WEBVTT - How Frogs Work 0:00:01.120 --> 0:00:04.600 Welcome to Stuff you should know from how Stuff Works 0:00:04.600 --> 0:00:13.560 dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark, 0:00:13.600 --> 0:00:21.520 and there's Charles w Rivet Bryant, there's Jerry or Budweiser ruling. 0:00:22.480 --> 0:00:29.080 Oh man, that's a call back the Budweiser frogs. Yep, man, 0:00:29.320 --> 0:00:31.800 they were no spuds mackenzie. I'll tell you that. I 0:00:31.800 --> 0:00:34.760 remember when they're on their lily pads going what's up? 0:00:35.080 --> 0:00:40.319 Oh yeah, I love that guy. Those guys, those guys. Man. 0:00:40.360 --> 0:00:42.760 We've seen a lot of ads in our lifetime, haven't we. 0:00:42.760 --> 0:00:45.320 We've recorded a lot of ads our lifetime. We have. 0:00:45.400 --> 0:00:48.760 We've really been contributing to the pile. How you feeling 0:00:49.600 --> 0:00:54.360 I'm feeling great? Are you feeling froggy? I'm really sorry. 0:00:54.400 --> 0:00:58.520 I had no idea this is gonna happen. Um, I 0:00:58.560 --> 0:01:01.480 am feeling froggy. And right off the bat, we should 0:01:01.480 --> 0:01:05.080 go ahead and thank Tracy TV Wilson. Tracy V. Wilson 0:01:05.800 --> 0:01:08.480 stuff you missed in history class, because this is one 0:01:08.520 --> 0:01:13.400 of her great great animal articles. Yep, she's written the best. 0:01:13.800 --> 0:01:17.680 She really has. Um. This one doesn't contain the words 0:01:17.880 --> 0:01:22.720 mouth what was it? Mouth parts? Mouth parts? Yeah, she 0:01:22.800 --> 0:01:25.560 tried to work it in. She just it got edited out. 0:01:25.640 --> 0:01:29.680 I think. Um, so we are we're talking frogs today, Chuck. 0:01:29.880 --> 0:01:32.240 I can't believe we haven't talked about them before. I know, 0:01:32.400 --> 0:01:36.000 I love frogs, Um, I love them too. And it's 0:01:36.000 --> 0:01:38.960 sad for us then, because it turns out that frogs 0:01:39.000 --> 0:01:44.720 apparently are going extinct at an alarming rate. Entire species 0:01:44.800 --> 0:01:47.800 just dropping off the face of the earth. In fact, 0:01:48.040 --> 0:01:51.800 one species one extinct here in our fair city of Atlanta. 0:01:51.920 --> 0:01:57.120 Did you know that? Really? Yeah? Last um, oh, September 0:01:57.120 --> 0:01:59.240 of two thousand and sixteen, so about a year ago, 0:01:59.800 --> 0:02:04.560 the very last RABS fringe limbed tree frog died at 0:02:04.560 --> 0:02:09.000 the Atlanta Botanical Garden. His name was Toughy, and uh, 0:02:09.160 --> 0:02:11.000 from what I understand, it didn't like to be handled. 0:02:11.400 --> 0:02:15.920 That was his, that was his choice, you know. So 0:02:16.160 --> 0:02:19.520 he was the last of it. The species was found 0:02:19.600 --> 0:02:23.960 I think in the late eighties or late nineties, and 0:02:25.120 --> 0:02:29.000 we figured out pretty quickly that they were endangered, and 0:02:29.080 --> 0:02:31.640 the last one that was heard in the wild was 0:02:31.720 --> 0:02:34.360 and I think two thousand five, and so they thought 0:02:34.400 --> 0:02:37.000 tough he was the last one. And so a frog 0:02:37.320 --> 0:02:41.240 species went extinct in Atlanta. And apparently that's just one 0:02:41.360 --> 0:02:44.760 domino out of many. That's that's going on right now. 0:02:44.800 --> 0:02:48.240 There was a study from two thousand fifteen that concluded 0:02:48.760 --> 0:02:53.639 three which is about two hundred species of frog species 0:02:54.160 --> 0:02:57.880 have gone extinct since the nineteen seventies, right, which is like, wow, 0:02:58.000 --> 0:03:00.360 that's it seems like a lot prepared are for it 0:03:00.400 --> 0:03:03.760 to seem like even more? Are you ready for this? So? 0:03:04.400 --> 0:03:09.200 Amphibians and reptiles have really high extinction rates as it is. 0:03:09.680 --> 0:03:13.680 They apparently have an extinction rate of about ten thousand 0:03:13.840 --> 0:03:19.320 times other animals, and frog's extinction rate is higher than 0:03:19.360 --> 0:03:24.040 most other amphibians and reptiles. So the frogs are going fast. 0:03:24.160 --> 0:03:26.600 And the reason why it matters, besides the fact that 0:03:26.600 --> 0:03:29.359 we love frogs, is that they're also known as an 0:03:29.360 --> 0:03:33.919 indicator species. They're particularly fragile, they're found all over the world, 0:03:34.400 --> 0:03:37.040 and they seem to be trying to tell us that 0:03:37.080 --> 0:03:41.720 the Earth is going lopsided as far as well the 0:03:42.600 --> 0:03:46.560 global ecosystem goes. That's sad. Yeah, I remember we talked 0:03:46.560 --> 0:03:50.600 about those and I think was it charismatic megaphona? Yeah? 0:03:50.600 --> 0:03:53.760 I guess so. All right, so you might as well 0:03:55.080 --> 0:03:57.480 get into this, almost said jump into this. But now 0:03:57.520 --> 0:04:02.640 I'm hyper aware of bad frog buns. Yeah. Sorry. Uh so, 0:04:02.720 --> 0:04:06.600 Tracy makes a great point here. Um, talking about frogs, 0:04:06.600 --> 0:04:10.040 and if you just said there with three percent of 0:04:10.120 --> 0:04:13.720 there's of different species is two hundred, So that shows 0:04:13.720 --> 0:04:16.960 you how many different species there are. Um, it's difficult 0:04:17.000 --> 0:04:20.719 to kind of talk about frogs in one big sweeping 0:04:20.760 --> 0:04:25.880 way because they differ so much, um, species to species. 0:04:25.880 --> 0:04:28.919 They can be what is it, the gold frog is 0:04:29.000 --> 0:04:33.279 less than a centimeter, then you have goliath frogs that 0:04:33.360 --> 0:04:39.320 are over a foot at detail a foot thirty two centimeters. Yeah, 0:04:39.360 --> 0:04:41.360 a lot of them. Um, A lot of them like 0:04:41.440 --> 0:04:42.840 to be out at night. Some of them are more 0:04:42.880 --> 0:04:45.800 active in the morning, in the afternoon. Sometimes they live 0:04:45.880 --> 0:04:49.960 for a couple of years. Sometimes they live well, not 0:04:50.080 --> 0:04:53.080 many many years, but several years. Yeah. One one of 0:04:53.120 --> 0:04:55.160 the main things that frogs are known for, it's just 0:04:55.240 --> 0:04:59.720 croaking or ribbiting. That's it would seem like that's universal. 0:04:59.800 --> 0:05:03.159 It's not. There's plenty of species that don't make any noise. Yeah, 0:05:03.279 --> 0:05:07.520 you think of green or brown. Uh, there are pink frogs, right, 0:05:07.920 --> 0:05:11.960 all kinds of colors. They are blue frogs. Um. The 0:05:12.000 --> 0:05:15.479 difference between toads and frogs isn't We might as well 0:05:15.560 --> 0:05:19.760 just consider one thing from what I can tell, right, Yeah, toads. True, 0:05:19.800 --> 0:05:25.960 toads belong to the Boufonidae family. Pretty sure, there's a 0:05:26.000 --> 0:05:28.400 better way to say it. But it's a specific family 0:05:28.480 --> 0:05:31.679 that belongs to the order and Eura, which all frogs 0:05:31.720 --> 0:05:35.480 belong to the order of Eura. So toads are frogs. 0:05:35.480 --> 0:05:39.480 But even within that distinction, Um, there are some things 0:05:39.560 --> 0:05:42.799 that they're like, no, that's actually a toad. Like toads 0:05:42.839 --> 0:05:45.320 tend to have eyes that are lower on its head, 0:05:45.760 --> 0:05:49.080 more football shaped, whereas a frog has eyes higher up 0:05:49.080 --> 0:05:53.280 on its head and they're usually quite round, right, Um, 0:05:53.360 --> 0:05:57.360 But there are certain toads that have those kind of eyes, 0:05:57.400 --> 0:06:00.760 and there's certain frogs that have toad like eyes. Like 0:06:00.839 --> 0:06:05.360 there's there's really you can't pin frogs down unless you're 0:06:05.360 --> 0:06:08.960 in science class. Right, even with their tails. That was 0:06:09.080 --> 0:06:13.360 great man, by the way, But even with their tails, right, 0:06:13.400 --> 0:06:16.679 So their their order, like I just said, a NeuRA 0:06:16.920 --> 0:06:20.039 means tail lists and it's it separates them from the 0:06:20.120 --> 0:06:25.080 other amphibians. Um. The fact that frogs don't have tails 0:06:25.240 --> 0:06:29.599 across the board. Actually no, there's two species that have tails. Yeah, 0:06:29.600 --> 0:06:32.599 they're very vexing. There's a coastal tailed frog and the 0:06:32.600 --> 0:06:36.159 mountain tailed frog. Uh and I looked them up. You know, 0:06:36.160 --> 0:06:39.760 they're little tiny tails and they are the reproductive organs. 0:06:40.560 --> 0:06:42.880 It's a penis then, I don't understand why they don't 0:06:42.920 --> 0:06:45.680 just call it like the penis frog. There actually is 0:06:45.680 --> 0:06:49.839 a scrotum frog on Get this, there's a scrotum frog 0:06:49.920 --> 0:06:54.120 population at Lake Titty Kaka. You can't make this up. 0:06:54.600 --> 0:06:56.880 This is what frogs are here for. It's just to 0:06:56.920 --> 0:06:59.760 say amazing things. Here's one thing I didn't know, and 0:06:59.760 --> 0:07:03.679 we're gonna be dropping in frog facts throughout. Um they molt. 0:07:03.920 --> 0:07:07.600 I had no idea that frogs can mold. Every two 0:07:07.680 --> 0:07:11.400 days they can mold, and they start out by um 0:07:11.440 --> 0:07:14.800 eating their own skin around its mouth. They basically eat 0:07:14.840 --> 0:07:19.000 the skin around the mouth, then pull pull the rest 0:07:19.000 --> 0:07:20.800 of their skin over their head like a like a 0:07:20.840 --> 0:07:23.480 dirty T shirt, and then they eat that like a 0:07:23.480 --> 0:07:27.400 dirty T shirt. Imagine that, man, Like you know when 0:07:27.400 --> 0:07:29.760 you get like a little your lip gets chopped and 0:07:29.760 --> 0:07:31.560 you kind of bite it like a little piece and 0:07:31.600 --> 0:07:34.800 you pull it off. Oh man, it's a little raw. 0:07:35.320 --> 0:07:39.239 We'll imagine if that piece was like your your whole skin. Yeah, 0:07:39.440 --> 0:07:43.000 and then you'd be a frog or a toad either one. 0:07:43.080 --> 0:07:46.239 I think I'm more done with the toads because frogs 0:07:46.240 --> 0:07:52.120 are generally the slicker skin. Um. Toads are the ones 0:07:52.160 --> 0:07:54.960 that kind of have the bumpy, dryer skin. And I 0:07:55.000 --> 0:07:57.320 think they're the ones like when you pick them up 0:07:57.320 --> 0:07:59.880 and look at them, they like stare into your soul? Right? 0:08:00.120 --> 0:08:03.480 Get you trying to talk the toads? Do I think? So? Huh? 0:08:03.680 --> 0:08:06.200 Am I getting that confused with frogs? I don't know. 0:08:06.520 --> 0:08:09.119 Have you ever kissed a frog? No? But I would 0:08:10.120 --> 0:08:13.000 under what circumstances. I don't know. A couple of drinks, 0:08:13.440 --> 0:08:16.840 a frog or a toad? Who would you kiss either one? 0:08:16.920 --> 0:08:19.360 I would kiss a toad, but then I would be 0:08:19.400 --> 0:08:23.400 a little just because I love animals, um and think 0:08:23.400 --> 0:08:27.040 they all deserve affection. But I would not. I would 0:08:27.080 --> 0:08:30.440 think twice. And we're gonna go over this later, but um, 0:08:30.560 --> 0:08:35.160 licking a frog for hallucinogenic h good times? Yeah, you 0:08:35.240 --> 0:08:37.800 might want to think even more than twice. Yeah, I would. 0:08:37.800 --> 0:08:40.520 I would. I would not want to go down that road, right, 0:08:41.400 --> 0:08:43.400 But well, we'll get to that. There's I think you 0:08:43.400 --> 0:08:47.240 can kiss a frog and not necessarily hallucinate. You can. 0:08:47.400 --> 0:08:49.120 You just have to plan it right on its big 0:08:49.160 --> 0:08:52.280 old mouth really likes she will be like, here, take 0:08:52.360 --> 0:08:54.440 my skin. I was gonna eat it myself, but you 0:08:54.480 --> 0:08:58.320 can have it. So the reason why I made that 0:08:58.400 --> 0:09:03.000 bad but good science joke about pinning frogs down is 0:09:03.880 --> 0:09:07.720 they are one of the go to animals that you 0:09:07.760 --> 0:09:12.000 will dissect in school. And the reason why they're one 0:09:12.040 --> 0:09:15.400 of the go to animals it's not just because teachers 0:09:15.440 --> 0:09:19.520 hate frogs, or that teachers love frogs, but it's that 0:09:19.840 --> 0:09:27.079 frogs they're trying to teach kids about internal organs um 0:09:27.120 --> 0:09:28.960 and not that of a frog. They're trying to teach 0:09:29.000 --> 0:09:31.840 them about themselves. Because it turns out when you cut 0:09:31.840 --> 0:09:35.280 open a frog, you might remember this, it's not a 0:09:35.360 --> 0:09:40.920 circuit board or a series of um balloons or golf balls. 0:09:41.440 --> 0:09:44.480 When you cut open a frog, their heart and lungs 0:09:44.559 --> 0:09:46.880 and a stomach and a pancreas and a gall bladder 0:09:46.960 --> 0:09:50.200 and intestines and a liver. Yeah, largely connected in in 0:09:50.800 --> 0:09:53.600 the way that's similar to humans. Yeah, just all packed 0:09:53.640 --> 0:09:57.800 in that tiny little guy. I mean, they're all tiny organs, 0:09:58.200 --> 0:10:01.680 very cute, too appropriately sized. Yeah, they are cute. Remember 0:10:01.679 --> 0:10:08.240 that smell though formaldehyde. The formaldehyde stink of death, and 0:10:08.320 --> 0:10:11.599 it was not a good smell. It was not good um. 0:10:11.679 --> 0:10:14.880 And so beyond just the internal organs to chuck. Like, 0:10:14.920 --> 0:10:18.640 if you look at a frog skeleton, especially like it's arms, 0:10:18.640 --> 0:10:23.000 it's extremities, it bears a resemblance to a human anatomy 0:10:23.040 --> 0:10:26.480 as well. Right, for sure, you've got humorous, a radia, 0:10:26.800 --> 0:10:31.240 a radius, and the ulna, just like with your arm. 0:10:31.559 --> 0:10:35.120 And then the frog's legs in back, they have a femur, 0:10:35.280 --> 0:10:38.760 a tibia, and a fibula just like your legs too. Yeah, 0:10:38.760 --> 0:10:41.599 the only difference is the radius and ulnar refused, and 0:10:41.720 --> 0:10:45.080 the tibia and fibula are fused where the not in 0:10:45.080 --> 0:10:50.240 our bodies. And they have scapula and and clavicles, collar 0:10:50.280 --> 0:10:54.360 bones and shoulder blades too. Right, So like there's just 0:10:54.400 --> 0:10:59.160 basically little people with big mouths sort of. Well, there's 0:10:59.160 --> 0:11:01.800 actually some big princes to they have fingers and toes, 0:11:02.480 --> 0:11:05.360 they do. They have usually and again it's tough to 0:11:05.440 --> 0:11:10.800 generalize here, but a lot of frogs have four fingers 0:11:10.840 --> 0:11:14.360 in the front on their front feet and five on 0:11:14.400 --> 0:11:17.440 their back. Yeah, and these little digits are gonna be 0:11:18.240 --> 0:11:21.120 they're gonna vary from species to species according to what 0:11:21.559 --> 0:11:25.120 the frogs um locomotion needs are. So like, if it's 0:11:25.120 --> 0:11:27.760 a tree frog, they're gonna be long and flexi so 0:11:27.800 --> 0:11:31.720 they can grab stuff. If they're swimmers, and all frogs 0:11:31.760 --> 0:11:34.800 and toads, we should point out need water to live. Yeah, 0:11:34.840 --> 0:11:37.880 we really have to get into that part um, which 0:11:37.960 --> 0:11:41.160 we will. But they have little webbed feet in toes 0:11:41.400 --> 0:11:44.040 of course. Yeah, it makes it easier for them to swim. 0:11:44.120 --> 0:11:47.200 And what about the little burrowers, Yes, some of them. 0:11:47.240 --> 0:11:50.520 I get the impression that they burrow um to hibernate 0:11:50.600 --> 0:11:56.520 or estivate emilio estivate. We're feeling silly today, huh. I 0:11:56.559 --> 0:11:58.520 was watching Breakfast Club last night for the first time 0:11:58.559 --> 0:12:01.120 in years. How was it? It holds up? And I 0:12:01.360 --> 0:12:03.960 know that movie by heart. It's really remarkable how well 0:12:04.000 --> 0:12:06.719 I know that movie. But it does hold up, I think. 0:12:06.760 --> 0:12:12.320 So the only thing that you know, like, it's not 0:12:12.360 --> 0:12:16.560 a very diverse movie, like no, you know, five five 0:12:16.559 --> 0:12:19.480 white kids and a white principle throwing a little bit 0:12:19.520 --> 0:12:22.480 of casual racism here there. Yeah, but I mean, you know, 0:12:22.559 --> 0:12:26.920 John Hughes has been accused of that in recent years. Yeah, 0:12:27.120 --> 0:12:30.760 just Long Duck Dong was his too, Huh Yeah, of course. 0:12:31.040 --> 0:12:34.720 Um and like the only time there were um, people 0:12:34.720 --> 0:12:37.280 of different ethnicities in his movies, they were kind of 0:12:37.600 --> 0:12:42.080 joked about or aped. I'm sure it's funny how history 0:12:42.120 --> 0:12:45.080 can just like turn on you. You know. Yeah, he 0:12:45.160 --> 0:12:48.240 was probably like, wait, no, everybody loves me. I'm John Hughes. 0:12:48.320 --> 0:12:51.080 What do you mean we were all we all thought 0:12:51.160 --> 0:12:53.680 this was great. Don't you remember I'm John Hughes. Don't 0:12:53.720 --> 0:12:57.640 you know me? Yeah, it's very sad. Yeah, he was 0:12:57.679 --> 0:13:04.320 gone too soon. Um where were we? Familia west of Best? Oh? Yeah, 0:13:04.360 --> 0:13:09.640 the Amilio estivate, which is like hibernation in warm temperatures, 0:13:09.640 --> 0:13:12.160 you're hot temperatures when it gets so hot out that 0:13:12.280 --> 0:13:15.120 for all intents and purposes, you can't go hunt. You're 0:13:15.160 --> 0:13:17.720 just like it's too hot. Yeah, I'm gonna dig myself 0:13:17.760 --> 0:13:20.760 a little hole and and lay here until it cools 0:13:20.760 --> 0:13:23.320 off a little bit. Yeah. And the whole point of 0:13:23.360 --> 0:13:27.040 that was is that their feet, uh and hands are 0:13:27.120 --> 0:13:32.319 shorter and wider like shovels, and like Amelia West of Best. Ironically, yeah, 0:13:32.640 --> 0:13:35.240 that guy can dig a hole faster than anyone you've 0:13:35.280 --> 0:13:38.040 ever seen. Uh, what are some of the different things. 0:13:38.120 --> 0:13:40.000 They don't have necks. You ever look at a frog, 0:13:41.000 --> 0:13:42.440 you know it did? He didn't have a big, long 0:13:42.520 --> 0:13:44.240 neck that turns around and looks at you. They're just 0:13:44.280 --> 0:13:48.600 sort of these little squat heads sitting directly on their bodies. Yeah, 0:13:48.720 --> 0:13:52.040 like Fred Blint style. Yeah. And they as a result, 0:13:52.120 --> 0:13:54.240 they can't turn their heads right. You can't lift them 0:13:54.320 --> 0:13:56.559 up or down or turn them. If a frog ever 0:13:56.559 --> 0:13:58.040 turns his head and looks at you, then that is 0:13:58.120 --> 0:14:01.800 a evil possessed frog. Which I mean if a frog 0:14:01.840 --> 0:14:05.439 sitting there staring at you, especially if they're suddenly joined 0:14:05.440 --> 0:14:10.880 by some companions, you should probably run away. There's just 0:14:10.960 --> 0:14:13.600 something super creepy about him. I can't remember the movie Chuck, 0:14:13.679 --> 0:14:16.360 what is the horror movie that features lots and lots 0:14:16.360 --> 0:14:18.959 of frogs? No, I don't know. It's like the Point 0:14:19.000 --> 0:14:21.680 of Them. I can't remember the name of it from 0:14:21.680 --> 0:14:25.680 the eighties, I believe, I don't know. I will happily 0:14:26.600 --> 0:14:29.280 respond to anybody who writes it was it the day 0:14:29.280 --> 0:14:33.440 the frogs took over? That's right, the day the frogs 0:14:33.520 --> 0:14:38.120 to still frog frog Nato frogs with an exclamation point. 0:14:39.320 --> 0:14:43.600 What else they don't have ribs. Um, they have a 0:14:43.640 --> 0:14:46.280 pelvis that can slide up and down to help jump. 0:14:46.280 --> 0:14:50.320 Pretty cool. Which one the pelvis? Yeah, this is what 0:14:50.400 --> 0:14:52.320 it has, like a hole in it and it slides 0:14:52.360 --> 0:14:54.520 up and down the spine. I think so, so it 0:14:54.560 --> 0:14:58.520 can help it jump. Yeah, I think that's pretty cool. Um. 0:14:58.560 --> 0:15:02.920 And what else? I? Um, they they have well their 0:15:02.960 --> 0:15:07.920 eyes chucked the eyes they have? Um? So, like I said, 0:15:07.960 --> 0:15:10.120 frogs typically have eyes that sit on the top of 0:15:10.120 --> 0:15:14.440 their head and they can see quite well in a 0:15:14.520 --> 0:15:18.560 lot like a very wide angle. They have a wide, 0:15:18.960 --> 0:15:22.840 wide view. Spantage Point could have put that better, but 0:15:24.080 --> 0:15:26.360 that helps compensate for the fact that they can't turn 0:15:26.400 --> 0:15:31.920 their heads right. But apparently, as as Tracy says, there, 0:15:31.920 --> 0:15:35.480 what one eye is getting in information is not really 0:15:35.520 --> 0:15:38.800 overlapping with the other eye. So they don't have binocular vision. 0:15:38.840 --> 0:15:42.600 They have vision from two different eyes. And um that 0:15:42.680 --> 0:15:45.440 sounds like okay, whatever, who cares? But if you think 0:15:45.480 --> 0:15:49.240 about the depth perception it would take to pick a 0:15:49.280 --> 0:15:52.800 fly out of the air with your tongue, it suddenly 0:15:52.880 --> 0:15:56.200 becomes quite impressive that they don't seem to have binocular vision. 0:15:57.360 --> 0:16:00.200 And have you did you do it any any switch 0:16:00.240 --> 0:16:06.520 on their tongue, so chuck their tongue, right. They don't 0:16:06.640 --> 0:16:09.080 have a tongue that's anchored to the back of their 0:16:09.080 --> 0:16:11.840 mouth like we do. It's anchored to the front and 0:16:11.880 --> 0:16:14.200 they can throw it out. And there was this one 0:16:14.240 --> 0:16:16.680 researcher who I think is working out of Georgia Tech, 0:16:17.200 --> 0:16:20.640 who filmed leopard frogs and the leopard frog can catch 0:16:20.680 --> 0:16:24.560 an insect with its tongue in point zero seven seconds, 0:16:25.160 --> 0:16:31.520 which is five times faster than humans blink right, So um, 0:16:31.720 --> 0:16:34.880 researchers want to know, like, how are they doing that? 0:16:35.000 --> 0:16:37.640 If you're hitting a fly with your tongue, you're gonna 0:16:37.680 --> 0:16:41.120 knock it away from you. How do they grab it? Right? 0:16:41.480 --> 0:16:43.960 They figured that yes, there was something sticky and they 0:16:44.000 --> 0:16:49.240 they they determined that frog saliva is a non newtonium fluid, 0:16:49.280 --> 0:16:52.360 which remember we covered that in the Catchup episode. And 0:16:52.440 --> 0:16:57.360 just like catch Up, a frog saliva can turn sticky 0:16:57.480 --> 0:17:00.600 um or it can turn less sticky when you apply 0:17:00.720 --> 0:17:03.520 force to it. So when the tongue and this saliva 0:17:03.640 --> 0:17:07.399 on the tongue more importantly comes in contact forcefully with 0:17:07.440 --> 0:17:10.840 an insect, it thins out and it covers the insect. 0:17:11.240 --> 0:17:14.880 But the moment it starts coming back and in the 0:17:14.920 --> 0:17:18.119 force reverses, and I'm sure I just got that wrong. 0:17:18.480 --> 0:17:23.240 I'm gonna hear about about physics from everybody. But once 0:17:23.280 --> 0:17:26.960 it stops being thin, it goes back to being viscous 0:17:26.960 --> 0:17:30.080 and somewhat sticky. And so now the fly or the 0:17:30.119 --> 0:17:32.879 insect has been covered in the sticky goo and is 0:17:32.920 --> 0:17:35.400 attached to the tongue is being brought it back into 0:17:35.440 --> 0:17:39.040 the frog's mouth, and all that happens and less than 0:17:39.880 --> 0:17:44.520 uh eight hundreds of a second. I'm sure they have 0:17:44.560 --> 0:17:48.560 some pretty super cool slow now, yeah, they do for sure. Well, 0:17:48.600 --> 0:17:51.679 but since you mentioned the tongue though, because uh it 0:17:51.800 --> 0:17:53.560 isn't anchor in the back of their mouths, they can't 0:17:53.640 --> 0:17:56.639 use the tongue to push food down. So when a 0:17:56.680 --> 0:17:59.240 frog eats that there, they also don't have like a 0:17:59.320 --> 0:18:02.600 jaw that they can chew like you would think, you know, 0:18:02.680 --> 0:18:05.560 like humans do. Um, so they just swallow it in 0:18:05.600 --> 0:18:07.440 a couple of gulps. And they actually, since you can't 0:18:07.520 --> 0:18:11.200 use their tongue, they use their eyeballs their eyes sink 0:18:11.280 --> 0:18:14.520 into the skull to push food down. So I just 0:18:14.520 --> 0:18:17.680 have to ask Chuck, where do frogs stand in relation 0:18:17.760 --> 0:18:26.960 to jellyfish? And OCTOPI. Now wow, um, not ahead of 0:18:27.000 --> 0:18:31.159 those two? Okay, so third, fourth, fifth, seventeen. Well, if 0:18:31.160 --> 0:18:33.920 we're talking all animals, um, I don't know where to 0:18:34.000 --> 0:18:37.240 rank them, but we're talking crazy stuff, you should know animals. 0:18:37.600 --> 0:18:42.199 I would go with number three for now. Okay. Uh. 0:18:42.280 --> 0:18:46.879 And on those eyes, they have what's called a ah 0:18:47.119 --> 0:18:51.920 nictitating is that right? Nictitating membrane. So you've probably seen 0:18:52.520 --> 0:18:55.840 when frogs or toads go to dive under water, they 0:18:55.840 --> 0:18:58.600 have a film like, uh, what's the other animal that 0:18:58.680 --> 0:19:02.399 does that? It seems like we talked about that, we 0:19:02.480 --> 0:19:06.560 have a film that covers the eye. I think alligators probably. 0:19:06.600 --> 0:19:10.480 Oh that sounds about right. I think that's right, yeah, 0:19:10.520 --> 0:19:14.160 which would make sense because alligators are reptiles yea, and 0:19:14.680 --> 0:19:18.080 these guys are somewhat related to reptiles. Al Right, So 0:19:18.320 --> 0:19:23.560 that's a lot of initial frog stuff body frog body stuff. 0:19:24.200 --> 0:19:27.600 So let's take a break. Uh, let's talk a little 0:19:27.640 --> 0:19:55.600 bit more about frog body stuff. All right, all right, dude, 0:19:55.600 --> 0:19:59.400 so we're back. Let's we're about to talk about frogs 0:19:59.440 --> 0:20:03.240 getting it uh well quickly though, we never mentioned the ears. 0:20:04.240 --> 0:20:06.119 Oh yeah, that's a big one. You probably notice that 0:20:06.160 --> 0:20:09.120 frogs don't have these big funny ears that stick off 0:20:09.119 --> 0:20:12.639 their head. They do have ears, they're just not external. 0:20:13.000 --> 0:20:16.000 That would be hilarious. They just said a little they did, 0:20:16.119 --> 0:20:19.200 that would be funny. They just had a little, uh, tympanum, 0:20:19.240 --> 0:20:22.800 the little ear drum behind each eye. Yeah, and you can, 0:20:22.800 --> 0:20:25.960 apparently if you know what you're doing. And most frog 0:20:26.040 --> 0:20:29.119 species tell whether a frog is a male or a 0:20:29.160 --> 0:20:34.120 female based on the size of their tympanum to their eyeball. 0:20:34.520 --> 0:20:37.600 In a male, I think the tympanum is bigger than 0:20:37.640 --> 0:20:39.960 the eye, and in a female it's either about the 0:20:40.000 --> 0:20:43.480 same size or smaller. So there you go. Now you 0:20:43.520 --> 0:20:46.960 know frogs. And finally, we would be remiss without talking 0:20:46.960 --> 0:20:50.880 about the vocal sack because frogs and toads are are 0:20:51.160 --> 0:20:54.480 most known, at least to me, for that great, great 0:20:54.520 --> 0:20:57.120 sound they make in the evening time in the American 0:20:57.240 --> 0:21:02.160 South and all over the world. Yeah, it's pretty awesome. 0:21:02.200 --> 0:21:05.800 So you know, like you've seen pictures and video of frogs, 0:21:05.840 --> 0:21:09.840 like the skin under their chin just suddenly turns into 0:21:09.880 --> 0:21:12.680 a huge bubble. So what they're doing right then is 0:21:12.680 --> 0:21:15.280 they're taking in a tremendous amount of air and they're 0:21:15.320 --> 0:21:19.000 holding it in their vocals are in their air sack, right, 0:21:19.800 --> 0:21:23.800 and they're moving it, keeping it in their their air sack. 0:21:23.840 --> 0:21:26.280 They're not releasing it, but they're moving it around across 0:21:26.400 --> 0:21:29.200 their vocal cords. And that's what makes like the ribbit 0:21:29.280 --> 0:21:32.840 sound or the croaking or the trilling sound. And it's 0:21:32.840 --> 0:21:36.080 pretty awesome. Um. And one of the reasons why they're 0:21:36.119 --> 0:21:38.080 making those sounds, or at least one of the sounds, 0:21:38.160 --> 0:21:41.359 is they're attracting a mate right there talking to one another. 0:21:41.440 --> 0:21:44.800 They're saying, hey, what do you think? Yeah, And that 0:21:44.880 --> 0:21:47.399 sound can be everything from a croak to a ribbit 0:21:47.520 --> 0:21:49.960 to like, there's this I don't know, there may be 0:21:50.080 --> 0:21:52.080 more than one species, but there's this one. I've heard 0:21:52.080 --> 0:21:55.480 this summer that sounds and I've heard people call the 0:21:55.480 --> 0:21:59.040 police because it sounds like a child that's in danger. 0:22:00.359 --> 0:22:02.520 Can you do an impression of it? No, I wish 0:22:02.560 --> 0:22:05.560 I could. It's just super loud and it sounds like 0:22:05.600 --> 0:22:10.280 a child that's hurt. It's like a screaming sound. Oh, 0:22:10.320 --> 0:22:14.760 I've not heard of that one. Oh man, it's crazy sounding. Wow. Yeah, Well, 0:22:15.119 --> 0:22:16.600 I'll send you a link a bit, sure, there's a 0:22:16.640 --> 0:22:21.760 YouTube recording or something. It's like peacock's going, hell, it's 0:22:21.760 --> 0:22:23.439 off putting in there, and still say that to this 0:22:23.520 --> 0:22:26.520 day because of you, because we got a neighborhood peacock 0:22:26.640 --> 0:22:30.320 that I've talked about, so, Chuck. When frogs are making 0:22:30.359 --> 0:22:33.840 these mating calls, right, yes, they're saying, hey, baby, how's 0:22:33.840 --> 0:22:38.520 it going? Um? And the frog might come over, or 0:22:38.840 --> 0:22:42.720 the male frog might say, I like your look, I'm 0:22:42.760 --> 0:22:46.080 gonna climb on top of you. How about that? And 0:22:46.560 --> 0:22:50.760 there's actually because frogs are in a lot of cases 0:22:50.840 --> 0:22:54.840 not not sexually dimorphic, like you can't visually tell the 0:22:54.880 --> 0:22:58.200 difference between a male and a female frog of that species. 0:22:58.680 --> 0:23:01.760 Apparently that extends not just to us humans, but to 0:23:01.880 --> 0:23:05.640 frogs as well, because there's a something called a release 0:23:05.760 --> 0:23:11.040 call to where if male frog has mounted another male frog, 0:23:11.600 --> 0:23:14.359 the male frog that's been mounted, we'll have a release 0:23:14.440 --> 0:23:20.200 call saying like I'm a dude, buddy, um, keep looking. Yeah. 0:23:20.240 --> 0:23:24.480 Actually they've actually recorded that sound in uh nature. Oh yeah, 0:23:24.520 --> 0:23:26.840 And I think it's something like well wha, wha, wha, 0:23:26.880 --> 0:23:32.359 whoa right right, like you as a friend, so the 0:23:32.480 --> 0:23:35.240 frog will move on. It's funny that like they they 0:23:35.560 --> 0:23:38.280 get confused just from looking as well, and that it 0:23:38.359 --> 0:23:44.240 takes like a reactive process to handle that. You know. Yeah, 0:23:44.280 --> 0:23:48.280 it's called amplexus, which is the position that they're in. Yeah, 0:23:48.320 --> 0:23:51.400 that's the mounting position. Yeah, and the male literally gets 0:23:51.440 --> 0:23:54.480 on the back and class the four legs around the 0:23:54.840 --> 0:23:58.000 lady frog's middle and they can stay there for days 0:23:58.280 --> 0:24:02.399 like that however long. It's pretty much um, it's just 0:24:02.600 --> 0:24:06.480 a sensual seduction basically just waiting for the female to 0:24:06.600 --> 0:24:12.000 release her eggs and um. As far as reproduction goes, 0:24:12.359 --> 0:24:14.119 and this is something that we all learned about when 0:24:14.160 --> 0:24:16.920 we were little kids with frogs with the tadpoles where 0:24:16.920 --> 0:24:19.360 we'll get into that, but the general rule of fun 0:24:19.440 --> 0:24:23.480 with most is that they're all sexual reproducers, and all 0:24:23.640 --> 0:24:27.520 frogs and toads will be hatched from an egg. Depending 0:24:27.560 --> 0:24:30.040 on how they come out, there's big differences to like 0:24:31.040 --> 0:24:32.880 most I don't even want to say most. I saw 0:24:32.960 --> 0:24:36.440 somewhere like half of frogs come out fully formed, just 0:24:36.520 --> 0:24:41.280 super small, that's adorable, the all bet um. The other 0:24:41.720 --> 0:24:44.560 say half come out as tadpoles. And that's the one 0:24:44.600 --> 0:24:47.399 that like every little kid knows about. It's it's frog 0:24:47.840 --> 0:24:51.639 reproductive biology, right. Yeah, And depending on the species, they 0:24:51.680 --> 0:24:56.080 can do crazy adaptive things, like there's one species that incubates, 0:24:56.240 --> 0:24:59.879 like the female frog clears out her belly and then 0:25:00.000 --> 0:25:04.560