1 00:00:07,240 --> 00:00:09,360 Speaker 1: Hey, or hey. You know how we end most of 2 00:00:09,400 --> 00:00:13,280 Speaker 1: our podcast episodes by asking people to submit questions? Yeah, 3 00:00:13,560 --> 00:00:16,400 Speaker 1: people actually submit questions. Yeah? Do you know that a 4 00:00:16,480 --> 00:00:19,440 Speaker 1: lot of people actually right in? And how how are 5 00:00:19,440 --> 00:00:22,920 Speaker 1: the questions? Oh? My god? The questions are awesome. They 6 00:00:22,960 --> 00:00:27,480 Speaker 1: reflect like people's real desire to understand things about the universe. Well, 7 00:00:27,760 --> 00:00:29,960 Speaker 1: you read all of them, you know. I'll admit I 8 00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:32,199 Speaker 1: love the questions so much that I actually read and 9 00:00:32,479 --> 00:00:36,959 Speaker 1: answer all of them. But some of the questions are 10 00:00:37,040 --> 00:00:39,920 Speaker 1: so fun, and I think other people probably share the 11 00:00:39,960 --> 00:00:43,199 Speaker 1: same questions that I'll ask those people to record themselves 12 00:00:43,240 --> 00:00:45,320 Speaker 1: asking the question and send it in so we can 13 00:00:45,360 --> 00:00:48,479 Speaker 1: do a whole podcast episode just about some listener questions. 14 00:00:48,800 --> 00:00:52,120 Speaker 1: So somebody could write asking why they couldn't understand this episode, 15 00:00:53,640 --> 00:00:56,200 Speaker 1: not if we do a good job explaining it. What's that? 16 00:00:56,280 --> 00:00:58,680 Speaker 1: What kind of question would you have? Daniel viewer? A listener? 17 00:00:59,440 --> 00:01:01,200 Speaker 1: If I was sit into my own podcast, I would 18 00:01:01,200 --> 00:01:03,560 Speaker 1: be like, who is that guy with my voice? And 19 00:01:03,560 --> 00:01:06,560 Speaker 1: how did he get a podcast? What question would you ask? 20 00:01:07,080 --> 00:01:09,759 Speaker 1: I would probably ask, how do we get more people 21 00:01:09,800 --> 00:01:32,200 Speaker 1: to listen to this podcast? Hey, I'm je and I'm Daniel, 22 00:01:32,319 --> 00:01:35,319 Speaker 1: and welcome to our podcast, Daniel and Jorge Explain the 23 00:01:35,400 --> 00:01:40,199 Speaker 1: Universe or more accurvely, Today, Daniel and Jorge answer questions 24 00:01:40,200 --> 00:01:43,919 Speaker 1: about the universe that's right or explain the Universe inside 25 00:01:44,000 --> 00:01:47,720 Speaker 1: your mind that's right. Every week, twice a week, we 26 00:01:47,760 --> 00:01:52,960 Speaker 1: are beaming information and explanations about the incredible mystery that 27 00:01:53,040 --> 00:01:56,440 Speaker 1: at the universe straight through your ears and into your brain, 28 00:01:56,680 --> 00:01:58,200 Speaker 1: and we try to make it fun. We try to 29 00:01:58,240 --> 00:01:59,920 Speaker 1: make it engaging. We try to make sure that you 30 00:02:00,040 --> 00:02:03,480 Speaker 1: can actually understand what we're talking about. We don't want 31 00:02:03,480 --> 00:02:05,680 Speaker 1: to impress you with fancy words. We want to impress 32 00:02:05,760 --> 00:02:09,000 Speaker 1: you with the incredible majesty and wonder that is this 33 00:02:09,160 --> 00:02:12,240 Speaker 1: universe we find ourselves in. Yeah, and sometimes you know, 34 00:02:12,320 --> 00:02:14,480 Speaker 1: we don't get all the information out there are some 35 00:02:14,520 --> 00:02:18,320 Speaker 1: people don't quite understand everything that we covered and we 36 00:02:18,320 --> 00:02:20,760 Speaker 1: were able to cover in the podcast, and so people 37 00:02:20,760 --> 00:02:23,600 Speaker 1: still have questions. Yeah, Or sometimes we'll explain one thing 38 00:02:23,680 --> 00:02:27,080 Speaker 1: and it inspires another question, makes somebody wonder what about 39 00:02:27,120 --> 00:02:29,919 Speaker 1: this or what about that? And often I think Jorge 40 00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:32,920 Speaker 1: does an amazing job of anticipating those questions. A lot 41 00:02:33,000 --> 00:02:36,040 Speaker 1: of people have written in saying Jorge asks the questions 42 00:02:36,120 --> 00:02:38,440 Speaker 1: I have in my mind. So kudos to you, Jorge 43 00:02:38,960 --> 00:02:41,920 Speaker 1: or the great follow ups and for asking the right questions. 44 00:02:42,120 --> 00:02:45,560 Speaker 1: But that feels like it feels like a backhanded compliment. No, 45 00:02:45,760 --> 00:02:48,000 Speaker 1: it's not a backhand at all. It's a great compliment. 46 00:02:48,440 --> 00:02:51,200 Speaker 1: You're a good science communicator. You understand what is clear 47 00:02:51,240 --> 00:02:54,280 Speaker 1: and what is not um But sometimes there's a question 48 00:02:54,320 --> 00:02:57,000 Speaker 1: rattling around in somebody's head that they just really need 49 00:02:57,000 --> 00:02:59,560 Speaker 1: an answer to, and so they write in and ask us. Yeah, 50 00:02:59,760 --> 00:03:08,240 Speaker 1: so today on the podcast will be answering listener questions. 51 00:03:08,480 --> 00:03:11,560 Speaker 1: That means questions from people like you. If you're listening 52 00:03:11,600 --> 00:03:14,120 Speaker 1: to this and you have questions, you could hear your 53 00:03:14,120 --> 00:03:16,880 Speaker 1: own voice next time right to us at questions at 54 00:03:16,960 --> 00:03:20,400 Speaker 1: Daniel and Jorge dot com with your questions about the 55 00:03:20,520 --> 00:03:24,280 Speaker 1: universe or life or whatever is going on around you. 56 00:03:24,639 --> 00:03:27,440 Speaker 1: Or you can also reach out to us on Twitter, Instagram, 57 00:03:27,600 --> 00:03:30,360 Speaker 1: or Facebook. Right, you check all of those, right, Daniel, 58 00:03:30,560 --> 00:03:34,120 Speaker 1: I do. I respond to Twitter questions and Facebook questions 59 00:03:34,120 --> 00:03:36,160 Speaker 1: and all that kind of stuff. So, yeah, engage with us. 60 00:03:36,320 --> 00:03:38,360 Speaker 1: We're eager to hear from you. Yeah, you can ask 61 00:03:38,440 --> 00:03:43,480 Speaker 1: us about the universe, about how rude we are, how 62 00:03:43,560 --> 00:03:46,440 Speaker 1: engaging we are to each other, what our favorite fruit 63 00:03:46,640 --> 00:03:49,400 Speaker 1: is everybody knows. Nobody has a question about what your 64 00:03:49,400 --> 00:03:52,640 Speaker 1: favorite fruit is for her right now? Everybody knows it's papaya, 65 00:03:52,720 --> 00:03:56,560 Speaker 1: is clearly. Um, I feel like I don't know you, Daniel. 66 00:03:57,160 --> 00:03:59,080 Speaker 1: I feel like you don't know me. I think I 67 00:03:59,120 --> 00:04:01,440 Speaker 1: think bananas are clearly your favorite fruit. But I wonder, like, 68 00:04:01,600 --> 00:04:04,760 Speaker 1: is that the favorite fruit to say? I mean to eat? Sure, 69 00:04:04,800 --> 00:04:07,280 Speaker 1: but what about saying like, isn't papaya more fun word 70 00:04:07,320 --> 00:04:12,400 Speaker 1: than banana? More fun than banana? Yeah? Just fun about 71 00:04:12,400 --> 00:04:14,240 Speaker 1: the word papaya. I think you need to go out 72 00:04:14,240 --> 00:04:17,400 Speaker 1: into the street and ask people this question. No, here's 73 00:04:17,440 --> 00:04:20,480 Speaker 1: another question. What's your favorite fruit to draw? Like as 74 00:04:20,480 --> 00:04:23,880 Speaker 1: a cartoonists fun fruit to draw because papa is just 75 00:04:23,960 --> 00:04:26,080 Speaker 1: kind of a blob. I feel like if I say banana, 76 00:04:26,120 --> 00:04:30,920 Speaker 1: people are going to infer something from that that's a 77 00:04:31,040 --> 00:04:34,159 Speaker 1: dangerous Or if I say papaya, people might also infer 78 00:04:34,279 --> 00:04:36,560 Speaker 1: something from that. So let's just stay clear out of 79 00:04:37,240 --> 00:04:40,799 Speaker 1: cartooning plus fruits. Alright, alright, too bad. Well I'm still curious. 80 00:04:40,839 --> 00:04:46,800 Speaker 1: You can tell me offline later. Well, so today we're 81 00:04:46,800 --> 00:04:50,120 Speaker 1: gonna be answering four questions from all over the universe 82 00:04:50,400 --> 00:04:53,040 Speaker 1: or at least all over the planet Earth. That's right. 83 00:04:53,040 --> 00:04:55,880 Speaker 1: And so here's the first question. It comes from Alessandra 84 00:04:55,960 --> 00:04:58,560 Speaker 1: from Italy and he wants to know about how we 85 00:04:58,800 --> 00:05:03,360 Speaker 1: see so far in to space. Hi, guys, it's Alissando 86 00:05:03,480 --> 00:05:06,800 Speaker 1: from Italy. I really enjoy your podcast and encourious to 87 00:05:06,880 --> 00:05:09,599 Speaker 1: know how can we see so far through the space 88 00:05:09,880 --> 00:05:14,560 Speaker 1: without being hidden by thus nebula? Thank you and I 89 00:05:14,600 --> 00:05:18,520 Speaker 1: will enjoy your answer. Well, Alessandro certainly sounds Italian. He 90 00:05:18,560 --> 00:05:23,200 Speaker 1: didn't have to tell us where he was from. He um. Yeah, 91 00:05:23,240 --> 00:05:25,920 Speaker 1: he's a beautiful accent. It is the language of love 92 00:05:26,240 --> 00:05:29,960 Speaker 1: or is that French? Although I feel like Italian shouldn't 93 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:32,359 Speaker 1: just be heard, it should be seen. Right, there's a 94 00:05:32,640 --> 00:05:34,839 Speaker 1: I'm sure there's some hand gestures that he couldn't capture 95 00:05:34,880 --> 00:05:37,599 Speaker 1: in that in that audio file. Save it for the 96 00:05:37,640 --> 00:05:42,960 Speaker 1: YouTube podcast. That's right, that's right. But it's a great question. Yeah, 97 00:05:42,960 --> 00:05:45,240 Speaker 1: it's an interesting question. How can we see so far 98 00:05:45,520 --> 00:05:51,560 Speaker 1: out through space without being obscured or blocked by nebula 99 00:05:51,600 --> 00:05:54,040 Speaker 1: and other clouds of dust and stuff that's out there. 100 00:05:54,040 --> 00:05:57,360 Speaker 1: How is it thevorable to see these stars are billions 101 00:05:57,360 --> 00:06:02,760 Speaker 1: and billions of light years away without anything blocking our view. Yeah, Like, 102 00:06:02,960 --> 00:06:04,919 Speaker 1: is it lucky that we can see so far? Is 103 00:06:04,920 --> 00:06:08,559 Speaker 1: the coincidence? You know? Is there some reason for it? Um? 104 00:06:08,600 --> 00:06:10,840 Speaker 1: I think first, let's just take a moment to appreciate 105 00:06:10,920 --> 00:06:13,039 Speaker 1: that view. You know, we say, like if you stand 106 00:06:13,040 --> 00:06:14,320 Speaker 1: on the top of the mountain and you can see 107 00:06:14,400 --> 00:06:17,000 Speaker 1: hundreds of miles, it seems like a great view. But 108 00:06:17,120 --> 00:06:20,240 Speaker 1: we don't often realize or consider the fact that the 109 00:06:20,320 --> 00:06:22,799 Speaker 1: view above our heads, the ones out into the night sky, 110 00:06:23,040 --> 00:06:25,520 Speaker 1: is the best view we will ever see. You know, 111 00:06:25,560 --> 00:06:27,479 Speaker 1: it's sort of it can give you vertigo just to 112 00:06:27,480 --> 00:06:29,360 Speaker 1: imagine that you're standing on the tip of a rock, 113 00:06:29,440 --> 00:06:32,640 Speaker 1: you know, that rock being Earth, and staring out billions 114 00:06:32,680 --> 00:06:35,520 Speaker 1: of miles across this ocean of space to these other 115 00:06:35,640 --> 00:06:38,920 Speaker 1: tiny little pin pricks. So it's really pretty incredible, not 116 00:06:39,000 --> 00:06:41,320 Speaker 1: just the space is vast, but that you can see 117 00:06:41,360 --> 00:06:43,479 Speaker 1: so far through it, right right, Yeah, Because like if 118 00:06:43,560 --> 00:06:46,800 Speaker 1: you stand up top mountain, you can't um see out 119 00:06:46,839 --> 00:06:48,920 Speaker 1: there forever. Right, Like, if you look at the next mountain, 120 00:06:48,960 --> 00:06:50,760 Speaker 1: it's going to look a little bit hazy, and if 121 00:06:50,760 --> 00:06:52,560 Speaker 1: you look at the mountain behind it, it's gonna look 122 00:06:52,560 --> 00:06:54,960 Speaker 1: even hazier. And so I think the question is how 123 00:06:55,040 --> 00:06:58,200 Speaker 1: is it that we can see with such crystal clarity 124 00:06:58,360 --> 00:07:01,800 Speaker 1: out there into space? And it's a great question, and 125 00:07:01,960 --> 00:07:05,599 Speaker 1: you know the answer is that mostly space is transparent, right, 126 00:07:05,880 --> 00:07:08,800 Speaker 1: transparent to light because what mostly what we're doing is 127 00:07:08,800 --> 00:07:12,400 Speaker 1: we're seeing with light, and so light can pass through 128 00:07:12,400 --> 00:07:16,080 Speaker 1: space without interacting, and that's what we mean by being transparent. 129 00:07:16,160 --> 00:07:18,720 Speaker 1: We mean that a particle like a photon, a piece 130 00:07:18,720 --> 00:07:21,600 Speaker 1: of light, can fly through it without being affected, without 131 00:07:21,600 --> 00:07:24,480 Speaker 1: being changed. So it's not that I mean there is 132 00:07:24,520 --> 00:07:27,560 Speaker 1: stuff out there. It's not like space is completely empty, 133 00:07:28,280 --> 00:07:31,160 Speaker 1: but you're saying that we can see really far because 134 00:07:31,760 --> 00:07:35,840 Speaker 1: the stuff that's there doesn't necessarily block the light. That's right, exactly. 135 00:07:35,840 --> 00:07:39,000 Speaker 1: Transparent doesn't mean non existent. Right, There is stuff out 136 00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:41,760 Speaker 1: there in space, but mostly the light can pass through it, 137 00:07:41,840 --> 00:07:43,880 Speaker 1: just the way the light can pass through the window 138 00:07:44,080 --> 00:07:47,400 Speaker 1: in your living room, right, mostly unaffected. Um, Now, the 139 00:07:47,440 --> 00:07:49,680 Speaker 1: window is not completely transparent, just like as you said, 140 00:07:49,680 --> 00:07:52,440 Speaker 1: the air is not completely transparent, but it's mostly transparent, 141 00:07:52,840 --> 00:07:55,120 Speaker 1: and so there can be stuff there. But as long 142 00:07:55,160 --> 00:07:58,000 Speaker 1: as the particles don't interact, then they fly through and 143 00:07:58,040 --> 00:08:01,240 Speaker 1: you can observe them on the other side basically unchanged. Okay, 144 00:08:01,280 --> 00:08:03,440 Speaker 1: So but what's out there in space that could be 145 00:08:03,440 --> 00:08:05,160 Speaker 1: blocking or a view, But isn't it. Yeah, and so 146 00:08:05,200 --> 00:08:07,840 Speaker 1: there actually are some things that block our view. Um. 147 00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:10,880 Speaker 1: So mostly spaces is empty, you know, from the point 148 00:08:10,880 --> 00:08:13,000 Speaker 1: of view of light, like, there's just nothing there. They're 149 00:08:13,040 --> 00:08:16,280 Speaker 1: little particles, um, But mostly it's empty. And the reason 150 00:08:16,320 --> 00:08:18,560 Speaker 1: that we can see light from other stars is that 151 00:08:18,600 --> 00:08:21,120 Speaker 1: there just isn't much stuff between us and them. But 152 00:08:21,240 --> 00:08:24,440 Speaker 1: sometimes that's not true. So for example, closer to the 153 00:08:24,440 --> 00:08:27,440 Speaker 1: center of the galaxy, there are these really big nebulas 154 00:08:27,480 --> 00:08:30,240 Speaker 1: of gas and dust, and we can't see through them 155 00:08:30,240 --> 00:08:32,360 Speaker 1: with normal light, the kind of visible light that we're 156 00:08:32,400 --> 00:08:34,760 Speaker 1: used to seeing with our eyes. And so, for example, 157 00:08:34,760 --> 00:08:36,600 Speaker 1: if you want to study the center of the galaxy, 158 00:08:36,640 --> 00:08:38,520 Speaker 1: you have to find other ways to do it because 159 00:08:38,520 --> 00:08:40,960 Speaker 1: you can't see it with visible light. Oh I see. 160 00:08:41,040 --> 00:08:44,360 Speaker 1: So the dust and gas out there do block our view, 161 00:08:45,200 --> 00:08:47,520 Speaker 1: but most of it is concentrated in certain spots, like 162 00:08:47,559 --> 00:08:49,959 Speaker 1: the center of galaxies. Yeah, exactly. And so if you 163 00:08:50,000 --> 00:08:52,440 Speaker 1: want to look out, you know, away from the center 164 00:08:52,480 --> 00:08:54,880 Speaker 1: of the galaxy to nearby stars, there's not a whole 165 00:08:54,920 --> 00:08:57,600 Speaker 1: lot between us and them. The thing that mostly blocks 166 00:08:57,600 --> 00:09:00,319 Speaker 1: your view is our atmosphere. Right, our atmosphere and fears 167 00:09:00,320 --> 00:09:02,640 Speaker 1: with light, and that's probably most of the stuff that's 168 00:09:02,640 --> 00:09:05,480 Speaker 1: going to do that. That's why we sometimes launch telescopes 169 00:09:05,480 --> 00:09:08,240 Speaker 1: into space so we can get a clear view of 170 00:09:08,240 --> 00:09:11,040 Speaker 1: what's coming at us from far far away. So if 171 00:09:11,120 --> 00:09:13,760 Speaker 1: the Earth just happened to be like like, if our 172 00:09:13,800 --> 00:09:16,319 Speaker 1: Solar system just happened to be inside of a nebula, 173 00:09:16,480 --> 00:09:19,320 Speaker 1: we would be totally blind to the outside universe. Yeah, 174 00:09:19,320 --> 00:09:21,240 Speaker 1: that's right. If we happen to be embedded inside a 175 00:09:21,280 --> 00:09:24,320 Speaker 1: gas cloud or dust cloud, absolutely, and remember our son 176 00:09:24,440 --> 00:09:27,200 Speaker 1: probably was born in a gas cloud or dust cloud. 177 00:09:27,800 --> 00:09:30,800 Speaker 1: Most of those places are stellar nurseries, those where stars 178 00:09:30,800 --> 00:09:35,160 Speaker 1: are born and eventually though, all that stuff coalesces, and 179 00:09:35,200 --> 00:09:37,880 Speaker 1: it doesn't just hang out of coalesces into stars and planets. 180 00:09:37,880 --> 00:09:40,720 Speaker 1: And that's you know, the ancient history of of our 181 00:09:40,760 --> 00:09:42,720 Speaker 1: Solar system. So we really are sort of lucky to 182 00:09:42,760 --> 00:09:44,320 Speaker 1: have such a good view, right because we could have 183 00:09:44,320 --> 00:09:46,920 Speaker 1: been born in like we are planet, could have been 184 00:09:46,920 --> 00:09:53,199 Speaker 1: in the in the middle of a coln of Los Angeles, right, Yeah, 185 00:09:53,400 --> 00:09:55,400 Speaker 1: we could be. But I think that most of the 186 00:09:55,440 --> 00:09:57,640 Speaker 1: time gravity will do its job and by the time 187 00:09:58,120 --> 00:10:01,120 Speaker 1: the planets are formed in life is evolved, etcetera. That 188 00:10:01,400 --> 00:10:03,520 Speaker 1: gravity will have done his job and cleared out that 189 00:10:03,559 --> 00:10:06,720 Speaker 1: space will pull it together into other objects, you know, 190 00:10:06,760 --> 00:10:11,520 Speaker 1: planets and stars or whatever. Oh, it concentrates all the gas. Yeah, 191 00:10:11,559 --> 00:10:14,839 Speaker 1: I see, it makes stars, which clears the view. Yeah. 192 00:10:14,920 --> 00:10:17,280 Speaker 1: And you know, it's no coincidence that the kind of 193 00:10:17,360 --> 00:10:19,480 Speaker 1: light that we can see, that our eyes can pick 194 00:10:19,600 --> 00:10:21,679 Speaker 1: up is also the kind of light that can pass 195 00:10:21,720 --> 00:10:24,480 Speaker 1: through space. Because that light comes from the Sun, it 196 00:10:24,520 --> 00:10:26,800 Speaker 1: has to pass through space to get to us, right, 197 00:10:27,200 --> 00:10:29,960 Speaker 1: and and then it has to survive the atmosphere. And 198 00:10:30,000 --> 00:10:31,680 Speaker 1: so the kind of light that we can that is 199 00:10:31,720 --> 00:10:34,080 Speaker 1: around on Earth is the kind of light that we've 200 00:10:34,120 --> 00:10:37,200 Speaker 1: evolved to see um. So obviously it can get here 201 00:10:37,280 --> 00:10:39,520 Speaker 1: from the Sun, and so it has to be able 202 00:10:39,559 --> 00:10:41,600 Speaker 1: to pass through space for us to see it. Right. 203 00:10:41,720 --> 00:10:43,760 Speaker 1: But what's kind of cool to is that just because 204 00:10:43,840 --> 00:10:46,800 Speaker 1: there is a gas or a nebula in front of us, 205 00:10:46,960 --> 00:10:48,720 Speaker 1: it doesn't mean that we can't see through it, because 206 00:10:48,760 --> 00:10:52,480 Speaker 1: if we other kinds of light do go through that 207 00:10:52,559 --> 00:10:55,120 Speaker 1: kind of stuff. That's right. When we say visible light, 208 00:10:55,160 --> 00:10:57,960 Speaker 1: we mean light of certain frequencies. You know, red, green, blue, 209 00:10:58,280 --> 00:11:00,559 Speaker 1: all those other colors that we can see. But light 210 00:11:00,600 --> 00:11:03,040 Speaker 1: has lots of other frequencies, right, You can wiggle more 211 00:11:03,080 --> 00:11:05,840 Speaker 1: quickly into the ultra violet, you can wiggle more slowly 212 00:11:05,920 --> 00:11:09,040 Speaker 1: down into the infrared, or really slowly down to the 213 00:11:09,160 --> 00:11:12,120 Speaker 1: radio waves. So we don't usually call those light, you know, 214 00:11:12,160 --> 00:11:14,760 Speaker 1: they call them radio waves or gamma rays or whatever, 215 00:11:14,840 --> 00:11:17,360 Speaker 1: depending on the frequency, but they really are just still 216 00:11:17,440 --> 00:11:21,480 Speaker 1: electromagnetic radiation. There are another form of light, and depending 217 00:11:21,559 --> 00:11:24,120 Speaker 1: on the wavelength, they have different properties. Some of them 218 00:11:24,160 --> 00:11:27,360 Speaker 1: can pass right through gas and dust. So for example, 219 00:11:28,160 --> 00:11:31,760 Speaker 1: radio waves, which are really long frequencies compared to visible light, 220 00:11:32,040 --> 00:11:33,679 Speaker 1: it can pass through gas and dust and we can 221 00:11:33,760 --> 00:11:36,280 Speaker 1: use that to see into the center of the galaxy. Yeah, 222 00:11:36,520 --> 00:11:39,960 Speaker 1: that's pretty cool. It's like having X ray vision exactly, 223 00:11:40,080 --> 00:11:42,840 Speaker 1: and we can actually use X rays also. X rays 224 00:11:43,160 --> 00:11:45,600 Speaker 1: do also pass through gas and dust. Now, some of 225 00:11:45,600 --> 00:11:48,640 Speaker 1: these things, like X rays, they won't penetrate our atmosphere, 226 00:11:48,720 --> 00:11:50,400 Speaker 1: So if you want to see that, you have to 227 00:11:50,440 --> 00:11:52,760 Speaker 1: have something really high in the atmosphere, like on a balloon, 228 00:11:53,240 --> 00:11:55,640 Speaker 1: or maybe even into space, like an X ray telescope 229 00:11:55,640 --> 00:11:58,280 Speaker 1: in space to see that. That's interesting, Huh. You have 230 00:11:58,360 --> 00:12:00,440 Speaker 1: to go up. You have to fly up like Superman 231 00:12:00,520 --> 00:12:04,000 Speaker 1: to have X ray vision, and these days we even 232 00:12:04,040 --> 00:12:05,960 Speaker 1: have other ways to see the universe that are not 233 00:12:06,080 --> 00:12:09,360 Speaker 1: just light, Like we can see the universe through neutrinos. 234 00:12:09,559 --> 00:12:12,000 Speaker 1: There's some weird stuff out there that just makes neutrinos, 235 00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:15,120 Speaker 1: and neutrinos passed through almost everything, so they're a really 236 00:12:15,120 --> 00:12:18,160 Speaker 1: good way to see really really far away. And then 237 00:12:18,360 --> 00:12:22,720 Speaker 1: recently we developed this ability to see gravitational waves. And 238 00:12:22,800 --> 00:12:25,199 Speaker 1: this is not even stuff, right. Gravitational waves are the 239 00:12:25,280 --> 00:12:28,720 Speaker 1: ripples in space itself, so they can pass through basically 240 00:12:28,760 --> 00:12:31,840 Speaker 1: everything matter. Yeah, all right, so that's the answer. The 241 00:12:31,840 --> 00:12:34,520 Speaker 1: answer is um. The question was how can we see 242 00:12:34,559 --> 00:12:37,600 Speaker 1: so far through space without being blocked by tabula and 243 00:12:37,640 --> 00:12:39,520 Speaker 1: other stuff? And the answer is that there isn't that 244 00:12:39,600 --> 00:12:43,120 Speaker 1: much stuff out there. Space is pretty empty and even 245 00:12:43,160 --> 00:12:46,200 Speaker 1: the stuff that's out there doesn't really block our view. Yeah, 246 00:12:46,200 --> 00:12:47,920 Speaker 1: and we have other ways to see through the stuff 247 00:12:47,960 --> 00:12:50,760 Speaker 1: that does block our view. And if we were blocked 248 00:12:50,760 --> 00:12:54,160 Speaker 1: by nebula and other stuff, eventually all of that stuff 249 00:12:54,200 --> 00:12:57,520 Speaker 1: would have turned into stars or moved around. Yeah. Just 250 00:12:57,600 --> 00:13:01,120 Speaker 1: wait a few billion years, you know, and the Vuele chain. Yeah, yeah, 251 00:13:01,400 --> 00:13:04,480 Speaker 1: just hang out, just hang up. You don't need to 252 00:13:04,520 --> 00:13:07,520 Speaker 1: graduate anytime soon, do you have a PhD VSIs. Just 253 00:13:07,559 --> 00:13:11,839 Speaker 1: wait if you bill, No big deal? All right, thank 254 00:13:11,880 --> 00:13:14,080 Speaker 1: you a Lisandre from Italy. That was a great question. 255 00:13:14,320 --> 00:13:16,319 Speaker 1: And before we go on, let's take a quick break. 256 00:13:29,480 --> 00:13:32,880 Speaker 1: All right. We're answering listener questions today and the next 257 00:13:32,960 --> 00:13:36,360 Speaker 1: question we have here is from Shelley from Australia, from 258 00:13:36,360 --> 00:13:40,000 Speaker 1: down Under and Shelly. Shelly asks a really awesome question 259 00:13:40,000 --> 00:13:42,240 Speaker 1: and a lot of people wanted the answer to. He's 260 00:13:42,320 --> 00:13:44,959 Speaker 1: questioning whether whether you have a real job or not, Daniel, 261 00:13:46,440 --> 00:13:49,040 Speaker 1: and I'm brave enough to play this question on the podcast. 262 00:13:49,080 --> 00:13:53,000 Speaker 1: Here we go, Hi, Daniel and Johey. I'm Shelly from Brisbane, Australia. 263 00:13:53,400 --> 00:13:55,360 Speaker 1: And what I would like to know is how does 264 00:13:55,400 --> 00:13:58,120 Speaker 1: physics actually work? How do you come up with the 265 00:13:58,200 --> 00:14:01,200 Speaker 1: theory and then create an experiment to test that theory? 266 00:14:01,760 --> 00:14:04,320 Speaker 1: What does the physicist to actually do every day? You 267 00:14:04,360 --> 00:14:07,040 Speaker 1: get up, you get your coffee, you gotta work, and 268 00:14:07,080 --> 00:14:10,360 Speaker 1: then what how do you go from a theory to 269 00:14:10,920 --> 00:14:15,920 Speaker 1: an experiment then to an explanation? And I love that question. 270 00:14:16,200 --> 00:14:20,600 Speaker 1: I love when she says and then what my question 271 00:14:20,640 --> 00:14:23,920 Speaker 1: is is she your wife, Daniel, or is she's sending 272 00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:26,600 Speaker 1: a question she wondering what you do all day? No, 273 00:14:26,760 --> 00:14:29,520 Speaker 1: but it's hilarious because that's what I do. I get up, 274 00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:31,080 Speaker 1: I drink coffee, and then I go to work and 275 00:14:31,080 --> 00:14:36,760 Speaker 1: then I go, Okay, now what do today? So that's 276 00:14:36,760 --> 00:14:40,760 Speaker 1: that's pretty much the answer. The question is the answer. No, 277 00:14:40,960 --> 00:14:43,840 Speaker 1: that's the two sides of academic freedom. You know, as 278 00:14:43,840 --> 00:14:45,880 Speaker 1: a professor, you basically get to do whatever you like. 279 00:14:45,960 --> 00:14:48,080 Speaker 1: On the other hand, nobody tells you what to do, 280 00:14:48,120 --> 00:14:50,440 Speaker 1: so you have to come up with stuff to do yourself. Right, 281 00:14:50,520 --> 00:14:55,040 Speaker 1: So every day you answer that question today what. Yeah, 282 00:14:55,520 --> 00:14:57,240 Speaker 1: it's a great question. It sort of goes to the 283 00:14:57,280 --> 00:15:00,640 Speaker 1: heart of you know, how is science done. I think 284 00:15:00,640 --> 00:15:04,440 Speaker 1: she's maybe wondering, like what's your day to day? Like like, um, 285 00:15:04,560 --> 00:15:07,000 Speaker 1: she probably knows that there is this general process, but 286 00:15:07,120 --> 00:15:09,440 Speaker 1: at any point, how do you decide what to do? Yeah, 287 00:15:09,560 --> 00:15:11,280 Speaker 1: so you know, day to day, of course, you get up, 288 00:15:11,320 --> 00:15:13,480 Speaker 1: you get your coffee. Then you started answering the three 289 00:15:13,920 --> 00:15:17,240 Speaker 1: emails that came in while CERN was awake in Geneva 290 00:15:17,360 --> 00:15:20,240 Speaker 1: nine time zones ahead and I was sleeping. And then 291 00:15:20,240 --> 00:15:21,600 Speaker 1: when you get through all that, you get to start 292 00:15:21,640 --> 00:15:23,640 Speaker 1: to think about it sort of the higher level science, right, 293 00:15:24,120 --> 00:15:26,920 Speaker 1: And she asked a question, you know, how do you 294 00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:29,880 Speaker 1: go from theory to experiment, Like how do you come 295 00:15:29,960 --> 00:15:32,560 Speaker 1: up with an experiment? And I think that's a really 296 00:15:32,560 --> 00:15:34,760 Speaker 1: interesting question because a lot of times that is the 297 00:15:34,800 --> 00:15:37,120 Speaker 1: way it works. Like a theorist comes up with an 298 00:15:37,160 --> 00:15:40,400 Speaker 1: idea saying like I think maybe there's this new particle, 299 00:15:40,880 --> 00:15:43,600 Speaker 1: or I think maybe there are black holes out there, 300 00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:46,720 Speaker 1: and then it's the job of the experimentalist to figure 301 00:15:46,720 --> 00:15:49,600 Speaker 1: out the answer, right, is that correct or not? Do 302 00:15:49,680 --> 00:15:52,120 Speaker 1: these things really exist or not? But there's sort of 303 00:15:52,160 --> 00:15:55,600 Speaker 1: a step before that, right where you I mean, um, 304 00:15:55,640 --> 00:15:57,400 Speaker 1: I mean you have to know what's going on in 305 00:15:57,440 --> 00:15:59,520 Speaker 1: the field. You can't just possit these things out of 306 00:15:59,520 --> 00:16:01,760 Speaker 1: the blue. You have to know. You have to read 307 00:16:01,800 --> 00:16:04,200 Speaker 1: what everyone else has done and what everyone else is doing, 308 00:16:04,280 --> 00:16:05,920 Speaker 1: and you kind of have to try to ask a 309 00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:09,840 Speaker 1: question nobody else's answered. Yeah, that's certainly true. Although um, 310 00:16:09,880 --> 00:16:12,720 Speaker 1: I got a lot of crackpot ideas from homegrown theorists 311 00:16:12,720 --> 00:16:15,440 Speaker 1: that haven't yet done that, you know, But um, yeah, 312 00:16:15,480 --> 00:16:17,640 Speaker 1: you want to come up with an idea, You want 313 00:16:17,640 --> 00:16:19,760 Speaker 1: to come up with an idea that's new. Like maybe 314 00:16:19,800 --> 00:16:25,320 Speaker 1: the difference between a professional physicist, um is that you 315 00:16:25,320 --> 00:16:27,000 Speaker 1: you spend your life on it, right, you you go 316 00:16:27,040 --> 00:16:29,800 Speaker 1: to conferences, you talk to people, you know what's going on. Yeah, 317 00:16:29,840 --> 00:16:31,920 Speaker 1: you definitely have to know how things are done and 318 00:16:31,960 --> 00:16:34,320 Speaker 1: you know what questions have an answered. In that perspective, 319 00:16:34,360 --> 00:16:36,400 Speaker 1: you can sort of think of science like a conversation. 320 00:16:36,720 --> 00:16:38,680 Speaker 1: You know, we're trying to figure out what is the universe? 321 00:16:38,680 --> 00:16:41,240 Speaker 1: How does it work? And you want to say something relevant, 322 00:16:41,480 --> 00:16:43,320 Speaker 1: and so you have to think of like, what is 323 00:16:43,360 --> 00:16:45,280 Speaker 1: the question at hand? What is it we're trying to 324 00:16:45,320 --> 00:16:48,080 Speaker 1: figure out right now? And how can I test it? 325 00:16:48,800 --> 00:16:51,640 Speaker 1: And um, that's the bit about being an experimentalist. I'm 326 00:16:51,640 --> 00:16:56,040 Speaker 1: an experimentalist. And you know what is the job actually involve, Well, 327 00:16:56,120 --> 00:16:58,760 Speaker 1: it involves coming up with a way to ask a 328 00:16:58,880 --> 00:17:02,520 Speaker 1: question of nature or that will reveal the answer. You know, 329 00:17:02,720 --> 00:17:05,040 Speaker 1: some theory says I think there's a new particle the 330 00:17:05,080 --> 00:17:07,679 Speaker 1: squiggly on. Well, then you can't just ask nature the 331 00:17:07,760 --> 00:17:10,439 Speaker 1: question does squiggly on exist or not? It's not like 332 00:17:10,560 --> 00:17:13,600 Speaker 1: nature some oracle right that just answers whatever question you want. 333 00:17:14,119 --> 00:17:15,800 Speaker 1: You have to trap it, you have to trick it, 334 00:17:15,800 --> 00:17:17,600 Speaker 1: you have to corner it. You have to come up 335 00:17:17,640 --> 00:17:20,840 Speaker 1: with an experiment. You can do something a physical thing 336 00:17:20,920 --> 00:17:24,240 Speaker 1: you can build that will tell you whether this thing exists, 337 00:17:24,280 --> 00:17:26,760 Speaker 1: because you know, if you do your experiment and the 338 00:17:26,840 --> 00:17:28,920 Speaker 1: data is this, then you know the answer is yes, 339 00:17:28,960 --> 00:17:30,639 Speaker 1: this is quiggly on. If you do the experiment and 340 00:17:30,680 --> 00:17:32,800 Speaker 1: the data comes out differently than you know, the answer 341 00:17:32,880 --> 00:17:35,520 Speaker 1: is not a squiggly on. But that's not trivial, right. 342 00:17:35,720 --> 00:17:38,320 Speaker 1: That requires some cleverness. You have to think about the 343 00:17:38,400 --> 00:17:41,040 Speaker 1: right way to sort of corner nature and make make 344 00:17:41,119 --> 00:17:43,879 Speaker 1: it tell you whether this thing exists by revealing the 345 00:17:43,920 --> 00:17:46,480 Speaker 1: answer in your experiment. And part of that is has 346 00:17:46,520 --> 00:17:49,439 Speaker 1: to do with the null hypothesis, Right, Like this idea 347 00:17:49,480 --> 00:17:52,040 Speaker 1: that where you, um, you sort of assume that this 348 00:17:52,160 --> 00:17:55,919 Speaker 1: quiggly on doesn't exist, and you run some experiments and 349 00:17:55,960 --> 00:17:59,639 Speaker 1: if you see something that clearly shows you that the 350 00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:03,640 Speaker 1: reuigly not existing is not quite likely, then that means 351 00:18:03,640 --> 00:18:06,480 Speaker 1: you how something Yeah, exactly, we need conclusive evidence. We 352 00:18:06,520 --> 00:18:08,719 Speaker 1: need to see data that couldn't have been produced if 353 00:18:08,720 --> 00:18:11,680 Speaker 1: the squigglyon didn't exist, Right, they could only be produced 354 00:18:11,800 --> 00:18:14,320 Speaker 1: if the squigglyon existed. We need something that's in that 355 00:18:14,400 --> 00:18:17,159 Speaker 1: sense unique, right, it has to be necessary and sufficient 356 00:18:17,840 --> 00:18:20,840 Speaker 1: um And so often what we do is in my 357 00:18:21,240 --> 00:18:24,240 Speaker 1: particular case, because I'm a particle physicist, is you know, 358 00:18:24,280 --> 00:18:26,960 Speaker 1: we're colliding protons together, and if we want to ask 359 00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:30,040 Speaker 1: the question does the squigglyon exist? And we think, well, 360 00:18:30,080 --> 00:18:32,560 Speaker 1: what would the squiggly on look like in our data? 361 00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:35,040 Speaker 1: How would it appear? You know, would it leaves splashes 362 00:18:35,040 --> 00:18:37,840 Speaker 1: of energy over here? Would it leave traces of its 363 00:18:37,840 --> 00:18:40,280 Speaker 1: motion over there? And then we sort of look for 364 00:18:40,320 --> 00:18:42,800 Speaker 1: those telltale signs. But then we have to think about 365 00:18:42,800 --> 00:18:45,000 Speaker 1: what else could look like that. Is there anything else 366 00:18:45,040 --> 00:18:47,280 Speaker 1: that could mimic it, anything else that could look like 367 00:18:47,320 --> 00:18:49,840 Speaker 1: this squiggly on but not actually be the squiggly on. 368 00:18:50,480 --> 00:18:52,320 Speaker 1: So a lot of the experimental work that I actually 369 00:18:52,359 --> 00:18:55,520 Speaker 1: do involves that kind of statistics, like figure out a 370 00:18:55,560 --> 00:18:57,359 Speaker 1: way to look for this thing in a way that 371 00:18:57,440 --> 00:19:00,960 Speaker 1: nothing else could mimic. And then but it also works 372 00:19:00,960 --> 00:19:03,640 Speaker 1: the other way around, like somebody maybe did an experiment 373 00:19:03,640 --> 00:19:05,879 Speaker 1: to look at something else and they found something weird 374 00:19:06,040 --> 00:19:08,080 Speaker 1: and said that doesn't fit the theory, and so then 375 00:19:08,240 --> 00:19:11,680 Speaker 1: theories have to come up with an explanation for the data. Yeah, 376 00:19:11,760 --> 00:19:13,480 Speaker 1: and in my view, this doesn't happen enough. And I 377 00:19:13,480 --> 00:19:16,080 Speaker 1: think a lot of people, especially in particle physics think 378 00:19:16,440 --> 00:19:18,639 Speaker 1: that it always starts theorist has an idea for a 379 00:19:18,680 --> 00:19:22,200 Speaker 1: new particle. Experimentalists just go check to see if that's true. Right, 380 00:19:22,680 --> 00:19:25,240 Speaker 1: And there's actually a really lively debate right now about 381 00:19:25,680 --> 00:19:28,040 Speaker 1: how do we do this in particle physics because the 382 00:19:28,040 --> 00:19:32,119 Speaker 1: theorists predicted, oh, supersymmetric particles will appear at the Large 383 00:19:32,119 --> 00:19:34,720 Speaker 1: Hadron Collider, and then we didn't find them. And I 384 00:19:34,760 --> 00:19:37,320 Speaker 1: thought some people think, oh, that's a failure. But I 385 00:19:37,359 --> 00:19:40,840 Speaker 1: think that experimentalists can be explorers. That we don't have 386 00:19:40,960 --> 00:19:43,680 Speaker 1: to just answer the question does this new particle exist? 387 00:19:43,840 --> 00:19:46,160 Speaker 1: We can go out and look for weird stuff. Right, 388 00:19:46,600 --> 00:19:48,760 Speaker 1: Let's just see what's out there, you know, the way 389 00:19:48,800 --> 00:19:51,600 Speaker 1: like when you landed on Mars. You don't ask the 390 00:19:51,680 --> 00:19:54,359 Speaker 1: question are there purple cats and dogs there? You just 391 00:19:54,560 --> 00:19:56,560 Speaker 1: walk around and look to see if there's some new 392 00:19:56,640 --> 00:19:59,160 Speaker 1: kind of life that will blow your mind. So, yeah, 393 00:19:59,200 --> 00:20:03,000 Speaker 1: you're absolutely right. Sometimes an experimentalist find something weird, something 394 00:20:03,000 --> 00:20:06,040 Speaker 1: that can't be explained with our current understanding, and it 395 00:20:06,119 --> 00:20:09,120 Speaker 1: forces us to come up with a new theory when 396 00:20:09,119 --> 00:20:11,760 Speaker 1: they can explain that. Yeah, and those those are the 397 00:20:11,800 --> 00:20:14,359 Speaker 1: greatest moments in science, if you ask me, Okay, cool, 398 00:20:14,400 --> 00:20:17,720 Speaker 1: it's okay, that's m hmm, okay cool. So that's what 399 00:20:17,800 --> 00:20:20,040 Speaker 1: you do. And then it's like eleven am. And then 400 00:20:20,280 --> 00:20:22,880 Speaker 1: then what do you do? Then it's time for my nap, right, 401 00:20:26,960 --> 00:20:29,960 Speaker 1: and then I do this awesome podcast with this cartoonist. Yeah, 402 00:20:30,160 --> 00:20:35,800 Speaker 1: I have no moral stand to criticize a lazy lifestyle 403 00:20:36,440 --> 00:20:38,920 Speaker 1: or work life. Um, but I think that's the kind 404 00:20:38,920 --> 00:20:41,320 Speaker 1: of the general answer is that you know, it's it's 405 00:20:41,320 --> 00:20:44,199 Speaker 1: like a it's a conversation, right, Like you're it's not 406 00:20:44,359 --> 00:20:46,600 Speaker 1: just you in a room trying to come up with 407 00:20:46,680 --> 00:20:50,480 Speaker 1: ideas and theories and experiments. It's like you're conferring with 408 00:20:50,520 --> 00:20:53,600 Speaker 1: other people. You're reading other people's work. You're you're trying to, 409 00:20:53,880 --> 00:20:58,000 Speaker 1: you know, come up get clues from other people's results 410 00:20:58,000 --> 00:20:59,960 Speaker 1: and things like that. Right, it's sort of a conversation 411 00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:04,600 Speaker 1: and and and it's a process. Yeah, And it has 412 00:21:04,600 --> 00:21:07,000 Speaker 1: to be a conversation because science is just people. Right. 413 00:21:07,280 --> 00:21:09,359 Speaker 1: If you do some science and nobody reads it, then 414 00:21:09,440 --> 00:21:12,479 Speaker 1: you haven't really pushed human understanding forward at all. Right, 415 00:21:12,520 --> 00:21:15,199 Speaker 1: So you have to do something people are interested in 416 00:21:15,240 --> 00:21:17,160 Speaker 1: so that they will listen and it will change sort 417 00:21:17,160 --> 00:21:20,760 Speaker 1: of the common understanding you'll move forward the wavefront of 418 00:21:20,840 --> 00:21:27,840 Speaker 1: human thought. Yeah, yeah, alright, Shelley from Australia. That's your answer, Um, 419 00:21:27,840 --> 00:21:39,840 Speaker 1: basically coffee, coffee, coffee, Yeah, exactly, all right. Our next 420 00:21:39,880 --> 00:21:45,280 Speaker 1: listener question comes from Alex from Connecticut. Here we go. Hey, guys, 421 00:21:45,480 --> 00:21:48,879 Speaker 1: this is Alex from Connecticut and I'm wondering if there's 422 00:21:48,960 --> 00:21:53,800 Speaker 1: anywhere in the universe where dark matter is not present? Thanks, 423 00:21:53,840 --> 00:21:56,880 Speaker 1: give up the good work. Alex sounds pretty excited about 424 00:21:56,880 --> 00:21:59,800 Speaker 1: his question. He has a great traitor voice. He should 425 00:21:59,840 --> 00:22:03,800 Speaker 1: do movie traders in a world where dark matter is 426 00:22:03,840 --> 00:22:08,159 Speaker 1: not present everywhere. Um. This is a great question because 427 00:22:08,200 --> 00:22:11,800 Speaker 1: we've talked about how dark matter, um is. There's much 428 00:22:11,840 --> 00:22:14,040 Speaker 1: more dark matter in the universe than normal matter. So 429 00:22:14,040 --> 00:22:16,359 Speaker 1: it's a very natural question to wonder, like, is it 430 00:22:16,480 --> 00:22:21,280 Speaker 1: feeling the universe is invisible? But is it everywhere? Yeah? 431 00:22:21,320 --> 00:22:23,040 Speaker 1: I mean there's not a little bit of dark matter 432 00:22:23,119 --> 00:22:26,600 Speaker 1: out there. There's five times more dark matter than like 433 00:22:26,640 --> 00:22:30,160 Speaker 1: all the stars and gas and clouds and planets out there, right, Yeah, exactly. 434 00:22:30,160 --> 00:22:32,720 Speaker 1: It's a huge amount, and so it's very natural to 435 00:22:32,760 --> 00:22:35,359 Speaker 1: ask where is it? And the answer to this question 436 00:22:35,520 --> 00:22:38,040 Speaker 1: is yes, there are lots of places in the universe 437 00:22:38,080 --> 00:22:41,359 Speaker 1: without dark matter, because it turns out that dark matter 438 00:22:41,440 --> 00:22:45,159 Speaker 1: and normal matter basically followed the same distributions. That is, 439 00:22:45,880 --> 00:22:48,080 Speaker 1: you can tell where the dark matter is just by 440 00:22:48,119 --> 00:22:51,879 Speaker 1: looking for the non dark matter. So who's following who, 441 00:22:51,960 --> 00:22:55,960 Speaker 1: who's the stalker, and who's the celebrity. It's um. You know, 442 00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:58,280 Speaker 1: it's something of a dance right there. We know about 443 00:22:58,320 --> 00:23:02,000 Speaker 1: dark matter only because if gravitational effect on stuff, right, 444 00:23:02,480 --> 00:23:06,359 Speaker 1: and so gravity um affects dark matter and normal matter, 445 00:23:06,480 --> 00:23:08,240 Speaker 1: and the two pull on each other, and so it's 446 00:23:08,240 --> 00:23:10,040 Speaker 1: something of a dance as they tug on each other, 447 00:23:10,600 --> 00:23:13,000 Speaker 1: and that's why they're linked together. That's why dark matter 448 00:23:13,119 --> 00:23:15,360 Speaker 1: and normal matter are in the same places, because they're 449 00:23:15,359 --> 00:23:18,920 Speaker 1: gravitationally attracted to each other. Now, because there's more dark 450 00:23:18,960 --> 00:23:21,520 Speaker 1: matter the normal matter, you could probably say the normal 451 00:23:21,520 --> 00:23:24,040 Speaker 1: matter is following the dark matter. So in fact, that's 452 00:23:24,080 --> 00:23:26,680 Speaker 1: the only way that dark matter can interact with our 453 00:23:26,720 --> 00:23:29,080 Speaker 1: matter right now we know of is gravity so far 454 00:23:29,240 --> 00:23:31,119 Speaker 1: that we know it's the only way you can interact 455 00:23:31,160 --> 00:23:33,440 Speaker 1: with our matter. It might have some interactions with itself 456 00:23:33,480 --> 00:23:35,760 Speaker 1: that we don't know about, but to interact with our 457 00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:38,119 Speaker 1: matter to see it to affect our you know, the 458 00:23:38,160 --> 00:23:40,960 Speaker 1: things that we can test and observe. Gravity is the 459 00:23:40,960 --> 00:23:43,240 Speaker 1: only way for us to probe that. And you know, 460 00:23:43,280 --> 00:23:46,720 Speaker 1: people really interestingly, people do simulations of the universe without 461 00:23:46,800 --> 00:23:48,720 Speaker 1: dark matter. They're like, what would have happened if there 462 00:23:48,840 --> 00:23:52,760 Speaker 1: wasn't dark matter? And things just don't coalesce as quickly. 463 00:23:53,040 --> 00:23:55,399 Speaker 1: You run the universe, but you run it without dark matter, 464 00:23:55,760 --> 00:23:59,359 Speaker 1: and yeah, get totally different results. Yeah, this is amazing, Right, 465 00:23:59,359 --> 00:24:02,520 Speaker 1: you can simulate whole universe. It's pretty incredible. And they ask, 466 00:24:02,640 --> 00:24:05,400 Speaker 1: you know, what would the universe look like under vary scenarios? 467 00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:08,280 Speaker 1: And that's really important because it helps them understand what 468 00:24:08,520 --> 00:24:11,000 Speaker 1: was the various fraction of things in the very beginning 469 00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:14,120 Speaker 1: and how sensitive um are we to that? Like? And 470 00:24:14,119 --> 00:24:17,040 Speaker 1: it was any configuration mostly going to give you galaxies 471 00:24:17,080 --> 00:24:19,600 Speaker 1: and stars and planets or is it really sensitive? And 472 00:24:19,680 --> 00:24:21,800 Speaker 1: it turns out that if you didn't have dark matter, 473 00:24:22,080 --> 00:24:24,880 Speaker 1: then it takes a lot longer for stuff to clump. Right. 474 00:24:24,960 --> 00:24:27,760 Speaker 1: The only reason we have stars and galaxies and planets 475 00:24:28,040 --> 00:24:30,840 Speaker 1: is because gravity has gathered this stuff together. It turns 476 00:24:30,840 --> 00:24:33,000 Speaker 1: out it's gotten a huge boost from all the dark 477 00:24:33,040 --> 00:24:35,640 Speaker 1: matter helping to pull it together, and without that dark 478 00:24:35,680 --> 00:24:38,600 Speaker 1: matter would take billions more years to get all this structure, 479 00:24:38,720 --> 00:24:40,840 Speaker 1: so we wouldn't even be around without the dark matter. 480 00:24:41,119 --> 00:24:44,280 Speaker 1: So pretty much dark matter follows normal matter and helps out. Yes, 481 00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:46,120 Speaker 1: But pretty much when you look out into the universe 482 00:24:46,560 --> 00:24:48,800 Speaker 1: and you let's see what for all the shiny stuff is, 483 00:24:48,840 --> 00:24:52,000 Speaker 1: like stars and planets and light, that's kind of pretty 484 00:24:52,080 --> 00:24:56,159 Speaker 1: much where dark matter is. Also roughly that's correct. But 485 00:24:56,200 --> 00:24:58,680 Speaker 1: if you look at the for example, of galaxy, there's 486 00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:00,520 Speaker 1: a huge block of dark matter are also at the 487 00:25:00,520 --> 00:25:02,119 Speaker 1: center of the galaxy. But then there's a we call 488 00:25:02,160 --> 00:25:05,240 Speaker 1: it a halo. It extends beyond where the visible galaxy is, 489 00:25:05,280 --> 00:25:08,600 Speaker 1: but mostly it's a blob centered at the visible galaxy, 490 00:25:08,840 --> 00:25:12,240 Speaker 1: right right. I think the question is like, you wouldn't see, 491 00:25:12,480 --> 00:25:15,520 Speaker 1: for example, like between here and a dromeda. You wouldn't 492 00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:19,320 Speaker 1: see a giant blob of dark matter just floating by itself, 493 00:25:19,520 --> 00:25:22,680 Speaker 1: would you? You might probably not, though, yeah, probably not. 494 00:25:22,720 --> 00:25:25,600 Speaker 1: But it's possible for dark matter normal matter to get separated, 495 00:25:25,800 --> 00:25:28,399 Speaker 1: like in the bullet cluster um. You know, some of 496 00:25:28,400 --> 00:25:30,560 Speaker 1: the dark matter and the normal matter got separated because 497 00:25:30,560 --> 00:25:33,359 Speaker 1: of big collision, and the normal matter interacts with itself 498 00:25:33,400 --> 00:25:35,440 Speaker 1: and the dark matter passes through as far as we know, 499 00:25:35,920 --> 00:25:37,640 Speaker 1: so there could be blobs of dark matter, but it's 500 00:25:37,640 --> 00:25:40,159 Speaker 1: not like it's evenly distributed, right, So there's lots of 501 00:25:40,160 --> 00:25:44,240 Speaker 1: places where we think there probably isn't any dark matter alright. 502 00:25:44,280 --> 00:25:49,120 Speaker 1: So the answer to Alex's question is yes, there are 503 00:25:49,160 --> 00:25:53,480 Speaker 1: probably many places in the universe without dark matter. Dark 504 00:25:53,520 --> 00:25:57,399 Speaker 1: matter clumps together in specific locations. That's exactly right. This 505 00:25:57,440 --> 00:25:59,880 Speaker 1: is one case we can give a very crisp answer. Yet. 506 00:26:02,800 --> 00:26:06,439 Speaker 1: That's the t L d R. Yes, Alex, Yes, cool. 507 00:26:06,960 --> 00:26:22,080 Speaker 1: Before we keep going, let's take a short break, all right, 508 00:26:22,119 --> 00:26:24,720 Speaker 1: and so our last question today comes to us all 509 00:26:24,760 --> 00:26:28,360 Speaker 1: the way from Iran. So far As from Iran has 510 00:26:28,359 --> 00:26:32,440 Speaker 1: a pretty interesting question about the shape of galaxies. Yeah, 511 00:26:32,520 --> 00:26:35,320 Speaker 1: here he is. Hi guys, my name is Fasm I'm 512 00:26:35,359 --> 00:26:39,600 Speaker 1: from Iran. After listening to your episodes about the galactic 513 00:26:39,640 --> 00:26:43,639 Speaker 1: collision and the gravity, I have a question to ask 514 00:26:44,200 --> 00:26:48,800 Speaker 1: why all the galaxies and solar systems in the universe 515 00:26:48,840 --> 00:26:52,600 Speaker 1: are disc shaped. I mean, if the gravity extends through 516 00:26:52,640 --> 00:26:58,080 Speaker 1: all the dimensions the same, why they are planar? Yeah, 517 00:26:58,119 --> 00:27:00,639 Speaker 1: this is a great question too. Write You look out 518 00:27:00,640 --> 00:27:02,399 Speaker 1: at the sky, you look at these galaxies, and you 519 00:27:02,400 --> 00:27:04,080 Speaker 1: look at the Solar system and they all seem to 520 00:27:04,119 --> 00:27:07,600 Speaker 1: be organized in these disks. Yeah, they look like flat 521 00:27:08,359 --> 00:27:12,399 Speaker 1: um blobs, right, not not like perfectly spherical blobs, but 522 00:27:12,560 --> 00:27:16,280 Speaker 1: like flat blobs, right, Yeah, exactly. They're they're mostly flat 523 00:27:16,640 --> 00:27:19,680 Speaker 1: um and they're not spherical. Yeah exactly. And so it's 524 00:27:19,680 --> 00:27:22,040 Speaker 1: a nevery natural question. It's a totally typical thing to 525 00:27:22,119 --> 00:27:24,119 Speaker 1: see out there in the universe. Like if you look 526 00:27:24,160 --> 00:27:26,560 Speaker 1: at all the models of of our solar system, they 527 00:27:26,600 --> 00:27:29,560 Speaker 1: look like hula hoops, right, one inside of the other. 528 00:27:29,880 --> 00:27:33,359 Speaker 1: Why why doesn't it look like um, you know, like 529 00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:35,760 Speaker 1: the model, the old model of the atom, where the 530 00:27:35,800 --> 00:27:38,080 Speaker 1: hula hoops are in all kinds of directions. Why are 531 00:27:38,720 --> 00:27:41,080 Speaker 1: where are the orbits of all the planets sort of 532 00:27:41,119 --> 00:27:45,000 Speaker 1: pretty much in the same plane or at the same level. Yeah, exactly. 533 00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:47,360 Speaker 1: It's a great question because you could imagine otherwise maybe 534 00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:50,120 Speaker 1: the plans would all be zigging zagging around in lots 535 00:27:50,160 --> 00:27:52,800 Speaker 1: of different directions, right, even if they each have their 536 00:27:52,840 --> 00:27:56,280 Speaker 1: own circle, they could be um, they could be all 537 00:27:56,320 --> 00:27:59,720 Speaker 1: sorts of different directions. Yeah. The short answer your question 538 00:27:59,840 --> 00:28:04,960 Speaker 1: is angular momentum, right that this is this is conserved quantity. 539 00:28:05,400 --> 00:28:07,480 Speaker 1: Is that something you just can't get rid of? If 540 00:28:07,520 --> 00:28:10,760 Speaker 1: an object, if a cluster objects, has angular momentum, it 541 00:28:10,840 --> 00:28:13,680 Speaker 1: just can't get rid of it. Um. Let's dig into 542 00:28:13,720 --> 00:28:16,280 Speaker 1: that just for a moment. Let's just think about momentum 543 00:28:16,320 --> 00:28:18,680 Speaker 1: at first. If you have like a rock in space 544 00:28:18,760 --> 00:28:20,840 Speaker 1: and you push it, then that rock is gonna go 545 00:28:20,880 --> 00:28:23,359 Speaker 1: on forever unless something stops it, right, if it runs 546 00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:26,040 Speaker 1: into something or whatever. Otherwise it will go on forever. 547 00:28:26,119 --> 00:28:28,800 Speaker 1: And that's because it has momentum. And in our universe, 548 00:28:28,840 --> 00:28:31,680 Speaker 1: momentum is conserved. Why is it conserved, We don't know, 549 00:28:31,800 --> 00:28:33,840 Speaker 1: but we know that it is, and so things keep 550 00:28:33,880 --> 00:28:36,800 Speaker 1: going if you push them. There's another kind of momentum 551 00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:39,920 Speaker 1: which is about spinning. It's called angular momentum. You start 552 00:28:39,960 --> 00:28:44,400 Speaker 1: something spinning, it will keep spinning right right, unless something 553 00:28:44,440 --> 00:28:48,479 Speaker 1: stops it. Right. And you're saying this applies to like 554 00:28:48,520 --> 00:28:51,240 Speaker 1: the Earth going around the Sun. That's spinning around the Sun, 555 00:28:51,560 --> 00:28:54,640 Speaker 1: and it's hard to not spin right like it's it's 556 00:28:54,640 --> 00:28:57,680 Speaker 1: hard to suddenly stop and go straight into the Sun. Yeah. 557 00:28:57,680 --> 00:28:59,560 Speaker 1: The only way for that happens for something from the 558 00:28:59,600 --> 00:29:01,880 Speaker 1: outside I had to come and like bang into the Earth, 559 00:29:02,200 --> 00:29:04,000 Speaker 1: and that could change. That could stop the Earth from 560 00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:06,080 Speaker 1: going around the Sun or stop the Earth from spinning. 561 00:29:06,480 --> 00:29:08,160 Speaker 1: If you want to stop your angle momentum, you need 562 00:29:08,160 --> 00:29:11,000 Speaker 1: to have something from the outside. But a closed system 563 00:29:11,200 --> 00:29:13,440 Speaker 1: like the Earth and the Sun or the galaxy or 564 00:29:13,440 --> 00:29:17,640 Speaker 1: whatever can't just stop spinning. That anglo momentum can't just disappear. 565 00:29:17,760 --> 00:29:20,360 Speaker 1: It has to has to be transferred somewhere or balanced 566 00:29:20,360 --> 00:29:23,560 Speaker 1: out by the opposite momentum somewhere else. Right, Like two 567 00:29:23,600 --> 00:29:25,760 Speaker 1: objects flying through space can stop if they're being into 568 00:29:25,800 --> 00:29:28,880 Speaker 1: each other. Right in the same way, two things spinning 569 00:29:28,880 --> 00:29:31,920 Speaker 1: opposite directions could both stop spinning if they touch in 570 00:29:31,960 --> 00:29:36,240 Speaker 1: their angular momentum cancels out right, and um, things kind 571 00:29:36,240 --> 00:29:41,080 Speaker 1: of have angular momentum because they didn't start from from breast, 572 00:29:41,760 --> 00:29:43,760 Speaker 1: you know. Like if you put two stones out in space, 573 00:29:43,760 --> 00:29:46,640 Speaker 1: they're just gonna and there's nothing else around them. The 574 00:29:46,720 --> 00:29:49,200 Speaker 1: two stones are just gonna fly straight into each other. 575 00:29:49,520 --> 00:29:51,840 Speaker 1: But if you they're going at different speeds and they're 576 00:29:51,840 --> 00:29:54,200 Speaker 1: going to start circling each other as they get closer 577 00:29:54,240 --> 00:29:57,880 Speaker 1: to the other, right exactly exactly, And so you can 578 00:29:57,920 --> 00:30:00,160 Speaker 1: imagine sort of the history of our soldiers is to 579 00:30:00,240 --> 00:30:03,040 Speaker 1: moral galaxy, depending what you're thinking about, and started as 580 00:30:03,040 --> 00:30:05,760 Speaker 1: a big cloud, right, a big chaotic cloud, everything shooting 581 00:30:05,760 --> 00:30:08,240 Speaker 1: in random directions, and it might feel like, well, everything 582 00:30:08,320 --> 00:30:11,440 Speaker 1: just sort of cancels itself out. But there's one place 583 00:30:11,440 --> 00:30:13,000 Speaker 1: where you can draw a line through it, and turns 584 00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:16,320 Speaker 1: out that everything is orbiting around that. Right. That's called 585 00:30:16,320 --> 00:30:19,480 Speaker 1: the center of rotation. And it's sort of like if 586 00:30:19,520 --> 00:30:22,440 Speaker 1: you're holding up a stick, right, there's one place that 587 00:30:22,480 --> 00:30:25,640 Speaker 1: balances the stick um where it will be pulled on 588 00:30:25,720 --> 00:30:28,600 Speaker 1: by gravity the same amount on both sides. The same 589 00:30:28,600 --> 00:30:31,160 Speaker 1: way you find this big cloud. There's some line you 590 00:30:31,160 --> 00:30:34,280 Speaker 1: can draw through it around which everything is rotating. Yeah, 591 00:30:34,320 --> 00:30:36,920 Speaker 1: and that's that's that point is where basically the center 592 00:30:36,920 --> 00:30:39,040 Speaker 1: of the galaxy or the center of the Solar system 593 00:30:39,120 --> 00:30:43,280 Speaker 1: is going to form right, yes, exactly, and so everything 594 00:30:43,320 --> 00:30:45,960 Speaker 1: is rotating around that, and then gravity does its thing. 595 00:30:46,040 --> 00:30:48,440 Speaker 1: It pulls things together as much as it can and 596 00:30:48,480 --> 00:30:52,000 Speaker 1: so um, but it can't shrink everything down too much 597 00:30:52,080 --> 00:30:54,480 Speaker 1: because it's spinning, right, and the spinning keeps it sort 598 00:30:54,480 --> 00:30:58,760 Speaker 1: of fluffed out, but only in the direction perpendicular to 599 00:30:58,840 --> 00:31:01,600 Speaker 1: that line, to that rotation sational axis. So along that 600 00:31:01,680 --> 00:31:04,880 Speaker 1: rotational access, gravity can switch things down as much as 601 00:31:04,880 --> 00:31:08,600 Speaker 1: it wants, right, there's nothing preventing it, but around that axis, 602 00:31:08,720 --> 00:31:11,880 Speaker 1: things have to keep spinning, and that spinning keeps them 603 00:31:12,040 --> 00:31:14,800 Speaker 1: from getting too close to the center. The same way, 604 00:31:14,880 --> 00:31:17,040 Speaker 1: like the reason that the Moon doesn't fall to the 605 00:31:17,040 --> 00:31:20,360 Speaker 1: Earth is because it has velocity, right, it's spinning around us, 606 00:31:20,880 --> 00:31:24,600 Speaker 1: and so angular momentum can't go away and has to 607 00:31:24,640 --> 00:31:27,160 Speaker 1: go somewhere, and it keeps the stuff from falling too 608 00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:30,280 Speaker 1: far into that central axis. So that's why everything becomes 609 00:31:30,280 --> 00:31:32,000 Speaker 1: a disk. Yeah, and that's kind of why all the 610 00:31:32,040 --> 00:31:35,920 Speaker 1: hula hoops sort of emerge, right, Like, like let's say, um, 611 00:31:36,080 --> 00:31:40,120 Speaker 1: the Earth is on a hula hoop orbit around the Sun, right, 612 00:31:40,160 --> 00:31:43,000 Speaker 1: so we're on a disc and in a circle there 613 00:31:43,040 --> 00:31:46,160 Speaker 1: on an oval and and like let's say that there 614 00:31:46,280 --> 00:31:48,640 Speaker 1: was another planet there was also going around the Sun, 615 00:31:48,640 --> 00:31:50,880 Speaker 1: but it was going in a totally different hula hoop, 616 00:31:50,920 --> 00:31:54,080 Speaker 1: like totally maybe perpendicular to ours. And I think the 617 00:31:54,080 --> 00:31:56,920 Speaker 1: idea is that, you know, the attraction between our planet 618 00:31:56,960 --> 00:31:59,040 Speaker 1: and that other planet, it's not going to make us 619 00:31:59,080 --> 00:32:01,840 Speaker 1: go closer to the Sun or or like destroy our orbit, 620 00:32:01,880 --> 00:32:03,800 Speaker 1: but it is going to make the hula hoops sort 621 00:32:03,800 --> 00:32:06,640 Speaker 1: of merge together, right, I think over a long period 622 00:32:06,680 --> 00:32:09,120 Speaker 1: of time, yet they would both come to orbit in 623 00:32:09,240 --> 00:32:11,840 Speaker 1: a in another plane that's sort of like the average 624 00:32:11,840 --> 00:32:15,400 Speaker 1: between the two, because the rotational center would be some 625 00:32:15,480 --> 00:32:18,560 Speaker 1: access that's perpendicular to that new plane. Yeah, this is 626 00:32:18,560 --> 00:32:20,480 Speaker 1: the kind of thing. It's it's easier to describe in 627 00:32:20,480 --> 00:32:24,360 Speaker 1: front of a chalkboard. We'll use the chalkboard of the mind. 628 00:32:25,560 --> 00:32:27,680 Speaker 1: That's that's kind of the idea, is that everyone at 629 00:32:28,120 --> 00:32:31,600 Speaker 1: the beginning, everyone's rotating and going in their own orbits, 630 00:32:31,640 --> 00:32:34,800 Speaker 1: but over time all these orbits sort of aligned with 631 00:32:35,040 --> 00:32:37,920 Speaker 1: each other. And so that's why galaxies and solar systems 632 00:32:37,920 --> 00:32:41,400 Speaker 1: they all look like flat discs. Yeah, exactly. The direction 633 00:32:41,480 --> 00:32:45,480 Speaker 1: perpendicular to that disc, things can pull together, and collisions 634 00:32:45,480 --> 00:32:48,160 Speaker 1: and attraction all that stuff helps balance it all out 635 00:32:48,160 --> 00:32:51,880 Speaker 1: and pull it together. But along that disc it can't 636 00:32:52,000 --> 00:32:54,680 Speaker 1: it can't get too close in because of anglo momentum. 637 00:32:54,680 --> 00:32:57,040 Speaker 1: He has to keep spinning, and that spinning keeps it 638 00:32:57,120 --> 00:33:00,640 Speaker 1: from falling in towards the center. Yeah, so like gravity 639 00:33:00,720 --> 00:33:03,600 Speaker 1: just squishes is in one direction, but it can't squish 640 00:33:03,720 --> 00:33:07,000 Speaker 1: in the other directions because that's where the spinning is happening. Yeah, 641 00:33:07,000 --> 00:33:08,880 Speaker 1: and his question was really interesting because he asked about 642 00:33:08,880 --> 00:33:11,600 Speaker 1: the dimensions, and you're right that gravity works in all 643 00:33:11,640 --> 00:33:15,040 Speaker 1: these dimensions, right, but because we have Anglo momentum and 644 00:33:15,080 --> 00:33:18,320 Speaker 1: anglermentum is to find along a plane two dimensions, it 645 00:33:18,400 --> 00:33:20,560 Speaker 1: makes it sort of asymmetric, right, that it doesn't get 646 00:33:20,600 --> 00:33:23,920 Speaker 1: treated the same way. One really fun exercise is to 647 00:33:23,960 --> 00:33:25,960 Speaker 1: think about, like, what would physics be like in four 648 00:33:26,000 --> 00:33:28,560 Speaker 1: dimensions or in five dimensions. That kind of can kind 649 00:33:28,560 --> 00:33:30,640 Speaker 1: of blow your mind. But if we had like a 650 00:33:30,720 --> 00:33:34,000 Speaker 1: four dimensional space, then you would actually have two different 651 00:33:34,040 --> 00:33:37,520 Speaker 1: axes of angular momentum that would be conserved, and so 652 00:33:37,640 --> 00:33:40,280 Speaker 1: things would look even crazier. Wow, what would you call that? 653 00:33:41,080 --> 00:33:44,280 Speaker 1: A blob? And this is why I'm not on the 654 00:33:44,280 --> 00:33:48,160 Speaker 1: physics naming committee. Alright, cool. So, the the idea is 655 00:33:48,200 --> 00:33:51,400 Speaker 1: that gravity does work in all directions, um, but it 656 00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:54,640 Speaker 1: has trouble bringing things together in the direction where they're spinning. 657 00:33:54,720 --> 00:33:57,400 Speaker 1: Yeah exactly. And so but it it can bring things 658 00:33:57,400 --> 00:34:00,360 Speaker 1: together in the direction they're not spinning, and so that's 659 00:34:00,400 --> 00:34:03,160 Speaker 1: why maybe things start out in as a big blob, 660 00:34:03,280 --> 00:34:05,720 Speaker 1: but then they eventually get squished down and they picked 661 00:34:05,760 --> 00:34:09,759 Speaker 1: kind of the average spin um direction. Yeah exactly. So 662 00:34:09,840 --> 00:34:13,680 Speaker 1: gravity is the great flattener of the universe, the great flatter, 663 00:34:14,440 --> 00:34:22,200 Speaker 1: the great squisher yeah, she just named squishy t. Yeah, 664 00:34:22,239 --> 00:34:25,080 Speaker 1: there you go. You got Newton, You've got Einstein, and 665 00:34:25,080 --> 00:34:28,480 Speaker 1: then you've got chamcham contribution to theory of gravity. Oh, 666 00:34:28,520 --> 00:34:31,399 Speaker 1: a better name. That's definitely definitely up there. And then 667 00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:33,879 Speaker 1: when I break into quantum physics will be the squishy Ton. 668 00:34:37,080 --> 00:34:39,160 Speaker 1: I'm gonna go devise an experiment to look for the 669 00:34:39,160 --> 00:34:41,960 Speaker 1: squishy ton. That's right, I'm gonna call it to squishy Ton, 670 00:34:42,040 --> 00:34:45,520 Speaker 1: and then go get some coffee and then I'm done. Boom, 671 00:34:45,560 --> 00:34:55,759 Speaker 1: there's my day and then what then? What? Alright? So 672 00:34:55,800 --> 00:34:59,440 Speaker 1: those were awesome questions. I love your questions. You might 673 00:34:59,440 --> 00:35:01,640 Speaker 1: think I'm gonna send him a question he's never going 674 00:35:01,680 --> 00:35:04,600 Speaker 1: to answer. I will surprise you. Send us a question, 675 00:35:04,719 --> 00:35:07,040 Speaker 1: you'll get an answer. You might even hear your voice 676 00:35:07,080 --> 00:35:10,200 Speaker 1: on this podcast eventually. Yeah. And if you're Daniel's wife 677 00:35:10,280 --> 00:35:13,920 Speaker 1: and have also a question about his lifestyle or habits, 678 00:35:14,800 --> 00:35:19,840 Speaker 1: just interrupt me anytime, anytime. He'll probably answer that question 679 00:35:20,320 --> 00:35:23,799 Speaker 1: without interrupting you. So um to night even work out 680 00:35:24,080 --> 00:35:27,200 Speaker 1: podcast with an audience of one. But thanks for joining 681 00:35:27,239 --> 00:35:29,799 Speaker 1: us once again and again. If you have questions, please 682 00:35:29,840 --> 00:35:32,600 Speaker 1: send it to us at Questions at Daniel and Jorge 683 00:35:32,680 --> 00:35:35,840 Speaker 1: and dot com. Thanks for listening and thanks for asking questions. 684 00:35:36,120 --> 00:35:46,240 Speaker 1: See you next time. If you still have a question 685 00:35:46,280 --> 00:35:49,719 Speaker 1: after listening to all these explanations, please drop us a line. 686 00:35:49,760 --> 00:35:51,880 Speaker 1: We'd love to hear from you. You can find us 687 00:35:51,920 --> 00:35:55,719 Speaker 1: at Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram at Daniel and Jorge That's 688 00:35:55,719 --> 00:35:59,120 Speaker 1: one Word, or email us at Feedback at Daniel and 689 00:35:59,239 --> 00:36:04,480 Speaker 1: Jorge dot mmm