker 1: in particle physics we talk about exotic particles or exotic 202 00:11:24,600 --> 00:11:28,600 Speaker 1: matter and what we mean are particles that have negative mass, 203 00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:31,520 Speaker 1: Like you know that mass is something we attached to particles, 204 00:11:31,520 --> 00:11:33,880 Speaker 1: and I have mass and you have mass, And a 205 00:11:33,960 --> 00:11:36,760 Speaker 1: fascinating thing about mass is that it seems to always 206 00:11:36,800 --> 00:11:40,360 Speaker 1: be positive. So we've invented this idea. Maybe there are 207 00:11:40,360 --> 00:11:42,559 Speaker 1: particles out there with the other kind of mass and 208 00:11:42,760 --> 00:11:46,120 Speaker 1: negative kind of mass. Mm hmmm, because right, because mass 209 00:11:46,200 --> 00:11:48,400 Speaker 1: is just kind of a label, right, it's not actually 210 00:11:48,440 --> 00:11:51,400 Speaker 1: like stuff. It's just kind of a like an electric 211 00:11:51,440 --> 00:11:54,400 Speaker 1: charge can be positive or negative. Yeah, we don't really 212 00:11:54,480 --> 00:11:57,079 Speaker 1: understand it. And if you zoom down to an individual particle, 213 00:11:57,600 --> 00:12:01,319 Speaker 1: particles have no volume. They're just points and base with labels, right, 214 00:12:01,400 --> 00:12:04,480 Speaker 1: like electric charges, you said, And mass is another property, 215 00:12:04,920 --> 00:12:07,440 Speaker 1: and mass is a property that these particles get from 216 00:12:07,559 --> 00:12:10,560 Speaker 1: interaction with the Higgs field. But the fascinating thing about 217 00:12:10,559 --> 00:12:12,560 Speaker 1: mass is that it always seems to be positive. Right. 218 00:12:12,640 --> 00:12:14,920 Speaker 1: We measure the mass of all of these particles and 219 00:12:15,000 --> 00:12:17,480 Speaker 1: we see that they have positive mass, and that has 220 00:12:17,480 --> 00:12:22,360 Speaker 1: fascinating consequences because the Higgs field always gives these particles 221 00:12:22,360 --> 00:12:25,440 Speaker 1: positive mass, or like the interaction is always positive, like 222 00:12:25,440 --> 00:12:27,679 Speaker 1: I has anyone had a bad experience with the Higgs field? 223 00:12:27,720 --> 00:12:31,680 Speaker 1: I guess it only has five star reviews on Yelp. 224 00:12:31,760 --> 00:12:37,720 Speaker 1: So yeah, in the Higgs field widely loved, would recommend yes, 225 00:12:37,880 --> 00:12:40,440 Speaker 1: Higgs field good. Um, But did you know what I mean? Like, 226 00:12:40,720 --> 00:12:42,960 Speaker 1: if something has negative masses, that mean that when it 227 00:12:43,000 --> 00:12:45,440 Speaker 1: interacts with the Higgs field it gets the negative mass 228 00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:47,400 Speaker 1: or what does that mean? Well, if a particle had 229 00:12:47,480 --> 00:12:50,120 Speaker 1: negative mass, we don't know how it would get that mass. 230 00:12:50,160 --> 00:12:52,000 Speaker 1: One way to get mass is to interact with the 231 00:12:52,080 --> 00:12:54,360 Speaker 1: Higgs field. We think there might be other ways for 232 00:12:54,440 --> 00:12:57,160 Speaker 1: particles to get mass too, but we've never seen one 233 00:12:57,240 --> 00:13:00,360 Speaker 1: like that, So there could be various ways for articles 234 00:13:00,360 --> 00:13:02,719 Speaker 1: to get mass. It doesn't just have to be the 235 00:13:02,840 --> 00:13:05,000 Speaker 1: Higgs field. The Higgs field just kind of determs how 236 00:13:05,000 --> 00:13:08,120 Speaker 1: it moves in the universe. Right, But you can still 237 00:13:08,400 --> 00:13:11,360 Speaker 1: have mass independent of the Higgs field. Yes, you can 238 00:13:11,440 --> 00:13:13,640 Speaker 1: get mass without getting it from the Higgs field. We 239 00:13:13,640 --> 00:13:16,319 Speaker 1: haven't ever done that, but like, we don't know neutrinos, 240 00:13:16,559 --> 00:13:18,640 Speaker 1: do they get mass from the Higgs field or not? 241 00:13:18,880 --> 00:13:20,760 Speaker 1: Do they get mass in this other weird way And 242 00:13:20,800 --> 00:13:22,679 Speaker 1: we can dive into that and a whole other podcast, 243 00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:25,120 Speaker 1: But I think the important concept to remember is what 244 00:13:25,200 --> 00:13:27,000 Speaker 1: you just said is that it changes how you move 245 00:13:27,120 --> 00:13:29,720 Speaker 1: through the universe. Often, when we talk about mass, we 246 00:13:29,760 --> 00:13:33,560 Speaker 1: really mean two different things. One is inertia, like you 247 00:13:33,640 --> 00:13:36,559 Speaker 1: give something a push. It takes a push to move something, 248 00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:39,720 Speaker 1: to change something's momentum, to get it started, takes a push. 249 00:13:40,040 --> 00:13:43,160 Speaker 1: We call that inertia. Really, that's mass, right, and that 250 00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:46,840 Speaker 1: comes from the formula F equals M. A force is 251 00:13:46,920 --> 00:13:50,200 Speaker 1: mass times acceleration. To accelerate something, you have to apply 252 00:13:50,320 --> 00:13:53,520 Speaker 1: a force, and the mass is the relationship between those two. 253 00:13:53,840 --> 00:13:56,719 Speaker 1: So that's mass. Concept Number one is inertial methods. How 254 00:13:56,720 --> 00:13:59,400 Speaker 1: hard it is to push? Yeah, how hard is it 255 00:13:59,440 --> 00:14:01,720 Speaker 1: to push to get it going? And also how hard 256 00:14:01,760 --> 00:14:04,080 Speaker 1: is it to slow it down? Like a semi truck 257 00:14:04,120 --> 00:14:06,480 Speaker 1: has a huge amount of mass, takes a huge force 258 00:14:06,520 --> 00:14:09,360 Speaker 1: to slow it down. Can something have negative inertial mass? 259 00:14:09,480 --> 00:14:12,120 Speaker 1: Is that possible where you like, you push it and 260 00:14:12,160 --> 00:14:16,160 Speaker 1: it goes faster, or you know, like it pushed you 261 00:14:16,200 --> 00:14:17,800 Speaker 1: push it and it actually pulls you or something, and 262 00:14:18,040 --> 00:14:19,680 Speaker 1: you know what, that's what would happen if you gave 263 00:14:19,720 --> 00:14:22,480 Speaker 1: it a push to the left and it had negative 264 00:14:22,480 --> 00:14:24,720 Speaker 1: inertial mass, it would move to the right, it would 265 00:14:24,760 --> 00:14:27,280 Speaker 1: push you, push you back. Yeah, so the force would 266 00:14:27,320 --> 00:14:30,480 Speaker 1: be the opposite direction of the acceleration. So the weird 267 00:14:30,560 --> 00:14:33,000 Speaker 1: thing about negative mass is like, it seems weird. It's 268 00:14:33,040 --> 00:14:37,280 Speaker 1: totally counterintuitive, but mathematically it kind of hangs together, like 269 00:14:37,320 --> 00:14:40,080 Speaker 1: we don't have a reason to believe it doesn't exist. 270 00:14:40,120 --> 00:14:42,640 Speaker 1: You could fit it into all of our equations. We've 271 00:14:42,680 --> 00:14:45,040 Speaker 1: just never seen an example of it. That kind of 272 00:14:45,040 --> 00:14:47,880 Speaker 1: weird example could happen where you like push it one 273 00:14:47,880 --> 00:14:50,520 Speaker 1: way with the with the force field or something, but 274 00:14:50,560 --> 00:14:53,080 Speaker 1: it goes the other way. Yeah, you could do that 275 00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:56,000 Speaker 1: in theory. It's possible. We've never seen it, but you 276 00:14:56,080 --> 00:14:59,240 Speaker 1: can work out all the equations of motion and it works. 277 00:14:59,600 --> 00:15:02,160 Speaker 1: So you push into the left and it moves to 278 00:15:02,200 --> 00:15:05,440 Speaker 1: the right. But that's only one way of thinking about mass. 279 00:15:05,520 --> 00:15:09,200 Speaker 1: Is a whole second concept of mass, which is mass 280 00:15:09,280 --> 00:15:13,320 Speaker 1: in gravity. Like two objects that have mass feel gravity 281 00:15:13,320 --> 00:15:16,360 Speaker 1: and attract each other. So so if something has negative mass, 282 00:15:16,360 --> 00:15:20,720 Speaker 1: it could maybe repel another thing, would mass. Yeah, the 283 00:15:20,720 --> 00:15:24,080 Speaker 1: fascinating thing about positive mass and gravity is that gravity 284 00:15:24,200 --> 00:15:26,400 Speaker 1: is one of the only forces that so far seems 285 00:15:26,440 --> 00:15:29,200 Speaker 1: to be just attractive. Right, you get pulled in by 286 00:15:29,240 --> 00:15:31,440 Speaker 1: the sun, you get pulled in by the moon. There's 287 00:15:31,480 --> 00:15:35,440 Speaker 1: no way, you get pushed by gravity, whereas like electromagnetism, 288 00:15:35,480 --> 00:15:37,840 Speaker 1: there's a positive and negativity, and if you have the 289 00:15:37,920 --> 00:15:41,480 Speaker 1: same charges you get repelled and gravity it is only 290 00:15:41,520 --> 00:15:45,480 Speaker 1: positive and it seems to only be attractive. So if 291 00:15:45,520 --> 00:15:49,480 Speaker 1: you add negative mass, then yeah, you could get repulsive gravity. 292 00:15:49,640 --> 00:15:53,440 Speaker 1: Or I guess maybe in like the Einstein space bending picture, 293 00:15:53,560 --> 00:15:56,120 Speaker 1: it would be sort of bend space the other way. Yeah, 294 00:15:56,280 --> 00:16:00,040 Speaker 1: instead of having like a dent down into space, it 295 00:16:00,040 --> 00:16:02,560 Speaker 1: would be like a like an explosion of space a 296 00:16:02,560 --> 00:16:04,880 Speaker 1: little bit. So things like slide away from you like 297 00:16:04,920 --> 00:16:09,000 Speaker 1: a z in space, like a like a bump a space. 298 00:16:10,760 --> 00:16:14,000 Speaker 1: Don't pop at ZiT. That's like a gravity bomb. Yeah, 299 00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:17,480 Speaker 1: you have a negative experience. Don't do it. It's weird though, 300 00:16:17,520 --> 00:16:20,640 Speaker 1: because this is a little counterintuitive. You know that positive 301 00:16:20,680 --> 00:16:24,440 Speaker 1: mass of course attracts other positive mass. It would also 302 00:16:24,480 --> 00:16:29,360 Speaker 1: attract negative mass, and negative mass would repel negative mass 303 00:16:29,440 --> 00:16:32,800 Speaker 1: and also positive masses. Wait what, it wouldn't be like 304 00:16:32,880 --> 00:16:36,760 Speaker 1: electrical charges. It's not like electrical charges because you just 305 00:16:36,840 --> 00:16:39,680 Speaker 1: said that. We don't think of gravity as a force. 306 00:16:39,720 --> 00:16:42,880 Speaker 1: We think as a bending of space. So positive mass 307 00:16:42,920 --> 00:16:45,160 Speaker 1: makes like a dent in space like a whole in 308 00:16:45,200 --> 00:16:48,120 Speaker 1: space for things to fall into regardless of their mass, 309 00:16:48,280 --> 00:16:51,720 Speaker 1: and negative masses make space zits. That was actually Einstein's term, 310 00:16:52,360 --> 00:16:59,520 Speaker 1: and is it z it's their spation and now that's 311 00:16:59,520 --> 00:17:02,160 Speaker 1: a joke. But a negative mass make these would make 312 00:17:02,160 --> 00:17:04,480 Speaker 1: these like you know, or I'm gonna say zits in 313 00:17:04,520 --> 00:17:11,720 Speaker 1: space because regardless of the mass of the other thing. Right, So, 314 00:17:11,880 --> 00:17:16,840 Speaker 1: positive masses attract other positive or negative masses, and negative 315 00:17:16,840 --> 00:17:20,879 Speaker 1: masses repel negative or positive masses. It's like the opposite 316 00:17:20,960 --> 00:17:24,760 Speaker 1: of a black hole. Yeah, and it's weirdly sort of asymmetric, right. 317 00:17:24,800 --> 00:17:26,960 Speaker 1: You like to think about the forces as being symmetric, 318 00:17:27,160 --> 00:17:29,760 Speaker 1: so like it depends on the product of the charges 319 00:17:29,880 --> 00:17:32,439 Speaker 1: or something, but it wouldn't be. And that means if 320 00:17:32,480 --> 00:17:34,960 Speaker 1: you have like a positive mass and a negative mass 321 00:17:35,040 --> 00:17:38,760 Speaker 1: next to each other, then the positive masses pulling on 322 00:17:38,800 --> 00:17:41,879 Speaker 1: the negative mass, but the negative mass is pushing on 323 00:17:41,920 --> 00:17:45,520 Speaker 1: the positive mass. Um what would happen? They would actually 324 00:17:45,600 --> 00:17:48,880 Speaker 1: just like lead to this runaway motion because the positive 325 00:17:48,880 --> 00:17:52,239 Speaker 1: masses pulling on the negative the negative is trying to 326 00:17:52,240 --> 00:17:56,439 Speaker 1: repel the positive. Attraction of the negative actually pushes the 327 00:17:56,520 --> 00:17:59,840 Speaker 1: other direction, right because of negative and inertial mass, And 328 00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:02,480 Speaker 1: it would just skip out of town. Let's skip out 329 00:18:02,480 --> 00:18:07,720 Speaker 1: of town for real. Well, we don't know, Like this 330 00:18:07,800 --> 00:18:10,680 Speaker 1: is the idea, so we've never seen this stuff. It's 331 00:18:10,720 --> 00:18:12,199 Speaker 1: just sort of an idea, and and it would be 332 00:18:12,200 --> 00:18:15,600 Speaker 1: pretty helpful because if we did have exotic mass, we 333 00:18:15,640 --> 00:18:19,000 Speaker 1: could use it to, for example, stabilize wormholes and travel 334 00:18:19,040 --> 00:18:21,240 Speaker 1: through the galaxy and this kind of stuff. But we've 335 00:18:21,280 --> 00:18:24,040 Speaker 1: never seen any of it. It's just sort of like, yeah, 336 00:18:24,040 --> 00:18:26,000 Speaker 1: I guess that's in the lad. The next question, which 337 00:18:26,040 --> 00:18:28,719 Speaker 1: is is this even real or is it just theoretical. 338 00:18:29,280 --> 00:18:32,440 Speaker 1: It's just theoretical, but it's important to recognize these sort 339 00:18:32,440 --> 00:18:35,920 Speaker 1: of theoretical opportunities. Some of these other kinds of matter 340 00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:39,040 Speaker 1: we talked about, like antimatter. They started out it's theoretical, 341 00:18:39,080 --> 00:18:42,520 Speaker 1: and somebody noticed, hey, the equations also work if you 342 00:18:42,680 --> 00:18:45,000 Speaker 1: flip all these signs and make this other weird kind 343 00:18:45,040 --> 00:18:47,160 Speaker 1: of matter. So maybe that's real, and it turns out 344 00:18:47,280 --> 00:18:51,400 Speaker 1: it's true. So seeing these mathematical symmetries are often guides 345 00:18:51,640 --> 00:18:54,480 Speaker 1: actually binding stuff in reality, and that will tell us 346 00:18:54,520 --> 00:18:58,040 Speaker 1: more about the universe. Yeah, but the universe is asymmetric sometimes, 347 00:18:58,119 --> 00:19:01,280 Speaker 1: like there's a lot of matter out there, very very 348 00:19:01,280 --> 00:19:04,200 Speaker 1: little antimatter, if any. We don't know why that is. 349 00:19:04,680 --> 00:19:07,639 Speaker 1: So there's a lot of positive matter out there, none 350 00:19:07,800 --> 00:19:11,000 Speaker 1: or maybe very little negative matter. Why is that right? 351 00:19:11,359 --> 00:19:15,720 Speaker 1: Fascinating questions? Yeah, maybe not all the matter matters. All 352 00:19:15,760 --> 00:19:18,520 Speaker 1: matter matters, man, but all right, so, um, it seems 353 00:19:18,560 --> 00:19:22,639 Speaker 1: like to answer Maria's question, exotic matter. Um can mean 354 00:19:22,680 --> 00:19:25,720 Speaker 1: a lot of things, but it generally it's terribly used 355 00:19:25,760 --> 00:19:28,760 Speaker 1: just to me, like not normal matter, meaning the matter 356 00:19:28,840 --> 00:19:30,919 Speaker 1: you and I are made out of. It's kind of 357 00:19:30,960 --> 00:19:34,760 Speaker 1: weird or unusual. Some physicists call that exotic matter. But 358 00:19:35,119 --> 00:19:38,080 Speaker 1: there's also sort of the hardcore definition, which is that 359 00:19:38,200 --> 00:19:42,480 Speaker 1: it means matter with negative mass, which is theoretically fascinating, 360 00:19:42,760 --> 00:19:45,639 Speaker 1: totally possible, but never been seen. But you know, she 361 00:19:45,720 --> 00:19:48,200 Speaker 1: also asked another question, which is how many different kinds 362 00:19:48,240 --> 00:19:52,080 Speaker 1: of matter are there? Anyway? And that's such a good question. 363 00:19:52,160 --> 00:19:55,560 Speaker 1: It's a question that I have also because we see 364 00:19:55,600 --> 00:19:58,000 Speaker 1: these symmetries in nature. We see like, oh, there's matter 365 00:19:58,160 --> 00:20:02,240 Speaker 1: and antimatter, there's maybe positive matter and negative mass matter, 366 00:20:02,520 --> 00:20:05,760 Speaker 1: and there's other symmetries like we talked about supersymmetry on 367 00:20:05,760 --> 00:20:09,119 Speaker 1: this program, like maybe every spin half particle has a 368 00:20:09,200 --> 00:20:12,720 Speaker 1: spin one particle that that balances it, and vice versa, 369 00:20:13,240 --> 00:20:16,520 Speaker 1: and all these symmetries tell us something deep about the universe, 370 00:20:16,560 --> 00:20:19,640 Speaker 1: about the way it's put together, about what it reflects 371 00:20:19,640 --> 00:20:21,680 Speaker 1: that its deepest level, And we don't know what the 372 00:20:21,720 --> 00:20:24,320 Speaker 1: answers are. But every time we find a symmetry, I 373 00:20:24,359 --> 00:20:27,240 Speaker 1: feel like it's revealed something about the universe that we've 374 00:20:27,240 --> 00:20:29,639 Speaker 1: been desperate to find out. Every time you find a 375 00:20:29,640 --> 00:20:32,000 Speaker 1: new kind of matter or think up but you kind 376 00:20:32,040 --> 00:20:35,399 Speaker 1: of matter, it kind of pushes your definition of what 377 00:20:35,520 --> 00:20:38,760 Speaker 1: can exist. Yeah, and these symmetries are really important. You know. 378 00:20:38,840 --> 00:20:41,520 Speaker 1: We talked also on this program about how the universe 379 00:20:41,680 --> 00:20:45,000 Speaker 1: is left handed. It prefers particles that spin in a 380 00:20:45,080 --> 00:20:47,680 Speaker 1: certain way relative to their motion. We don't know why 381 00:20:47,720 --> 00:20:50,240 Speaker 1: that is, and so people suggested and maybe there's another 382 00:20:50,320 --> 00:20:53,919 Speaker 1: kind of matter called mirror matter, where it's the opposite. 383 00:20:54,359 --> 00:20:56,840 Speaker 1: And every time you have these symmetries, you have to ask, 384 00:20:56,880 --> 00:20:58,480 Speaker 1: why is it this way and not the other way? 385 00:20:58,480 --> 00:21:01,560 Speaker 1: Why is the universe sort of by furcated into two options. 386 00:21:01,560 --> 00:21:04,200 Speaker 1: What does that mean about the nature of the universe 387 00:21:04,560 --> 00:21:07,040 Speaker 1: At some higher temperature earlier in the universe, was this 388 00:21:07,119 --> 00:21:09,880 Speaker 1: all unified into something beautiful? And crystalline, and then it's 389 00:21:09,880 --> 00:21:12,479 Speaker 1: just sort of cracked and fell apart. We don't know. 390 00:21:12,680 --> 00:21:15,879 Speaker 1: I think my favorite kind of matter are the matters 391 00:21:15,920 --> 00:21:19,399 Speaker 1: of the heart. Daniel. All right, well, we hope that 392 00:21:19,480 --> 00:21:22,439 Speaker 1: answered your question, Maria, thanks so much for asking the question. 393 00:21:22,520 --> 00:21:24,800 Speaker 1: And so let's get into our two other questions for 394 00:21:24,840 --> 00:21:28,080 Speaker 1: the episode, and these are about the biggest road ever 395 00:21:28,119 --> 00:21:33,240 Speaker 1: built and also about intergalactic aliens. But first let's take 396 00:21:33,240 --> 00:21:49,200 Speaker 1: a quick break. Alright, we're answering listener questions today. Answer 397 00:21:49,240 --> 00:21:52,639 Speaker 1: Our next question comes from Rahul from India, and so 398 00:21:52,680 --> 00:21:55,880 Speaker 1: he has a question about an interesting idea for an 399 00:21:55,960 --> 00:22:00,040 Speaker 1: infinite road. Here is so, imagine you start building a 400 00:22:00,040 --> 00:22:03,160 Speaker 1: bridge or a highway above the surface, and it goes 401 00:22:03,280 --> 00:22:05,600 Speaker 1: all the way around the earth and meets each other. 402 00:22:06,560 --> 00:22:11,639 Speaker 1: Now you have this one long, continuous bridge. So obviously 403 00:22:11,840 --> 00:22:16,080 Speaker 1: those bridges have pillars, and now you decide to bomb 404 00:22:16,160 --> 00:22:18,920 Speaker 1: all the pillars that supposed the bridge at the same 405 00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:22,400 Speaker 1: exact time. So what would happen to the bridge? Will 406 00:22:22,440 --> 00:22:25,600 Speaker 1: it stay floating above the surface or will it fall down? 407 00:22:26,560 --> 00:22:30,280 Speaker 1: And at which direction? Or will it hoholla hoop the earth? 408 00:22:30,960 --> 00:22:33,840 Speaker 1: And the second condition is what would happen if the 409 00:22:33,840 --> 00:22:37,880 Speaker 1: Earth was perfect sphere. So I think this one might 410 00:22:37,960 --> 00:22:40,119 Speaker 1: be more in your alley because it's kind of a 411 00:22:40,200 --> 00:22:44,760 Speaker 1: question about, you know, whether something is engineeringly possible. You're like, 412 00:22:45,520 --> 00:22:47,639 Speaker 1: this is not interesting to me, or hey, you can 413 00:22:47,720 --> 00:22:50,360 Speaker 1: take this one. It's just about building a road. Now, 414 00:22:50,400 --> 00:22:55,320 Speaker 1: if aliens built a road, that's just positive that. Let's 415 00:22:55,320 --> 00:22:58,760 Speaker 1: just let's imagine we're in an alien planet. But the 416 00:22:58,840 --> 00:23:00,680 Speaker 1: question is kind of interesting, and I have to say 417 00:23:00,680 --> 00:23:02,560 Speaker 1: it took me a second to sort of get it. 418 00:23:02,800 --> 00:23:05,200 Speaker 1: So he's he's asking, what if you build a road 419 00:23:05,920 --> 00:23:11,080 Speaker 1: all around the Earth, like a suspended road, right, and 420 00:23:11,359 --> 00:23:13,880 Speaker 1: it goes you know, from it starts here in California, 421 00:23:14,040 --> 00:23:18,119 Speaker 1: goes through the US, crosses the Atlantic, goes over Europe Asia, 422 00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:21,000 Speaker 1: and then it comes back around and connects in a 423 00:23:21,040 --> 00:23:25,440 Speaker 1: perfect circle to where we started the road. And then 424 00:23:25,560 --> 00:23:27,800 Speaker 1: so you build this road, it rings the earth and 425 00:23:27,840 --> 00:23:29,840 Speaker 1: then you take out all the columns, the pillars that 426 00:23:29,920 --> 00:23:34,840 Speaker 1: supported simultaneously with bombs. Right. I like that detail. Yeah, 427 00:23:35,000 --> 00:23:39,040 Speaker 1: that would probably the funnest part actually, But you remove 428 00:23:39,080 --> 00:23:41,359 Speaker 1: the pillars, all of a sudden, does the bridge stay 429 00:23:41,440 --> 00:23:44,480 Speaker 1: up floating or does it all fall down? Yeah, And 430 00:23:44,520 --> 00:23:47,000 Speaker 1: it's a fun question because you imagine you build a road, 431 00:23:47,080 --> 00:23:49,160 Speaker 1: you support it with pillars, you knock the pillars down, 432 00:23:49,359 --> 00:23:52,240 Speaker 1: the road falls down. But in this scenario, you've made 433 00:23:52,240 --> 00:23:53,960 Speaker 1: it go all the way around the earth. And so 434 00:23:54,080 --> 00:23:57,160 Speaker 1: then he's wondering, like, is it possible for a road 435 00:23:57,200 --> 00:23:59,880 Speaker 1: to float in the air? Would it be in orbit, Daniel? 436 00:24:00,080 --> 00:24:02,400 Speaker 1: Would it just be sort of like a pula who 437 00:24:02,520 --> 00:24:05,080 Speaker 1: held around your waist. Let's answer this from a physics 438 00:24:05,080 --> 00:24:07,080 Speaker 1: point of view, which means we have to like simplify 439 00:24:07,160 --> 00:24:09,080 Speaker 1: things a little bit, and then we'll make it a 440 00:24:09,119 --> 00:24:12,440 Speaker 1: bit more practical. So first let's start with the let's 441 00:24:12,440 --> 00:24:17,000 Speaker 1: hear answer A from Daniel. First, is a perfectly spherical earth, 442 00:24:17,080 --> 00:24:20,760 Speaker 1: like very smooth, no deformities, etcetera. And so the road 443 00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:23,439 Speaker 1: is like a hundred meters or a hundred feet or 444 00:24:23,440 --> 00:24:26,320 Speaker 1: whatever above the surface all the way around the Earth. 445 00:24:26,880 --> 00:24:30,080 Speaker 1: Now that scenario you knock out all the pillars. Think 446 00:24:30,080 --> 00:24:33,119 Speaker 1: about the gravitational force on this thing. It's going to 447 00:24:33,200 --> 00:24:36,160 Speaker 1: be balanced, Like the Earth is pulling on one part 448 00:24:36,240 --> 00:24:39,800 Speaker 1: over California, but it's also pulling on another part over China, 449 00:24:39,880 --> 00:24:42,480 Speaker 1: and those two things are going to balance. And if 450 00:24:42,480 --> 00:24:44,560 Speaker 1: the road really goes all the way around the Earth. 451 00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:47,640 Speaker 1: Then for every part of the road there's a counterpart 452 00:24:47,840 --> 00:24:51,400 Speaker 1: that's balancing its force, and so it should just hover there. 453 00:24:51,640 --> 00:24:53,960 Speaker 1: So that's your answer that it would stay up floating. 454 00:24:54,400 --> 00:24:57,640 Speaker 1: If it's a perfectly spherical Earth and a perfectly circular road, 455 00:24:57,800 --> 00:25:01,440 Speaker 1: it would stay up there floating. You don't believe it, well, Um, 456 00:25:01,720 --> 00:25:05,000 Speaker 1: so I have an engineering answer, but I'll just keep 457 00:25:05,040 --> 00:25:07,159 Speaker 1: going with your physics answer here for a bid. The 458 00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:08,920 Speaker 1: other way to think about it, it's just by symmetry, 459 00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:11,720 Speaker 1: like if it goes in one direction, which direction could 460 00:25:11,720 --> 00:25:14,239 Speaker 1: it go? You have to choose a direction, And if 461 00:25:14,240 --> 00:25:17,400 Speaker 1: the Earth is a perfect sphere, then there's no preferred direction, 462 00:25:17,440 --> 00:25:19,760 Speaker 1: so it can't go in anywhere any direction. So it 463 00:25:19,800 --> 00:25:22,280 Speaker 1: would keep rotating with the Earth. It would keep rotating 464 00:25:22,320 --> 00:25:24,280 Speaker 1: with the Earth, Yes, but it wouldn't have to rotate either. 465 00:25:24,400 --> 00:25:28,120 Speaker 1: What if something knocks it off of alignment a little bit, 466 00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:30,720 Speaker 1: Like what if the wind blows an in on one 467 00:25:30,760 --> 00:25:32,960 Speaker 1: side of the Earth and not the other, and now 468 00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:35,919 Speaker 1: it's a little bit closer to one side than it 469 00:25:36,040 --> 00:25:38,000 Speaker 1: is to the other side of the Earth. Yeah, so 470 00:25:38,040 --> 00:25:41,359 Speaker 1: we're leaving the world of perfect physics scenario and we're 471 00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:45,320 Speaker 1: adding things like wind and disturbances, And you're right that 472 00:25:45,480 --> 00:25:48,479 Speaker 1: it would be very unstable because if it moves like 473 00:25:48,640 --> 00:25:51,600 Speaker 1: one foot closer to the Earth here, then so I'll 474 00:25:51,600 --> 00:25:53,919 Speaker 1: foot further from the Earth on the other side. So 475 00:25:53,960 --> 00:25:56,720 Speaker 1: now the force is stronger on this side and weaker 476 00:25:56,800 --> 00:26:00,199 Speaker 1: on the other side. So it's unstable. It's when does 477 00:26:00,240 --> 00:26:03,080 Speaker 1: it deviates from this sort of like perfect spot it's in, 478 00:26:03,280 --> 00:26:05,399 Speaker 1: it's going to come crashing down. Oh, I see it 479 00:26:05,440 --> 00:26:07,720 Speaker 1: moves a little bit, and so now let's say it 480 00:26:08,040 --> 00:26:11,200 Speaker 1: moves down here in California, so it's closer to the Earth, 481 00:26:11,960 --> 00:26:14,280 Speaker 1: and now the center of the mass of the whole 482 00:26:14,400 --> 00:26:18,280 Speaker 1: thing is a line with the center of the Earth. 483 00:26:18,760 --> 00:26:20,560 Speaker 1: Wouldn't that just make it come back to the center 484 00:26:20,560 --> 00:26:24,000 Speaker 1: of the earth realign I'm pretty sure it's unstable. And 485 00:26:24,040 --> 00:26:26,480 Speaker 1: the reason is that the mass of the Earth is 486 00:26:26,520 --> 00:26:29,520 Speaker 1: distributed as a function of the radius. So you can't 487 00:26:29,560 --> 00:26:31,919 Speaker 1: just think of the motion of the center of massive 488 00:26:31,920 --> 00:26:36,200 Speaker 1: two objects. These are two large distributed objects, and as 489 00:26:36,280 --> 00:26:38,040 Speaker 1: one side of it gets closer to the Earth and 490 00:26:38,040 --> 00:26:40,280 Speaker 1: the other side gets further that you're gonna get a 491 00:26:40,320 --> 00:26:42,560 Speaker 1: relative force difference on the whole thing that's going to 492 00:26:42,640 --> 00:26:46,760 Speaker 1: push it further from stability instead of closer to stability. 493 00:26:46,920 --> 00:26:49,680 Speaker 1: But I haven't done the simulations. So maybe we should 494 00:26:49,680 --> 00:26:53,800 Speaker 1: actually build this thing and find out to answer the 495 00:26:54,560 --> 00:26:57,800 Speaker 1: Rahul's question. Let's spend a trillion dollars. Why not? You 496 00:26:57,880 --> 00:27:01,560 Speaker 1: got something better to spend it on. So it sounds 497 00:27:01,560 --> 00:27:03,840 Speaker 1: like a plan. Let's crowdsource it. Everybody's send in ten 498 00:27:03,880 --> 00:27:07,719 Speaker 1: bucks to build Rahul's road. Okay, So you're saying that 499 00:27:08,080 --> 00:27:10,359 Speaker 1: from a physics point of view, it is possible for 500 00:27:10,400 --> 00:27:13,600 Speaker 1: this thing to exist if nothing touches it or knocks 501 00:27:13,640 --> 00:27:15,480 Speaker 1: it out of bound, or moves it at all a 502 00:27:15,480 --> 00:27:18,359 Speaker 1: little bit, it would just float above the earth, certainly 503 00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:20,800 Speaker 1: the Earth, like a like a ring, like a hula. Yeah, 504 00:27:20,840 --> 00:27:22,920 Speaker 1: And I think the key there is that as soon 505 00:27:22,960 --> 00:27:25,159 Speaker 1: as you build something that's the size of the Earth, 506 00:27:25,520 --> 00:27:28,080 Speaker 1: you can no longer apply the rules of your intuition 507 00:27:28,119 --> 00:27:30,520 Speaker 1: that you apply to things that are the size of you, 508 00:27:30,720 --> 00:27:33,600 Speaker 1: or your house or even your city. Right, Like, things 509 00:27:33,640 --> 00:27:36,920 Speaker 1: can float up in space in orbit. That seems weird. 510 00:27:36,960 --> 00:27:40,040 Speaker 1: Why don't they fall? Right? That's because they're largely moving 511 00:27:40,080 --> 00:27:44,360 Speaker 1: at cosmological astronomical speeds. And so here's an object really 512 00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:47,840 Speaker 1: of astronomical scale, and so it wouldn't necessarily fall into 513 00:27:47,880 --> 00:27:51,359 Speaker 1: the earth. It's like an object that spans both sides 514 00:27:51,359 --> 00:27:56,000 Speaker 1: of the Earth, of the center of mass of something big. Yeah, 515 00:27:56,000 --> 00:27:58,240 Speaker 1: and this actually appears in a novel. I mean, not 516 00:27:58,320 --> 00:28:02,360 Speaker 1: as a road, but in Neil Stevenson's recent novel seventives. 517 00:28:02,359 --> 00:28:05,879 Speaker 1: Earth becomes uninhabitable because of X y Z plot devices 518 00:28:05,920 --> 00:28:09,400 Speaker 1: that won't spoil, and humanity builds a huge ring around 519 00:28:09,400 --> 00:28:12,879 Speaker 1: the Earth, like a mechanical ring, and actually live on it. Well, 520 00:28:12,960 --> 00:28:15,040 Speaker 1: that that, I think that's the physic times for I guess, 521 00:28:15,160 --> 00:28:17,159 Speaker 1: you know, as an engineer, when I saw this question, 522 00:28:17,520 --> 00:28:19,800 Speaker 1: I didn't, you know, sit down and make the calculations, 523 00:28:19,800 --> 00:28:21,840 Speaker 1: but I think right away my thought was that no, 524 00:28:21,960 --> 00:28:24,199 Speaker 1: it would it would fall apart right away. You mean, 525 00:28:24,240 --> 00:28:26,679 Speaker 1: because you couldn't build something that big, that was rigid. 526 00:28:26,880 --> 00:28:29,160 Speaker 1: I think I was thinking, you know, the limitations of 527 00:28:29,200 --> 00:28:32,680 Speaker 1: whatever you build it out of, you know, would collapse 528 00:28:33,400 --> 00:28:35,479 Speaker 1: like nothing. I don't think anything that we know of 529 00:28:35,640 --> 00:28:38,239 Speaker 1: can withstand those kinds of forces, and so we just 530 00:28:38,280 --> 00:28:40,920 Speaker 1: crack and fall apart. You mean, forces from like an 531 00:28:41,080 --> 00:28:46,120 Speaker 1: entire four thousand mile road segment pulling on individual piece. Yeah, 532 00:28:46,200 --> 00:28:47,959 Speaker 1: you know, like there's a reason you can't just make 533 00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:52,400 Speaker 1: a suspended bridge without any columns. Like if this was possible, 534 00:28:52,480 --> 00:28:54,600 Speaker 1: then you could just build a bridge, and if you 535 00:28:54,680 --> 00:28:56,560 Speaker 1: make it the curvature of the Earth, then it would 536 00:28:56,560 --> 00:29:00,200 Speaker 1: just stay up, wouldn't it if we just hold both ends. Yeah? Well, uh, 537 00:29:00,360 --> 00:29:02,960 Speaker 1: not an expert on mechanical engineering, So I'll take your 538 00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:05,560 Speaker 1: word for it that I think you're right, And I 539 00:29:05,640 --> 00:29:08,080 Speaker 1: think there are also other practical issues also, you know, 540 00:29:08,160 --> 00:29:10,640 Speaker 1: like you have to have it at the same height 541 00:29:10,760 --> 00:29:13,520 Speaker 1: above the earth all the way around, but of course 542 00:29:13,640 --> 00:29:15,840 Speaker 1: there isn't a constant height above the earth. You know, 543 00:29:15,840 --> 00:29:18,040 Speaker 1: you have to clear mountains and all sorts of stuff, 544 00:29:18,400 --> 00:29:20,360 Speaker 1: and so that would throw the whole thing off balance. 545 00:29:20,480 --> 00:29:23,520 Speaker 1: All right, Well, I think that's maybe whose question answer, 546 00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:27,320 Speaker 1: which is that it's sort of would be possible, and 547 00:29:27,320 --> 00:29:30,680 Speaker 1: it would hang there floating above the earth if nothing 548 00:29:30,800 --> 00:29:35,280 Speaker 1: touched it or nothing perturbed it at all, no weather, 549 00:29:35,480 --> 00:29:38,360 Speaker 1: and if it was made from like this incredible material 550 00:29:38,440 --> 00:29:42,840 Speaker 1: that that would would stand these incredible forces, which um, 551 00:29:42,960 --> 00:29:45,760 Speaker 1: I'm not sure we have. That we definitely don't, because 552 00:29:45,760 --> 00:29:48,160 Speaker 1: if we did, we could build a space elevator, which 553 00:29:48,200 --> 00:29:51,200 Speaker 1: is sort of weird. And similar ways, something hanging out 554 00:29:51,240 --> 00:29:53,640 Speaker 1: there in space you can actually climb up. And one 555 00:29:53,680 --> 00:29:56,200 Speaker 1: of the limitations there is just building a rope. They 556 00:29:56,200 --> 00:29:59,920 Speaker 1: could even hang That's that that is that long? Right? Yeah, 557 00:30:00,120 --> 00:30:02,560 Speaker 1: something I can that wouldn't just crack under under all 558 00:30:02,600 --> 00:30:06,080 Speaker 1: those forces. It's under but definitely cool and fun to 559 00:30:06,120 --> 00:30:09,600 Speaker 1: think about. Thanks for Hull for sending in your crazy question. Alright, 560 00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:12,680 Speaker 1: are we ready to talk about aliens? Because I'm ready, 561 00:30:12,720 --> 00:30:15,520 Speaker 1: You're always ready, Daniel. All right, let's talk about aliens, 562 00:30:15,560 --> 00:30:31,280 Speaker 1: but first let's take a quick break. Al Right. Our 563 00:30:31,360 --> 00:30:34,760 Speaker 1: last question comes from Nanu from Argentina, and she has 564 00:30:34,760 --> 00:30:39,120 Speaker 1: a question about life from other galaxies. So here's Nanu. 565 00:30:39,480 --> 00:30:41,480 Speaker 1: Why wouldn't we talk about life in other planets? Do 566 00:30:41,520 --> 00:30:43,800 Speaker 1: we always talk about it in terms of our own galaxy? 567 00:30:44,000 --> 00:30:46,400 Speaker 1: Do we not consider life in other galaxies because they're 568 00:30:46,480 --> 00:30:49,120 Speaker 1: so far away it would be inconsequential for us. I 569 00:30:49,160 --> 00:30:52,080 Speaker 1: still have hard time figuring out distances, So I am 570 00:30:52,120 --> 00:30:55,120 Speaker 1: wondering could it be possible for millions of years old 571 00:30:55,160 --> 00:30:57,720 Speaker 1: alien race to take up into galactic trouble and arrive 572 00:30:57,760 --> 00:31:00,080 Speaker 1: to our own galaxy? All right, Daniel, did you just 573 00:31:00,240 --> 00:31:02,520 Speaker 1: get really excited when you opened up your in Boston 574 00:31:02,560 --> 00:31:05,320 Speaker 1: saw this question. Your hearts start racing a little bit. 575 00:31:05,600 --> 00:31:07,680 Speaker 1: You get excited. I got excited, and then I got 576 00:31:07,720 --> 00:31:10,239 Speaker 1: a little offended. You know. She said, what do you mean? Well, 577 00:31:10,280 --> 00:31:12,960 Speaker 1: she said, how can we never think about intergalactic aliens? 578 00:31:13,000 --> 00:31:14,520 Speaker 1: And I was like, what are you talking about? I 579 00:31:14,560 --> 00:31:17,480 Speaker 1: think about intergalactic aliens all the time, and it's one 580 00:31:17,480 --> 00:31:21,040 Speaker 1: of my favorite things to think about. I think maybe 581 00:31:21,120 --> 00:31:25,120 Speaker 1: she thinks she's talking culturally, the culture and in general 582 00:31:25,480 --> 00:31:30,080 Speaker 1: or responsible scientists rarely talk about intergalactic aliens. Yeah, I guess, 583 00:31:30,080 --> 00:31:32,200 Speaker 1: and it's that true. Do I guess? Do most people 584 00:31:32,200 --> 00:31:35,040 Speaker 1: think of aliens is coming from this galaxy? I think so. 585 00:31:35,280 --> 00:31:39,560 Speaker 1: Even in science fiction, often the drama takes place across 586 00:31:39,640 --> 00:31:43,080 Speaker 1: the galaxy or in one galaxy. And there's a reason 587 00:31:43,120 --> 00:31:46,880 Speaker 1: for that. The reason is that galaxies are huge, right there, 588 00:31:47,080 --> 00:31:50,560 Speaker 1: big enough to span enormous space operas and lots of 589 00:31:50,840 --> 00:31:54,560 Speaker 1: different empires and thousands and billions of stars. Plus they're 590 00:31:54,600 --> 00:31:58,280 Speaker 1: super far apart, so it's like each galaxy is an 591 00:31:58,320 --> 00:32:01,040 Speaker 1: island and all the other galaxies they're so far away 592 00:32:01,080 --> 00:32:05,200 Speaker 1: they're almost irrelevant. It's almost impossible to think about communications 593 00:32:05,240 --> 00:32:09,400 Speaker 1: between galaxies, or to travel between galaxies, or travel between galaxies. 594 00:32:09,640 --> 00:32:12,080 Speaker 1: You know, not to mention like intergalactic marriages. You know 595 00:32:12,120 --> 00:32:15,280 Speaker 1: all the problems that would raise a long distance I know, 596 00:32:15,320 --> 00:32:16,960 Speaker 1: you've got the kids over there for one weekend. I 597 00:32:17,040 --> 00:32:19,600 Speaker 1: got the kids over here for another weekend. It's a nightmare. 598 00:32:19,800 --> 00:32:21,719 Speaker 1: But let's give them a sense of scale, right, Like 599 00:32:22,080 --> 00:32:25,720 Speaker 1: the Milky Way is like a hundred thousand light years across. 600 00:32:26,160 --> 00:32:29,400 Speaker 1: That's already like, it's incredibly big. Even if you were 601 00:32:29,400 --> 00:32:31,080 Speaker 1: going at the speed of light, it would take you 602 00:32:31,080 --> 00:32:34,600 Speaker 1: a hundred thousand years, Yeah, to go from one end 603 00:32:34,640 --> 00:32:37,400 Speaker 1: to the other. Yeah, exactly. So it's hard to even 604 00:32:37,440 --> 00:32:41,000 Speaker 1: imagine having like an empire that spans the galaxy because 605 00:32:41,040 --> 00:32:43,120 Speaker 1: you send people a message like all right, let's raise 606 00:32:43,160 --> 00:32:45,880 Speaker 1: taxes one percent, and it doesn't get there for a 607 00:32:45,960 --> 00:32:49,480 Speaker 1: hundred thousand years. It's impossible to coordinate. That's why people invent, 608 00:32:49,560 --> 00:32:51,560 Speaker 1: you know, faster and light travel and faster than light 609 00:32:51,560 --> 00:32:55,960 Speaker 1: communication just to get stuff done within one galaxy in 610 00:32:56,200 --> 00:32:59,800 Speaker 1: novels and movies and hopefully one day in reality, but yes, 611 00:33:00,120 --> 00:33:02,719 Speaker 1: mostly novels and movies. Yes, you seem to mention it 612 00:33:02,760 --> 00:33:05,360 Speaker 1: like because we had, we already have that. People are 613 00:33:05,400 --> 00:33:08,200 Speaker 1: working on it. People are working on it. Hey, we 614 00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:11,000 Speaker 1: were talking about wormholes a minute ago, right, So yeah, 615 00:33:11,840 --> 00:33:14,240 Speaker 1: but you were saying, so the galaxy at typeople of 616 00:33:14,240 --> 00:33:18,160 Speaker 1: galaxy is a hundred thousand light years wide, and but 617 00:33:18,240 --> 00:33:21,880 Speaker 1: the distance between galaxies is you know, many times that 618 00:33:22,240 --> 00:33:26,120 Speaker 1: over by several orders of magnitude. Yeah, like the nearest 619 00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:29,920 Speaker 1: galaxies Andromeda, and that's two and a half million light 620 00:33:30,000 --> 00:33:33,760 Speaker 1: years away, right, it's and a half million years light 621 00:33:33,840 --> 00:33:36,680 Speaker 1: years years. It's twenty five times as why is the 622 00:33:36,680 --> 00:33:39,520 Speaker 1: whole galaxy? It's like if you have a house and 623 00:33:39,600 --> 00:33:43,240 Speaker 1: the neighbor's house is like, you know, blocks and blocks 624 00:33:43,280 --> 00:33:46,080 Speaker 1: away from you. So we're basically living in the middle 625 00:33:46,120 --> 00:33:48,520 Speaker 1: of the woods. So maybe that would explain why we 626 00:33:48,600 --> 00:33:52,120 Speaker 1: don't see it much in movies and novels because you know, 627 00:33:52,160 --> 00:33:56,440 Speaker 1: the plot logistics, which is be too much but um, 628 00:33:56,560 --> 00:33:58,720 Speaker 1: and also I think maybe it's also kind of recent. 629 00:33:58,760 --> 00:34:01,320 Speaker 1: You know, this idea that there are other galaxies. It's 630 00:34:01,400 --> 00:34:03,480 Speaker 1: kind of new, isn't it In the last fifty to 631 00:34:03,800 --> 00:34:06,080 Speaker 1: sixty years or something like that. Before that we thought 632 00:34:06,160 --> 00:34:08,360 Speaker 1: like our galaxy was it. Yeah, it's about a hundred 633 00:34:08,480 --> 00:34:11,000 Speaker 1: years old. It originates with Hubble. He's the guy who 634 00:34:11,040 --> 00:34:13,520 Speaker 1: measured how far away these little smudges in the sky 635 00:34:13,560 --> 00:34:16,080 Speaker 1: where he thought maybe they were nebula, they were gas clouds. 636 00:34:16,360 --> 00:34:19,000 Speaker 1: He measured their distance and found that they were crazy 637 00:34:19,080 --> 00:34:21,520 Speaker 1: far away. They were further away than all the other stars. 638 00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:25,279 Speaker 1: And that's what made him realize, oh, these are other galaxies, 639 00:34:25,320 --> 00:34:28,760 Speaker 1: and the whole universe just became much bigger in his mind. 640 00:34:29,360 --> 00:34:31,280 Speaker 1: So you're right. It's but we've had about a hundred 641 00:34:31,360 --> 00:34:33,680 Speaker 1: years to get used to this idea that the universe 642 00:34:33,760 --> 00:34:37,759 Speaker 1: is incredibly vast, but we haven't sort of mentally populated 643 00:34:37,800 --> 00:34:40,120 Speaker 1: it with aliens. And I think you're right. And one 644 00:34:40,160 --> 00:34:42,560 Speaker 1: reason is that they're just so far away it seems 645 00:34:42,560 --> 00:34:45,600 Speaker 1: almost irrelevant. We may never hear from them, or see 646 00:34:45,640 --> 00:34:48,640 Speaker 1: them or visit them. We may never that's true, but 647 00:34:48,840 --> 00:34:51,000 Speaker 1: we can still think about them. And I think a 648 00:34:51,080 --> 00:34:54,279 Speaker 1: really fun angle on this question is wondering, like is 649 00:34:54,400 --> 00:34:58,680 Speaker 1: life more likely to occur in those galaxies or in hours? 650 00:34:58,760 --> 00:35:01,040 Speaker 1: Is our galaxy unus usual? The same way we think 651 00:35:01,080 --> 00:35:04,320 Speaker 1: about is our solar system unusual in our galaxy? We 652 00:35:04,360 --> 00:35:07,600 Speaker 1: can ask is our galaxy unusual in the universe for 653 00:35:07,800 --> 00:35:11,680 Speaker 1: us to have developed here or evolved here? Like maybe 654 00:35:11,960 --> 00:35:15,520 Speaker 1: um most like maybe all other galaxies are too dangerous 655 00:35:15,560 --> 00:35:17,560 Speaker 1: for life to evolved in. Yeah, maybe we're in a 656 00:35:17,560 --> 00:35:21,120 Speaker 1: special place, right, or maybe we're in a totally vanilla galaxy, 657 00:35:21,440 --> 00:35:23,440 Speaker 1: and so we do know something about that, right. We 658 00:35:23,480 --> 00:35:25,960 Speaker 1: know that the Milky Way is a spiral galaxy, and 659 00:35:26,000 --> 00:35:29,200 Speaker 1: spiral galaxies are one of the most common kinds of galaxies. 660 00:35:29,480 --> 00:35:31,239 Speaker 1: We look out in the sky, we see lots and 661 00:35:31,360 --> 00:35:34,239 Speaker 1: lots of spiral galaxies. So there doesn't seem to be 662 00:35:34,280 --> 00:35:37,719 Speaker 1: anything particularly weird about our galaxy. It's not the smallest, 663 00:35:37,760 --> 00:35:40,680 Speaker 1: it's not the biggest, it's not the brightest or the darkest. 664 00:35:40,920 --> 00:35:43,839 Speaker 1: It has dark matter like other galaxies. So it's sort 665 00:35:43,840 --> 00:35:48,040 Speaker 1: of a generic galaxy. I mean, I love it. It's beautiful. Um, 666 00:35:48,239 --> 00:35:49,719 Speaker 1: I don't mean generic in a bad way. I mean 667 00:35:49,800 --> 00:35:54,160 Speaker 1: the generic in a totally vanilla way, by which I 668 00:35:54,160 --> 00:35:58,400 Speaker 1: mean that there's possibilities for life in other galaxies the 669 00:35:58,440 --> 00:36:00,080 Speaker 1: same way there is here. I wish you may And 670 00:36:00,080 --> 00:36:03,319 Speaker 1: it's the example by which all other galaxies are sparring too. 671 00:36:03,480 --> 00:36:06,040 Speaker 1: I mean, it's the role model galaxy. It's the exemplary 672 00:36:06,239 --> 00:36:10,160 Speaker 1: galaxy excisely, and it means that if there's life here, 673 00:36:10,160 --> 00:36:12,960 Speaker 1: there's no reason to believe there couldn't also be life 674 00:36:12,960 --> 00:36:15,560 Speaker 1: in those other galaxies? But could we able to find it? 675 00:36:15,560 --> 00:36:18,120 Speaker 1: Could we ever communicate with them? Could we ever shake 676 00:36:18,200 --> 00:36:21,240 Speaker 1: hands and spend time at a chalkboard, you know, revealing 677 00:36:21,280 --> 00:36:24,680 Speaker 1: secrets of the universe together. Oh boy, that's hard to imagine. 678 00:36:24,760 --> 00:36:26,879 Speaker 1: But but maybe not that hard to imagine. I mean, 679 00:36:26,960 --> 00:36:31,680 Speaker 1: if we can imagine us contacting aliens within this galaxy, 680 00:36:31,760 --> 00:36:36,600 Speaker 1: you know, them crossing the large amount of space between 681 00:36:36,680 --> 00:36:38,759 Speaker 1: us and them. You know, it's not that hard to 682 00:36:38,800 --> 00:36:43,200 Speaker 1: imagine doing that twenty times over to do it between galaxies. Right, 683 00:36:43,440 --> 00:36:45,279 Speaker 1: you won't drive an hour down here to Irvine to 684 00:36:45,320 --> 00:36:47,840 Speaker 1: hang out with me, but you'll drive twenty hours somewhere. 685 00:36:48,000 --> 00:36:50,160 Speaker 1: Is that you're saying. I'm saying if I really wanted 686 00:36:50,200 --> 00:36:53,400 Speaker 1: to see you, the difference between one hour and twenty 687 00:36:53,400 --> 00:36:56,760 Speaker 1: five hours wouldn't be because if I was an alien, 688 00:36:57,000 --> 00:36:59,160 Speaker 1: then you would drive twenty five hours to come back 689 00:36:59,280 --> 00:37:02,239 Speaker 1: to me. If it took twenty five seconds to go 690 00:37:02,360 --> 00:37:06,000 Speaker 1: see Daniel, I don't know if I still would. Oh no, 691 00:37:06,120 --> 00:37:08,600 Speaker 1: it's a good point. Um. You're right that if we're 692 00:37:08,600 --> 00:37:10,960 Speaker 1: going to explore our galaxy, we either need to do 693 00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:14,240 Speaker 1: it very very slowly, over sillions of years, or figure 694 00:37:14,239 --> 00:37:17,040 Speaker 1: out a way to overcome these distances which are already 695 00:37:17,080 --> 00:37:19,399 Speaker 1: an obstacle in our galaxy. And once we do that, 696 00:37:19,680 --> 00:37:22,879 Speaker 1: then maybe we could also hop to nearby galaxies. Yeah, right, 697 00:37:22,920 --> 00:37:25,120 Speaker 1: Like if you invent or you figure out how to 698 00:37:25,160 --> 00:37:29,680 Speaker 1: do wormholes or warp draws or suspended animation, what's the 699 00:37:29,680 --> 00:37:31,560 Speaker 1: difference between a year and twenty five years to go 700 00:37:31,600 --> 00:37:34,480 Speaker 1: to another galaxy? That's true. And you know, while we're 701 00:37:34,520 --> 00:37:38,760 Speaker 1: tossing our ridiculous ideas, remember our recent episode about stellar engines. 702 00:37:39,160 --> 00:37:41,440 Speaker 1: We could drive the Sun out of the Milky Way 703 00:37:41,480 --> 00:37:44,680 Speaker 1: and go visit another galaxy. We could like move galaxies 704 00:37:44,719 --> 00:37:46,880 Speaker 1: and go hang out in Andromeda. All right, Well, to 705 00:37:46,960 --> 00:37:50,960 Speaker 1: answer no question, I guess the answer is, we don't know. 706 00:37:51,239 --> 00:37:53,680 Speaker 1: We don't know why we don't think about any for 707 00:37:53,719 --> 00:37:56,279 Speaker 1: another galaxy, but maybe we should because it's not that 708 00:37:56,440 --> 00:37:59,840 Speaker 1: far off from aliens in our own galaxy. Yeah, and 709 00:38:00,040 --> 00:38:03,000 Speaker 1: it's true, none new that in millions of years, alien 710 00:38:03,120 --> 00:38:06,319 Speaker 1: racist could use intergalactic travel to to come here and 711 00:38:06,320 --> 00:38:08,239 Speaker 1: tell us all about what it's like to live in 712 00:38:08,239 --> 00:38:10,759 Speaker 1: another galaxy. And they'd be like, whoa, this is a 713 00:38:10,760 --> 00:38:14,400 Speaker 1: better galaxy. You're right, it has better reviews. I'm yelled. 714 00:38:15,320 --> 00:38:18,960 Speaker 1: So thank you to everybody for writing in those amazing questions, 715 00:38:19,080 --> 00:38:21,680 Speaker 1: and thank you to everybody else who's writing in questions 716 00:38:21,680 --> 00:38:24,560 Speaker 1: on a daily basis. We'll get to your questions as well, 717 00:38:24,800 --> 00:38:27,080 Speaker 1: and if you have a question, feel free to send 718 00:38:27,160 --> 00:38:30,680 Speaker 1: to us. Daniel likes to sit around and answer questions. 719 00:38:31,080 --> 00:38:33,440 Speaker 1: I like to be distracted from my real job by 720 00:38:33,440 --> 00:38:37,360 Speaker 1: thinking about your crazy ideas about physics. So thanks for listening. 721 00:38:37,360 --> 00:38:46,920 Speaker 1: We hope you enjoyed that. See you next time. If 722 00:38:47,040 --> 00:38:50,080 Speaker 1: you still have a question after listening to all these explanations, 723 00:38:50,160 --> 00:38:53,120 Speaker 1: please drop us a line. We'd love to hear from you. 724 00:38:53,120 --> 00:38:55,960 Speaker 1: You can find us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at 725 00:38:56,280 --> 00:38:59,399 Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge That's one word, or email us at 726 00:38:59,680 --> 00:39:03,360 Speaker 1: feed act at Daniel and Jorge dot com. Thanks for listening, 727 00:39:03,400 --> 00:39:06,120 Speaker 1: and remember that Daniel and Jorge Explain the Universe is 728 00:39:06,160 --> 00:39:09,640 Speaker 1: a production of I Heart Radio. For more podcast from 729 00:39:09,680 --> 00:39:13,400 Speaker 1: my Heart Radio, visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, 730 00:39:13,560 --> 00:39:21,319 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. Yeah