1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,280 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,680 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm Tracy V. 3 00:00:14,800 --> 00:00:18,239 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. It is time for our 4 00:00:18,320 --> 00:00:22,040 Speaker 1: next installment of Unearthed. If you're new to the show, 5 00:00:22,280 --> 00:00:24,080 Speaker 1: this is when we talk about things that have been 6 00:00:24,200 --> 00:00:30,360 Speaker 1: literally or figurably unearthed over the last three months. In 7 00:00:30,440 --> 00:00:33,479 Speaker 1: part one of this two part installment of Unearthed, we 8 00:00:33,560 --> 00:00:37,440 Speaker 1: have some oldest things, some books and letters, a couple 9 00:00:37,440 --> 00:00:41,640 Speaker 1: of projects that are specifically related to gender in some way, 10 00:00:42,440 --> 00:00:46,720 Speaker 1: edibles and potables and animals. And then on Wednesday we 11 00:00:46,760 --> 00:00:50,400 Speaker 1: will have some other stuff, including some fines that seemed 12 00:00:50,560 --> 00:00:55,520 Speaker 1: particularly suited to this being October and the lead up 13 00:00:55,560 --> 00:00:59,360 Speaker 1: to Halloween. As usual in these episodes, we will kick 14 00:00:59,400 --> 00:01:02,400 Speaker 1: it off with some updates to things we have talked 15 00:01:02,400 --> 00:01:06,120 Speaker 1: about on the show before. So back in twenty fourteen, 16 00:01:06,440 --> 00:01:09,800 Speaker 1: we did an episode on the embalming and mummification rituals 17 00:01:09,880 --> 00:01:14,040 Speaker 1: of ancient Egypt, and in August a team of researchers 18 00:01:14,080 --> 00:01:18,399 Speaker 1: from Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology announced that they had 19 00:01:18,440 --> 00:01:22,600 Speaker 1: recreated a cent that came from this process around fourteen 20 00:01:22,720 --> 00:01:28,360 Speaker 1: fifty BCE. They analyzed residues from canopic jars, finding that, 21 00:01:28,520 --> 00:01:34,560 Speaker 1: as expected, they contained beeswax, plant oils, fats, various tree resins, 22 00:01:34,640 --> 00:01:38,960 Speaker 1: and a balsamic substance. They use these findings to formulate 23 00:01:39,040 --> 00:01:42,760 Speaker 1: what they describe as the Scent of Eternity, which is 24 00:01:42,800 --> 00:01:46,160 Speaker 1: planned to be used as an additional sensory element at 25 00:01:46,160 --> 00:01:50,360 Speaker 1: an upcoming exhibition at the Moseguard Museum in Denmark. I 26 00:01:50,440 --> 00:01:53,480 Speaker 1: sure hope they also make a strange perfume out of it. 27 00:01:55,320 --> 00:01:57,960 Speaker 1: That does sound like it could be like a nice 28 00:01:58,040 --> 00:02:02,320 Speaker 1: earthy kind of suing kind of yeah, yeah yeah. So next, 29 00:02:02,640 --> 00:02:06,040 Speaker 1: an inventory of the art collection of King Charles the 30 00:02:06,080 --> 00:02:10,440 Speaker 1: First has led to the rediscovery of one of Artemisia 31 00:02:10,560 --> 00:02:14,080 Speaker 1: Gentileski's works, that is Susannah and the Elders, which was 32 00:02:14,080 --> 00:02:18,640 Speaker 1: commissioned by Queen Henrietta Maria. To be clear, this is 33 00:02:18,840 --> 00:02:22,840 Speaker 1: not the same Susannah and the Elders that's generally recognized 34 00:02:22,880 --> 00:02:26,360 Speaker 1: as her earliest signed work. That painting was created in 35 00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:32,200 Speaker 1: sixteen ten. Gentileeski painted several different versions of this scene, 36 00:02:32,240 --> 00:02:36,359 Speaker 1: and this specific one dates to the sixteen thirties. This 37 00:02:36,440 --> 00:02:39,720 Speaker 1: painting had been wrongly attributed to the French School in 38 00:02:39,760 --> 00:02:42,880 Speaker 1: an inventory at least a century ago, and it had 39 00:02:42,919 --> 00:02:46,160 Speaker 1: also darkened over time, making parts of the picture almost 40 00:02:46,240 --> 00:02:50,240 Speaker 1: impossible to see. Since its rediscovery, it has been through 41 00:02:50,280 --> 00:02:53,080 Speaker 1: conservation and study and it is now on display at 42 00:02:53,080 --> 00:02:57,000 Speaker 1: the Queen's Drawing Room in Windsor Castle. Our episode on 43 00:02:57,200 --> 00:03:01,040 Speaker 1: Artemisia Gentileski was most recently a se Saturday Classic on 44 00:03:01,120 --> 00:03:05,480 Speaker 1: May sixth of this year. In September of twenty twenty, 45 00:03:05,520 --> 00:03:08,360 Speaker 1: we did a six impossible episodes called There's a Book 46 00:03:08,400 --> 00:03:10,960 Speaker 1: About That, in which we talked about some topics that 47 00:03:11,000 --> 00:03:13,720 Speaker 1: were tricky to cover on this show because so much 48 00:03:13,760 --> 00:03:16,640 Speaker 1: research would have to come from one specific book on 49 00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:19,919 Speaker 1: the subject. And one of those books was The Immortal 50 00:03:19,960 --> 00:03:23,359 Speaker 1: Life of Henrietta Lax, written by Rebecca Sclute, and it 51 00:03:23,400 --> 00:03:27,440 Speaker 1: is about Henrietta Lax, whose cancer cells were collected without 52 00:03:27,440 --> 00:03:30,440 Speaker 1: her consent while she was a patient at Johns Hopkins 53 00:03:30,520 --> 00:03:34,720 Speaker 1: in nineteen fifty one. Those cells became the immortalized cell 54 00:03:34,800 --> 00:03:37,880 Speaker 1: line known Ashila, which has been used in medical research 55 00:03:37,920 --> 00:03:41,880 Speaker 1: and pharmaceutical development, with some companies profiting off of their 56 00:03:41,920 --> 00:03:45,040 Speaker 1: products and discoveries that came directly from their work with 57 00:03:45,080 --> 00:03:49,800 Speaker 1: those cells. Earlier this year, members of LAX's family reached 58 00:03:49,840 --> 00:03:54,760 Speaker 1: a settlement with biotechnology company ThermoFisher Scientific, which was one 59 00:03:54,800 --> 00:03:57,880 Speaker 1: of the companies that made use of LAX's cells in 60 00:03:57,960 --> 00:04:00,880 Speaker 1: their work. The family's a turn has held a news 61 00:04:00,920 --> 00:04:04,280 Speaker 1: conference on August first, which was LAX's birthday, and they 62 00:04:04,360 --> 00:04:07,360 Speaker 1: issued a statement which read quote, members of the family 63 00:04:07,440 --> 00:04:10,840 Speaker 1: of Henrietta Lax and Thermo Fisher have agreed to settle 64 00:04:10,880 --> 00:04:14,400 Speaker 1: the litigation filed by Henrietta Las's estate in the U. 65 00:04:14,560 --> 00:04:18,159 Speaker 1: S District Court in Baltimore. The terms of the agreement 66 00:04:18,160 --> 00:04:21,760 Speaker 1: will be confidential. The parties are pleased they were able 67 00:04:21,800 --> 00:04:24,200 Speaker 1: to find a way to resolve this matter outside of 68 00:04:24,240 --> 00:04:27,520 Speaker 1: court and will have no further comment about the settlement. 69 00:04:28,360 --> 00:04:31,279 Speaker 1: In one of our twenty twenty one installments of Unearthed, 70 00:04:31,520 --> 00:04:34,960 Speaker 1: we talked about research confirming that the Slai watooth nation 71 00:04:35,440 --> 00:04:39,320 Speaker 1: had sustainably harvested salmon in the Pacific Northwest for at 72 00:04:39,440 --> 00:04:43,160 Speaker 1: least one thousand years. A paper published in the journal 73 00:04:43,240 --> 00:04:47,120 Speaker 1: Plus one in August builds on that research. While the 74 00:04:47,160 --> 00:04:51,240 Speaker 1: earlier study documented sustainable fishing for chum salmon from four 75 00:04:51,360 --> 00:04:55,800 Speaker 1: hundred BC to twelve hundred CE, this study confirms that 76 00:04:55,839 --> 00:04:59,320 Speaker 1: the same practices were in use both before and after 77 00:04:59,360 --> 00:05:03,560 Speaker 1: that period from eight hundred and fifty BCE to sixteen 78 00:05:03,680 --> 00:05:09,160 Speaker 1: fiftycee Chum salmon are susceptible to overfishing, but this research 79 00:05:09,200 --> 00:05:11,520 Speaker 1: suggests that they were abundant in this part of what's 80 00:05:11,560 --> 00:05:15,640 Speaker 1: now British Columbia for that entire time, meaning that the 81 00:05:15,680 --> 00:05:19,960 Speaker 1: harvesting practices being used helped support a healthy population of 82 00:05:20,000 --> 00:05:23,520 Speaker 1: the fish. In the latest news on the natural mummy 83 00:05:23,560 --> 00:05:27,240 Speaker 1: known as Utzy, research into his DNA suggests that he 84 00:05:27,360 --> 00:05:30,920 Speaker 1: was descended from people from Anatolia in what's now Turkia, 85 00:05:31,720 --> 00:05:35,480 Speaker 1: and that really seems to be most of his ancestry, 86 00:05:35,600 --> 00:05:38,400 Speaker 1: suggesting that most of the people in the area where 87 00:05:38,400 --> 00:05:42,760 Speaker 1: he was from were all descended from Anatolian farmers, and 88 00:05:43,040 --> 00:05:46,440 Speaker 1: that this community was isolated from other communities that might 89 00:05:46,480 --> 00:05:50,680 Speaker 1: have had other genetic ancestry. This research also suggests that 90 00:05:50,720 --> 00:05:54,680 Speaker 1: he had dark eyes and darker skin than he's generally 91 00:05:54,720 --> 00:05:57,800 Speaker 1: been depicted with, and also that he may have been 92 00:05:57,839 --> 00:06:02,680 Speaker 1: going bald. This genome has been sequenced before this, back 93 00:06:02,680 --> 00:06:05,479 Speaker 1: in twenty twelve, but the more recent work has used 94 00:06:05,480 --> 00:06:09,520 Speaker 1: more advanced methods than more available then. This was published 95 00:06:09,520 --> 00:06:13,000 Speaker 1: in the journal Cell genomics under the title high Coverage 96 00:06:13,000 --> 00:06:18,719 Speaker 1: Genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry. 97 00:06:19,520 --> 00:06:22,279 Speaker 1: We've had a lot of Utsy updates on the show, 98 00:06:22,480 --> 00:06:25,560 Speaker 1: and prior hosts covered him in a full episode in 99 00:06:25,680 --> 00:06:29,240 Speaker 1: January of twenty twelve in an episode they titled Utsy 100 00:06:29,400 --> 00:06:33,719 Speaker 1: Everyone's Favorite copper age Man. In July of twenty fourteen, 101 00:06:33,800 --> 00:06:36,599 Speaker 1: we did an episode that looked at cosmetics history around 102 00:06:36,640 --> 00:06:39,120 Speaker 1: the world, and we've got a find related to that. 103 00:06:39,839 --> 00:06:43,040 Speaker 1: Archaeologists working at the Roman Era city of Eisenoi and 104 00:06:43,120 --> 00:06:48,000 Speaker 1: Turkia have unearthed an entire cosmetics shop. This shop dates 105 00:06:48,040 --> 00:06:50,839 Speaker 1: back at least two thousand years and they found a 106 00:06:50,920 --> 00:06:56,560 Speaker 1: makeup palette and tools, jewelry and hair accessories. The cosmetics 107 00:06:56,560 --> 00:06:59,440 Speaker 1: included makeup pigments that may have been used as blush 108 00:06:59,520 --> 00:07:02,200 Speaker 1: or eyes show shadow, and the most common colors were 109 00:07:02,240 --> 00:07:05,640 Speaker 1: red and pink. They also found lots of oyster shells, 110 00:07:05,640 --> 00:07:08,680 Speaker 1: which were often used as holders for cosmetic pigments in 111 00:07:08,680 --> 00:07:13,120 Speaker 1: the Roman Era. Next, in our July twenty twenty on Earthed, 112 00:07:13,120 --> 00:07:17,520 Speaker 1: we talked about research involving Amazon Dark Earth, which are 113 00:07:17,600 --> 00:07:22,200 Speaker 1: areas of dark particularly fertile soil in the Amazon. That 114 00:07:22,320 --> 00:07:26,120 Speaker 1: research compared plant life that was growing in dark Earth 115 00:07:26,200 --> 00:07:29,640 Speaker 1: to plant life growing outside of it found that areas 116 00:07:29,680 --> 00:07:33,360 Speaker 1: in the dark Earth had richer plant diversity, a higher 117 00:07:33,400 --> 00:07:36,880 Speaker 1: pH and more nutrients in the soil. In that earlier 118 00:07:36,920 --> 00:07:41,200 Speaker 1: installment of Unearthed, we described this dark Earth as having 119 00:07:41,240 --> 00:07:45,720 Speaker 1: been created by the region's early inhabitants, who used substances 120 00:07:45,800 --> 00:07:50,160 Speaker 1: like charcoal and food waste to enrich the soil. That 121 00:07:50,360 --> 00:07:53,400 Speaker 1: made it kind of surprising to read headlines from September 122 00:07:53,440 --> 00:07:56,560 Speaker 1: of this year which were along the lines of ancient 123 00:07:56,640 --> 00:08:02,720 Speaker 1: Amazonians intentionally created fertile dark Earth. Apparently, there's been some 124 00:08:02,880 --> 00:08:07,120 Speaker 1: debate about whether Amazon dark Earth was intentionally created or 125 00:08:07,200 --> 00:08:10,400 Speaker 1: was an accidental byproduct or the day to day activities 126 00:08:10,400 --> 00:08:13,680 Speaker 1: of the ancient peoples who lived in the area. Well, 127 00:08:13,800 --> 00:08:17,800 Speaker 1: according to research published in the journal Science Advances, the 128 00:08:17,840 --> 00:08:22,760 Speaker 1: creation of Amazon dark Earth was indeed intentional. This research 129 00:08:22,840 --> 00:08:28,080 Speaker 1: combined soil analysis, prior ethnographic observations, and interviews with and 130 00:08:28,200 --> 00:08:32,679 Speaker 1: observations of people in modern indigenous communities. Much of the 131 00:08:32,720 --> 00:08:36,880 Speaker 1: fieldwork for this took place in the Quikuru Indigenous Territory, 132 00:08:37,200 --> 00:08:40,800 Speaker 1: which is home to both Quikuru ancestral sites and modern 133 00:08:40,880 --> 00:08:46,520 Speaker 1: Quirkuru villages. In both modern practices and in the archaeological record, 134 00:08:47,040 --> 00:08:49,480 Speaker 1: dark earth occurs in a pattern that is a bit 135 00:08:49,640 --> 00:08:52,480 Speaker 1: like spokes on a wheel, with the dark earth focused 136 00:08:52,559 --> 00:08:56,400 Speaker 1: on a central point and then radiating outward. Modern and 137 00:08:56,600 --> 00:08:59,720 Speaker 1: ancient samples of dark earth also had a similar chemical 138 00:08:59,720 --> 00:09:03,760 Speaker 1: compt position. So the researchers concluded that as we sort 139 00:09:03,800 --> 00:09:06,600 Speaker 1: of took for granted in that discussion back in twenty twenty, 140 00:09:07,160 --> 00:09:10,920 Speaker 1: early inhabitants of the Amazon had intentionally worked things like 141 00:09:11,280 --> 00:09:15,160 Speaker 1: food scraps, charcoal, and waste into the soil, creating this 142 00:09:15,360 --> 00:09:18,920 Speaker 1: carbon rich, fertile dark earth, which has remained over the 143 00:09:18,920 --> 00:09:22,680 Speaker 1: course of hundreds or thousands of years. When I saw 144 00:09:22,720 --> 00:09:26,079 Speaker 1: these articles about this, I was like, wait, was this question? 145 00:09:28,000 --> 00:09:31,480 Speaker 1: I did not realize it might have been moving on. 146 00:09:32,120 --> 00:09:35,280 Speaker 1: The third excavation in the search for victims of the 147 00:09:35,360 --> 00:09:40,120 Speaker 1: nineteen twenty one Tulsa Race Masker started in September. Earlier 148 00:09:40,200 --> 00:09:43,440 Speaker 1: searches have found the remains of sixty six people. We 149 00:09:43,480 --> 00:09:47,240 Speaker 1: talked about the genealogical research into the identities of some 150 00:09:47,320 --> 00:09:51,280 Speaker 1: of those people in our Summer Unearthed this year. This 151 00:09:51,400 --> 00:09:54,880 Speaker 1: set of excavations ended on September twenty ninth, with fifty 152 00:09:54,960 --> 00:09:59,360 Speaker 1: nine graves found and seven sets of remains exhumed. All 153 00:09:59,360 --> 00:10:02,320 Speaker 1: but two of the graves found in this excavation were 154 00:10:02,440 --> 00:10:07,000 Speaker 1: unmarked and previously unknown. The seven sets of remains that 155 00:10:07,040 --> 00:10:10,520 Speaker 1: were exhumed were all in simple wooden boxes, which is 156 00:10:10,559 --> 00:10:13,719 Speaker 1: what investigators had been looking for based on descriptions in 157 00:10:13,800 --> 00:10:17,480 Speaker 1: news reports from the time of the massacre. The plan 158 00:10:17,720 --> 00:10:21,240 Speaker 1: is to conduct forensic analysis on these remains and collect 159 00:10:21,320 --> 00:10:24,439 Speaker 1: DNA samples if possible, and then to bury them in 160 00:10:24,480 --> 00:10:28,240 Speaker 1: the place they were exhumed from. Viola Ford Fletcher, who 161 00:10:28,280 --> 00:10:31,480 Speaker 1: survived the massacre, also wrote a book on it with 162 00:10:31,520 --> 00:10:35,719 Speaker 1: her grandson Ike Howard. This book is called Don't Let 163 00:10:35,760 --> 00:10:38,720 Speaker 1: Them Bury My Story, The oldest living survivor of the 164 00:10:38,760 --> 00:10:41,920 Speaker 1: Tulsa Race Massacre in her own words, and it was 165 00:10:41,960 --> 00:10:47,600 Speaker 1: published in August. And in our last update in July, 166 00:10:48,080 --> 00:10:51,760 Speaker 1: Hartwig Fisher, director of the British Museum, announced that he 167 00:10:51,800 --> 00:10:54,800 Speaker 1: would be stepping down in twenty twenty four, but then 168 00:10:54,840 --> 00:10:58,440 Speaker 1: he resigned in August, and that resignation came days after 169 00:10:58,440 --> 00:11:02,000 Speaker 1: the museum announced that about two thousand objects had been 170 00:11:02,040 --> 00:11:06,199 Speaker 1: stolen from its collection. Peter Higgs, a curator who had 171 00:11:06,200 --> 00:11:09,960 Speaker 1: worked there for thirty years, was fired after allegedly selling 172 00:11:10,040 --> 00:11:14,559 Speaker 1: items from the collection on eBay. Apparently, Fisher and others 173 00:11:14,640 --> 00:11:17,200 Speaker 1: at the museum had been warned about the thefts in 174 00:11:17,280 --> 00:11:21,160 Speaker 1: twenty twenty one, but had not taken action. The museum 175 00:11:21,280 --> 00:11:24,160 Speaker 1: launched a section of its website dedicated to trying to 176 00:11:24,280 --> 00:11:31,120 Speaker 1: find and recover the stolen items in September, obviously appalling 177 00:11:31,840 --> 00:11:35,720 Speaker 1: it is most relevant to show updates because it means 178 00:11:35,920 --> 00:11:38,400 Speaker 1: someone else will have to take up the question of 179 00:11:38,440 --> 00:11:42,120 Speaker 1: the Parthenon marbles, which we covered in a two parter 180 00:11:42,480 --> 00:11:46,720 Speaker 1: on in January of twenty twenty. And now we will 181 00:11:46,760 --> 00:11:49,120 Speaker 1: take a quick sponsor break before we talk about some 182 00:11:49,400 --> 00:12:03,559 Speaker 1: oldest things. We have several finds that are being described 183 00:12:03,600 --> 00:12:07,000 Speaker 1: as the oldest or maybe as one of the oldest. 184 00:12:07,760 --> 00:12:12,880 Speaker 1: First on Kodiak Island, Alaska. Archaeologists from the Alutic Museum 185 00:12:12,920 --> 00:12:18,400 Speaker 1: and Archaeological Repository have unearthed some woven grass mats that 186 00:12:18,480 --> 00:12:22,520 Speaker 1: are believed to be three thousand years old. This makes 187 00:12:22,559 --> 00:12:27,760 Speaker 1: them the oldest well documented examples of Kodiak Elutic supiac weaving. 188 00:12:28,840 --> 00:12:32,920 Speaker 1: They were found in the remains of a sod house 189 00:12:33,000 --> 00:12:37,160 Speaker 1: that had burned and collapsed, and pieces of charred woven 190 00:12:37,280 --> 00:12:40,200 Speaker 1: material were found under what was left of the walls 191 00:12:40,240 --> 00:12:43,160 Speaker 1: of this sod house. These are beliefs who have been 192 00:12:43,320 --> 00:12:47,840 Speaker 1: grass mats used for sleeping. It's likely that the practice 193 00:12:47,880 --> 00:12:51,800 Speaker 1: of weaving is thousands of years older than these specific examples, 194 00:12:51,880 --> 00:12:55,200 Speaker 1: but because these woven pieces were made from grass and 195 00:12:55,280 --> 00:12:59,120 Speaker 1: other plant materials, it's rare to find intact examples in 196 00:12:59,160 --> 00:13:03,280 Speaker 1: the archaeological record. These only survived because they had been 197 00:13:03,320 --> 00:13:07,160 Speaker 1: protected by the remains of the burned building. Next, we 198 00:13:07,280 --> 00:13:11,080 Speaker 1: have what may be the oldest baskets in southern Europe. 199 00:13:11,480 --> 00:13:14,000 Speaker 1: These were part of a collection of objects found in 200 00:13:14,040 --> 00:13:17,319 Speaker 1: a cave in Spain in the nineteenth century, but recent 201 00:13:17,440 --> 00:13:20,600 Speaker 1: carbon fourteen dating has shown that these date to between 202 00:13:20,800 --> 00:13:25,120 Speaker 1: ninety five hundred and sixty two hundred years ago. The 203 00:13:25,240 --> 00:13:28,080 Speaker 1: baskets are on the older end of that timeline, and 204 00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:31,800 Speaker 1: this is the first direct evidence of Mesolithic hunter gatherer 205 00:13:31,800 --> 00:13:35,240 Speaker 1: people's making baskets like We already knew that people were 206 00:13:35,240 --> 00:13:39,480 Speaker 1: making baskets after that, but not quite this early. Other 207 00:13:39,679 --> 00:13:43,199 Speaker 1: objects that were also part of this collection included sandals 208 00:13:43,280 --> 00:13:46,800 Speaker 1: and tools, and the sandals, which are made of grass 209 00:13:46,840 --> 00:13:50,840 Speaker 1: are also among the oldest. They're roughly sixty two hundred 210 00:13:50,920 --> 00:13:54,680 Speaker 1: years old, and they may be the oldest sandals ever found. 211 00:13:55,840 --> 00:13:59,400 Speaker 1: Researchers in Albania believed that they have found the oldest 212 00:13:59,600 --> 00:14:03,559 Speaker 1: still villages in Europe. This is on the Albanian side 213 00:14:03,559 --> 00:14:06,240 Speaker 1: of Lake Ohrid and the village dates back to between 214 00:14:06,280 --> 00:14:10,079 Speaker 1: six thousand and fifty eight hundred BCE. That's several hundred 215 00:14:10,160 --> 00:14:14,440 Speaker 1: years older than other known stilt villages. This village seems 216 00:14:14,480 --> 00:14:18,440 Speaker 1: to have been very heavily fortified. Divers found tens of 217 00:14:18,480 --> 00:14:22,320 Speaker 1: thousands of spikes that were likely used for defensive purposes, 218 00:14:22,760 --> 00:14:25,240 Speaker 1: but it's not clear why the people who lived at 219 00:14:25,240 --> 00:14:29,440 Speaker 1: this village felt that they needed to do that. Like logically, 220 00:14:29,520 --> 00:14:32,320 Speaker 1: there was obviously some kind of perceived threat, but we 221 00:14:32,600 --> 00:14:36,200 Speaker 1: do not know exactly what that threat was. So if 222 00:14:36,200 --> 00:14:39,200 Speaker 1: this sounded a little familiar, this is at the same lake, 223 00:14:39,480 --> 00:14:42,280 Speaker 1: but it's a different stilt village than we talked about 224 00:14:42,280 --> 00:14:45,640 Speaker 1: on Unearthed in twenty twenty one. That one was on 225 00:14:45,720 --> 00:14:48,480 Speaker 1: the Macedonian side of Lake Orid and this one was 226 00:14:48,520 --> 00:14:53,720 Speaker 1: on the Albanian side. So many stilt villages. Researchers in 227 00:14:53,800 --> 00:14:57,440 Speaker 1: Zambia have found what may be the world's oldest wooden structure, 228 00:14:58,000 --> 00:15:01,200 Speaker 1: one that dates back four hundred seven tventy six thousand 229 00:15:01,360 --> 00:15:06,040 Speaker 1: years before the appearance of modern humans. This structure is 230 00:15:06,080 --> 00:15:09,080 Speaker 1: made of a pair of logs with interconnecting notches, so 231 00:15:09,560 --> 00:15:11,720 Speaker 1: sort of like Lincoln logs, and it may have been 232 00:15:11,720 --> 00:15:14,720 Speaker 1: part of the foundation for a building. So this is 233 00:15:14,760 --> 00:15:18,840 Speaker 1: a more complex use of wood and building than has 234 00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:23,040 Speaker 1: previously been documented from this time period. A lot of 235 00:15:23,040 --> 00:15:26,840 Speaker 1: the researchers who were interviewed about it expressed some surprise 236 00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:30,600 Speaker 1: that pre Homo sapiens were able to construct something like this. 237 00:15:31,480 --> 00:15:34,760 Speaker 1: These logs probably survived for as long as they did 238 00:15:34,840 --> 00:15:38,880 Speaker 1: because they were submerged in water, so it's possible that 239 00:15:38,960 --> 00:15:41,960 Speaker 1: this was not actually unusual. That other people were building 240 00:15:42,120 --> 00:15:47,200 Speaker 1: similar Lincoln log like structures, but like other examples of this, 241 00:15:47,360 --> 00:15:51,080 Speaker 1: have not survived until today. In our last oldest thing, 242 00:15:51,520 --> 00:15:56,280 Speaker 1: archaeologists from a Fanagoria archaeological expedition have discovered one of 243 00:15:56,320 --> 00:16:01,120 Speaker 1: the oldest known synagogues. Fanagoria was an ancient Greek city 244 00:16:01,200 --> 00:16:04,080 Speaker 1: located on the Black Sea in what is now southern Russia. 245 00:16:04,760 --> 00:16:07,640 Speaker 1: It was founded in the first century, so toward the 246 00:16:07,720 --> 00:16:11,200 Speaker 1: end of the second Temple period of Jewish history. This 247 00:16:11,400 --> 00:16:14,920 Speaker 1: was roughly four hundred years after the first known synagogues 248 00:16:14,960 --> 00:16:18,720 Speaker 1: were established, but only about a dozen synagogues are known 249 00:16:18,760 --> 00:16:22,760 Speaker 1: to have been built during the Second Temple period. This 250 00:16:23,040 --> 00:16:27,080 Speaker 1: synagogue was a rectangular structure measuring twenty one by six 251 00:16:27,200 --> 00:16:30,720 Speaker 1: meters that's sixty nine by twenty feet and divided into 252 00:16:30,760 --> 00:16:35,080 Speaker 1: two rooms. Engravings have been discovered that include dates related 253 00:16:35,080 --> 00:16:38,680 Speaker 1: to the synagogue's founding, along with the word synagogue, and 254 00:16:38,920 --> 00:16:44,280 Speaker 1: religious imagery, including carvings of sort of manora like candle arrangements. 255 00:16:44,600 --> 00:16:48,320 Speaker 1: There are also fragments of columns decorated with what looked 256 00:16:48,360 --> 00:16:51,760 Speaker 1: like leaves. So now we're going to move on to 257 00:16:51,880 --> 00:16:55,680 Speaker 1: some books and letters. Earlier this year, a donor sent 258 00:16:55,720 --> 00:16:59,160 Speaker 1: some books to West Virginia University libraries and let the 259 00:16:59,200 --> 00:17:01,200 Speaker 1: curator know that one of them seemed to be a 260 00:17:01,240 --> 00:17:04,960 Speaker 1: library book. Once she started going through them, the curator 261 00:17:05,040 --> 00:17:08,800 Speaker 1: discovered that the library book was James Clerk Maxwell's eighteen 262 00:17:08,840 --> 00:17:12,879 Speaker 1: eighty one, an elementary treatise on electricity, which had been 263 00:17:12,960 --> 00:17:17,200 Speaker 1: checked out from the new Bedford Free Public Library in Massachusetts. 264 00:17:17,560 --> 00:17:21,200 Speaker 1: So usually when a library removes a book from its collection, 265 00:17:21,359 --> 00:17:24,320 Speaker 1: it marks it in some way, like stamping it with 266 00:17:24,400 --> 00:17:28,880 Speaker 1: the word discarded or withdrawn. This book didn't have any 267 00:17:28,960 --> 00:17:31,359 Speaker 1: kind of marking like that, so it didn't seem like 268 00:17:31,400 --> 00:17:35,320 Speaker 1: it had been officially removed from the library's collection. But 269 00:17:35,400 --> 00:17:38,439 Speaker 1: it did still have one of those slips with dates 270 00:17:38,480 --> 00:17:41,120 Speaker 1: stamped on it to mark when people had checked it out. 271 00:17:41,760 --> 00:17:44,160 Speaker 1: I don't know if, like the youngest of our listeners, 272 00:17:44,760 --> 00:17:47,400 Speaker 1: have seen these in library books, because they've mostly been 273 00:17:47,440 --> 00:17:51,159 Speaker 1: replaced by computer systems now. The last stamp was a 274 00:17:51,200 --> 00:17:54,800 Speaker 1: little unclear, but it had last been checked out on 275 00:17:55,080 --> 00:17:58,520 Speaker 1: Valentine's Day of either nineteen oh four or nineteen oh five. 276 00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:01,760 Speaker 1: That last digit is just a little bit smudgie. So 277 00:18:02,080 --> 00:18:04,600 Speaker 1: the curator got in touch with the new Bedford Free 278 00:18:04,640 --> 00:18:09,240 Speaker 1: Library and made arrangements to return this extremely overdue book, 279 00:18:09,280 --> 00:18:13,000 Speaker 1: which is still in very good condition. The library received 280 00:18:13,040 --> 00:18:15,520 Speaker 1: the book in late June, but news coverage about it 281 00:18:15,560 --> 00:18:20,600 Speaker 1: didn't really start until early July. Stories on long overdue 282 00:18:20,640 --> 00:18:23,600 Speaker 1: library books often talk about how much the fine would 283 00:18:23,640 --> 00:18:26,000 Speaker 1: be if the library were to try to collect it. 284 00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:29,600 Speaker 1: The New Bedford Free Library has capped its fines for 285 00:18:29,680 --> 00:18:33,720 Speaker 1: overdue books at two dollars. This is not a Futurama 286 00:18:33,720 --> 00:18:36,439 Speaker 1: moment where they go that book is now going to 287 00:18:36,480 --> 00:18:42,600 Speaker 1: cost you one million, twenty seven hundred Yeah. Next. Beginning 288 00:18:42,600 --> 00:18:46,880 Speaker 1: in sixteen fifteen, William Camden published Annals or the History 289 00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:50,720 Speaker 1: of the Most Renowned and Victorious Princess Elizabeth, Late Queen 290 00:18:50,760 --> 00:18:54,760 Speaker 1: of England, containing all the important and remarkable passages of state, 291 00:18:55,080 --> 00:18:58,800 Speaker 1: both at home and abroad during her long and prosperous reign, 292 00:18:59,320 --> 00:19:02,720 Speaker 1: and that was in Latin. This was published in two parts, 293 00:19:02,720 --> 00:19:05,680 Speaker 1: and it was the first official chronicle of Elizabeth's time 294 00:19:05,720 --> 00:19:09,400 Speaker 1: on the throne, and Camden likely worked with other collaborators 295 00:19:09,440 --> 00:19:13,480 Speaker 1: while creating it. Now researchers have used a range of 296 00:19:13,560 --> 00:19:17,040 Speaker 1: imaging techniques to look at handwritten manuscripts of this book 297 00:19:17,359 --> 00:19:21,200 Speaker 1: so that they could study Camden's writing process, including things 298 00:19:21,200 --> 00:19:24,040 Speaker 1: that he struck out or paste it over or rewrote 299 00:19:24,040 --> 00:19:26,919 Speaker 1: as he was writing it. Within the ten volumes of 300 00:19:26,920 --> 00:19:30,679 Speaker 1: handwritten manuscripts, hundreds of pages were physically covered over, with 301 00:19:30,760 --> 00:19:34,520 Speaker 1: the replacement pages adhered so tightly that they could not 302 00:19:34,640 --> 00:19:38,920 Speaker 1: be removed to examine what was underneath without damaging the originals. 303 00:19:39,640 --> 00:19:43,360 Speaker 1: William Cecil Lord Burley had asked Camden to write the 304 00:19:43,400 --> 00:19:46,960 Speaker 1: Annals while Elizabeth was still living, but Lord Burley died 305 00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:50,080 Speaker 1: in fifteen ninety eight, and then Elizabeth died in sixteen 306 00:19:50,119 --> 00:19:53,159 Speaker 1: oh three and was succeeded by James, the sixth of Scotland. 307 00:19:54,080 --> 00:19:58,000 Speaker 1: That meant that James became the person that Camden had 308 00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:00,760 Speaker 1: to satisfy in terms of what he had, and some 309 00:20:00,920 --> 00:20:04,639 Speaker 1: of this new research using imaging techniques to see what 310 00:20:04,760 --> 00:20:07,760 Speaker 1: was under those pace that over pages, it's revealed that 311 00:20:07,880 --> 00:20:11,359 Speaker 1: a lot of the changes generally made James look better 312 00:20:11,480 --> 00:20:15,359 Speaker 1: than he might have looked otherwise. For example, one of 313 00:20:15,440 --> 00:20:19,719 Speaker 1: Camden's revisions was the addition of Elizabeth naming James as 314 00:20:19,760 --> 00:20:24,400 Speaker 1: her successor on her deathbed. James was widely regarded as 315 00:20:24,440 --> 00:20:27,880 Speaker 1: her logical successor since he was the son of Elizabeth's 316 00:20:27,880 --> 00:20:32,399 Speaker 1: cousin and rival, Mary, Queen of Scott's, but having Elizabeth 317 00:20:32,400 --> 00:20:36,840 Speaker 1: specifically name him gave it all some additional weight. There's 318 00:20:36,880 --> 00:20:40,520 Speaker 1: no other historical evidence for this happening, though, and other 319 00:20:40,600 --> 00:20:44,760 Speaker 1: accounts describe Elizabeth as too ill to speak on her deathbed, 320 00:20:45,160 --> 00:20:48,080 Speaker 1: so this seems like the kind of thing that Camden 321 00:20:48,160 --> 00:20:51,959 Speaker 1: might have added in to please the King. Until now, 322 00:20:52,119 --> 00:20:56,720 Speaker 1: Camden's work has been viewed as overall an impartial and 323 00:20:56,840 --> 00:20:59,760 Speaker 1: accurate account of the reign of Queen Elizabeth the First, 324 00:20:59,760 --> 00:21:03,560 Speaker 1: although in his own intro he did write quote things 325 00:21:03,640 --> 00:21:08,320 Speaker 1: doubtful I have interpreted favorably, things secret and abstruse I 326 00:21:08,400 --> 00:21:12,480 Speaker 1: have not pried into. But this new research suggests that 327 00:21:12,600 --> 00:21:16,320 Speaker 1: James might have had a bigger influence on Camden's work 328 00:21:16,400 --> 00:21:21,000 Speaker 1: than was really previously known. It's possible or even likely 329 00:21:21,119 --> 00:21:24,280 Speaker 1: that James didn't ask for any of these changes directly, 330 00:21:24,320 --> 00:21:27,439 Speaker 1: but that Camden was kind of censoring himself out of 331 00:21:27,480 --> 00:21:30,960 Speaker 1: fear of displeasing the King. It is still to be 332 00:21:31,040 --> 00:21:34,679 Speaker 1: seen whether this will lead to any new interpretations of 333 00:21:34,800 --> 00:21:39,280 Speaker 1: Queen Elizabeth the First. Moving on, a framed sketch of 334 00:21:39,280 --> 00:21:42,480 Speaker 1: Winnie the Pooh and Piglet walking into the sunset by 335 00:21:42,520 --> 00:21:45,800 Speaker 1: illustrator E. H. Shepherd was found in a cellar drawer 336 00:21:45,840 --> 00:21:49,320 Speaker 1: wrapped in a tea towel. This sketch is dated nineteen 337 00:21:49,440 --> 00:21:52,680 Speaker 1: fifty eight, so more than thirty years after his original 338 00:21:52,720 --> 00:21:56,119 Speaker 1: Winnie the Pooh illustrations were published, but since it is 339 00:21:56,240 --> 00:21:59,199 Speaker 1: his original work and not a copy, it sold at 340 00:21:59,200 --> 00:22:04,360 Speaker 1: auction for twenty seven thousand pounds. This illustration had belonged 341 00:22:04,400 --> 00:22:08,639 Speaker 1: to Christopher Foyle, co founder of Foyle's Bookshop, and was 342 00:22:08,680 --> 00:22:12,240 Speaker 1: found by his widow Kathy. This may have been drawn 343 00:22:12,280 --> 00:22:15,320 Speaker 1: at one of a series of events called Foyle's Literary 344 00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:19,840 Speaker 1: Lunches that were hosted by Christopher's aunt Christina. Frequently there 345 00:22:19,840 --> 00:22:24,439 Speaker 1: would be famous literary guests at these lunches. I just 346 00:22:24,520 --> 00:22:27,240 Speaker 1: loved the idea of Winnie the Pooh picture being found 347 00:22:27,280 --> 00:22:30,119 Speaker 1: in its tea towel. Yes, there's something so sweet and 348 00:22:30,200 --> 00:22:34,480 Speaker 1: perfect about it. And lastly, sort of book adjacent. An 349 00:22:34,520 --> 00:22:39,760 Speaker 1: auction appraiser found a suffragist game called Panco Suffrages Versus 350 00:22:39,800 --> 00:22:44,479 Speaker 1: Anti Suffragists in a cupboard during a home clearance. Panco 351 00:22:44,600 --> 00:22:47,480 Speaker 1: is named for Emmeline Pankhurst and was a game for four, 352 00:22:47,640 --> 00:22:51,159 Speaker 1: six or eight players. It's a card game with Suffrages 353 00:22:51,240 --> 00:22:54,840 Speaker 1: suits in mauve and green and anti Suffrages suits in 354 00:22:54,920 --> 00:22:58,560 Speaker 1: red and black. Players tried to collect full suits of 355 00:22:58,640 --> 00:23:01,400 Speaker 1: six cards, and one they did, they had to call 356 00:23:01,440 --> 00:23:03,800 Speaker 1: out the words that went along with that suit, like 357 00:23:04,240 --> 00:23:07,000 Speaker 1: the call for One of the Suffrages suits was votes 358 00:23:07,040 --> 00:23:11,960 Speaker 1: for women, and one of the anti Suffragist suits was jail, Jail, Jail. 359 00:23:12,560 --> 00:23:14,520 Speaker 1: It seems like it might have been a very raucous 360 00:23:14,600 --> 00:23:20,440 Speaker 1: game in some circles. These cards were illustrated by political 361 00:23:20,480 --> 00:23:24,359 Speaker 1: cartoonist Edward Tennyson Reid, and they featured well known people 362 00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:28,880 Speaker 1: from these suffrage and anti suffrage movements. It was distributed 363 00:23:28,920 --> 00:23:32,040 Speaker 1: by the Women's Social and Political Union, which sold copies 364 00:23:32,080 --> 00:23:36,000 Speaker 1: of this game for two shillings apiece. This copy of 365 00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:38,560 Speaker 1: the game sold at auction for three hundred and twenty 366 00:23:38,560 --> 00:23:41,840 Speaker 1: pounds in August, and it is not the only copy 367 00:23:41,880 --> 00:23:44,760 Speaker 1: of this game that is still around. A search to 368 00:23:44,840 --> 00:23:48,840 Speaker 1: confirm how much it sold for at auction brought up 369 00:23:48,920 --> 00:23:52,760 Speaker 1: a number of other auction listings of other copies of 370 00:23:52,760 --> 00:23:55,760 Speaker 1: the game from the last five or six years. I 371 00:23:55,800 --> 00:23:58,760 Speaker 1: feel like if they made a commercially available copy of 372 00:23:58,800 --> 00:24:03,320 Speaker 1: this and would sell like hotcakes. Yeah, I think I 373 00:24:03,359 --> 00:24:06,560 Speaker 1: saw some PDFs of like all the card faces, so 374 00:24:06,640 --> 00:24:09,840 Speaker 1: it might be possible to like print your own. However, 375 00:24:10,680 --> 00:24:12,920 Speaker 1: we will take a break for another movement and we'll 376 00:24:12,920 --> 00:24:25,439 Speaker 1: come back with some more findings. Next up, we have 377 00:24:25,520 --> 00:24:28,040 Speaker 1: a couple of papers that are related to sex or 378 00:24:28,200 --> 00:24:32,639 Speaker 1: gender in some way. First, a paper called sex based 379 00:24:32,680 --> 00:24:37,800 Speaker 1: Parental Investment and Female Wealth Accumulation in Ancient California was 380 00:24:37,840 --> 00:24:42,000 Speaker 1: published in the American Journal of Biological Anthropology in July. 381 00:24:42,720 --> 00:24:47,159 Speaker 1: This was a collaboration involving the Moekma Alone tribe and 382 00:24:47,320 --> 00:24:52,640 Speaker 1: researchers from universities in Utah and California. Researchers used different 383 00:24:52,680 --> 00:24:57,720 Speaker 1: types of isotopes to explore how and where Alone ancestors 384 00:24:57,840 --> 00:25:01,760 Speaker 1: lived as long as two thousand years ago. This research 385 00:25:01,880 --> 00:25:05,679 Speaker 1: suggests that girls were breastfed for longer than boys. The 386 00:25:05,720 --> 00:25:09,439 Speaker 1: team drew this conclusion by looking at isotopes in twos enamel, 387 00:25:09,720 --> 00:25:12,119 Speaker 1: which suggested that girls were weaned at the age of 388 00:25:12,160 --> 00:25:15,080 Speaker 1: about three years, while boys were weaned at the age 389 00:25:15,080 --> 00:25:19,080 Speaker 1: of about two point six years. After being weaned, children's 390 00:25:19,119 --> 00:25:21,840 Speaker 1: diets seemed to be the same regardless of their sex. 391 00:25:22,480 --> 00:25:25,840 Speaker 1: The team also used isotope research to determine where people 392 00:25:25,840 --> 00:25:27,880 Speaker 1: who were buried at a site in what is now 393 00:25:27,920 --> 00:25:30,960 Speaker 1: the city of Santa Clara had come from, and those 394 00:25:30,960 --> 00:25:34,159 Speaker 1: isotopes suggested that the women were local to the area, 395 00:25:34,560 --> 00:25:38,159 Speaker 1: but the men were not together. This supports the idea 396 00:25:38,200 --> 00:25:41,720 Speaker 1: that this was a matrilineal society, one in which women 397 00:25:41,920 --> 00:25:44,360 Speaker 1: stayed in the village where they had been born while 398 00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:47,720 Speaker 1: their male partners moved into that area. From somewhere else. 399 00:25:48,359 --> 00:25:51,560 Speaker 1: The burials at the site also suggest that women were 400 00:25:51,800 --> 00:25:55,760 Speaker 1: generally more wealthy than men were, because older women were 401 00:25:55,880 --> 00:26:00,000 Speaker 1: usually buried with more wealth. These conclusions are based on 402 00:26:00,280 --> 00:26:03,320 Speaker 1: a small number of burials, though there were twenty four 403 00:26:03,359 --> 00:26:06,320 Speaker 1: sets of remains that were discovered at this burial site, 404 00:26:06,480 --> 00:26:10,280 Speaker 1: twenty two of them were part of this study. Next 405 00:26:10,480 --> 00:26:13,919 Speaker 1: new research has been published in the journal Scientific Reports 406 00:26:14,040 --> 00:26:18,040 Speaker 1: under the title ad Lottle use equalizes female and male 407 00:26:18,119 --> 00:26:22,919 Speaker 1: projectile weapon velocity. Throne spears and javelins have been around 408 00:26:23,080 --> 00:26:26,399 Speaker 1: a lot longer than ad laddles have, and one hypothesis 409 00:26:26,760 --> 00:26:29,360 Speaker 1: is that people started using ad lattels because it made 410 00:26:29,359 --> 00:26:32,280 Speaker 1: it easier for people with a range of experience and 411 00:26:32,359 --> 00:26:36,680 Speaker 1: ability to have roughly the same success as Hunters described 412 00:26:36,760 --> 00:26:39,280 Speaker 1: in the press release about this research as the quote 413 00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:44,920 Speaker 1: ad Lottel equalizer hypothesis. So, in working on Unearthed, I've 414 00:26:45,000 --> 00:26:48,120 Speaker 1: been developing a fondness for the studies that involve getting 415 00:26:48,359 --> 00:26:51,520 Speaker 1: living people to try to do something to see if 416 00:26:51,560 --> 00:26:53,720 Speaker 1: it gives us a sense of how ancient people might 417 00:26:53,760 --> 00:26:57,000 Speaker 1: have done it. So this time researchers had one hundred 418 00:26:57,000 --> 00:26:59,760 Speaker 1: and eight people, all of them novices, a lot of them. 419 00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:05,119 Speaker 1: Students from Kent State used both javelins and adladdles, and 420 00:27:05,160 --> 00:27:08,800 Speaker 1: they found that using an adladdle increased the velocity of 421 00:27:08,840 --> 00:27:12,720 Speaker 1: the projectile, and it also meant that the projectile's velocity 422 00:27:12,880 --> 00:27:16,159 Speaker 1: was about the same regardless of the gender of the 423 00:27:16,240 --> 00:27:20,040 Speaker 1: person who was using the adladdle. Of course, this doesn't 424 00:27:20,080 --> 00:27:23,080 Speaker 1: prove anything one way or the other about whether ancient 425 00:27:23,160 --> 00:27:26,960 Speaker 1: people's use of the adladdle varied according to gender, but 426 00:27:27,080 --> 00:27:30,520 Speaker 1: it does suggest the possibility that women could have been hunters, 427 00:27:30,920 --> 00:27:33,359 Speaker 1: and even that women may have been instrumental in the 428 00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:36,880 Speaker 1: development of the adladdle, since it would have generally provided 429 00:27:36,920 --> 00:27:40,680 Speaker 1: them with a bigger jump in performance. It also suggests 430 00:27:40,680 --> 00:27:44,640 Speaker 1: that burials that include adladdles and other hunting tools might 431 00:27:44,720 --> 00:27:48,639 Speaker 1: be interpreted similarly, regardless of the sex of the person buried. 432 00:27:48,680 --> 00:27:51,560 Speaker 1: There yes, the sort of an argument against the idea 433 00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:54,879 Speaker 1: that if a man's body is buried with hunting tools, 434 00:27:54,920 --> 00:27:56,920 Speaker 1: he must have been a hunter, but if a woman's 435 00:27:56,920 --> 00:27:59,840 Speaker 1: body is buried with hunting tools, that must have been symbolic. 436 00:28:04,480 --> 00:28:07,160 Speaker 1: Now to move on, we have some edibles and potables, 437 00:28:07,240 --> 00:28:10,000 Speaker 1: and the first one could also have gone into the 438 00:28:10,040 --> 00:28:14,240 Speaker 1: section on the oldest things. Archaeologists have found the earliest 439 00:28:14,359 --> 00:28:18,159 Speaker 1: evidence of curry in Southeast Asia, and by curry we 440 00:28:18,280 --> 00:28:20,919 Speaker 1: mean the types of spices that are used in the 441 00:28:21,040 --> 00:28:26,880 Speaker 1: dishes that Westerners often describe as curry. That is a really, 442 00:28:27,040 --> 00:28:30,960 Speaker 1: really broad term that was coined by European colonists to 443 00:28:31,040 --> 00:28:34,919 Speaker 1: describe all kinds of dishes that are usually served in 444 00:28:34,960 --> 00:28:40,280 Speaker 1: a spice based sauce. In this case, archaeologists were working 445 00:28:40,320 --> 00:28:44,360 Speaker 1: in southern Vietnam and found spices on stone tools used 446 00:28:44,360 --> 00:28:49,880 Speaker 1: for pounding and grinding. Those spices included turmeric, ginger, fingerroot, 447 00:28:50,080 --> 00:28:55,600 Speaker 1: sand ginger, galengal, clove, nutmeg, and cinnamon. These spices would 448 00:28:55,640 --> 00:28:58,720 Speaker 1: have been brought to Vietnam from what's now India, Sri Lanka, 449 00:28:58,800 --> 00:29:02,520 Speaker 1: and parts of Indonesia. So this finding suggests that people 450 00:29:02,560 --> 00:29:06,240 Speaker 1: in what's now southern Vietnam were using these spices, probably 451 00:29:06,280 --> 00:29:09,320 Speaker 1: in food, as long as two thousand years ago, and 452 00:29:09,560 --> 00:29:13,560 Speaker 1: also that there was a maritime spice trade network spanning 453 00:29:13,680 --> 00:29:16,640 Speaker 1: thousands of miles to get all of these spices to 454 00:29:16,720 --> 00:29:20,200 Speaker 1: places where they were being used. It may also suggest 455 00:29:20,440 --> 00:29:25,000 Speaker 1: some human migration patterns, since presumably people from South Asia 456 00:29:25,040 --> 00:29:28,840 Speaker 1: brought some of these spices with them to Southeast Asia, 457 00:29:28,880 --> 00:29:33,200 Speaker 1: as they either moved there or visited there. Another study 458 00:29:33,240 --> 00:29:37,040 Speaker 1: of grindstones suggests that humans were processing plants into flour 459 00:29:37,640 --> 00:29:41,480 Speaker 1: long before the development of agriculture, and possibly much earlier 460 00:29:41,520 --> 00:29:46,440 Speaker 1: than scientists previously thought. These grindstones dated back to thirty 461 00:29:46,520 --> 00:29:50,320 Speaker 1: nine thousand to forty three thousand years ago, when humans 462 00:29:50,400 --> 00:29:54,200 Speaker 1: and Neanderthals were coexisting in parts of the world. One 463 00:29:54,240 --> 00:29:57,560 Speaker 1: of the pestles examined may have been used by Neanderthals, 464 00:29:57,880 --> 00:30:00,960 Speaker 1: suggesting that they may have known these food price techniques 465 00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:06,680 Speaker 1: as well. Yet another finding of Neanderthals doing cool and 466 00:30:06,760 --> 00:30:09,800 Speaker 1: interesting things that suggests they're smarter than they've long been 467 00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:14,800 Speaker 1: given credit for. Next, a man digging a backyard swimming 468 00:30:14,840 --> 00:30:18,000 Speaker 1: pool in Sterling, Scotland found a set of dolphin bones 469 00:30:18,160 --> 00:30:20,960 Speaker 1: and a tool that was probably used to carve the 470 00:30:21,040 --> 00:30:25,479 Speaker 1: dolphin's meat. These fines date back roughly eight thousand years 471 00:30:25,520 --> 00:30:29,239 Speaker 1: and researchers have speculated that the dolphin washed ashore and 472 00:30:29,280 --> 00:30:32,920 Speaker 1: that then local people butchered it for food. The tool 473 00:30:32,960 --> 00:30:35,800 Speaker 1: that was used was made from deer antler, and it 474 00:30:35,840 --> 00:30:39,040 Speaker 1: appears that its tip broke off as it was being used. 475 00:30:39,880 --> 00:30:42,880 Speaker 1: And for our last food find We have talked about 476 00:30:42,960 --> 00:30:46,400 Speaker 1: various conclusions drawn from the residue in vessels used to 477 00:30:46,480 --> 00:30:51,080 Speaker 1: cook and store food. This time, research on metal cauldrons 478 00:30:51,160 --> 00:30:54,240 Speaker 1: dating back to between thirty seven hundred and twenty nine 479 00:30:54,320 --> 00:30:58,200 Speaker 1: hundred BCE suggests that people in the Caucasus were eating 480 00:30:58,240 --> 00:31:02,400 Speaker 1: meat from deer, sheep and members of the cow family. 481 00:31:03,160 --> 00:31:07,000 Speaker 1: That's not all that surprising, but this research also suggests 482 00:31:07,040 --> 00:31:10,280 Speaker 1: that people were making feasts to feed large numbers of 483 00:31:10,280 --> 00:31:13,880 Speaker 1: people at once, and this is really the earliest known 484 00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:16,880 Speaker 1: example of people preparing a large feast for lots of 485 00:31:16,920 --> 00:31:19,560 Speaker 1: people rather than a meal for a family or a 486 00:31:19,600 --> 00:31:23,160 Speaker 1: smaller group. Now we will move on to a few 487 00:31:23,320 --> 00:31:28,160 Speaker 1: animal finds to wrap up this episode. Archaeologists at Wittenham 488 00:31:28,200 --> 00:31:32,320 Speaker 1: Clumps in Oxfordshire have found the remains of a small 489 00:31:32,400 --> 00:31:36,240 Speaker 1: dog that dates back about eighteen hundred years. This dog 490 00:31:36,320 --> 00:31:40,640 Speaker 1: was probably owned by a wealthy Roman family. The dog 491 00:31:40,920 --> 00:31:44,479 Speaker 1: measured only about twenty centimeters or a little less than 492 00:31:44,520 --> 00:31:49,000 Speaker 1: eight inches tall and had slightly bowed legs. A sketch 493 00:31:49,120 --> 00:31:51,680 Speaker 1: of what the dog might have looked like kind of 494 00:31:51,720 --> 00:31:54,400 Speaker 1: resembles a dot sound to me. It's got that long 495 00:31:54,480 --> 00:31:58,479 Speaker 1: body and short legs. Doc sins were originally bred as 496 00:31:58,560 --> 00:32:02,040 Speaker 1: hunting dogs, and they're long, narrow bodies were particularly good 497 00:32:02,360 --> 00:32:06,000 Speaker 1: at getting into burrowing animals tunnels, and this site was 498 00:32:06,040 --> 00:32:08,640 Speaker 1: a farm which was probably home to hunting and to 499 00:32:08,760 --> 00:32:12,480 Speaker 1: other working dogs. But in news articles about this find, 500 00:32:12,640 --> 00:32:15,800 Speaker 1: archaeologists have said they believe this may have been someone's pet. 501 00:32:16,440 --> 00:32:19,880 Speaker 1: By this point, small dogs were definitely being kept as 502 00:32:19,920 --> 00:32:24,080 Speaker 1: pets in some parts of the Roman Empire. Next, the 503 00:32:24,120 --> 00:32:27,760 Speaker 1: tomb of Western Han dynasty emperor Wen has been found 504 00:32:27,800 --> 00:32:30,960 Speaker 1: to contain a whole menagerie of animals, and some of 505 00:32:31,000 --> 00:32:37,440 Speaker 1: them are particularly notable. There are tigers, buffalo oryx's yaks, peafowl, 506 00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:42,560 Speaker 1: and monkeys, among others. There's a complete taper skeleton which 507 00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:45,680 Speaker 1: was identified using its teeth and is the first complete 508 00:32:45,680 --> 00:32:49,640 Speaker 1: taper skeleton found at a Chinese archaeological site. There is 509 00:32:49,720 --> 00:32:53,680 Speaker 1: also a complete skeleton of a giant panda, and that's 510 00:32:53,720 --> 00:32:56,720 Speaker 1: the first giant panda to be found in a Western 511 00:32:56,760 --> 00:33:01,640 Speaker 1: Han emperor's mausoleum. These animals were found in twenty three 512 00:33:01,680 --> 00:33:05,920 Speaker 1: sacrificial pits in an underground mausoleum that also included all 513 00:33:05,960 --> 00:33:10,520 Speaker 1: kinds of food, pottery, games, and luxury goods. Basically an 514 00:33:10,520 --> 00:33:13,760 Speaker 1: effort to recreate the environment of the Imperial Palace for 515 00:33:13,880 --> 00:33:17,920 Speaker 1: after the emperor's death. Some of these animals were probably 516 00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:20,880 Speaker 1: gifts that came to the palace from other regions, but 517 00:33:20,960 --> 00:33:24,080 Speaker 1: the presence of the taper skeleton has raised some questions 518 00:33:24,360 --> 00:33:27,280 Speaker 1: about whether there may have been taper in China. Two 519 00:33:27,280 --> 00:33:30,560 Speaker 1: thousand years ago, it was believed that they were extinct 520 00:33:30,600 --> 00:33:34,400 Speaker 1: in China. By that point, researchers planned to conduct DNA 521 00:33:34,520 --> 00:33:38,200 Speaker 1: testing to confirm the animal species and to use stable 522 00:33:38,240 --> 00:33:43,080 Speaker 1: isotope analysis to narrow down where they came from. Moving on, 523 00:33:43,520 --> 00:33:47,920 Speaker 1: DNA research has suggested that Spanish and Portuguese colonists may 524 00:33:47,960 --> 00:33:52,640 Speaker 1: have brought cattle from Africa to the Americas, rather than 525 00:33:52,640 --> 00:33:57,280 Speaker 1: bringing cattle only from Spain as was previously thought. Christopher 526 00:33:57,320 --> 00:34:01,560 Speaker 1: Columbus's second expedition is known to have brought Spanish cattle 527 00:34:01,600 --> 00:34:04,800 Speaker 1: to the Caribbean in fourteen ninety three, and then there's 528 00:34:04,800 --> 00:34:09,080 Speaker 1: a documentation of those cattles offspring, and then their offspring 529 00:34:09,200 --> 00:34:13,319 Speaker 1: and so on being introduced to various Caribbean islands as 530 00:34:13,360 --> 00:34:16,440 Speaker 1: well as Central and South America. So for a long 531 00:34:16,520 --> 00:34:21,000 Speaker 1: time it's been believed that for centuries all the cattle 532 00:34:21,040 --> 00:34:24,480 Speaker 1: in the Americas were descended from this one Spanish population, 533 00:34:25,520 --> 00:34:28,600 Speaker 1: but new DNA research suggests that cattle were shipped to 534 00:34:28,640 --> 00:34:32,879 Speaker 1: the Americas from Africa as well. This conclusion came from 535 00:34:32,920 --> 00:34:37,960 Speaker 1: analysis on bones from archaeological sites dating back to the sixteenth, seventeenth, 536 00:34:38,000 --> 00:34:41,760 Speaker 1: and eighteenth centuries. Some of this is a little tricky 537 00:34:41,800 --> 00:34:45,440 Speaker 1: to puzzle out, since there was ongoing trade including cattle 538 00:34:45,680 --> 00:34:49,680 Speaker 1: between Spain and northern Africa, meaning that some Spanish cattle 539 00:34:49,800 --> 00:34:53,080 Speaker 1: may have been interbred with cattle from parts of Africa, 540 00:34:53,880 --> 00:34:58,360 Speaker 1: but researchers found some DNA that's associated only with cattle 541 00:34:58,400 --> 00:35:02,799 Speaker 1: from Africa. Researchers concluded that Spanish colonists may have been 542 00:35:02,840 --> 00:35:06,080 Speaker 1: bringing cattle from West Africa to the Americas by the 543 00:35:06,160 --> 00:35:09,799 Speaker 1: early sixteen hundreds, more than a century earlier than was 544 00:35:09,880 --> 00:35:14,959 Speaker 1: previously believed. So the assumption here is that enslaved Africans 545 00:35:15,120 --> 00:35:18,960 Speaker 1: and African cattle were transported from the same parts of 546 00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:22,120 Speaker 1: West Africa to the Americas. It was already known that 547 00:35:22,239 --> 00:35:26,760 Speaker 1: enslaved Africans were a huge part of establishing cattle ranching 548 00:35:26,960 --> 00:35:29,720 Speaker 1: in the Americas, and this would mean that those early 549 00:35:29,880 --> 00:35:33,600 Speaker 1: ranchers may have been working with animals from where they lived, 550 00:35:33,600 --> 00:35:37,560 Speaker 1: animals they were already familiar with how to handle. Lastly, 551 00:35:38,000 --> 00:35:42,279 Speaker 1: author Julie Flavelle published a piece in Smithsonian Magazine. There 552 00:35:42,280 --> 00:35:45,760 Speaker 1: relates a pretty tear jerking story about a Newfoundland dog 553 00:35:45,840 --> 00:35:50,480 Speaker 1: who served on both sides of the Revolutionary War. So, first, 554 00:35:50,640 --> 00:35:54,439 Speaker 1: this dog belonged to Continental Army General Richard Montgomery, who 555 00:35:54,480 --> 00:35:57,319 Speaker 1: was killed at the Battle of Quebec. The dog then 556 00:35:57,520 --> 00:36:01,239 Speaker 1: guarded Montgomery's body, refusing to let British soldiers near it 557 00:36:01,320 --> 00:36:04,279 Speaker 1: after the battle was over. And then, according to a 558 00:36:04,280 --> 00:36:07,959 Speaker 1: seventeen eighty three letter by Caroline Howe, the dog tried 559 00:36:07,960 --> 00:36:12,040 Speaker 1: to dig him out of his grave. British Major General 560 00:36:12,080 --> 00:36:16,160 Speaker 1: William Phillips then adopted the dog, naming him Rebel. Both 561 00:36:16,200 --> 00:36:20,000 Speaker 1: Phillips and Rebel were later taken prisoner by the Continental Army. 562 00:36:20,719 --> 00:36:23,320 Speaker 1: So the story goes on from there. But I started 563 00:36:23,320 --> 00:36:26,920 Speaker 1: to feel like I was just paraphrasing the Smithsonian article, 564 00:36:27,239 --> 00:36:29,520 Speaker 1: so I encouraged folks who are interested to go read 565 00:36:29,520 --> 00:36:32,520 Speaker 1: it for themselves. It is called The Dog who Served 566 00:36:32,560 --> 00:36:35,359 Speaker 1: on both Sides of the American Revolution, and it's at 567 00:36:35,400 --> 00:36:41,200 Speaker 1: Smithsonian dot com. You will have more fines on Wednesday 568 00:36:41,880 --> 00:36:44,680 Speaker 1: do we have listener mail in the meantime. We do 569 00:36:44,800 --> 00:36:47,279 Speaker 1: have listener mail. In the meantime. We have listener mail 570 00:36:47,320 --> 00:36:50,360 Speaker 1: that I have had marked to read for literal months, 571 00:36:50,440 --> 00:36:54,600 Speaker 1: and for some reason I didn't read it. And this 572 00:36:54,880 --> 00:36:58,600 Speaker 1: is from Robin wrote to us after we had talked 573 00:36:58,600 --> 00:37:01,879 Speaker 1: about Barbette and Barbete. That's an episode that Holly did 574 00:37:01,920 --> 00:37:04,880 Speaker 1: the research on. But Robin was commenting on something that 575 00:37:04,960 --> 00:37:07,120 Speaker 1: I said, which is that I was really curious, like 576 00:37:07,160 --> 00:37:11,440 Speaker 1: I don't really know what the vibe in Austin was 577 00:37:11,640 --> 00:37:16,560 Speaker 1: like when Barbette was living versus its reputation today. So 578 00:37:16,680 --> 00:37:20,120 Speaker 1: Robin wrote, Holly and Tracy loved the show as always. 579 00:37:20,160 --> 00:37:22,920 Speaker 1: Thanks for always educating me during my work commutes and 580 00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:25,719 Speaker 1: during the summer during my road trips. I'm writing because 581 00:37:25,719 --> 00:37:28,520 Speaker 1: I listened to the Barbette and Square Dance episodes on 582 00:37:28,600 --> 00:37:30,920 Speaker 1: the drive up from my dad's and coincident, late my 583 00:37:31,000 --> 00:37:35,279 Speaker 1: mom moved to Austin a year after Barbett passed in 584 00:37:35,360 --> 00:37:38,400 Speaker 1: nineteen seventy four. You had people like Willie Nelson and 585 00:37:38,560 --> 00:37:41,200 Speaker 1: Asleep at the Wheel coming on the scene, lots of 586 00:37:41,280 --> 00:37:44,359 Speaker 1: music and laid back attitudes. It was the birth of 587 00:37:44,400 --> 00:37:48,680 Speaker 1: the infamous slogan other people from Texas used to describe Austin. 588 00:37:49,320 --> 00:37:51,919 Speaker 1: My mom worked at an overnight diner that's since been 589 00:37:52,000 --> 00:37:54,880 Speaker 1: torn down and let one of the normal patrons borrow 590 00:37:54,920 --> 00:37:57,400 Speaker 1: her car overnight, and he brought it back in the 591 00:37:57,400 --> 00:38:01,040 Speaker 1: morning with the entire back of the car filled with cantelopes. 592 00:38:01,760 --> 00:38:04,920 Speaker 1: The perfect example of things that happened all the time 593 00:38:05,040 --> 00:38:08,959 Speaker 1: that inspired keep Austin weird. I grew up to south 594 00:38:08,960 --> 00:38:11,760 Speaker 1: of San Antonio, so I know how to pull a calf, 595 00:38:11,840 --> 00:38:14,439 Speaker 1: but couldn't square dance to save my life. We did 596 00:38:14,600 --> 00:38:17,279 Speaker 1: cumbia in school, but they weren't even real dances. It 597 00:38:17,320 --> 00:38:20,200 Speaker 1: was more like someone had a radio. When it was 598 00:38:20,239 --> 00:38:22,600 Speaker 1: too hot for us kids to be outside for pe, 599 00:38:22,719 --> 00:38:24,920 Speaker 1: they threw us in the carpeted gym that was inside 600 00:38:24,960 --> 00:38:28,640 Speaker 1: an old Nickelodeon theater from the nineteen teens. Unless run wild, 601 00:38:28,680 --> 00:38:32,200 Speaker 1: and it always turned into a cumbia. I moved to 602 00:38:32,239 --> 00:38:35,799 Speaker 1: Austin for college, and even as a paler than pale kid, 603 00:38:35,840 --> 00:38:40,040 Speaker 1: the culture shock was real. So this sort of goes 604 00:38:40,080 --> 00:38:45,120 Speaker 1: on to talk about the mix of ethnicities and races 605 00:38:45,200 --> 00:38:49,600 Speaker 1: in the different neighborhoods, simultaneously embracing every type of person 606 00:38:49,640 --> 00:38:53,399 Speaker 1: in certain places. So this goes on to talk more 607 00:38:53,440 --> 00:38:56,480 Speaker 1: about some more recent things in Austin, how changes have 608 00:38:56,520 --> 00:38:59,920 Speaker 1: been made more recently. But since my original question had 609 00:39:00,200 --> 00:39:03,680 Speaker 1: about Barbett, I'm going to just move ahead to where 610 00:39:03,760 --> 00:39:06,440 Speaker 1: Robin says all this to say, if Barbett had lived 611 00:39:06,480 --> 00:39:09,160 Speaker 1: just a couple years longer, he could have seen Elton 612 00:39:09,239 --> 00:39:12,000 Speaker 1: John perform here like my mom did, or see a 613 00:39:12,040 --> 00:39:14,800 Speaker 1: time where Austin really started to blossom as the land 614 00:39:14,880 --> 00:39:18,120 Speaker 1: that conservative Texas grew to hate. I also hope I 615 00:39:18,160 --> 00:39:20,560 Speaker 1: see a day where the amount of money Lifeline Texans 616 00:39:20,680 --> 00:39:23,640 Speaker 1: make will start to match the cost of living that's 617 00:39:23,719 --> 00:39:28,680 Speaker 1: ballooned since the city has doubled in size. I hope 618 00:39:28,680 --> 00:39:31,720 Speaker 1: for that. Also, this is one of the longer emails 619 00:39:31,719 --> 00:39:33,719 Speaker 1: that we've gotten, and I'm just gonna wrap it up 620 00:39:33,719 --> 00:39:37,760 Speaker 1: here since the Barbette and Austin Vibe part was really 621 00:39:37,880 --> 00:39:44,440 Speaker 1: my curiosity. Robin also sent some pictures, which this is 622 00:39:44,480 --> 00:39:46,520 Speaker 1: one of those times where the picture is bigger than 623 00:39:46,520 --> 00:39:50,920 Speaker 1: my email window. So yeah, it's just some pictures with 624 00:39:51,000 --> 00:39:56,440 Speaker 1: a very cute dog. Puppers always love the very cute dog. 625 00:39:57,800 --> 00:39:59,839 Speaker 1: So thank you so much, Robin. I'm sorry it took 626 00:39:59,840 --> 00:40:03,640 Speaker 1: me literal months to read this email that I had 627 00:40:03,680 --> 00:40:07,440 Speaker 1: flagged to read months ago. I did not really realize 628 00:40:07,480 --> 00:40:12,239 Speaker 1: that sort of the that the keep Austin weird sentimentality 629 00:40:13,480 --> 00:40:18,000 Speaker 1: went back quite that far too, before I even was born. 630 00:40:19,600 --> 00:40:22,720 Speaker 1: So thank you, thank you again for this email. If 631 00:40:22,800 --> 00:40:24,640 Speaker 1: you would like to send us a note about this 632 00:40:24,800 --> 00:40:29,000 Speaker 1: or any other podcast, we're at history Podcasts aiheartradio dot com. 633 00:40:29,000 --> 00:40:32,440 Speaker 1: We're all over social media and missed in History, and 634 00:40:32,680 --> 00:40:35,680 Speaker 1: you can subscribe to our show on the iHeartRadio app 635 00:40:35,800 --> 00:40:44,080 Speaker 1: or wherever else you'd like to get your podcasts. Stuff 636 00:40:44,080 --> 00:40:46,880 Speaker 1: you Missed in History Class is a production of iHeartRadio. 637 00:40:47,200 --> 00:40:51,799 Speaker 1: For more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple Podcasts, 638 00:40:51,920 --> 00:40:53,960 Speaker 1: or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.