1 00:00:01,320 --> 00:00:04,240 Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class, a production 2 00:00:04,400 --> 00:00:14,120 Speaker 1: of iHeartRadio. Hello and welcome to the podcast. 3 00:00:14,200 --> 00:00:15,000 Speaker 2: I'm Tracey V. 4 00:00:15,160 --> 00:00:18,919 Speaker 1: Wilson and I'm Holly Frye. This is part two of 5 00:00:19,000 --> 00:00:23,440 Speaker 1: our year end Unearthed for twenty twenty four. Again, that's 6 00:00:23,440 --> 00:00:26,920 Speaker 1: when we talk about stuff that's been literally or figuratively unearthed. 7 00:00:27,280 --> 00:00:28,280 Speaker 2: In this part. 8 00:00:28,040 --> 00:00:31,240 Speaker 1: Two, we have some books and letters, we have some 9 00:00:31,400 --> 00:00:35,680 Speaker 1: edibles and potables. We are starting out with just an 10 00:00:35,960 --> 00:00:40,000 Speaker 1: entire section of the show that was stuff that didn't 11 00:00:40,040 --> 00:00:44,559 Speaker 1: categorize well. But I always call the potpoury. So to 12 00:00:44,640 --> 00:00:48,080 Speaker 1: kick that off, a shard of pottery from a dig 13 00:00:48,120 --> 00:00:52,000 Speaker 1: at Mount Zion, outside Jerusalem's Old City has found not 14 00:00:52,120 --> 00:00:55,720 Speaker 1: just a cat print, but claw marks and an imprint 15 00:00:55,720 --> 00:00:59,800 Speaker 1: from the cat's fore leg, suggesting that a cat hung 16 00:00:59,840 --> 00:01:02,720 Speaker 1: out and made biscuits on some clay that was drying 17 00:01:02,720 --> 00:01:06,480 Speaker 1: in the sun. This piece of pottery is probably about 18 00:01:06,520 --> 00:01:09,959 Speaker 1: twelve hundred years old, dating back to the Opposide period. 19 00:01:11,000 --> 00:01:12,280 Speaker 2: I love this a lot. 20 00:01:12,959 --> 00:01:15,920 Speaker 1: I love the cat prints that are randomly in pieces 21 00:01:15,920 --> 00:01:20,120 Speaker 1: of artwork or manuscripts that describe was illuminating. Yes, but 22 00:01:20,200 --> 00:01:22,280 Speaker 1: the idea that a kitty cat was like I'm gonna 23 00:01:22,280 --> 00:01:25,200 Speaker 1: sit here and purr and flex my claws on this 24 00:01:25,520 --> 00:01:32,920 Speaker 1: drying piece of pottery. I love it, Sunshine Yeah. DNA 25 00:01:33,080 --> 00:01:39,240 Speaker 1: research into walrus ivory dating from the Viking era suggests 26 00:01:39,480 --> 00:01:44,240 Speaker 1: that the Norse were not hunting walruses around the southern 27 00:01:44,319 --> 00:01:50,000 Speaker 1: coastal areas of Greenland, which is what was previously thought. Instead, 28 00:01:50,320 --> 00:01:52,920 Speaker 1: it seems like they were going deep into the high 29 00:01:53,040 --> 00:01:56,960 Speaker 1: Arctic way to the north of their more southerly settlements. 30 00:01:57,840 --> 00:02:02,080 Speaker 1: This means that there was probably ongoing contact between the 31 00:02:02,120 --> 00:02:06,120 Speaker 1: Norse and the Inuit peoples living in those Arctic regions, 32 00:02:06,200 --> 00:02:11,200 Speaker 1: including trading relationships that might date back to the eleventh century. 33 00:02:12,160 --> 00:02:15,639 Speaker 1: At the same time, these trading relationships and this contact 34 00:02:15,639 --> 00:02:18,960 Speaker 1: would have been really seasonal. The Norse probably would have 35 00:02:19,000 --> 00:02:22,400 Speaker 1: been sailing north during a very short window in the 36 00:02:22,520 --> 00:02:26,000 Speaker 1: summer before the ice made the seas impassable. 37 00:02:26,080 --> 00:02:26,400 Speaker 2: Again. 38 00:02:27,200 --> 00:02:30,320 Speaker 1: This research, in addition to looking at the DNA of 39 00:02:30,360 --> 00:02:36,480 Speaker 1: the walruses, it involved sailing along these probable sea routes 40 00:02:36,520 --> 00:02:38,400 Speaker 1: in a traditional Norwegian boat. 41 00:02:38,919 --> 00:02:39,800 Speaker 2: I love that too. 42 00:02:40,360 --> 00:02:43,520 Speaker 1: Researchers involved in this work characterized it really as a 43 00:02:43,560 --> 00:02:46,960 Speaker 1: starting point, especially when it comes to the more human 44 00:02:47,240 --> 00:02:51,840 Speaker 1: side of these interactions and in particular from the indigenous 45 00:02:51,880 --> 00:02:55,960 Speaker 1: point of view. The Morgan Library and Museum in New 46 00:02:56,040 --> 00:02:59,720 Speaker 1: York has announced the discovery of a previously unknown vault 47 00:02:59,840 --> 00:03:03,840 Speaker 1: by Frederick Chopin. It's a handwritten copy of a piece 48 00:03:03,880 --> 00:03:06,480 Speaker 1: that's only about a minute long, and it's only about 49 00:03:06,520 --> 00:03:10,560 Speaker 1: the size of an index card. That one small manuscript 50 00:03:10,639 --> 00:03:13,440 Speaker 1: contains twenty four measures of music that are meant to 51 00:03:13,480 --> 00:03:17,600 Speaker 1: be played through once. According to the library's press release 52 00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:21,720 Speaker 1: on the discovery, manuscripts like these were something Chopin used 53 00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:24,880 Speaker 1: as gifts for people to put in their autograph albums. 54 00:03:25,680 --> 00:03:28,600 Speaker 1: It's not signed, though, so he may have changed his 55 00:03:28,680 --> 00:03:32,799 Speaker 1: mind about giving this particular one away. This piece is 56 00:03:32,840 --> 00:03:35,360 Speaker 1: part of the Arthur Satz collection, which came to the 57 00:03:35,400 --> 00:03:38,920 Speaker 1: Morgan in twenty nineteen, and while it was marked as 58 00:03:39,040 --> 00:03:43,000 Speaker 1: Chopin's work at that time, it wasn't until a curator 59 00:03:43,040 --> 00:03:47,240 Speaker 1: started cataloging this whole collection that they realized that the 60 00:03:47,400 --> 00:03:51,520 Speaker 1: music on the card did not line up with any 61 00:03:51,760 --> 00:03:55,720 Speaker 1: already known piece by Chopin. So this is the first 62 00:03:55,840 --> 00:04:00,760 Speaker 1: significant discovery of a previously unknown piece by Chopin's This 63 00:04:00,840 --> 00:04:05,960 Speaker 1: is the late nineteen thirties. In nineteen thirty eight, archaeologists 64 00:04:06,080 --> 00:04:09,360 Speaker 1: in Norway found skeletal remains in a well at the 65 00:04:09,400 --> 00:04:14,320 Speaker 1: castle of twelfth century Norwegian king sed As Sigurdsen. This 66 00:04:14,440 --> 00:04:17,359 Speaker 1: work was disrupted by the Second World War, so the 67 00:04:17,440 --> 00:04:22,039 Speaker 1: remains were not excavated at that time. Archaeologists returned to 68 00:04:22,080 --> 00:04:25,080 Speaker 1: the site about ten years ago, and at that time 69 00:04:25,120 --> 00:04:27,760 Speaker 1: they said there was a high probability that this body 70 00:04:27,920 --> 00:04:31,320 Speaker 1: was someone who had been described in the Veras Saga, 71 00:04:31,400 --> 00:04:36,040 Speaker 1: which relates events from Vera Sigurdson's life. One passage is 72 00:04:36,080 --> 00:04:39,000 Speaker 1: about an attack on the king's castle that took place 73 00:04:39,040 --> 00:04:42,520 Speaker 1: in eleven ninety seven, with the attackers getting into the 74 00:04:42,600 --> 00:04:46,479 Speaker 1: castle through a secret door while its defenders were eating. 75 00:04:47,240 --> 00:04:50,120 Speaker 1: After pillaging the castle and burning down the houses in 76 00:04:50,160 --> 00:04:53,200 Speaker 1: the area, the attackers threw the body of someone who 77 00:04:53,200 --> 00:04:56,040 Speaker 1: had been killed into a well and then filled that 78 00:04:56,080 --> 00:05:02,040 Speaker 1: well with stones. This passed October, researchers announced the results 79 00:05:02,040 --> 00:05:05,000 Speaker 1: of some work that supports this idea that it was 80 00:05:05,080 --> 00:05:08,159 Speaker 1: this same person described as being thrown down the well. 81 00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:12,840 Speaker 1: This includes radiocarbon dating that lines up with when the 82 00:05:12,880 --> 00:05:17,040 Speaker 1: attack on the castle happened. One surprising find came from 83 00:05:17,120 --> 00:05:21,320 Speaker 1: DNA that was extracted from one of the teeth. This 84 00:05:21,400 --> 00:05:25,800 Speaker 1: person likely came from southern Norway, while Sigurdson and his 85 00:05:25,920 --> 00:05:30,320 Speaker 1: castle's defenders would have been from central Norway. The really 86 00:05:30,360 --> 00:05:34,239 Speaker 1: long standing assumption has been that, if this body really 87 00:05:34,400 --> 00:05:37,880 Speaker 1: was the one described in the saga, that the invaders 88 00:05:37,920 --> 00:05:41,080 Speaker 1: had thrown the body of one of the king's men 89 00:05:41,560 --> 00:05:44,400 Speaker 1: down the well in order to humiliate the king and 90 00:05:44,720 --> 00:05:48,960 Speaker 1: probably also to contaminate the water supply. But this DNA 91 00:05:49,040 --> 00:05:51,760 Speaker 1: result means that the body the attackers threw down that 92 00:05:51,839 --> 00:05:55,440 Speaker 1: well might have actually been one of their own. Some 93 00:05:55,480 --> 00:05:58,760 Speaker 1: of this is still circumstantial, but if it is all correct, 94 00:05:58,920 --> 00:06:01,720 Speaker 1: this may be the first time that DNA has been 95 00:06:01,760 --> 00:06:06,560 Speaker 1: recovered from a specific person described in one of the sagas. 96 00:06:07,360 --> 00:06:11,520 Speaker 1: Next back in February, authorities in Athens were in the 97 00:06:11,600 --> 00:06:15,839 Speaker 1: process of evicting a tenant from a retail space in 98 00:06:15,920 --> 00:06:19,800 Speaker 1: a building that was managed by the National Gallery Alexandro 99 00:06:19,839 --> 00:06:24,440 Speaker 1: Sussos Museum, and somebody noticed in that retail space a 100 00:06:24,560 --> 00:06:28,719 Speaker 1: hidden trap door. The trap door led to a storage 101 00:06:28,760 --> 00:06:32,400 Speaker 1: area which the museum apparently had not realized was there, 102 00:06:32,960 --> 00:06:37,320 Speaker 1: and that storage area turned out to be full of artifacts. 103 00:06:37,440 --> 00:06:41,640 Speaker 1: So a museum representative contacted the Greek Ministry of Culture. 104 00:06:42,520 --> 00:06:46,120 Speaker 1: The ministry released a statement in October saying that one 105 00:06:46,200 --> 00:06:50,359 Speaker 1: hundred two objects dating from between eleven hundred BCE and 106 00:06:50,480 --> 00:06:55,239 Speaker 1: thirty two BCE had been found there, including figurines drinking 107 00:06:55,320 --> 00:06:58,680 Speaker 1: in storage vessels, as well as more than thirty religious 108 00:06:58,680 --> 00:07:02,359 Speaker 1: pieces and a cash of thousands of coins that also 109 00:07:02,440 --> 00:07:06,800 Speaker 1: included metals, weights, and seals. Many of these objects had 110 00:07:06,800 --> 00:07:10,680 Speaker 1: been stored wrapped in newspaper, and the newspapers dated back 111 00:07:10,720 --> 00:07:13,920 Speaker 1: to the nineteen forties, which is when the building's evicted 112 00:07:13,960 --> 00:07:18,320 Speaker 1: tenants had first signed their lease. Some of their reporting 113 00:07:18,360 --> 00:07:21,080 Speaker 1: around this has been kind of vague, like, I am 114 00:07:21,160 --> 00:07:24,760 Speaker 1: not really clear on whether these evicted tenants were the 115 00:07:24,800 --> 00:07:28,600 Speaker 1: ones to put these items in the storage area, or 116 00:07:28,680 --> 00:07:33,600 Speaker 1: whether it was the prior occupants of the space. Whoever 117 00:07:33,640 --> 00:07:37,360 Speaker 1: it was, why were they still down there decades later, 118 00:07:37,680 --> 00:07:40,640 Speaker 1: what was going on with that? But authorities have described 119 00:07:40,680 --> 00:07:45,400 Speaker 1: these objects as illegally acquired, so for now they're being 120 00:07:45,760 --> 00:07:49,400 Speaker 1: restored and examined and there might be more information available 121 00:07:49,480 --> 00:07:53,800 Speaker 1: on this later. Archaeologists in the Dutch city of Alkmaar, 122 00:07:54,080 --> 00:07:56,920 Speaker 1: north of Amsterdam, have found a wooden shoe in a 123 00:07:56,960 --> 00:08:01,000 Speaker 1: fifteenth century cesspit. This shoe is made of birch wood, 124 00:08:01,200 --> 00:08:04,280 Speaker 1: and birch trees do not grow in the Netherlands, and 125 00:08:04,320 --> 00:08:06,680 Speaker 1: it is also older than most of the other wooden 126 00:08:06,720 --> 00:08:10,760 Speaker 1: shoes that have been unearthed so far. Although wooden shoes 127 00:08:10,840 --> 00:08:14,600 Speaker 1: have a close connection with Dutch culture, only forty four 128 00:08:14,640 --> 00:08:17,400 Speaker 1: of them have been found at archaeological sites in the 129 00:08:17,400 --> 00:08:21,840 Speaker 1: Netherlands and Belgium. This shoe was found in pieces, but 130 00:08:21,920 --> 00:08:23,640 Speaker 1: those pieces had been well. 131 00:08:23,440 --> 00:08:25,760 Speaker 2: Preserved and conservators were. 132 00:08:25,640 --> 00:08:28,640 Speaker 1: Able to reassemble it. And this seems like it was 133 00:08:28,680 --> 00:08:32,839 Speaker 1: a really fashionable clog with a double heel, very well made, 134 00:08:33,080 --> 00:08:35,760 Speaker 1: again from a wood that wouldn't have been available locally. 135 00:08:36,320 --> 00:08:39,200 Speaker 1: It's described as equivalent to a size thirty six in 136 00:08:39,280 --> 00:08:42,760 Speaker 1: modern European shoes, which is about a women's five and 137 00:08:42,760 --> 00:08:48,040 Speaker 1: a half in the United States shoe measurement system. I've 138 00:08:48,320 --> 00:08:53,920 Speaker 1: sort of imagined the wooden shoes as like common sense 139 00:08:53,960 --> 00:08:58,599 Speaker 1: footwear that a laboring person might wear, although not necessarily 140 00:08:58,960 --> 00:09:03,640 Speaker 1: super comfortable. But this seems like, you know, maybe a 141 00:09:03,720 --> 00:09:08,959 Speaker 1: more wealthy or more affluent person's footwear. Maybe hopefully we'll 142 00:09:09,000 --> 00:09:13,400 Speaker 1: have more info. Lastly, among the potpourris is the headline 143 00:09:13,400 --> 00:09:17,520 Speaker 1: that annoyed Tracy for this installment of Unearthed, researchers in 144 00:09:17,640 --> 00:09:22,000 Speaker 1: Jordan have found a previously undiscovered tomb under a monument 145 00:09:22,080 --> 00:09:26,920 Speaker 1: called Alcasna or the Treasury in Petra. The tomb contains 146 00:09:27,040 --> 00:09:30,840 Speaker 1: at least twelve human skeletons and artifacts that are believed 147 00:09:30,840 --> 00:09:33,760 Speaker 1: to be at least two thousand years old, as well 148 00:09:33,800 --> 00:09:38,880 Speaker 1: as a ceramic chalice. This followed ground penetrating radar studies 149 00:09:38,960 --> 00:09:41,080 Speaker 1: done to see if the left and right sides of 150 00:09:41,120 --> 00:09:45,600 Speaker 1: the monument were similar underground and tombs had previously been 151 00:09:45,640 --> 00:09:49,280 Speaker 1: found under the other side in two thousand and three. 152 00:09:50,120 --> 00:09:53,160 Speaker 1: Where this became annoying to me, so annoying that I 153 00:09:53,200 --> 00:09:56,640 Speaker 1: almost did not put this in Unearthed at all, was 154 00:09:56,679 --> 00:09:59,360 Speaker 1: that so many of the headlines made it sound as 155 00:09:59,360 --> 00:10:00,160 Speaker 1: though petra. 156 00:10:00,320 --> 00:10:03,000 Speaker 2: Only role in the whole world in all. 157 00:10:02,920 --> 00:10:07,319 Speaker 1: Of history was as an Indiana Jones filming location, and 158 00:10:07,400 --> 00:10:10,880 Speaker 1: it is true Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade was 159 00:10:10,920 --> 00:10:14,199 Speaker 1: filmed in part at the Treasury. Some of the news 160 00:10:14,240 --> 00:10:18,760 Speaker 1: coverage also focused on that chalice, noticing that it had 161 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:22,200 Speaker 1: sort of a visual similarity to the Holy Grail from 162 00:10:22,240 --> 00:10:22,960 Speaker 1: the film. 163 00:10:23,600 --> 00:10:24,959 Speaker 2: That's obviously interesting. 164 00:10:25,160 --> 00:10:27,880 Speaker 1: A lot of other movies have also been filmed at 165 00:10:28,040 --> 00:10:33,360 Speaker 1: Petra besides Indiana Jones and Petra also, it's an extremely 166 00:10:34,280 --> 00:10:38,000 Speaker 1: distinctive historical site. It has a whole significant history of 167 00:10:38,040 --> 00:10:42,400 Speaker 1: its own. So all the coverage just seemingly boiling it 168 00:10:42,440 --> 00:10:44,199 Speaker 1: down to a thirty five year old movie kind of 169 00:10:44,200 --> 00:10:46,760 Speaker 1: irritated me, even though I love that movie. Can I 170 00:10:46,840 --> 00:10:51,600 Speaker 1: help you can help? My one hundred percent guess is 171 00:10:51,640 --> 00:10:54,160 Speaker 1: that that is the only thing that most modern people 172 00:10:54,200 --> 00:10:57,360 Speaker 1: can reference it with. See, I feel like Petra is 173 00:10:57,480 --> 00:11:02,040 Speaker 1: so visually distinctive that it's memorable on it Where would 174 00:11:02,080 --> 00:11:06,280 Speaker 1: those people have seen it? Though outside of Indiana Jones. 175 00:11:06,600 --> 00:11:10,439 Speaker 1: So many other movies have also been filmed there. So anyway, 176 00:11:10,640 --> 00:11:14,000 Speaker 1: I just I got sort of frustrated at the boiling 177 00:11:14,080 --> 00:11:18,079 Speaker 1: down of it to only Indiana Jones. And so now 178 00:11:18,080 --> 00:11:19,880 Speaker 1: we're just gonna take a sponsor break so I can 179 00:11:19,920 --> 00:11:22,360 Speaker 1: get over it and we will talk about our FOODI 180 00:11:22,520 --> 00:11:37,240 Speaker 1: fines we have so many edibles and potables. First researchers 181 00:11:37,240 --> 00:11:41,120 Speaker 1: in Tunisia have found the remains of cooked snails that 182 00:11:41,280 --> 00:11:45,320 Speaker 1: likely date back more than seventy seven hundred years, and 183 00:11:45,400 --> 00:11:49,440 Speaker 1: some of these are unique because they have a membrane 184 00:11:49,679 --> 00:11:53,079 Speaker 1: that can temporarily close off the opening of the shell 185 00:11:53,200 --> 00:11:58,480 Speaker 1: called an epifram, and that epiphram is still intact. This 186 00:11:58,720 --> 00:12:03,840 Speaker 1: raises some questions. Most land snails produce an epiphram only 187 00:12:03,880 --> 00:12:07,720 Speaker 1: in specific climactic conditions when they need to protect themselves 188 00:12:07,800 --> 00:12:12,160 Speaker 1: from losing too much moisture. Modern people who consume land 189 00:12:12,200 --> 00:12:16,160 Speaker 1: snails with that epiphram intact have to harvest them from 190 00:12:16,160 --> 00:12:20,360 Speaker 1: specific places at specific times of year, and then preserve 191 00:12:20,440 --> 00:12:23,320 Speaker 1: them in a specific way to make sure that epiphram 192 00:12:23,400 --> 00:12:27,440 Speaker 1: does stay intact. In northern Tunisia today, this happens when 193 00:12:27,480 --> 00:12:31,040 Speaker 1: the snails have burrowed underground and developed an epiphram in 194 00:12:31,120 --> 00:12:34,920 Speaker 1: preparation to essentially hibernate through the hottest months of the summer. 195 00:12:35,600 --> 00:12:38,240 Speaker 1: So people have to know where the snails are and 196 00:12:38,280 --> 00:12:40,800 Speaker 1: how to dig them up without damaging them, and then 197 00:12:40,880 --> 00:12:44,920 Speaker 1: store them so that epiphram stays intact until they are prepared. 198 00:12:45,960 --> 00:12:49,200 Speaker 1: Only forty one of the more than thirty five thousand 199 00:12:49,280 --> 00:12:52,360 Speaker 1: snails at this site had an epiphram, but it's not 200 00:12:52,480 --> 00:12:56,079 Speaker 1: clear whether others did have them when they were first harvested, 201 00:12:56,160 --> 00:12:59,080 Speaker 1: but they were either removed or destroyed somehow, or just 202 00:12:59,559 --> 00:13:03,000 Speaker 1: didn't survived. That seventy seven hundred years that has passed 203 00:13:03,000 --> 00:13:06,960 Speaker 1: since then, But this does suggest that people living more 204 00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:11,719 Speaker 1: than seven thousand years ago knew how to find, collect, 205 00:13:11,800 --> 00:13:16,040 Speaker 1: and preserve these snails, and that this may be cultural 206 00:13:16,120 --> 00:13:19,760 Speaker 1: knowledge that was passed down through hundreds of generations, so 207 00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:23,959 Speaker 1: that people who are still following those traditional food ways 208 00:13:24,080 --> 00:13:30,960 Speaker 1: are using knowledge that has been passed down through those centuries. Next, 209 00:13:31,160 --> 00:13:34,840 Speaker 1: researchers in Australia have worked with the Martu Aboriginal people 210 00:13:35,160 --> 00:13:40,000 Speaker 1: to study seed dispersal in non domesticated plants. They looked 211 00:13:40,000 --> 00:13:44,840 Speaker 1: at four plants, bush, raisin, bush tomato, and lovegrass, all 212 00:13:44,880 --> 00:13:48,600 Speaker 1: of which the Virtuo people gather and eat, and fan flower, 213 00:13:48,679 --> 00:13:53,240 Speaker 1: which they do not typically forage. This research involved accompanying 214 00:13:53,280 --> 00:13:57,640 Speaker 1: Martwu harvesters and seeing how they prepared and consumed the food. 215 00:13:58,400 --> 00:14:01,960 Speaker 1: This was combined with satellite data and ecological surveys to 216 00:14:02,040 --> 00:14:06,440 Speaker 1: study humans impact on the land. So the researchers found 217 00:14:06,480 --> 00:14:10,600 Speaker 1: that bush, raisin, bush tomato, and love grass all rely 218 00:14:10,880 --> 00:14:14,600 Speaker 1: on people for their seed dispersal, and that this was 219 00:14:14,760 --> 00:14:18,760 Speaker 1: especially true of the bush tomato. Exactly how that seed 220 00:14:18,800 --> 00:14:22,760 Speaker 1: dispersal happened really varied from plants to plant, So, for example, 221 00:14:22,960 --> 00:14:26,440 Speaker 1: people who are harvesting bush tomatoes might taste them out 222 00:14:26,480 --> 00:14:29,520 Speaker 1: in the field to make sure they're sweet and discard 223 00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:32,840 Speaker 1: ones that are not and scatter those seeds in the process. 224 00:14:33,600 --> 00:14:37,560 Speaker 1: Bush raisins also only grow where people are using fire 225 00:14:37,920 --> 00:14:42,880 Speaker 1: as part of their hunting practices for small animals, Researchers 226 00:14:42,960 --> 00:14:45,880 Speaker 1: involved in this work talked about expanding how we think 227 00:14:45,920 --> 00:14:50,640 Speaker 1: of agriculture. Typically, when people talk about agriculture, the focus 228 00:14:50,840 --> 00:14:55,480 Speaker 1: is on sedentary communities who are growing specific, domesticated crops 229 00:14:55,520 --> 00:14:59,800 Speaker 1: in specific places. The Martwo are more nomadic, but they 230 00:14:59,840 --> 00:15:02,320 Speaker 1: are they're still having a clear impact on the wild 231 00:15:02,360 --> 00:15:06,760 Speaker 1: plants that they harvest. That has some similarities to research 232 00:15:06,880 --> 00:15:12,120 Speaker 1: conducted in British Columbia, Canada involving hazel nuts. This research 233 00:15:12,240 --> 00:15:17,960 Speaker 1: started with indigenous oral traditions across multiple communities involving the 234 00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:21,600 Speaker 1: cultivation of the beaked hazel nut and how those hazel 235 00:15:21,680 --> 00:15:25,320 Speaker 1: nuts are used, and then that combined with DNA research 236 00:15:25,440 --> 00:15:30,160 Speaker 1: into different hazel nut specimens and an exploration of the 237 00:15:30,200 --> 00:15:35,280 Speaker 1: words for hazel nut in different indigenous languages. The finding 238 00:15:35,320 --> 00:15:37,960 Speaker 1: there was that the word for hazel nut was often 239 00:15:38,000 --> 00:15:42,400 Speaker 1: really similar, even in languages that are not themselves similar. 240 00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:47,440 Speaker 1: They found genetically similar clusters of hazel nut plants growing 241 00:15:47,480 --> 00:15:51,680 Speaker 1: in areas that were very remote and disconnected from one another. 242 00:15:52,400 --> 00:15:57,160 Speaker 1: So all of this suggests an intentional cultivation and transplanting 243 00:15:57,280 --> 00:16:01,360 Speaker 1: of hazel nuts by indigenous peoples going back at least 244 00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:06,080 Speaker 1: seven thousand years, so that really contradicts descriptions of these 245 00:16:06,120 --> 00:16:09,600 Speaker 1: parts of North America in terms like quote wild and 246 00:16:09,920 --> 00:16:15,680 Speaker 1: quote uncultivated. According to research published in the journal's Scientific Reports, 247 00:16:16,280 --> 00:16:19,840 Speaker 1: Neolithic pans known as husking trays, which date back to 248 00:16:19,880 --> 00:16:24,640 Speaker 1: between seven thousand and five thousand BCE in Mesopotamia, were 249 00:16:24,720 --> 00:16:27,440 Speaker 1: used to bake a bread that is very like facaca. 250 00:16:28,200 --> 00:16:31,560 Speaker 1: This was based on analysis of residues inside the trays, 251 00:16:31,640 --> 00:16:34,280 Speaker 1: which found that they were used for a range of foods, 252 00:16:34,720 --> 00:16:36,960 Speaker 1: with some of them being used for a bread that 253 00:16:37,160 --> 00:16:41,440 Speaker 1: was baked along with lard or oil. The researchers also 254 00:16:41,520 --> 00:16:45,960 Speaker 1: made experimental replicas of the trays and then used them 255 00:16:46,040 --> 00:16:50,120 Speaker 1: to bake both plane doughs and dough that had been 256 00:16:50,200 --> 00:16:54,120 Speaker 1: seasoned with a plant oil or animal fat. The trays 257 00:16:54,120 --> 00:16:57,720 Speaker 1: were baked in dome shaped ovens for about two hours 258 00:16:57,760 --> 00:17:01,280 Speaker 1: at an initial temperature of about four hundred twelve degrees Celsius. 259 00:17:01,720 --> 00:17:02,880 Speaker 2: It's a lot hotter. 260 00:17:02,720 --> 00:17:05,199 Speaker 1: Than a typical oven today, but these were ovens that 261 00:17:05,240 --> 00:17:08,760 Speaker 1: would have been powered by fire, which would then decrease 262 00:17:08,760 --> 00:17:10,960 Speaker 1: in its temperature every time we talked about this in 263 00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:16,760 Speaker 1: our baking interview not long ago, researchers found that the 264 00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:19,720 Speaker 1: breads that were seasoned with fat or oil, they were 265 00:17:19,760 --> 00:17:23,680 Speaker 1: a lot softer and more flavorful, much like facaccia. They 266 00:17:23,720 --> 00:17:28,240 Speaker 1: also conducted some usewhar analysis on these experimental replica trays 267 00:17:28,280 --> 00:17:31,280 Speaker 1: to study what exactly happened to the pans as a 268 00:17:31,280 --> 00:17:36,479 Speaker 1: result of being used for this baking. And speaking of bread, 269 00:17:36,840 --> 00:17:40,280 Speaker 1: archaeologists in southern Germany have found the remains of a 270 00:17:40,320 --> 00:17:43,639 Speaker 1: twenty eight hundred year old bakery with bread and cooking 271 00:17:43,680 --> 00:17:46,080 Speaker 1: tools still inside. 272 00:17:46,080 --> 00:17:46,680 Speaker 2: Most of the. 273 00:17:46,640 --> 00:17:51,000 Speaker 1: Food remains found there are grain based, including oats and spelt, 274 00:17:51,080 --> 00:17:55,399 Speaker 1: although there were some berries as well. On a similar note, 275 00:17:55,720 --> 00:17:59,280 Speaker 1: archaeologists working on the island of Funen in Denmark have 276 00:17:59,359 --> 00:18:03,560 Speaker 1: found evidence of grains and grinding stones there that both 277 00:18:03,640 --> 00:18:07,680 Speaker 1: date back to about fifty five hundred years. A lot 278 00:18:07,720 --> 00:18:12,000 Speaker 1: of the time, when archaeologists find both grains and grinding 279 00:18:12,080 --> 00:18:15,760 Speaker 1: stones at an archaeological site, they conclude that the people 280 00:18:15,800 --> 00:18:20,120 Speaker 1: there were grinding cereals into flour to make some kind 281 00:18:20,200 --> 00:18:24,639 Speaker 1: of bread. But after examining the grinding stones, this team 282 00:18:24,680 --> 00:18:28,479 Speaker 1: came to a different conclusion. The starch gnuals that they 283 00:18:28,520 --> 00:18:32,240 Speaker 1: found on the grinding stones were not from cereal grains. 284 00:18:32,320 --> 00:18:37,040 Speaker 1: They were from some other, as yet unidentified plants. The 285 00:18:37,119 --> 00:18:39,960 Speaker 1: grinding stones also did not have the kinds of war 286 00:18:40,160 --> 00:18:45,359 Speaker 1: marks that usually come from grinding cereals into flour, So 287 00:18:45,840 --> 00:18:50,080 Speaker 1: the conclusion was that these Neolithic peoples were eating grains. 288 00:18:50,720 --> 00:18:54,240 Speaker 1: They found charred grains of barley, emmor wheat and Durham wheat, 289 00:18:54,720 --> 00:18:57,800 Speaker 1: but they were making them into a porridge or a 290 00:18:57,920 --> 00:19:01,040 Speaker 1: gruel rather than turning them into flour and making them 291 00:19:01,040 --> 00:19:04,560 Speaker 1: into bread, and the grinding was for some other purpose. 292 00:19:05,840 --> 00:19:09,760 Speaker 1: Next in research that could also have been filed under shipwrecks, 293 00:19:10,160 --> 00:19:13,440 Speaker 1: the James R. Bentley sank in a storm while crossing 294 00:19:13,480 --> 00:19:17,680 Speaker 1: Lake Huron in eighteen seventy eight. Its cargo was full 295 00:19:17,720 --> 00:19:21,159 Speaker 1: of rye, and now researchers have recovered some of that 296 00:19:21,280 --> 00:19:23,920 Speaker 1: rye and they are trying to use it to make whiskey. 297 00:19:24,920 --> 00:19:27,359 Speaker 1: Unlike the way some of the headlines make it sound, 298 00:19:27,480 --> 00:19:30,280 Speaker 1: they did not retrieve grain from the shipwreck and then 299 00:19:30,320 --> 00:19:33,879 Speaker 1: take it right to the distillery. Instead, divers brought up 300 00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:36,280 Speaker 1: tubes full of rye from the wreck, and it's one 301 00:19:36,280 --> 00:19:39,480 Speaker 1: of the few wrecks in Lake Huron that is privately owned. 302 00:19:39,560 --> 00:19:42,840 Speaker 1: Otherwise that move would have been illegal, but they put 303 00:19:42,880 --> 00:19:45,520 Speaker 1: those tubes on ice to get them to Michigan State 304 00:19:45,640 --> 00:19:49,000 Speaker 1: University so that researchers could work with them. And once 305 00:19:49,040 --> 00:19:52,000 Speaker 1: they got there, some of the grain was obviously spoiled, 306 00:19:52,200 --> 00:19:56,000 Speaker 1: but some of it seemed to still be good. First, 307 00:19:56,320 --> 00:20:00,119 Speaker 1: botanists tried to get this grain to germinate that un 308 00:20:00,119 --> 00:20:03,920 Speaker 1: fortunately did not work. Their next step was DNA research 309 00:20:04,000 --> 00:20:07,439 Speaker 1: to try to figure out which modern breeds of rye 310 00:20:07,560 --> 00:20:11,480 Speaker 1: are the most similar to this one. Their eventual plan 311 00:20:11,720 --> 00:20:16,040 Speaker 1: is to transfer chromosomal segments from this grain into a 312 00:20:16,160 --> 00:20:19,959 Speaker 1: very similar rye species, and then the ultimate goal is 313 00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:23,239 Speaker 1: for that to become a plantable, growable seed, and then 314 00:20:23,359 --> 00:20:26,840 Speaker 1: that is what they plan for Michigan distillers to turn 315 00:20:26,920 --> 00:20:31,520 Speaker 1: into a unique whiskey. I got very excited at the 316 00:20:31,600 --> 00:20:33,800 Speaker 1: idea that it was like, we got some rye from 317 00:20:33,800 --> 00:20:35,760 Speaker 1: a shipwreck and we're making it into whiskey. 318 00:20:35,800 --> 00:20:38,560 Speaker 2: But it is a more involved process. 319 00:20:38,240 --> 00:20:40,840 Speaker 1: Than that that seems like a way to make a 320 00:20:41,040 --> 00:20:43,959 Speaker 1: very expensive spirit. To me, for sure, that would make 321 00:20:43,960 --> 00:20:48,760 Speaker 1: a lot of money. This is more like, in addition 322 00:20:48,840 --> 00:20:51,040 Speaker 1: to the whiskey part, this is also about trying to 323 00:20:51,119 --> 00:20:55,520 Speaker 1: like revive a strain of rye that was important to 324 00:20:55,640 --> 00:20:58,199 Speaker 1: Michigan at the time that the shipwreck happened. 325 00:20:58,680 --> 00:21:01,240 Speaker 2: Yeah, I love it. H It's very cool. 326 00:21:01,840 --> 00:21:06,399 Speaker 1: Archaeologists in China have found evidence of rice beer dating 327 00:21:06,440 --> 00:21:10,280 Speaker 1: back ten thousand years. This came from analysis of the 328 00:21:10,359 --> 00:21:14,879 Speaker 1: residues on twelve pottery fragments. Rice was present in a 329 00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:17,680 Speaker 1: lot of the residues and some of them also showed 330 00:21:17,720 --> 00:21:22,000 Speaker 1: evidence of fermentation. There was also some evidence of yeast 331 00:21:22,119 --> 00:21:26,480 Speaker 1: that are still used in traditional brewing methods today. The 332 00:21:26,520 --> 00:21:30,879 Speaker 1: tomb of Western Han dynasty emperor Luhu, who ruled for 333 00:21:30,960 --> 00:21:35,960 Speaker 1: only twenty seven tumultuous days, was excavated back in twenty fifteen, 334 00:21:36,040 --> 00:21:38,440 Speaker 1: and one of the things that was unearthed was a 335 00:21:38,560 --> 00:21:42,919 Speaker 1: bronze distilling vessel. We talked in our recent episode on 336 00:21:43,040 --> 00:21:47,520 Speaker 1: Hangovers about how the earliest stills probably were used to 337 00:21:47,560 --> 00:21:52,880 Speaker 1: make medicines and perfumes rather than alcoholic beverages, and it's 338 00:21:52,960 --> 00:21:56,480 Speaker 1: believed that distilled wine dates back to the twelfth or 339 00:21:56,520 --> 00:22:01,200 Speaker 1: thirteenth century in China. Specifically, this bill was a lot 340 00:22:01,359 --> 00:22:05,159 Speaker 1: older than that known distilling of wines dating back to 341 00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:08,760 Speaker 1: about two thousand years ago, and the team wanted to 342 00:22:08,760 --> 00:22:13,320 Speaker 1: see if it could have been used to distill wine. 343 00:22:13,520 --> 00:22:16,920 Speaker 1: Remnants of tarot root and various fruits had been found 344 00:22:16,960 --> 00:22:19,840 Speaker 1: in the original vessel, so the team tried to work 345 00:22:19,840 --> 00:22:23,200 Speaker 1: out a wine recipe that would have included those ingredients, 346 00:22:23,640 --> 00:22:28,360 Speaker 1: and that worked. Their successful attempt to distill wine suggests 347 00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:30,800 Speaker 1: that it was at least possible that the vessel was 348 00:22:30,920 --> 00:22:36,200 Speaker 1: used for that purpose. Next up, peaches. Peaches are really 349 00:22:36,240 --> 00:22:39,800 Speaker 1: associated with the American South. They are native to China, 350 00:22:39,920 --> 00:22:43,200 Speaker 1: though they were introduced to the Americas by the Spanish 351 00:22:43,280 --> 00:22:47,280 Speaker 1: in the sixteenth century. But according to new research published 352 00:22:47,320 --> 00:22:51,800 Speaker 1: in the journal Nature Communications, the spread of peach trees 353 00:22:51,960 --> 00:22:55,880 Speaker 1: across the Americas did not just come from European colonists. 354 00:22:56,520 --> 00:23:00,440 Speaker 1: Radiocarbon dating of peach pits found at site in what's 355 00:23:00,480 --> 00:23:04,760 Speaker 1: now North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, and 356 00:23:05,080 --> 00:23:11,399 Speaker 1: Arkansas suggests that peaches were widespread around indigenous settlements in 357 00:23:11,480 --> 00:23:15,840 Speaker 1: the Southeast by the year sixteen twenty. The origin point 358 00:23:15,920 --> 00:23:19,840 Speaker 1: of a lot of these trees probably was the Spanish settlements, 359 00:23:19,880 --> 00:23:24,119 Speaker 1: but then indigenous peoples carried and cultivated them well beyond 360 00:23:24,160 --> 00:23:29,080 Speaker 1: those settlements. This included finding peach pits in post holes 361 00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:32,720 Speaker 1: at a Muscogean farm site that predated the founding of 362 00:23:32,760 --> 00:23:36,480 Speaker 1: the city of Saint Augustine, Florida. Saint Augustine is, of course, 363 00:23:36,560 --> 00:23:39,520 Speaker 1: considered to be the oldest Spanish city in what's now 364 00:23:39,560 --> 00:23:44,400 Speaker 1: the United States. Archaeologists working in Ireland have found the 365 00:23:44,520 --> 00:23:47,560 Speaker 1: charred remains of a two thousand year old fig at 366 00:23:47,600 --> 00:23:50,480 Speaker 1: a trading post at which trade was carried out with 367 00:23:50,520 --> 00:23:54,399 Speaker 1: the Roman Empire. Although fig seeds have been found at 368 00:23:54,440 --> 00:23:58,199 Speaker 1: Irish archaeological sites before, this is the earliest example of 369 00:23:58,240 --> 00:24:02,960 Speaker 1: the actual fruit, which because it had been burned in 370 00:24:03,040 --> 00:24:07,080 Speaker 1: our last food find, Archaeologists working at the site of 371 00:24:07,240 --> 00:24:11,159 Speaker 1: Oriel College in Oxford, founded in thirteen twenty six, have 372 00:24:11,320 --> 00:24:15,879 Speaker 1: found its original kitchen, and the finds there include a 373 00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:19,400 Speaker 1: roasting hearth and an oven base. And now we'll take 374 00:24:19,440 --> 00:24:32,760 Speaker 1: a break and then come back for some books and letters. 375 00:24:32,920 --> 00:24:36,159 Speaker 1: Now we have got quite a few fines to file 376 00:24:36,280 --> 00:24:41,280 Speaker 1: under books and letters. Archaeologists in the Turkish port city 377 00:24:41,359 --> 00:24:45,919 Speaker 1: of Anna Murriam have found a complete thirteen line inscription 378 00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:51,280 Speaker 1: honoring a wrestler named Kakilianus. This is believed to be 379 00:24:51,320 --> 00:24:55,040 Speaker 1: about two thousand years old, and it's inscribed into a 380 00:24:55,160 --> 00:24:59,160 Speaker 1: stone that weighs an estimated half a ton, so it's 381 00:24:59,200 --> 00:25:02,080 Speaker 1: possible that this stone was originally the base of a 382 00:25:02,119 --> 00:25:06,800 Speaker 1: statue that was meant to honor this wrestler. Greek inscription 383 00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:12,000 Speaker 1: praises him for winning a recent tournament. Bram Stoker has 384 00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:15,560 Speaker 1: a new short story out kind of. This story is 385 00:25:15,600 --> 00:25:18,480 Speaker 1: called Gibbet Hill and it ran in the Dublin Daily 386 00:25:18,560 --> 00:25:23,919 Speaker 1: Express on December seventeenth, eighteen ninety seven, years before Stoker 387 00:25:23,960 --> 00:25:28,160 Speaker 1: published his famous novel Dracula. But that short story didn't 388 00:25:28,160 --> 00:25:31,199 Speaker 1: make its way into collections of Stoker's known work or 389 00:25:31,240 --> 00:25:35,040 Speaker 1: his archival papers. It was sort of forgotten about until 390 00:25:35,040 --> 00:25:38,680 Speaker 1: a modern day pharmacist named Brian Cleary spotted a reference 391 00:25:38,760 --> 00:25:41,080 Speaker 1: to it in an ad that ran in the Daily 392 00:25:41,160 --> 00:25:44,600 Speaker 1: Express a couple of weeks after its publication while he 393 00:25:44,760 --> 00:25:49,160 Speaker 1: was going through some old newspapers. The newly rediscovered book 394 00:25:49,280 --> 00:25:53,080 Speaker 1: was reissued at the Bram Stoker Festival in Dublin in October. 395 00:25:53,960 --> 00:25:56,520 Speaker 1: This one also could have gone in the update section, 396 00:25:56,680 --> 00:25:58,879 Speaker 1: since we have an episode on bram Stoker that we 397 00:25:59,200 --> 00:26:03,680 Speaker 1: just ran as a Saturday Classic this past November. Next, 398 00:26:03,880 --> 00:26:07,800 Speaker 1: the British Library has an exhibition called Medieval Women in 399 00:26:07,880 --> 00:26:11,159 Speaker 1: their Own Words, which is running until March second of 400 00:26:11,240 --> 00:26:15,560 Speaker 1: twenty twenty five, which is mind bogglingly enough this year 401 00:26:15,760 --> 00:26:21,040 Speaker 1: very soon. This includes material related to several women we 402 00:26:21,119 --> 00:26:24,440 Speaker 1: have covered on the show before, including Juliana of Norwich 403 00:26:24,560 --> 00:26:30,240 Speaker 1: and Christine de Pusan. While preparing for this exhibition, staff 404 00:26:30,320 --> 00:26:34,600 Speaker 1: at the library found an unknown leaf made by the 405 00:26:34,760 --> 00:26:38,720 Speaker 1: poor Claires of Cologne. The poor Claires were a branch 406 00:26:38,760 --> 00:26:41,760 Speaker 1: of the Franciscan Order, and the Convent of the Poor 407 00:26:41,880 --> 00:26:46,080 Speaker 1: Claires in Cologne was founded in thirteen oh four. This 408 00:26:46,200 --> 00:26:49,880 Speaker 1: convent produced a lot of manuscripts in the fourteenth century. 409 00:26:50,760 --> 00:26:53,800 Speaker 1: The leaf was originally the first page of a manuscript 410 00:26:53,800 --> 00:26:56,880 Speaker 1: that contained all the chance to be sung at Mass, 411 00:26:57,160 --> 00:27:01,920 Speaker 1: arranged chronologically beginning with the first sound and advent. This 412 00:27:01,960 --> 00:27:04,800 Speaker 1: particular leaf has a small figure of a nun down 413 00:27:04,840 --> 00:27:08,440 Speaker 1: at the bottom corner, along with an inscription crediting Sister 414 00:27:08,560 --> 00:27:12,159 Speaker 1: Isabella of Guilders with giving twenty marks to complete the book. 415 00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:15,800 Speaker 1: Other leafs from the same manuscript are housed in the 416 00:27:15,880 --> 00:27:19,560 Speaker 1: warrav Rickarts Museum in Cologne, and the staff there also 417 00:27:19,680 --> 00:27:22,320 Speaker 1: didn't know that there was a leaf in the British library. 418 00:27:23,320 --> 00:27:25,880 Speaker 1: This leaf was part of a folio that had come 419 00:27:25,920 --> 00:27:28,320 Speaker 1: from the Convent of Saint Clair, but it had not 420 00:27:28,520 --> 00:27:33,879 Speaker 1: previously been mentioned in scholarship on the convent. Depictions of 421 00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:36,840 Speaker 1: nuns kind of kneeling in the margins are a pretty 422 00:27:36,840 --> 00:27:40,360 Speaker 1: common feature in the manuscripts that were produced at this convent. 423 00:27:40,880 --> 00:27:44,119 Speaker 1: Usually they would name the nun and detail how she 424 00:27:44,240 --> 00:27:48,720 Speaker 1: had contributed to the production of the manuscript. Coming up 425 00:27:48,840 --> 00:27:52,199 Speaker 1: just a heads up, we are doing a guestimated pronunciation 426 00:27:52,320 --> 00:27:55,680 Speaker 1: because we cannot find a guide. So research published in 427 00:27:55,760 --> 00:27:59,080 Speaker 1: the journal Yahwa Pacha, journal of the Institute of Andean 428 00:27:59,200 --> 00:28:03,560 Speaker 1: Studies has found a connection between two keepoos. These are 429 00:28:03,560 --> 00:28:06,679 Speaker 1: the sets of knotted strings and chords that Andian people 430 00:28:06,800 --> 00:28:09,480 Speaker 1: used to record and share information for more than a 431 00:28:09,560 --> 00:28:13,480 Speaker 1: thousand years, but which people today no longer know how 432 00:28:13,480 --> 00:28:19,040 Speaker 1: to interpret. They were particularly important to the Inca Empire. Today, 433 00:28:19,359 --> 00:28:22,199 Speaker 1: much of this work is happening through digitized data that 434 00:28:22,320 --> 00:28:25,280 Speaker 1: is available at the Open Keepoo Repository. 435 00:28:25,359 --> 00:28:27,520 Speaker 2: And the kipoo field guide. 436 00:28:27,640 --> 00:28:31,800 Speaker 1: This research looked specifically at two keipoos found in northern Chile. 437 00:28:32,760 --> 00:28:36,639 Speaker 1: One is the largest one of them ever found, containing 438 00:28:36,680 --> 00:28:40,920 Speaker 1: more than eighteen hundred chords. The other is a lot smaller, 439 00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:45,400 Speaker 1: containing about six hundred chords, but with really complex arrangements. 440 00:28:46,160 --> 00:28:49,560 Speaker 1: It appears that these two kipos contain the same information, 441 00:28:49,840 --> 00:28:54,560 Speaker 1: but that information is presented differently. The smaller keipoo is 442 00:28:54,720 --> 00:28:58,400 Speaker 1: essentially a summary and reallocation of the information contained in 443 00:28:58,440 --> 00:29:02,280 Speaker 1: the bigger one. It's not yet known exactly what that 444 00:29:02,400 --> 00:29:05,880 Speaker 1: information is or why kipoo makers chose to make two 445 00:29:06,040 --> 00:29:11,080 Speaker 1: kipoos that presented the same information in two ways. Next, 446 00:29:11,120 --> 00:29:14,840 Speaker 1: in our autumn installment of Unearthed last year, we talked 447 00:29:14,840 --> 00:29:17,160 Speaker 1: about a message and a bottle that had been left 448 00:29:17,200 --> 00:29:20,400 Speaker 1: by archaeologist PJ. There at a site where he worked 449 00:29:20,440 --> 00:29:23,719 Speaker 1: in eighteen twenty five, and we have a similar find 450 00:29:23,840 --> 00:29:28,200 Speaker 1: this time. That is a bottle containing coins, a business card, 451 00:29:28,280 --> 00:29:32,920 Speaker 1: and a note written by Norwegian archaeologist Anders Lrange at 452 00:29:32,960 --> 00:29:35,800 Speaker 1: the site of one hundred foot long Viking ship that 453 00:29:35,960 --> 00:29:38,800 Speaker 1: had been burned as part of a funeral ritual roughly 454 00:29:38,840 --> 00:29:43,360 Speaker 1: one thousand years ago. Archaeologists found this bottle while re 455 00:29:43,480 --> 00:29:47,680 Speaker 1: excavating the same ship, which had only been partially excavated 456 00:29:47,760 --> 00:29:51,840 Speaker 1: back in the nineteenth century. The note gives an overview 457 00:29:51,960 --> 00:29:55,720 Speaker 1: of the excavation, although not everything in it matches up 458 00:29:55,760 --> 00:30:00,000 Speaker 1: to what archaeologists found in this re excavation. The project 459 00:30:00,160 --> 00:30:03,640 Speaker 1: release on this find doesn't frame this as carelessness or 460 00:30:03,680 --> 00:30:07,040 Speaker 1: inaccuracy on la Range's part, though more than he was 461 00:30:07,120 --> 00:30:11,560 Speaker 1: overseeing the entire site rather than doing the actual excavating, 462 00:30:11,680 --> 00:30:15,800 Speaker 1: with that hands on work being done by locally hired laborers. 463 00:30:16,240 --> 00:30:18,560 Speaker 1: I kind of love that he left his sort of 464 00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:23,040 Speaker 1: research notes as a message in a bottle for future archaeologists. 465 00:30:24,320 --> 00:30:28,320 Speaker 1: Another message in a bottle was found in the walls 466 00:30:28,440 --> 00:30:32,880 Speaker 1: of course While Lighthouse in Scotland. This was dated September fourth, 467 00:30:32,960 --> 00:30:36,240 Speaker 1: eighteen ninety two, and it was left by the engineers 468 00:30:36,280 --> 00:30:39,360 Speaker 1: who had just installed a new lens at the lighthouse. 469 00:30:39,960 --> 00:30:43,080 Speaker 1: This bottle was found by accident by engineers who were 470 00:30:43,080 --> 00:30:47,840 Speaker 1: working on repairs to that same lens. Lighthouse keeper Barry 471 00:30:47,840 --> 00:30:50,480 Speaker 1: Miller gave a statement to The New York Times saying 472 00:30:50,520 --> 00:30:55,040 Speaker 1: it felt like those earlier engineers were communicating directly with them. 473 00:30:55,600 --> 00:30:59,680 Speaker 1: According to research published in the journal Codmos. Historian Mark 474 00:30:59,760 --> 00:31:03,360 Speaker 1: mum of Penn State University believes he has decoded an 475 00:31:03,360 --> 00:31:07,120 Speaker 1: inscription on a carved piece of volcanic rock in eastern 476 00:31:07,200 --> 00:31:12,120 Speaker 1: Turkia known as arslan Kaya. This inscription has been previously 477 00:31:12,160 --> 00:31:17,120 Speaker 1: described as indecipherable. It's written in the ancient Phrygian language, 478 00:31:17,160 --> 00:31:20,840 Speaker 1: which is not well understood today. The inscription is also 479 00:31:20,920 --> 00:31:23,800 Speaker 1: more than twenty five hundred years old, so it has 480 00:31:23,920 --> 00:31:27,440 Speaker 1: weathered over time. It was also originally part of a 481 00:31:27,520 --> 00:31:31,040 Speaker 1: larger monument, and it's not really known what other contexts 482 00:31:31,120 --> 00:31:34,160 Speaker 1: the rest of the monument might have provided for interpreting it. 483 00:31:35,200 --> 00:31:37,640 Speaker 1: Munn was working from photos that he took of the 484 00:31:37,760 --> 00:31:42,120 Speaker 1: inscription back in April during ideal lighting conditions, and then 485 00:31:42,520 --> 00:31:45,440 Speaker 1: cross reference to that with other work on the inscription, 486 00:31:45,720 --> 00:31:49,560 Speaker 1: including earlier photographs. He came to the conclusion that this 487 00:31:49,760 --> 00:31:54,120 Speaker 1: monument honored the Phrygian mother goddess Madaran, who was also 488 00:31:54,200 --> 00:31:57,440 Speaker 1: worshiped by the Greeks and Romans, and there are other 489 00:31:57,600 --> 00:32:03,160 Speaker 1: monuments to her in this region. Speaking of indecipherable inscriptions, 490 00:32:03,680 --> 00:32:06,440 Speaker 1: some of the graffiti at the Tower of London, previously 491 00:32:06,520 --> 00:32:10,880 Speaker 1: described as illegible, has now been deciphered. This work also 492 00:32:10,920 --> 00:32:14,760 Speaker 1: allowed researchers to identify far more examples of graffiti than 493 00:32:14,760 --> 00:32:17,680 Speaker 1: were previously known to exist in this part of the tower, 494 00:32:18,240 --> 00:32:21,320 Speaker 1: three point fifty four compared to the earlier number of 495 00:32:21,400 --> 00:32:26,600 Speaker 1: seventy nine. This work included X ray analysis, laser scanning, 496 00:32:26,640 --> 00:32:30,080 Speaker 1: and a technique called ranking light that involves illuminating a 497 00:32:30,160 --> 00:32:34,000 Speaker 1: surface only from the side, giving a much more detailed 498 00:32:34,080 --> 00:32:37,880 Speaker 1: view of the graffiti than was possible before. Most of 499 00:32:37,920 --> 00:32:42,000 Speaker 1: these inscriptions are by prisoners who were essentially leaving evidence 500 00:32:42,040 --> 00:32:44,880 Speaker 1: that they had been there, and work to decipher those 501 00:32:44,920 --> 00:32:50,600 Speaker 1: marks is still ongoing. A small silver amulet has yet 502 00:32:50,640 --> 00:32:54,000 Speaker 1: one more indecipherable thing. It was discovered in a grave 503 00:32:54,160 --> 00:32:57,400 Speaker 1: in Germany in twenty eighteen, and it contained a tiny, 504 00:32:57,480 --> 00:33:01,640 Speaker 1: tiny scroll made of silver foil. This amulet and its 505 00:33:01,680 --> 00:33:04,720 Speaker 1: contents were about eighteen hundred years old, and there was 506 00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:07,600 Speaker 1: really no way to try to unroll that scroll and 507 00:33:07,760 --> 00:33:11,720 Speaker 1: read it without destroying it. But now, thanks to high 508 00:33:11,800 --> 00:33:16,200 Speaker 1: resolution set scanning, it's been red It turns out it 509 00:33:16,240 --> 00:33:19,720 Speaker 1: contains a prayer for protection that may actually be the 510 00:33:19,760 --> 00:33:23,280 Speaker 1: oldest evidence of Christianity in Europe north of the Alps. 511 00:33:24,000 --> 00:33:27,960 Speaker 1: It dates back to about fifty years before other known 512 00:33:28,080 --> 00:33:33,120 Speaker 1: references to Christianity. At that time, Christianity was not widely 513 00:33:33,240 --> 00:33:36,400 Speaker 1: practiced in the region, and it was also viewed with 514 00:33:36,480 --> 00:33:40,160 Speaker 1: some suspicions, so it's likely that this scroll was hidden 515 00:33:40,200 --> 00:33:44,480 Speaker 1: in the amulet and then kept secret. It's also unusual 516 00:33:44,800 --> 00:33:48,800 Speaker 1: that the scroll only references Christianity, because these kinds of 517 00:33:48,880 --> 00:33:53,440 Speaker 1: protective amulets often instead of being sort of a one 518 00:33:53,520 --> 00:33:57,680 Speaker 1: specifically Christian thing, they often had references to multiple different 519 00:33:57,800 --> 00:34:02,560 Speaker 1: faiths and traditions. Research published in the European Journal of 520 00:34:02,680 --> 00:34:07,120 Speaker 1: Archaeology suggests that engraved slate plaques dating back to thirty 521 00:34:07,120 --> 00:34:12,360 Speaker 1: two hundred to twenty two hundred BCE may contain genealogical records. 522 00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:16,919 Speaker 1: The engravings on these plaques look very geometric and abstract, 523 00:34:17,040 --> 00:34:19,359 Speaker 1: and more than sixteen hundred of them have been found 524 00:34:19,400 --> 00:34:23,800 Speaker 1: at Iberian tombs and burial sites. The number of different 525 00:34:23,920 --> 00:34:27,759 Speaker 1: explanations have been put forth about what these might mean, 526 00:34:28,800 --> 00:34:32,640 Speaker 1: and this one is that they might represent a person's 527 00:34:32,800 --> 00:34:37,040 Speaker 1: ancestry in a symbolic way, kind of like a heraldic emblem. 528 00:34:37,680 --> 00:34:40,240 Speaker 1: And this conclusion is based in part on a plaque 529 00:34:40,239 --> 00:34:43,880 Speaker 1: that seems like it has a rough draft on one side. 530 00:34:43,920 --> 00:34:47,360 Speaker 1: And the final and corrected version on the other side, 531 00:34:48,280 --> 00:34:51,880 Speaker 1: That process of seeming to correct something makes it seem 532 00:34:51,920 --> 00:34:55,600 Speaker 1: like the details of this have a specific meaning. This 533 00:34:55,680 --> 00:34:57,840 Speaker 1: led to some analysis of more than six hundred and 534 00:34:57,880 --> 00:34:59,360 Speaker 1: fifty of these plaques. 535 00:34:59,320 --> 00:35:02,160 Speaker 2: And it can cclude vision that the number of lines or. 536 00:35:02,080 --> 00:35:06,320 Speaker 1: Motifs on a plaque might represent how far a person 537 00:35:06,640 --> 00:35:12,319 Speaker 1: is away from a specific ancestor. And lastly, archaeologists in 538 00:35:12,440 --> 00:35:16,440 Speaker 1: Syria may have found the oldest known example of an alphabet. 539 00:35:17,120 --> 00:35:20,960 Speaker 1: This writing was etched into clay cylinders approximately the size 540 00:35:20,960 --> 00:35:23,640 Speaker 1: of a finger, which have been dated to about twenty 541 00:35:23,719 --> 00:35:28,000 Speaker 1: four hundred BCE. This is about five hundred years older 542 00:35:28,040 --> 00:35:32,200 Speaker 1: than the previous earliest known alphabetic writing. Who knows if 543 00:35:32,239 --> 00:35:40,000 Speaker 1: it will change EPCOT. Lastly, we will finish our twenty 544 00:35:40,040 --> 00:35:43,440 Speaker 1: twenty four Unearthed with three projects that are all about 545 00:35:43,520 --> 00:35:46,360 Speaker 1: my new favorite thing, which is researchers trying to figure 546 00:35:46,400 --> 00:35:49,640 Speaker 1: stuff out about ancient weapons by making replicas of them 547 00:35:49,680 --> 00:35:54,400 Speaker 1: and then using them. First, researchers who wanted to figure 548 00:35:54,440 --> 00:35:59,919 Speaker 1: out how prehistoric spears were used made replicas of speed 549 00:36:00,360 --> 00:36:03,200 Speaker 1: and of shields, and they got those into the hands 550 00:36:03,239 --> 00:36:06,640 Speaker 1: of human fighters, and the results of this were published 551 00:36:06,719 --> 00:36:12,520 Speaker 1: as Multi Stage Experiments in Bronze Age Spear Combat Insights 552 00:36:12,560 --> 00:36:17,240 Speaker 1: on Wear, Formation, Trauma and Combat Contexts that was published 553 00:36:17,280 --> 00:36:21,799 Speaker 1: in the Journal Archaeological Science. I found the findings of 554 00:36:21,840 --> 00:36:23,839 Speaker 1: this one kind of hard to just sum up. They 555 00:36:23,880 --> 00:36:27,879 Speaker 1: basically analyzed the wear and tear on the spears and 556 00:36:28,080 --> 00:36:31,359 Speaker 1: the shields, and they also did some tests where they 557 00:36:31,480 --> 00:36:36,640 Speaker 1: used animal tissues to replicate the human body. Next, research 558 00:36:36,719 --> 00:36:39,880 Speaker 1: led by Kent State University in the Cleveland Museum of 559 00:36:39,960 --> 00:36:43,200 Speaker 1: Natural History looked at the question of whether having the 560 00:36:43,320 --> 00:36:47,439 Speaker 1: high ground would make throne weapons more accurate. They did 561 00:36:47,480 --> 00:36:50,560 Speaker 1: this by putting people on a scissor lift, raising it 562 00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:54,000 Speaker 1: to various heights, and having them throw javelins or use 563 00:36:54,000 --> 00:36:58,400 Speaker 1: an adlato to throw darts. Their research suggested that throwing 564 00:36:58,440 --> 00:37:02,080 Speaker 1: from a height made javelins more effective, but add lattle 565 00:37:02,120 --> 00:37:06,879 Speaker 1: throne darts somewhat less effective. This may mean that prehistoric 566 00:37:06,920 --> 00:37:09,880 Speaker 1: peoples chose one weapon over the other based on the 567 00:37:09,960 --> 00:37:12,760 Speaker 1: terrain they were going to be using them in, or 568 00:37:12,800 --> 00:37:15,920 Speaker 1: that they sought out specific terrain based on which weapon 569 00:37:15,960 --> 00:37:19,080 Speaker 1: they had on hand. This was published in the Journal 570 00:37:19,120 --> 00:37:23,960 Speaker 1: of Archaeological Science Reports as the Gravity of Paleolithic hunting 571 00:37:24,880 --> 00:37:27,960 Speaker 1: and this last one was initially part of a TV 572 00:37:28,040 --> 00:37:32,080 Speaker 1: show that aired in Australia called First Weapons. This show 573 00:37:32,200 --> 00:37:36,800 Speaker 1: was created by First Nations owned production company Blackfellow Films, 574 00:37:37,200 --> 00:37:40,400 Speaker 1: and it explored a number of weapons developed and used 575 00:37:40,480 --> 00:37:45,800 Speaker 1: by Aboriginal peoples, including returning boomerangs, spear throwers, and clubs 576 00:37:45,840 --> 00:37:50,600 Speaker 1: and shields. Research related to the leangle, club and parrying 577 00:37:50,680 --> 00:37:53,799 Speaker 1: shield and related to the koich, which is a type 578 00:37:53,800 --> 00:37:57,040 Speaker 1: of acts that came out of this show and was 579 00:37:57,080 --> 00:38:02,640 Speaker 1: published as Aboriginal Australian Weapons and Human Efficiency in the 580 00:38:02,719 --> 00:38:07,840 Speaker 1: journal Scientific Reports. There are still Aboriginal master weapon makers 581 00:38:07,880 --> 00:38:10,400 Speaker 1: who are making and using these weapons today, but the 582 00:38:10,400 --> 00:38:14,880 Speaker 1: ones in this research were described as replicas. This paper 583 00:38:14,920 --> 00:38:20,319 Speaker 1: looked specifically at the biomechanics of these two weapons, concluding 584 00:38:20,400 --> 00:38:24,600 Speaker 1: that the leangle was more effective at delivering powerful blows, 585 00:38:25,080 --> 00:38:28,080 Speaker 1: while the koach, which is a multi purpose tool, was 586 00:38:28,160 --> 00:38:33,000 Speaker 1: more maneuverable but still very potentially lethal. And that cool 587 00:38:33,040 --> 00:38:38,120 Speaker 1: story ends unearthed for this round. Uh hooray, We'll be 588 00:38:38,120 --> 00:38:41,840 Speaker 1: back in three months. Do you have listener mail? I 589 00:38:41,920 --> 00:38:45,399 Speaker 1: do have listener mail. This is from Janelle, and Janelle wrote, 590 00:38:45,440 --> 00:38:47,920 Speaker 1: Hello Holly and Tracy. It's a rare moment when I 591 00:38:47,920 --> 00:38:50,399 Speaker 1: hear something where I can come in. So I got 592 00:38:50,440 --> 00:38:53,719 Speaker 1: excited during the Sarah Winnemucca Part one when it was 593 00:38:53,840 --> 00:38:57,640 Speaker 1: mentioned that Trucky was her grandfather may have died of 594 00:38:57,680 --> 00:39:00,680 Speaker 1: a tarantula bite. There have been no recording deaths due 595 00:39:00,719 --> 00:39:04,680 Speaker 1: to tarantula venom anywhere. There are exceptionally rare occasions where 596 00:39:04,719 --> 00:39:09,600 Speaker 1: a tarantula bite turns gangrenus and someone dies of the infection. Also, 597 00:39:09,640 --> 00:39:12,600 Speaker 1: none of the species native to North America have medically 598 00:39:12,640 --> 00:39:16,839 Speaker 1: significant venom. There is one genus in Central America who 599 00:39:16,840 --> 00:39:20,239 Speaker 1: has more potent venom, but in general significant bites from 600 00:39:20,320 --> 00:39:24,640 Speaker 1: Old World. That's Asia, Africa, Middle East species for pettax. 601 00:39:24,680 --> 00:39:28,000 Speaker 1: I've included two of my fifteen species of tarantula that 602 00:39:28,080 --> 00:39:32,399 Speaker 1: I keep. First is Mosy, a hyder. I'm laughing at 603 00:39:32,400 --> 00:39:36,560 Speaker 1: Holly's excitement about this. I love tarantulas. We can talk 604 00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:39,239 Speaker 1: about this in a second. First is Mosy, a hunter 605 00:39:39,360 --> 00:39:42,120 Speaker 1: in curly hair who looks like she struck one of 606 00:39:42,120 --> 00:39:45,120 Speaker 1: her tiny paws in a light socket. The second is Baris, 607 00:39:45,160 --> 00:39:48,200 Speaker 1: an Indian ornamental who is one of those with medically 608 00:39:48,239 --> 00:39:51,680 Speaker 1: significant venom, but who is also one of my shyest 609 00:39:51,719 --> 00:39:55,279 Speaker 1: and most beautiful spiders. Many thanks for all you do. Janelle. 610 00:39:55,760 --> 00:39:58,840 Speaker 1: Hey Janelle, First, thanks to this email. Second, thanks for 611 00:39:59,080 --> 00:40:03,160 Speaker 1: these tarantulas pictures Holly. As I have said, it is 612 00:40:03,280 --> 00:40:10,640 Speaker 1: very excited. We uh for a time. At my house 613 00:40:10,680 --> 00:40:13,880 Speaker 1: when I was a child, we had a tarantula my brother. 614 00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:21,240 Speaker 1: This was a classroom tarantula that somehow my brother became. 615 00:40:21,719 --> 00:40:23,160 Speaker 2: It's start steward of. 616 00:40:24,680 --> 00:40:29,560 Speaker 1: And this involved raising crickets to feed the tarantula in 617 00:40:29,600 --> 00:40:34,480 Speaker 1: a cricket enclosure in the basement. I don't know if 618 00:40:34,480 --> 00:40:38,480 Speaker 1: the crickets in my parents' basement now are descendants of 619 00:40:38,640 --> 00:40:44,640 Speaker 1: the crickets that we farmed to feed the tarantula, but boy, 620 00:40:44,680 --> 00:40:48,160 Speaker 1: there are still uh crickets about down there. 621 00:40:48,360 --> 00:40:49,600 Speaker 2: Yeah. Yeah. 622 00:40:49,680 --> 00:40:52,080 Speaker 1: My my brother and I had a conversation one time, 623 00:40:52,080 --> 00:40:54,760 Speaker 1: talking hypothetically about like what if I needed to record 624 00:40:54,800 --> 00:40:57,360 Speaker 1: podcasts for my parents' basement, And he sent me a 625 00:40:57,400 --> 00:41:00,960 Speaker 1: text that just said crickets. It's like, oh, that's definitely 626 00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:01,560 Speaker 1: would not work. 627 00:41:01,640 --> 00:41:05,360 Speaker 2: Be great. It could be ambient noise, it'd be beautiful. Yeah. 628 00:41:05,520 --> 00:41:08,000 Speaker 1: I had a lot of transulas as a kid. Oh yeah, 629 00:41:08,040 --> 00:41:11,520 Speaker 1: because I when I was very tiny, I lived in Arizona, right, 630 00:41:12,080 --> 00:41:16,840 Speaker 1: And before I had the sense to have fear, I 631 00:41:16,960 --> 00:41:20,480 Speaker 1: had no hesitation to just pick them up. Sure, much 632 00:41:20,560 --> 00:41:23,480 Speaker 1: to my mother's chagrin. Yeah, and would put them in 633 00:41:23,480 --> 00:41:25,440 Speaker 1: a coffee can and take them home and be like, 634 00:41:25,440 --> 00:41:27,600 Speaker 1: this is my transola now. And sometimes I would get 635 00:41:27,600 --> 00:41:29,719 Speaker 1: to have a setup and sometimes not. Yeah, And for 636 00:41:29,719 --> 00:41:32,040 Speaker 1: some reason I named every single one of them, Bill. 637 00:41:32,239 --> 00:41:36,200 Speaker 1: I don't know why. They can cause some skin irritation, 638 00:41:38,160 --> 00:41:41,440 Speaker 1: you know, handling them walking on you. That is the 639 00:41:41,480 --> 00:41:44,040 Speaker 1: thing that can happen with some of them. Anyway, I 640 00:41:44,200 --> 00:41:48,839 Speaker 1: don't actually know the details of Trucky's death. It's it's 641 00:41:48,880 --> 00:41:52,040 Speaker 1: described in a number of sources as possibly after a 642 00:41:52,120 --> 00:41:58,000 Speaker 1: tarantula bite. The idea of a wound becoming infected way 643 00:41:58,040 --> 00:42:01,560 Speaker 1: more likely than and it necessarily would have been today. 644 00:42:02,800 --> 00:42:06,200 Speaker 1: But yeah, I don't I don't know for sure where 645 00:42:06,239 --> 00:42:09,399 Speaker 1: that comes from, whether that came from her writing, other 646 00:42:09,400 --> 00:42:13,120 Speaker 1: people's writing, what exactly. But thank you so much Janelle 647 00:42:13,160 --> 00:42:16,839 Speaker 1: for number one that information about tarantula's and number two, 648 00:42:16,960 --> 00:42:21,479 Speaker 1: these great tarantula pictures looking like she stuck a paw 649 00:42:21,600 --> 00:42:26,240 Speaker 1: in a light socket is a great description of this tarantula, 650 00:42:27,200 --> 00:42:32,280 Speaker 1: which tarantula is black but has these white, very sticky, 651 00:42:32,320 --> 00:42:37,160 Speaker 1: outy hairs. There's probably a specific name for what those 652 00:42:37,239 --> 00:42:39,120 Speaker 1: hairs on a tarantula, I don't call. Would those be 653 00:42:39,160 --> 00:42:40,280 Speaker 1: considered guard hairs? 654 00:42:40,320 --> 00:42:43,160 Speaker 2: I don't know. I was gonna say cillia, and that's not. 655 00:42:44,280 --> 00:42:46,680 Speaker 1: That undercoat that sticks out is called the guard hair, 656 00:42:46,800 --> 00:42:49,920 Speaker 1: But yeah, I don't know if that applies to tarantula's. Yeah, 657 00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:52,360 Speaker 1: I still love them. I'm a little scared to handle 658 00:42:52,400 --> 00:42:56,000 Speaker 1: them now, not out of fear for myself, but because 659 00:42:56,040 --> 00:42:58,720 Speaker 1: now I know enough to know that they are delicate 660 00:42:58,760 --> 00:43:02,920 Speaker 1: and I could and that's I'm worried that I will 661 00:43:02,960 --> 00:43:05,680 Speaker 1: Elmira Duff would be so excited that I will accidentally 662 00:43:05,719 --> 00:43:06,360 Speaker 1: hurt them. 663 00:43:06,440 --> 00:43:08,680 Speaker 2: Yes, so thank you again. 664 00:43:10,560 --> 00:43:12,600 Speaker 1: Also come back on Friday because we're gonna talk some 665 00:43:12,640 --> 00:43:13,479 Speaker 1: more on behind the scenes. 666 00:43:13,480 --> 00:43:16,279 Speaker 2: We were talking more about Petra. We've already determined this. 667 00:43:18,239 --> 00:43:19,960 Speaker 1: If you'd like to send us a note, we're at 668 00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:24,160 Speaker 1: History Podcasts at iHeartRadio dot com and we're a you know, 669 00:43:24,480 --> 00:43:28,000 Speaker 1: in every podcast player that you can find, include the 670 00:43:28,000 --> 00:43:33,080 Speaker 1: iHeartRadio app and anywhere else you'll like to get your podcasts. 671 00:43:36,960 --> 00:43:39,120 Speaker 1: Stuff you missed in History Class is a production of 672 00:43:39,200 --> 00:43:43,880 Speaker 1: iHeartRadio for more podcasts from iHeartRadio, visit the iHeartRadio app, 673 00:43:43,960 --> 00:43:47,160 Speaker 1: Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.