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Speaker 1: Welcome to Stuff you should know from how Stuff Works

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Speaker 1: dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark,

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Speaker 1: and there's Charles w Rivet Bryant, there's Jerry or Budweiser ruling.

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Speaker 1: Oh man, that's a call back the Budweiser frogs. Yep, man,

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Speaker 1: they were no spuds mackenzie. I'll tell you that. I

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Speaker 1: remember when they're on their lily pads going what's up?

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Speaker 1: Oh yeah, I love that guy. Those guys, those guys. Man.

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Speaker 1: We've seen a lot of ads in our lifetime, haven't we.

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Speaker 1: We've recorded a lot of ads our lifetime. We have.

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Speaker 1: We've really been contributing to the pile. How you feeling

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Speaker 1: I'm feeling great? Are you feeling froggy? I'm really sorry.

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Speaker 1: I had no idea this is gonna happen. Um, I

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Speaker 1: am feeling froggy. And right off the bat, we should

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Speaker 1: go ahead and thank Tracy TV Wilson. Tracy V. Wilson

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Speaker 1: stuff you missed in history class, because this is one

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Speaker 1: of her great great animal articles. Yep, she's written the best.

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Speaker 1: She really has. Um. This one doesn't contain the words

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Speaker 1: mouth what was it? Mouth parts? Mouth parts? Yeah, she

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Speaker 1: tried to work it in. She just it got edited out.

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Speaker 1: I think. Um, so we are we're talking frogs today, Chuck.

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Speaker 1: I can't believe we haven't talked about them before. I know,

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Speaker 1: I love frogs, Um, I love them too. And it's

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Speaker 1: sad for us then, because it turns out that frogs

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Speaker 1: apparently are going extinct at an alarming rate. Entire species

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Speaker 1: just dropping off the face of the earth. In fact,

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Speaker 1: one species one extinct here in our fair city of Atlanta.

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Speaker 1: Did you know that? Really? Yeah? Last um, oh, September

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Speaker 1: of two thousand and sixteen, so about a year ago,

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Speaker 1: the very last RABS fringe limbed tree frog died at

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Speaker 1: the Atlanta Botanical Garden. His name was Toughy, and uh,

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Speaker 1: from what I understand, it didn't like to be handled.

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Speaker 1: That was his, that was his choice, you know. So

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Speaker 1: he was the last of it. The species was found

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Speaker 1: I think in the late eighties or late nineties, and

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Speaker 1: we figured out pretty quickly that they were endangered, and

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Speaker 1: the last one that was heard in the wild was

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Speaker 1: and I think two thousand five, and so they thought

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Speaker 1: tough he was the last one. And so a frog

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Speaker 1: species went extinct in Atlanta. And apparently that's just one

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Speaker 1: domino out of many. That's that's going on right now.

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Speaker 1: There was a study from two thousand fifteen that concluded

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Speaker 1: three which is about two hundred species of frog species

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Speaker 1: have gone extinct since the nineteen seventies, right, which is like, wow,

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Speaker 1: that's it seems like a lot prepared are for it

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Speaker 1: to seem like even more? Are you ready for this? So?

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Speaker 1: Amphibians and reptiles have really high extinction rates as it is.

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Speaker 1: They apparently have an extinction rate of about ten thousand

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Speaker 1: times other animals, and frog's extinction rate is higher than

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Speaker 1: most other amphibians and reptiles. So the frogs are going fast.

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Speaker 1: And the reason why it matters, besides the fact that

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Speaker 1: we love frogs, is that they're also known as an

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Speaker 1: indicator species. They're particularly fragile, they're found all over the world,

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Speaker 1: and they seem to be trying to tell us that

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Speaker 1: the Earth is going lopsided as far as well the

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Speaker 1: global ecosystem goes. That's sad. Yeah, I remember we talked

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Speaker 1: about those and I think was it charismatic megaphona? Yeah?

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Speaker 1: I guess so. All right, so you might as well

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Speaker 1: get into this, almost said jump into this. But now

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Speaker 1: I'm hyper aware of bad frog buns. Yeah. Sorry. Uh so,

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Speaker 1: Tracy makes a great point here. Um, talking about frogs,

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Speaker 1: and if you just said there with three percent of

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Speaker 1: there's of different species is two hundred, So that shows

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Speaker 1: you how many different species there are. Um, it's difficult

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Speaker 1: to kind of talk about frogs in one big sweeping

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Speaker 1: way because they differ so much, um, species to species.

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Speaker 1: They can be what is it, the gold frog is

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Speaker 1: less than a centimeter, then you have goliath frogs that

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Speaker 1: are over a foot at detail a foot thirty two centimeters. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: a lot of them. Um, A lot of them like

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Speaker 1: to be out at night. Some of them are more

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Speaker 1: active in the morning, in the afternoon. Sometimes they live

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Speaker 1: for a couple of years. Sometimes they live well, not

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Speaker 1: many many years, but several years. Yeah. One one of

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Speaker 1: the main things that frogs are known for, it's just

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Speaker 1: croaking or ribbiting. That's it would seem like that's universal.

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Speaker 1: It's not. There's plenty of species that don't make any noise. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: you think of green or brown. Uh, there are pink frogs, right,

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Speaker 1: all kinds of colors. They are blue frogs. Um. The

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Speaker 1: difference between toads and frogs isn't We might as well

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Speaker 1: just consider one thing from what I can tell, right, Yeah, toads. True,

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Speaker 1: toads belong to the Boufonidae family. Pretty sure, there's a

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Speaker 1: better way to say it. But it's a specific family

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Speaker 1: that belongs to the order and Eura, which all frogs

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Speaker 1: belong to the order of Eura. So toads are frogs.

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Speaker 1: But even within that distinction, Um, there are some things

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Speaker 1: that they're like, no, that's actually a toad. Like toads

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Speaker 1: tend to have eyes that are lower on its head,

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Speaker 1: more football shaped, whereas a frog has eyes higher up

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Speaker 1: on its head and they're usually quite round, right, Um,

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Speaker 1: But there are certain toads that have those kind of eyes,

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Speaker 1: and there's certain frogs that have toad like eyes. Like

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Speaker 1: there's there's really you can't pin frogs down unless you're

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Speaker 1: in science class. Right, even with their tails. That was

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Speaker 1: great man, by the way, But even with their tails, right,

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Speaker 1: So their their order, like I just said, a NeuRA

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Speaker 1: means tail lists and it's it separates them from the

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Speaker 1: other amphibians. Um. The fact that frogs don't have tails

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Speaker 1: across the board. Actually no, there's two species that have tails. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: they're very vexing. There's a coastal tailed frog and the

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Speaker 1: mountain tailed frog. Uh and I looked them up. You know,

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Speaker 1: they're little tiny tails and they are the reproductive organs.

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Speaker 1: It's a penis then, I don't understand why they don't

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Speaker 1: just call it like the penis frog. There actually is

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Speaker 1: a scrotum frog on Get this, there's a scrotum frog

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Speaker 1: population at Lake Titty Kaka. You can't make this up.

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Speaker 1: This is what frogs are here for. It's just to

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Speaker 1: say amazing things. Here's one thing I didn't know, and

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Speaker 1: we're gonna be dropping in frog facts throughout. Um they molt.

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Speaker 1: I had no idea that frogs can mold. Every two

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Speaker 1: days they can mold, and they start out by um

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Speaker 1: eating their own skin around its mouth. They basically eat

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Speaker 1: the skin around the mouth, then pull pull the rest

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Speaker 1: of their skin over their head like a like a

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Speaker 1: dirty T shirt, and then they eat that like a

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Speaker 1: dirty T shirt. Imagine that, man, Like you know when

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Speaker 1: you get like a little your lip gets chopped and

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Speaker 1: you kind of bite it like a little piece and

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Speaker 1: you pull it off. Oh man, it's a little raw.

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Speaker 1: We'll imagine if that piece was like your your whole skin. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: and then you'd be a frog or a toad either one.

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Speaker 1: I think I'm more done with the toads because frogs

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Speaker 1: are generally the slicker skin. Um. Toads are the ones

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Speaker 1: that kind of have the bumpy, dryer skin. And I

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Speaker 1: think they're the ones like when you pick them up

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Speaker 1: and look at them, they like stare into your soul? Right?

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Speaker 1: Get you trying to talk the toads? Do I think? So? Huh?

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Speaker 1: Am I getting that confused with frogs? I don't know.

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Speaker 1: Have you ever kissed a frog? No? But I would

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Speaker 1: under what circumstances. I don't know. A couple of drinks,

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Speaker 1: a frog or a toad? Who would you kiss either one?

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Speaker 1: I would kiss a toad, but then I would be

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Speaker 1: a little just because I love animals, um and think

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Speaker 1: they all deserve affection. But I would not. I would

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Speaker 1: think twice. And we're gonna go over this later, but um,

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Speaker 1: licking a frog for hallucinogenic h good times? Yeah, you

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Speaker 1: might want to think even more than twice. Yeah, I would.

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Speaker 1: I would. I would not want to go down that road, right,

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Speaker 1: But well, we'll get to that. There's I think you

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Speaker 1: can kiss a frog and not necessarily hallucinate. You can.

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Speaker 1: You just have to plan it right on its big

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Speaker 1: old mouth really likes she will be like, here, take

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Speaker 1: my skin. I was gonna eat it myself, but you

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Speaker 1: can have it. So the reason why I made that

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Speaker 1: bad but good science joke about pinning frogs down is

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Speaker 1: they are one of the go to animals that you

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Speaker 1: will dissect in school. And the reason why they're one

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Speaker 1: of the go to animals it's not just because teachers

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Speaker 1: hate frogs, or that teachers love frogs, but it's that

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Speaker 1: frogs they're trying to teach kids about internal organs um

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Speaker 1: and not that of a frog. They're trying to teach

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Speaker 1: them about themselves. Because it turns out when you cut

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Speaker 1: open a frog, you might remember this, it's not a

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Speaker 1: circuit board or a series of um balloons or golf balls.

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Speaker 1: When you cut open a frog, their heart and lungs

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Speaker 1: and a stomach and a pancreas and a gall bladder

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Speaker 1: and intestines and a liver. Yeah, largely connected in in

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Speaker 1: the way that's similar to humans. Yeah, just all packed

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Speaker 1: in that tiny little guy. I mean, they're all tiny organs,

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Speaker 1: very cute, too appropriately sized. Yeah, they are cute. Remember

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Speaker 1: that smell though formaldehyde. The formaldehyde stink of death, and

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Speaker 1: it was not a good smell. It was not good um.

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Speaker 1: And so beyond just the internal organs to chuck. Like,

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Speaker 1: if you look at a frog skeleton, especially like it's arms,

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Speaker 1: it's extremities, it bears a resemblance to a human anatomy

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Speaker 1: as well. Right, for sure, you've got humorous, a radia,

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Speaker 1: a radius, and the ulna, just like with your arm.

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Speaker 1: And then the frog's legs in back, they have a femur,

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Speaker 1: a tibia, and a fibula just like your legs too. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: the only difference is the radius and ulnar refused, and

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Speaker 1: the tibia and fibula are fused where the not in

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Speaker 1: our bodies. And they have scapula and and clavicles, collar

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Speaker 1: bones and shoulder blades too. Right, So like there's just

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Speaker 1: basically little people with big mouths sort of. Well, there's

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Speaker 1: actually some big princes to they have fingers and toes,

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Speaker 1: they do. They have usually and again it's tough to

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Speaker 1: generalize here, but a lot of frogs have four fingers

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Speaker 1: in the front on their front feet and five on

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Speaker 1: their back. Yeah, and these little digits are gonna be

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Speaker 1: they're gonna vary from species to species according to what

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Speaker 1: the frogs um locomotion needs are. So like, if it's

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Speaker 1: a tree frog, they're gonna be long and flexi so

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Speaker 1: they can grab stuff. If they're swimmers, and all frogs

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Speaker 1: and toads, we should point out need water to live. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: we really have to get into that part um, which

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Speaker 1: we will. But they have little webbed feet in toes

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Speaker 1: of course. Yeah, it makes it easier for them to swim.

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Speaker 1: And what about the little burrowers, Yes, some of them.

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Speaker 1: I get the impression that they burrow um to hibernate

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Speaker 1: or estivate emilio estivate. We're feeling silly today, huh. I

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Speaker 1: was watching Breakfast Club last night for the first time

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Speaker 1: in years. How was it? It holds up? And I

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Speaker 1: know that movie by heart. It's really remarkable how well

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Speaker 1: I know that movie. But it does hold up, I think.

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Speaker 1: So the only thing that you know, like, it's not

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Speaker 1: a very diverse movie, like no, you know, five five

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Speaker 1: white kids and a white principle throwing a little bit

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Speaker 1: of casual racism here there. Yeah, but I mean, you know,

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Speaker 1: John Hughes has been accused of that in recent years. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: just Long Duck Dong was his too, Huh Yeah, of course.

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Speaker 1: Um and like the only time there were um, people

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Speaker 1: of different ethnicities in his movies, they were kind of

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Speaker 1: joked about or aped. I'm sure it's funny how history

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Speaker 1: can just like turn on you. You know. Yeah, he

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Speaker 1: was probably like, wait, no, everybody loves me. I'm John Hughes.

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Speaker 1: What do you mean we were all we all thought

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Speaker 1: this was great. Don't you remember I'm John Hughes. Don't

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Speaker 1: you know me? Yeah, it's very sad. Yeah, he was

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Speaker 1: gone too soon. Um where were we? Familia west of Best? Oh? Yeah,

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Speaker 1: the Amilio estivate, which is like hibernation in warm temperatures,

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Speaker 1: you're hot temperatures when it gets so hot out that

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Speaker 1: for all intents and purposes, you can't go hunt. You're

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Speaker 1: just like it's too hot. Yeah, I'm gonna dig myself

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Speaker 1: a little hole and and lay here until it cools

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Speaker 1: off a little bit. Yeah. And the whole point of

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Speaker 1: that was is that their feet, uh and hands are

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Speaker 1: shorter and wider like shovels, and like Amelia West of Best. Ironically, yeah,

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Speaker 1: that guy can dig a hole faster than anyone you've

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Speaker 1: ever seen. Uh, what are some of the different things.

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Speaker 1: They don't have necks. You ever look at a frog,

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Speaker 1: you know it did? He didn't have a big, long

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Speaker 1: neck that turns around and looks at you. They're just

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Speaker 1: sort of these little squat heads sitting directly on their bodies. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: like Fred Blint style. Yeah. And they as a result,

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Speaker 1: they can't turn their heads right. You can't lift them

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Speaker 1: up or down or turn them. If a frog ever

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Speaker 1: turns his head and looks at you, then that is

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Speaker 1: a evil possessed frog. Which I mean if a frog

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Speaker 1: sitting there staring at you, especially if they're suddenly joined

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Speaker 1: by some companions, you should probably run away. There's just

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Speaker 1: something super creepy about him. I can't remember the movie Chuck,

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Speaker 1: what is the horror movie that features lots and lots

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Speaker 1: of frogs? No, I don't know. It's like the Point

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Speaker 1: of Them. I can't remember the name of it from

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Speaker 1: the eighties, I believe, I don't know. I will happily

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Speaker 1: respond to anybody who writes it was it the day

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Speaker 1: the frogs took over? That's right, the day the frogs

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Speaker 1: to still frog frog Nato frogs with an exclamation point.

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Speaker 1: What else they don't have ribs. Um, they have a

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Speaker 1: pelvis that can slide up and down to help jump.

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Speaker 1: Pretty cool. Which one the pelvis? Yeah, this is what

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Speaker 1: it has, like a hole in it and it slides

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Speaker 1: up and down the spine. I think so, so it

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Speaker 1: can help it jump. Yeah, I think that's pretty cool. Um.

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Speaker 1: And what else? I? Um, they they have well their

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Speaker 1: eyes chucked the eyes they have? Um? So, like I said,

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Speaker 1: frogs typically have eyes that sit on the top of

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Speaker 1: their head and they can see quite well in a

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Speaker 1: lot like a very wide angle. They have a wide,

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Speaker 1: wide view. Spantage Point could have put that better, but

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Speaker 1: that helps compensate for the fact that they can't turn

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Speaker 1: their heads right. But apparently, as as Tracy says, there,

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Speaker 1: what one eye is getting in information is not really

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Speaker 1: overlapping with the other eye. So they don't have binocular vision.

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Speaker 1: They have vision from two different eyes. And um that

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Speaker 1: sounds like okay, whatever, who cares? But if you think

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Speaker 1: about the depth perception it would take to pick a

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Speaker 1: fly out of the air with your tongue, it suddenly

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Speaker 1: becomes quite impressive that they don't seem to have binocular vision.

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Speaker 1: And have you did you do it any any switch

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Speaker 1: on their tongue, so chuck their tongue, right. They don't

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Speaker 1: have a tongue that's anchored to the back of their

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Speaker 1: mouth like we do. It's anchored to the front and

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Speaker 1: they can throw it out. And there was this one

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Speaker 1: researcher who I think is working out of Georgia Tech,

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Speaker 1: who filmed leopard frogs and the leopard frog can catch

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Speaker 1: an insect with its tongue in point zero seven seconds,

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Speaker 1: which is five times faster than humans blink right, So um,

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Speaker 1: researchers want to know, like, how are they doing that?

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Speaker 1: If you're hitting a fly with your tongue, you're gonna

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Speaker 1: knock it away from you. How do they grab it? Right?

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Speaker 1: They figured that yes, there was something sticky and they

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Speaker 1: they they determined that frog saliva is a non newtonium fluid,

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Speaker 1: which remember we covered that in the Catchup episode. And

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Speaker 1: just like catch Up, a frog saliva can turn sticky

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Speaker 1: um or it can turn less sticky when you apply

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Speaker 1: force to it. So when the tongue and this saliva

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Speaker 1: on the tongue more importantly comes in contact forcefully with

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Speaker 1: an insect, it thins out and it covers the insect.

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Speaker 1: But the moment it starts coming back and in the

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Speaker 1: force reverses, and I'm sure I just got that wrong.

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Speaker 1: I'm gonna hear about about physics from everybody. But once

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Speaker 1: it stops being thin, it goes back to being viscous

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Speaker 1: and somewhat sticky. And so now the fly or the

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Speaker 1: insect has been covered in the sticky goo and is

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Speaker 1: attached to the tongue is being brought it back into

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Speaker 1: the frog's mouth, and all that happens and less than

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Speaker 1: uh eight hundreds of a second. I'm sure they have

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Speaker 1: some pretty super cool slow now, yeah, they do for sure. Well,

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Speaker 1: but since you mentioned the tongue though, because uh it

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Speaker 1: isn't anchor in the back of their mouths, they can't

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Speaker 1: use the tongue to push food down. So when a

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Speaker 1: frog eats that there, they also don't have like a

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Speaker 1: jaw that they can chew like you would think, you know,

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Speaker 1: like humans do. Um, so they just swallow it in

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Speaker 1: a couple of gulps. And they actually, since you can't

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Speaker 1: use their tongue, they use their eyeballs their eyes sink

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Speaker 1: into the skull to push food down. So I just

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Speaker 1: have to ask Chuck, where do frogs stand in relation

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Speaker 1: to jellyfish? And OCTOPI. Now wow, um, not ahead of

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Speaker 1: those two? Okay, so third, fourth, fifth, seventeen. Well, if

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Speaker 1: we're talking all animals, um, I don't know where to

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Speaker 1: rank them, but we're talking crazy stuff, you should know animals.

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Speaker 1: I would go with number three for now. Okay. Uh.

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Speaker 1: And on those eyes, they have what's called a ah

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Speaker 1: nictitating is that right? Nictitating membrane. So you've probably seen

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Speaker 1: when frogs or toads go to dive under water, they

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Speaker 1: have a film like, uh, what's the other animal that

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Speaker 1: does that? It seems like we talked about that, we

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Speaker 1: have a film that covers the eye. I think alligators probably.

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Speaker 1: Oh that sounds about right. I think that's right, yeah,

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Speaker 1: which would make sense because alligators are reptiles yea, and

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Speaker 1: these guys are somewhat related to reptiles. Al Right, So

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Speaker 1: that's a lot of initial frog stuff body frog body stuff.

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Speaker 1: So let's take a break. Uh, let's talk a little

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Speaker 1: bit more about frog body stuff. All right, all right, dude,

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Speaker 1: so we're back. Let's we're about to talk about frogs

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Speaker 1: getting it uh well quickly though, we never mentioned the ears.

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Speaker 1: Oh yeah, that's a big one. You probably notice that

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Speaker 1: frogs don't have these big funny ears that stick off

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Speaker 1: their head. They do have ears, they're just not external.

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Speaker 1: That would be hilarious. They just said a little they did,

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Speaker 1: that would be funny. They just had a little, uh, tympanum,

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Speaker 1: the little ear drum behind each eye. Yeah, and you can,

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Speaker 1: apparently if you know what you're doing. And most frog

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Speaker 1: species tell whether a frog is a male or a

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Speaker 1: female based on the size of their tympanum to their eyeball.

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Speaker 1: In a male, I think the tympanum is bigger than

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Speaker 1: the eye, and in a female it's either about the

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Speaker 1: same size or smaller. So there you go. Now you

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Speaker 1: know frogs. And finally, we would be remiss without talking

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Speaker 1: about the vocal sack because frogs and toads are are

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Speaker 1: most known, at least to me, for that great, great

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Speaker 1: sound they make in the evening time in the American

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Speaker 1: South and all over the world. Yeah, it's pretty awesome.

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Speaker 1: So you know, like you've seen pictures and video of frogs,

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Speaker 1: like the skin under their chin just suddenly turns into

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Speaker 1: a huge bubble. So what they're doing right then is

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Speaker 1: they're taking in a tremendous amount of air and they're

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Speaker 1: holding it in their vocals are in their air sack, right,

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Speaker 1: and they're moving it, keeping it in their their air sack.

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Speaker 1: They're not releasing it, but they're moving it around across

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Speaker 1: their vocal cords. And that's what makes like the ribbit

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Speaker 1: sound or the croaking or the trilling sound. And it's

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Speaker 1: pretty awesome. Um. And one of the reasons why they're

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Speaker 1: making those sounds, or at least one of the sounds,

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Speaker 1: is they're attracting a mate right there talking to one another.

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Speaker 1: They're saying, hey, what do you think? Yeah, And that

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Speaker 1: sound can be everything from a croak to a ribbit

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Speaker 1: to like, there's this I don't know, there may be

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Speaker 1: more than one species, but there's this one. I've heard

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Speaker 1: this summer that sounds and I've heard people call the

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Speaker 1: police because it sounds like a child that's in danger.

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Speaker 1: Can you do an impression of it? No, I wish

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Speaker 1: I could. It's just super loud and it sounds like

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Speaker 1: a child that's hurt. It's like a screaming sound. Oh,

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Speaker 1: I've not heard of that one. Oh man, it's crazy sounding. Wow. Yeah, Well,

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Speaker 1: I'll send you a link a bit, sure, there's a

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Speaker 1: YouTube recording or something. It's like peacock's going, hell, it's

359
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Speaker 1: off putting in there, and still say that to this

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Speaker 1: day because of you, because we got a neighborhood peacock

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Speaker 1: that I've talked about, so, Chuck. When frogs are making

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Speaker 1: these mating calls, right, yes, they're saying, hey, baby, how's

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Speaker 1: it going? Um? And the frog might come over, or

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Speaker 1: the male frog might say, I like your look, I'm

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Speaker 1: gonna climb on top of you. How about that? And

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Speaker 1: there's actually because frogs are in a lot of cases

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Speaker 1: not not sexually dimorphic, like you can't visually tell the

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Speaker 1: difference between a male and a female frog of that species.

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Speaker 1: Apparently that extends not just to us humans, but to

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Speaker 1: frogs as well, because there's a something called a release

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Speaker 1: call to where if male frog has mounted another male frog,

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Speaker 1: the male frog that's been mounted, we'll have a release

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Speaker 1: call saying like I'm a dude, buddy, um, keep looking. Yeah.

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Speaker 1: Actually they've actually recorded that sound in uh nature. Oh yeah,

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Speaker 1: And I think it's something like well wha, wha, wha,

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Speaker 1: whoa right right, like you as a friend, so the

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Speaker 1: frog will move on. It's funny that like they they

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Speaker 1: get confused just from looking as well, and that it

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Speaker 1: takes like a reactive process to handle that. You know. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: it's called amplexus, which is the position that they're in. Yeah,

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Speaker 1: that's the mounting position. Yeah, and the male literally gets

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Speaker 1: on the back and class the four legs around the

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Speaker 1: lady frog's middle and they can stay there for days

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Speaker 1: like that however long. It's pretty much um, it's just

385
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Speaker 1: a sensual seduction basically just waiting for the female to

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Speaker 1: release her eggs and um. As far as reproduction goes,

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00:24:12,359 --> 00:24:14,119
Speaker 1: and this is something that we all learned about when

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Speaker 1: we were little kids with frogs with the tadpoles where

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Speaker 1: we'll get into that, but the general rule of fun

390
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Speaker 1: with most is that they're all sexual reproducers, and all

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Speaker 1: frogs and toads will be hatched from an egg. Depending

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Speaker 1: on how they come out, there's big differences to like

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Speaker 1: most I don't even want to say most. I saw

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Speaker 1: somewhere like half of frogs come out fully formed, just

395
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Speaker 1: super small, that's adorable, the all bet um. The other

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Speaker 1: say half come out as tadpoles. And that's the one

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Speaker 1: that like every little kid knows about. It's it's frog

398
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Speaker 1: reproductive biology, right. Yeah, And depending on the species, they

399
00:24:51,680 --> 00:24:56,080
Speaker 1: can do crazy adaptive things, like there's one species that incubates,

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Speaker 1: like the female frog clears out her belly and then

401
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Speaker 1: and incubates the eggs and it's belly for the whole time,

402
00:25:04,600 --> 00:25:07,920
Speaker 1: and the frog is born out of her mouth. Essentially,

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00:25:08,880 --> 00:25:12,359
Speaker 1: she's like, go forth. Uh, there's another one where because

404
00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:14,320
Speaker 1: we always, you know, have been saying that moisture is

405
00:25:14,800 --> 00:25:18,359
Speaker 1: super important to their survival. Um, there are some that

406
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Speaker 1: if they're in very dry areas, the daddy frog, well

407
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Speaker 1: I think it's a daddy frogger is either one of them,

408
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Speaker 1: it's the dad. From what I understand that the dad,

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Speaker 1: the dad will pee on the eggs, right to keep

410
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Speaker 1: them wet. That's the I think the strawberry poison dart

411
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Speaker 1: frog does that. And um, after they hatch into tabholes,

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Speaker 1: the mom apparently carries them on her back two little

413
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Speaker 1: pools of water that are collected in like a plant, right,

414
00:25:50,560 --> 00:25:52,720
Speaker 1: and each one gets its own little pool of water

415
00:25:52,800 --> 00:25:54,920
Speaker 1: and that cute. Yeah, And I didn't know this, but

416
00:25:55,040 --> 00:25:58,760
Speaker 1: they can hatch and grow in like a regular full

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Speaker 1: body of water like a ake. But I think the

418
00:26:01,280 --> 00:26:03,399
Speaker 1: process is just a lot slower there than it is

419
00:26:03,880 --> 00:26:07,520
Speaker 1: the temporary pool. Yeah, so like like a rain pool

420
00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:10,879
Speaker 1: or something like that, um, or just just a huge

421
00:26:10,960 --> 00:26:14,280
Speaker 1: puddle that's developed. It's going to be much faster because

422
00:26:14,359 --> 00:26:16,920
Speaker 1: they have less time to work with. Right, Yeah, I

423
00:26:16,960 --> 00:26:18,880
Speaker 1: couldn't figure it out. Is that the deal? Yeah, that's

424
00:26:18,920 --> 00:26:26,000
Speaker 1: what I understand. So, um, they're there, um, developmental processes accelerated.

425
00:26:26,800 --> 00:26:29,800
Speaker 1: But again there's you can't just say this is how

426
00:26:29,880 --> 00:26:33,280
Speaker 1: it is for all frogs. There's differences with all of them. Um.

427
00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:36,680
Speaker 1: But for the most part, ones that are hatched from

428
00:26:36,800 --> 00:26:41,440
Speaker 1: eggs as tadpoles will start to eat. And again, some

429
00:26:41,680 --> 00:26:44,879
Speaker 1: are born with teeth which I can't even imagine how

430
00:26:44,920 --> 00:26:49,760
Speaker 1: small those teeth are. Um, and might be herbivores or

431
00:26:50,000 --> 00:26:56,080
Speaker 1: they might be omnivores. Others are herbivores. But frogs grow

432
00:26:56,200 --> 00:26:59,200
Speaker 1: up to be carnivores I believe, right, But they start

433
00:26:59,280 --> 00:27:03,360
Speaker 1: out as tadpoles. Is vegetarians in a lot of cases. Yeah,

434
00:27:03,400 --> 00:27:06,560
Speaker 1: so they start eating a bit. The metaphor morphosis is

435
00:27:06,640 --> 00:27:10,480
Speaker 1: taking shape. Um. As we all saw in on the

436
00:27:10,560 --> 00:27:15,239
Speaker 1: film strip in elementary school, little back legs start to grow. Uh,

437
00:27:15,440 --> 00:27:18,640
Speaker 1: their little internal organs start to change. They get their

438
00:27:18,680 --> 00:27:22,320
Speaker 1: tiny little lungs, they get their little digestive system going,

439
00:27:22,920 --> 00:27:25,880
Speaker 1: and then that tail just shrinks and shrinks and eventually

440
00:27:26,080 --> 00:27:28,760
Speaker 1: just is absorbed into the body. Yeah. And as their

441
00:27:28,800 --> 00:27:32,560
Speaker 1: tail is shrinking, their front legs are growing and their

442
00:27:32,760 --> 00:27:39,040
Speaker 1: digestive system is altering itself from in plant based diet

443
00:27:39,160 --> 00:27:43,200
Speaker 1: to a meat based diet. And then they leave land.

444
00:27:43,280 --> 00:27:46,320
Speaker 1: And when they leave land, they're considered a froglet I guess,

445
00:27:46,560 --> 00:27:50,320
Speaker 1: until their tail fully goes away, and then they're a

446
00:27:50,359 --> 00:27:53,760
Speaker 1: frog and they say rip it, they do, and then

447
00:27:53,800 --> 00:27:56,879
Speaker 1: they say, I'm hungry. I want to eat some insects,

448
00:27:57,720 --> 00:28:00,880
Speaker 1: and I want to try to avoid be eaten by

449
00:28:01,119 --> 00:28:05,399
Speaker 1: something bigger than me. Yeah, So they eat a really

450
00:28:05,480 --> 00:28:12,080
Speaker 1: surprising range of things. They'll eat insects obviously, flying insects, mosquitoes, flies, grasshoppers.

451
00:28:13,000 --> 00:28:19,160
Speaker 1: They also eat worms, snakes, mice, baby turtles, other frogs.

452
00:28:20,280 --> 00:28:24,119
Speaker 1: Delete it all. They'll cannibalize one or another, which, if

453
00:28:24,160 --> 00:28:27,560
Speaker 1: you think you know it's so wrong, cannibalism is just

454
00:28:27,640 --> 00:28:31,639
Speaker 1: so wrong. It's actually a pretty easy and low hanging

455
00:28:31,840 --> 00:28:38,800
Speaker 1: fruit check on like overpopulation, Like if the species police

456
00:28:38,920 --> 00:28:43,560
Speaker 1: is itself re polices its own population, that's actually pretty smart. Really,

457
00:28:44,000 --> 00:28:49,960
Speaker 1: it's still dreadful, Like over there head had twenty four

458
00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:53,440
Speaker 1: little baby froglets. I'm kind of hungry. Yeah, and some

459
00:28:53,640 --> 00:28:57,200
Speaker 1: apparently some tadpoles, the ones that will eat meat or

460
00:28:57,560 --> 00:29:03,000
Speaker 1: um vegetable vegetation bill eat other tadpoles too. Oh really

461
00:29:03,200 --> 00:29:06,120
Speaker 1: that young? Yeah man, I know they started. I'm young,

462
00:29:06,400 --> 00:29:09,480
Speaker 1: so um, I just talked about avoid being eaten. Their

463
00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:14,440
Speaker 1: frogs are very famous for having some pretty advanced defense mechanisms. Um.

464
00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:17,960
Speaker 1: A lot of times it's just all show, like they'll

465
00:29:17,960 --> 00:29:22,160
Speaker 1: be super brightly colored or the the fore ied frong

466
00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:25,240
Speaker 1: the uh well, I was gonna say the scientific name,

467
00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:33,080
Speaker 1: but why bother right? I practiced, Okay, the physillamous netterary

468
00:29:34,000 --> 00:29:38,040
Speaker 1: very nice. It sounded much better when I practiced, well,

469
00:29:38,080 --> 00:29:40,080
Speaker 1: because what you do is you say it like that

470
00:29:40,240 --> 00:29:42,040
Speaker 1: once and then the second time you say it just

471
00:29:42,160 --> 00:29:47,360
Speaker 1: like it's in your vocabulary four or five times. There

472
00:29:47,440 --> 00:29:49,000
Speaker 1: you go. Yeah, but you have to do it like

473
00:29:49,120 --> 00:29:51,200
Speaker 1: right in a row, you know what I mean, Like

474
00:29:51,320 --> 00:29:56,800
Speaker 1: say it again physilamous neterary. I think you just do

475
00:29:56,880 --> 00:30:00,760
Speaker 1: it with a little pizzazuh So anyway, that's the forrid frog,

476
00:30:00,880 --> 00:30:04,720
Speaker 1: and that's the dude that has spots on its back

477
00:30:05,680 --> 00:30:08,560
Speaker 1: that look like eyes near the back legs and to

478
00:30:08,680 --> 00:30:11,320
Speaker 1: a predator. They're like, I don't like the looks of

479
00:30:11,400 --> 00:30:14,880
Speaker 1: that thing, even though it's just for show. Yeah, if

480
00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:16,720
Speaker 1: which is kind of weird because if you look at it,

481
00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:18,720
Speaker 1: it just looks like a frog going one or or

482
00:30:18,840 --> 00:30:21,320
Speaker 1: the other. I don't know what's intimidating about. Maybe that's

483
00:30:21,320 --> 00:30:22,920
Speaker 1: what's scary, Like, I don't know which way that dude's

484
00:30:22,960 --> 00:30:26,840
Speaker 1: gonna jump. I guess so he's going forward, he's going backward. Um,

485
00:30:27,320 --> 00:30:30,640
Speaker 1: A lot of frogs will use color, Like I was like,

486
00:30:30,760 --> 00:30:35,760
Speaker 1: what is the the evolutionary adaptation of bright bright colors

487
00:30:35,920 --> 00:30:39,680
Speaker 1: for frogs? It doesn't make any sense. Apparently they do

488
00:30:39,880 --> 00:30:44,640
Speaker 1: that to basically advertise to predators, Hey man, I'm super poisonous.

489
00:30:44,720 --> 00:30:49,840
Speaker 1: You do not want to eat me. Yeah, it could

490
00:30:49,880 --> 00:30:52,520
Speaker 1: be a fluke or fake. I mean I've heard enough

491
00:30:52,560 --> 00:30:55,240
Speaker 1: about that though that if I was traveling in like

492
00:30:55,360 --> 00:30:59,080
Speaker 1: the Amazon and I saw a bright blue frog, I

493
00:30:59,120 --> 00:31:03,280
Speaker 1: wouldn't kiss that guy. No, that's a poison dart tree frog. Well,

494
00:31:03,360 --> 00:31:05,040
Speaker 1: that's the other thing I was talking about the show.

495
00:31:05,320 --> 00:31:06,400
Speaker 1: You know a lot of this for show, but a

496
00:31:06,480 --> 00:31:10,880
Speaker 1: lot of it isn't. Some frogs have very highly concentrated

497
00:31:10,920 --> 00:31:14,840
Speaker 1: toxins that like the poison dart frog, like you said,

498
00:31:15,440 --> 00:31:19,320
Speaker 1: and and those dudes are it can be harmful to

499
00:31:19,440 --> 00:31:22,360
Speaker 1: the touch to a human. Yeah, you can absorb that

500
00:31:22,640 --> 00:31:25,880
Speaker 1: that toxin through your skin. Uh. And apparently they make

501
00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:29,920
Speaker 1: this toxin by collecting it from ants that they eat.

502
00:31:30,200 --> 00:31:34,880
Speaker 1: They eat like poisonous ants, and the the toxic alkaloids

503
00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:39,360
Speaker 1: from the ants own toxin accumulates in these storage glands

504
00:31:39,560 --> 00:31:42,760
Speaker 1: in the frog but doesn't affect the frog. But brother,

505
00:31:42,840 --> 00:31:46,160
Speaker 1: it's gonna affect you. Yeah. So even that same if

506
00:31:46,240 --> 00:31:48,200
Speaker 1: you have a poisoned dart frog that's been raised in

507
00:31:48,240 --> 00:31:51,920
Speaker 1: captivity and not fed those ants, I think it might

508
00:31:51,960 --> 00:31:55,200
Speaker 1: have a little toxicity, but nothing like the real deal.

509
00:31:55,360 --> 00:31:57,360
Speaker 1: I think that's how they found out there. Like, oh

510
00:31:57,440 --> 00:31:59,440
Speaker 1: wait a minute, this doesn't make any sense. Why would

511
00:31:59,440 --> 00:32:02,520
Speaker 1: they become less toxic? And I've been looking this guy

512
00:32:02,680 --> 00:32:06,000
Speaker 1: in the cage. It's nothing born right, So let's let's

513
00:32:06,040 --> 00:32:09,440
Speaker 1: take a break, our last break, chuck, and then we're

514
00:32:09,480 --> 00:32:37,120
Speaker 1: going to come back because we have more to say. Okay, dude,

515
00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:41,320
Speaker 1: so we talked um briefly about you mentioned how they

516
00:32:41,480 --> 00:32:45,240
Speaker 1: need water, like water is essential the frogs throughout their

517
00:32:45,400 --> 00:32:48,600
Speaker 1: their life process. Right. This is one of the things

518
00:32:48,640 --> 00:32:52,720
Speaker 1: that makes them really fragile um. In some cases, they're

519
00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:56,160
Speaker 1: fragile because there are places where they may run out

520
00:32:56,200 --> 00:32:58,600
Speaker 1: of water. Their wire supply might dry up, and that

521
00:32:58,640 --> 00:33:00,200
Speaker 1: would be really bad for a frog. Beca is not

522
00:33:00,280 --> 00:33:02,560
Speaker 1: only does a frog get a lot of its water

523
00:33:03,360 --> 00:33:07,280
Speaker 1: um through its skin, uh, it gets some of its

524
00:33:07,400 --> 00:33:11,640
Speaker 1: oxygen and does carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange in large

525
00:33:11,720 --> 00:33:14,920
Speaker 1: part through its skin as well. Right, So it for

526
00:33:15,080 --> 00:33:16,960
Speaker 1: all of this stuff to happen, it needs to be

527
00:33:17,400 --> 00:33:23,040
Speaker 1: wet um, which means that if the water that they're

528
00:33:23,080 --> 00:33:25,800
Speaker 1: coming in contact with, since they're so permeable and they

529
00:33:25,880 --> 00:33:29,880
Speaker 1: take in that water so readily, if there's stuff present

530
00:33:29,960 --> 00:33:32,800
Speaker 1: in the water like toxins or pollution or something like that,

531
00:33:33,480 --> 00:33:36,080
Speaker 1: it's going to affect the frogs as well. And since

532
00:33:36,160 --> 00:33:40,719
Speaker 1: the frog species are fairly fragile um as far as

533
00:33:41,040 --> 00:33:44,440
Speaker 1: as species go, they're kind of like the glass Joe

534
00:33:45,120 --> 00:33:47,800
Speaker 1: of the Animal Kingdom. Remember him from Mike Tyson's punch Out,

535
00:33:48,880 --> 00:33:54,040
Speaker 1: The first Guy You'd Fight? I never played that? What

536
00:33:54,560 --> 00:33:57,720
Speaker 1: I never played? Punch Out? You never did? Man, that

537
00:33:57,880 --> 00:34:00,160
Speaker 1: was a great game. I'm gonna I'm not gonna do

538
00:34:00,280 --> 00:34:02,920
Speaker 1: my patented thing. What which is I can't believe you

539
00:34:03,080 --> 00:34:06,240
Speaker 1: never played that? Yeah, I don't think I had that system.

540
00:34:06,320 --> 00:34:10,440
Speaker 1: What system was that on the original Nintendo? Yeah, I

541
00:34:10,560 --> 00:34:13,400
Speaker 1: never owned one. I had various roommates with those, so

542
00:34:13,480 --> 00:34:15,560
Speaker 1: I was sort of subject to whatever games they liked.

543
00:34:16,160 --> 00:34:18,480
Speaker 1: I never played Zelda either, you know, I was never

544
00:34:18,560 --> 00:34:22,480
Speaker 1: into Zelda either. I like Metroid, though, I don't think

545
00:34:22,480 --> 00:34:24,560
Speaker 1: I played that. All right. We played a lot of

546
00:34:24,600 --> 00:34:28,920
Speaker 1: Super Mario Brothers. So yeah, that was so good. Yeah, um,

547
00:34:29,880 --> 00:34:33,360
Speaker 1: well Glass Joe. Yeah, that's right. So so that's what

548
00:34:33,560 --> 00:34:37,160
Speaker 1: frogs are. They're basically like a really fragile group to

549
00:34:37,280 --> 00:34:40,800
Speaker 1: begin with, but if you start contributing to their demise

550
00:34:41,280 --> 00:34:43,920
Speaker 1: through pollution and stuff, that's gonna pick up much more rapidly.

551
00:34:44,120 --> 00:34:46,920
Speaker 1: And we're starting to see that, right, Yeah. I mean

552
00:34:46,960 --> 00:34:50,160
Speaker 1: that's I often rant about not using chemicals in my yard,

553
00:34:50,160 --> 00:34:53,200
Speaker 1: and that's it's not just because I have dogs, but

554
00:34:53,440 --> 00:34:57,160
Speaker 1: it's you know, runoff from that stuff affects everything around

555
00:34:57,200 --> 00:34:59,799
Speaker 1: my house. And that's just on a small level. Yeah,

556
00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:02,640
Speaker 1: you see it in a large scale with you know,

557
00:35:02,800 --> 00:35:06,640
Speaker 1: huge farms that use pesticides and insecticides, and that affects

558
00:35:06,680 --> 00:35:10,960
Speaker 1: the local ecosystem as a whole. That's right, and it

559
00:35:11,080 --> 00:35:13,080
Speaker 1: kind of gets across. If you have like those sewers

560
00:35:13,120 --> 00:35:16,279
Speaker 1: where they stencil spray paint like a fish or something

561
00:35:16,360 --> 00:35:19,000
Speaker 1: that says goes to to wetlands or a stream or

562
00:35:19,080 --> 00:35:21,799
Speaker 1: something like that. I think that's really effective. I think

563
00:35:21,840 --> 00:35:25,160
Speaker 1: they should put that on all sewers basically. Yeah, or

564
00:35:25,239 --> 00:35:26,640
Speaker 1: maybe even a sign so you don't have to be

565
00:35:26,760 --> 00:35:29,040
Speaker 1: walking over it to see it. Yeah, there you go,

566
00:35:29,200 --> 00:35:32,080
Speaker 1: like when you're driving by, or just make it common knowledge.

567
00:35:33,280 --> 00:35:35,399
Speaker 1: I think people know that, but they need reminders. Yeah,

568
00:35:35,440 --> 00:35:37,600
Speaker 1: I think they need too. So that's one threat to

569
00:35:37,680 --> 00:35:42,760
Speaker 1: frogs because of man. Another one is well, people eating

570
00:35:42,960 --> 00:35:46,879
Speaker 1: and hunting frogs to eat. Yep, they try and raise

571
00:35:46,960 --> 00:35:51,680
Speaker 1: them on farms, but uh, it's not the easiest thing

572
00:35:51,760 --> 00:35:54,520
Speaker 1: to have a frog farm. Apparently now they'll hop out

573
00:35:54,600 --> 00:35:57,320
Speaker 1: of there. So hunting and capturing frogs to put on

574
00:35:57,360 --> 00:35:59,680
Speaker 1: the menu in some parts of the world's a very

575
00:35:59,719 --> 00:36:01,960
Speaker 1: big so they're in steep decline in those places. Have

576
00:36:02,120 --> 00:36:05,480
Speaker 1: you ever eaten frogs? I have had frog legs before.

577
00:36:06,480 --> 00:36:09,520
Speaker 1: It's been a long time and it won't happen again.

578
00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:12,920
Speaker 1: I um used to as a kid go to this

579
00:36:13,080 --> 00:36:16,879
Speaker 1: dinner theater in I think Grand Rapids, Michigan is where

580
00:36:16,960 --> 00:36:20,640
Speaker 1: it was, and on the buffet they always had frog's legs,

581
00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:25,040
Speaker 1: and I would eat piles of frogs legs as like

582
00:36:25,120 --> 00:36:27,360
Speaker 1: a seven eight year old kid. It was really crazy

583
00:36:27,400 --> 00:36:29,480
Speaker 1: how adventurous I was. Right, I would do anything to

584
00:36:29,560 --> 00:36:33,000
Speaker 1: have a videotape of that. And um, like I got

585
00:36:33,160 --> 00:36:36,759
Speaker 1: fat off a frog's legs. That's tough to do. So

586
00:36:36,960 --> 00:36:40,440
Speaker 1: I I wonder now if I would like them. But

587
00:36:40,600 --> 00:36:43,040
Speaker 1: that's not to be because one of you May's greatest

588
00:36:43,080 --> 00:36:46,920
Speaker 1: fears in the world is being anywhere near a frog.

589
00:36:48,040 --> 00:36:50,960
Speaker 1: One of her top phobias as frogs, just in general,

590
00:36:51,080 --> 00:36:54,400
Speaker 1: everything about frogs. So there's zero chance. There's actually a

591
00:36:54,560 --> 00:36:57,399
Speaker 1: negative chance that I will ever be able to eat

592
00:36:57,440 --> 00:37:00,200
Speaker 1: a frog leg again, at least with her around. I'll

593
00:37:00,239 --> 00:37:02,680
Speaker 1: have to fly up to Grand Rapids myself. That'll be

594
00:37:02,760 --> 00:37:06,399
Speaker 1: your big dirty marital secret. Right where have you been?

595
00:37:07,000 --> 00:37:12,920
Speaker 1: But we have in Detroit. So the frogs, that's I've

596
00:37:12,960 --> 00:37:16,480
Speaker 1: heard of that before. I think, Uh, you haven't, No,

597
00:37:16,600 --> 00:37:19,080
Speaker 1: I have. I mean, I'm sure every animal out there

598
00:37:19,160 --> 00:37:22,839
Speaker 1: has someone who's afraid of it. Sure, but um, yeah,

599
00:37:22,920 --> 00:37:26,320
Speaker 1: I didn't know that frogs I'm like, it's good to know. Yeah,

600
00:37:27,280 --> 00:37:29,759
Speaker 1: Like you mean, what do you think of this? Like,

601
00:37:29,840 --> 00:37:32,080
Speaker 1: I know not to do that. That's good if you chuck,

602
00:37:32,440 --> 00:37:35,480
Speaker 1: I wish I thought of that before I've done it. Um.

603
00:37:35,560 --> 00:37:39,279
Speaker 1: One of the other big threats to frogs is global warming. Um.

604
00:37:39,440 --> 00:37:44,560
Speaker 1: They are ectothermic animals, so they that means they rely

605
00:37:44,680 --> 00:37:47,120
Speaker 1: on the environment to control their body temperature. They don't

606
00:37:47,120 --> 00:37:50,160
Speaker 1: have the internal regulation. So if it's hot outside, the

607
00:37:50,200 --> 00:37:53,560
Speaker 1: frog gets hot, and um, if it's cold, they get cold.

608
00:37:54,120 --> 00:37:55,840
Speaker 1: In case of in the case of the wood frog,

609
00:37:56,480 --> 00:37:59,600
Speaker 1: they live north of the Arctic Circle and they can

610
00:37:59,719 --> 00:38:03,400
Speaker 1: free This is remarkable. They can freeze up to its

611
00:38:03,440 --> 00:38:07,080
Speaker 1: body in the wintertime to protect itself from damage, and

612
00:38:07,120 --> 00:38:11,279
Speaker 1: then they thaw themselves out again in the spring. But

613
00:38:11,520 --> 00:38:14,440
Speaker 1: that didn't help you if if it's too hot, well

614
00:38:14,520 --> 00:38:17,440
Speaker 1: that's when you amelia estivate when it's too hot. But

615
00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:19,680
Speaker 1: this is like, this is just a few species that

616
00:38:19,719 --> 00:38:23,480
Speaker 1: are capable of of hibernating and estivating like this. For

617
00:38:23,600 --> 00:38:26,719
Speaker 1: the most part, frogs need because their ectothermic, they need

618
00:38:26,760 --> 00:38:30,440
Speaker 1: a pretty stable temperature. And from what I saw, um

619
00:38:30,920 --> 00:38:35,600
Speaker 1: even worse than high temperatures for frogs. That's associated with

620
00:38:35,840 --> 00:38:40,560
Speaker 1: um global warming are temperature swings, like big swings and

621
00:38:40,600 --> 00:38:44,440
Speaker 1: temperature are really hard on frog populations, and that they

622
00:38:44,520 --> 00:38:48,279
Speaker 1: think that's one reason why frogs have been declining. But

623
00:38:48,400 --> 00:38:51,799
Speaker 1: from that one study that really established like there two

624
00:38:52,680 --> 00:38:55,239
Speaker 1: species that we've lost since the seventies. The guy who

625
00:38:55,320 --> 00:38:57,600
Speaker 1: lead the sellers like, I can't say why. I have

626
00:38:57,719 --> 00:38:59,560
Speaker 1: no idea. He's like, it's probably this is probably, this

627
00:38:59,680 --> 00:39:02,120
Speaker 1: is probably this, it's all these different things. But he

628
00:39:02,160 --> 00:39:04,440
Speaker 1: said the thing that really made him nervous was that

629
00:39:04,520 --> 00:39:08,040
Speaker 1: it was happening all over the world, but he didn't

630
00:39:08,080 --> 00:39:10,600
Speaker 1: think it was just climate change or just global warming

631
00:39:10,680 --> 00:39:13,800
Speaker 1: that was doing it. One of the other things that

632
00:39:13,920 --> 00:39:17,160
Speaker 1: frog's face that they know all about but are having

633
00:39:17,239 --> 00:39:20,400
Speaker 1: a tough time dealing with is a kind of fungus

634
00:39:20,560 --> 00:39:24,120
Speaker 1: called kittred or kitrid which one did you come up with?

635
00:39:24,400 --> 00:39:26,800
Speaker 1: Pronunciation kitrid? But it could be either I guess the

636
00:39:27,040 --> 00:39:30,520
Speaker 1: h y trid. Uh. And that's the fungus that feeds

637
00:39:30,560 --> 00:39:34,279
Speaker 1: on carratin, which we've talked about before. That's um didn't

638
00:39:34,320 --> 00:39:38,439
Speaker 1: That is what's in our fingernails, yeah, or your hair. Yeah.

639
00:39:38,680 --> 00:39:42,880
Speaker 1: Basically makes skin tough and sturdy, uh, And little tadpoles

640
00:39:42,920 --> 00:39:44,680
Speaker 1: just have a little bit of that stuff around their mouths.

641
00:39:44,719 --> 00:39:48,319
Speaker 1: But when they grow the parts that are most often

642
00:39:48,360 --> 00:39:51,040
Speaker 1: in contact with the ground like that, they're little cute,

643
00:39:51,040 --> 00:39:54,279
Speaker 1: little soft bellies. Or the soles of their feet, they're

644
00:39:54,320 --> 00:39:56,320
Speaker 1: delicious feet. Now, can just think of you me just

645
00:39:56,440 --> 00:39:59,080
Speaker 1: like or skin crawling, like listening to this thing. Yeah,

646
00:39:59,120 --> 00:40:01,040
Speaker 1: I don't know if I should have should have told

647
00:40:01,080 --> 00:40:04,200
Speaker 1: everybody that one that's like her Achilles heel. Yeah. Uh

648
00:40:04,400 --> 00:40:07,040
Speaker 1: So as this stuff comes in contact with the ground more,

649
00:40:07,239 --> 00:40:10,680
Speaker 1: they um, they get that build up to where just

650
00:40:10,840 --> 00:40:15,000
Speaker 1: they need tougher skin down there. Yeah. So, and that's

651
00:40:15,239 --> 00:40:17,840
Speaker 1: that's where this fungus will take root, right because that

652
00:40:18,040 --> 00:40:21,239
Speaker 1: tougher skin is made of keratin. Right, So since the

653
00:40:21,320 --> 00:40:23,239
Speaker 1: fungus feeds on it, they're like, oh, well, it's gonna

654
00:40:23,320 --> 00:40:25,640
Speaker 1: kill a frog. But they don't actually know the mechanism

655
00:40:25,760 --> 00:40:30,560
Speaker 1: by which the frog dies from the kite kitrid. So

656
00:40:30,680 --> 00:40:33,040
Speaker 1: what you said, that's what I said. They think that

657
00:40:33,400 --> 00:40:39,080
Speaker 1: possibly it is that the fungus releases toxin, maybe that

658
00:40:39,200 --> 00:40:42,200
Speaker 1: the frog takes in through its skin, or that it

659
00:40:42,320 --> 00:40:47,400
Speaker 1: inhibits that gas exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide on

660
00:40:47,560 --> 00:40:50,000
Speaker 1: the frog's skin. But those are just a couple of

661
00:40:50,120 --> 00:40:53,560
Speaker 1: hypotheses there there. They still have no idea. They just

662
00:40:53,680 --> 00:40:56,400
Speaker 1: know it's killing frogs, and it's killing them fast. And

663
00:40:56,480 --> 00:40:59,640
Speaker 1: the reason why it's spreading so well, they've traced it

664
00:40:59,719 --> 00:41:04,600
Speaker 1: back to the African clawed toad. Yeah, which it doesn't

665
00:41:04,760 --> 00:41:07,760
Speaker 1: have a poor effect on them, but they can spread

666
00:41:07,800 --> 00:41:10,600
Speaker 1: it to other frogs and it's those have become an

667
00:41:10,640 --> 00:41:13,359
Speaker 1: invasive species in a lot of areas. Yeah, because their

668
00:41:13,360 --> 00:41:16,600
Speaker 1: pets and people release frogs as pets when they're no

669
00:41:16,719 --> 00:41:20,239
Speaker 1: longer puppies, which is something you should not do. No, no, no, no,

670
00:41:20,560 --> 00:41:24,600
Speaker 1: They're like, that's the frogs take over really really quickly.

671
00:41:24,760 --> 00:41:27,799
Speaker 1: Remember we UM did an episode and will Toads Give

672
00:41:27,840 --> 00:41:31,080
Speaker 1: You Warts? Uh, and we talked about the cane toad

673
00:41:31,160 --> 00:41:35,080
Speaker 1: and how it's just taken over Australia. Um frog populations,

674
00:41:35,120 --> 00:41:38,520
Speaker 1: as fragile as they are, can also as an invasive species.

675
00:41:38,600 --> 00:41:45,000
Speaker 1: Just boom right. Yeah. They also were ubiquitous because for decades,

676
00:41:45,360 --> 00:41:48,919
Speaker 1: starting in ninety, they were the fastest way to tell

677
00:41:49,320 --> 00:41:54,640
Speaker 1: if you were pregnant. Oh, cane toads. No, uh, the

678
00:41:54,840 --> 00:41:59,640
Speaker 1: African claude toad. Did you know about that? I don't think, so, oh, well,

679
00:41:59,680 --> 00:42:02,439
Speaker 1: a lot on me. You're ready. Back in the day,

680
00:42:02,920 --> 00:42:04,920
Speaker 1: if you were a woman who wanted to know you're pregnant,

681
00:42:04,920 --> 00:42:06,680
Speaker 1: you would go to your doctor. Your doctor would take

682
00:42:06,680 --> 00:42:09,000
Speaker 1: a urine sample and send it off, and at a

683
00:42:09,120 --> 00:42:12,520
Speaker 1: lab they would take a sample of your urine injected

684
00:42:12,640 --> 00:42:15,280
Speaker 1: into a rabbit, and then they would kill the rabbit,

685
00:42:15,480 --> 00:42:18,440
Speaker 1: cut the rabbit open, and inspect it's ovaries to see

686
00:42:18,480 --> 00:42:22,440
Speaker 1: if it had reacted to a hormone that shows up

687
00:42:22,520 --> 00:42:27,839
Speaker 1: only in pregnant women, human choreonic gonata trope in right, Yeah,

688
00:42:27,880 --> 00:42:30,719
Speaker 1: which I've I've heard of that, Okay, So I guess

689
00:42:30,760 --> 00:42:34,480
Speaker 1: it would be hCG is present in the urine of

690
00:42:34,520 --> 00:42:36,640
Speaker 1: pregnant women, and you can tell very early on if

691
00:42:36,680 --> 00:42:39,000
Speaker 1: a woman is pregnant from the presence of it. But

692
00:42:39,120 --> 00:42:42,360
Speaker 1: they had the most roundabout way of all time to

693
00:42:42,560 --> 00:42:45,839
Speaker 1: find out to detect the presence of it. Well, enter

694
00:42:45,920 --> 00:42:51,480
Speaker 1: the African Claude toad, where this researcher with the name

695
00:42:51,520 --> 00:42:56,360
Speaker 1: of get this Lancelot hog bent thought to inject a

696
00:42:56,440 --> 00:43:00,920
Speaker 1: toad with it, and the toad stays alive, just releases

697
00:43:01,040 --> 00:43:05,160
Speaker 1: eggs or sperm. If there is hcd G present in

698
00:43:05,239 --> 00:43:09,239
Speaker 1: the woman's urine, So that for decades, Chuck was how

699
00:43:09,400 --> 00:43:14,040
Speaker 1: you would tell if you were pregnant. They would somebody

700
00:43:14,080 --> 00:43:16,560
Speaker 1: in a lab somewhere would inject your urine into a

701
00:43:16,640 --> 00:43:19,920
Speaker 1: frog to see if they released sperm or eggs. Crazy,

702
00:43:20,160 --> 00:43:24,920
Speaker 1: and then they'd say, mozle top, Yeah, that is nuts. Uh.

703
00:43:25,040 --> 00:43:27,719
Speaker 1: You mentioned the kane toade in Australia, which we did

704
00:43:27,800 --> 00:43:30,239
Speaker 1: talk about a little bit, but they there's a great documentary,

705
00:43:30,320 --> 00:43:34,080
Speaker 1: very classic documentary from the late eighties I think was

706
00:43:34,120 --> 00:43:37,759
Speaker 1: it seventies, I think it's eighties about the cane toad uh.

707
00:43:38,440 --> 00:43:40,560
Speaker 1: One of the all time classic docs. If you haven't seen,

708
00:43:40,600 --> 00:43:43,279
Speaker 1: you should check that out. But cane toads are very

709
00:43:43,360 --> 00:43:48,200
Speaker 1: famously brought over in nine uh. And this it just

710
00:43:48,200 --> 00:43:51,440
Speaker 1: seems like it always goes this way when someone says, hey,

711
00:43:52,120 --> 00:43:55,719
Speaker 1: let's bring in this to handle this, uh, even though

712
00:43:55,800 --> 00:43:59,840
Speaker 1: nature hasn't, it always goes wrong. It seems like. So

713
00:44:00,040 --> 00:44:03,920
Speaker 1: they brought these cane toads over to uh take care

714
00:44:03,960 --> 00:44:06,239
Speaker 1: of the scare of beetle. But then once they got

715
00:44:06,320 --> 00:44:08,440
Speaker 1: over here, they were the scarabs are eating the sugar

716
00:44:08,520 --> 00:44:12,439
Speaker 1: cane crops um. They realized that these big fat cane

717
00:44:12,480 --> 00:44:15,320
Speaker 1: toads couldn't jump high enough to get to the beatles

718
00:44:16,440 --> 00:44:19,680
Speaker 1: for the most part, and so they all of a sudden,

719
00:44:19,680 --> 00:44:22,759
Speaker 1: we're just there and they reproduce like bunny rabbits, and

720
00:44:22,880 --> 00:44:26,120
Speaker 1: so before you know it, Australia very famously you had

721
00:44:26,160 --> 00:44:28,359
Speaker 1: a cane toad problem, and I think still does right.

722
00:44:29,280 --> 00:44:32,920
Speaker 1: Oh yeah, yeah, it's big. They were advancing towards Sydney

723
00:44:33,040 --> 00:44:37,000
Speaker 1: or Perth or some large city, um, just ruining crop

724
00:44:37,120 --> 00:44:39,399
Speaker 1: land and on the way. Yeah, they have a huge

725
00:44:39,440 --> 00:44:41,520
Speaker 1: problem still as far as I know, I just saw

726
00:44:41,640 --> 00:44:44,000
Speaker 1: one recent thing. I don't know if it's still the case,

727
00:44:44,120 --> 00:44:48,560
Speaker 1: but I think they found some ant that will kill

728
00:44:48,719 --> 00:44:52,960
Speaker 1: these cane toads. They're called meat ants. It sounds like

729
00:44:53,040 --> 00:44:55,680
Speaker 1: something of a horror movie. Yeah, that does sound pretty bad.

730
00:44:55,880 --> 00:44:57,279
Speaker 1: But I don't know if that's still the case. But

731
00:44:57,320 --> 00:44:58,840
Speaker 1: I do know that Australia has spent a lot of

732
00:44:58,840 --> 00:45:03,359
Speaker 1: money over the years trying to control the cane toads. Yeah, um,

733
00:45:04,480 --> 00:45:06,080
Speaker 1: and yeah, as far as I know, they still have

734
00:45:06,160 --> 00:45:08,839
Speaker 1: a huge problem with it. Maybe, Josh, we will see

735
00:45:08,920 --> 00:45:13,680
Speaker 1: some In two thousand eighteen when we fingers Crossed visit

736
00:45:13,680 --> 00:45:16,319
Speaker 1: Australia to do live shows that will be great. We're

737
00:45:16,360 --> 00:45:18,759
Speaker 1: gonna go catch a couple and at least get a

738
00:45:18,840 --> 00:45:21,560
Speaker 1: couple out of Australia's hair while we're there. Yeah, so

739
00:45:21,600 --> 00:45:24,799
Speaker 1: that that is sort of a pre announcement. Hopefully we're

740
00:45:24,800 --> 00:45:27,440
Speaker 1: gonna be hitting Australia New Zealand next year. Oh is

741
00:45:27,480 --> 00:45:29,920
Speaker 1: that what you were doing? Yeah? If everything goes well,

742
00:45:30,920 --> 00:45:34,240
Speaker 1: that is the plan. Okay, yeah, No, I'm pretty psyched

743
00:45:34,239 --> 00:45:36,080
Speaker 1: about it. I just have to find some good pills

744
00:45:36,200 --> 00:45:38,840
Speaker 1: to get me through that flight. So I'll tell you

745
00:45:38,960 --> 00:45:41,560
Speaker 1: what you could do for the flight back. You could

746
00:45:41,600 --> 00:45:44,640
Speaker 1: take one of those cane toads, squeeze it and then

747
00:45:44,760 --> 00:45:48,600
Speaker 1: lick the secretions. Yeah. So that's a real thing. If

748
00:45:48,640 --> 00:45:53,520
Speaker 1: you've heard, hey we're licking frogs, uh, make me hallucinate.

749
00:45:53,880 --> 00:45:56,879
Speaker 1: That is actually a real thing. And there are um

750
00:45:57,239 --> 00:45:59,520
Speaker 1: in the eighties the Australian government and this doesn't just

751
00:45:59,560 --> 00:46:05,480
Speaker 1: happen Australia. Uh, they have outlawed kane toad secretion under

752
00:46:05,520 --> 00:46:10,680
Speaker 1: the Drug Misuse Act. And there's another chemical called buphot

753
00:46:10,840 --> 00:46:14,439
Speaker 1: nine that is in the US a controlled substance. Yeah,

754
00:46:14,520 --> 00:46:18,640
Speaker 1: from the Colorado River toad. And you can own a

755
00:46:18,760 --> 00:46:22,080
Speaker 1: Colorado River toad. But buddy you better not lick it

756
00:46:22,520 --> 00:46:24,759
Speaker 1: because that is illegal. Yes, so what do you do?

757
00:46:24,920 --> 00:46:30,360
Speaker 1: You um, squeeze the paratoid glands behind the ear drums.

758
00:46:30,960 --> 00:46:33,920
Speaker 1: There'll be an oozy, milky substance that leaks out, and

759
00:46:34,239 --> 00:46:37,719
Speaker 1: then you can either lick it right there or you

760
00:46:37,800 --> 00:46:40,920
Speaker 1: can collect it, dry it, and smoke it. And here's

761
00:46:40,920 --> 00:46:45,279
Speaker 1: the thing, like, don't do that. No, do not do that,

762
00:46:45,480 --> 00:46:48,480
Speaker 1: not just because it's illegal it's a controlled substance, but

763
00:46:48,600 --> 00:46:53,040
Speaker 1: because you have no idea how toxic that that chemical is,

764
00:46:53,120 --> 00:46:56,200
Speaker 1: how potent it is. You can't you can't control the dosage,

765
00:46:56,840 --> 00:47:02,040
Speaker 1: and so if you overdose you you will probably suffer

766
00:47:02,160 --> 00:47:05,360
Speaker 1: cardiac arrest and die. And there's no way for you

767
00:47:05,480 --> 00:47:08,160
Speaker 1: to know whether you're going to trip because this stuff

768
00:47:08,200 --> 00:47:10,719
Speaker 1: has like a UM. It's from the same family as

769
00:47:10,800 --> 00:47:16,360
Speaker 1: d M t die methyl lethamine at atlantamine. Man practice

770
00:47:16,400 --> 00:47:19,080
Speaker 1: that one too, but d M t UM it's in

771
00:47:19,160 --> 00:47:21,759
Speaker 1: the same family. So it will either make you trip

772
00:47:21,960 --> 00:47:23,680
Speaker 1: or it will kill you. And there's no way for

773
00:47:23,760 --> 00:47:26,120
Speaker 1: you to tell ahead of time. So there's really no

774
00:47:26,320 --> 00:47:30,040
Speaker 1: reason whatsoever for you to be licking toads. Your uncle

775
00:47:30,120 --> 00:47:32,759
Speaker 1: Josh and your uncle Chuck are telling you straight out,

776
00:47:33,040 --> 00:47:37,000
Speaker 1: don't lick toads, agreed, And yet people have been doing

777
00:47:37,080 --> 00:47:40,680
Speaker 1: it since at the very least eleven fifty b C.

778
00:47:41,719 --> 00:47:45,680
Speaker 1: They found archaeological evidence pointing to South American Indian tribes,

779
00:47:46,840 --> 00:47:53,160
Speaker 1: uh looking frogs, the Colorado River toad and of course

780
00:47:53,200 --> 00:47:57,839
Speaker 1: it's in Colorado, right exactly. Like Yeah, man, I'm gonna

781
00:47:58,040 --> 00:48:03,080
Speaker 1: christen these new hiking boots by into these new sweet basques.

782
00:48:04,239 --> 00:48:08,399
Speaker 1: All right, what else you got? I got nothing else?

783
00:48:08,680 --> 00:48:11,839
Speaker 1: That's frogs. That was a long one. Yeah, we haven't

784
00:48:11,840 --> 00:48:14,759
Speaker 1: done a good old fashioned animal episode in a long time.

785
00:48:14,840 --> 00:48:17,600
Speaker 1: I know I missed it. Um. Well, if you want

786
00:48:17,600 --> 00:48:20,640
Speaker 1: to know more about frogs and toads, ts, because there's

787
00:48:20,640 --> 00:48:23,880
Speaker 1: nothing more to know. But you can support Tracy V.

788
00:48:24,040 --> 00:48:27,880
Speaker 1: Wilson by going and reading this article on how Stuff

789
00:48:27,920 --> 00:48:30,080
Speaker 1: Works dot com. You can also go check out her

790
00:48:30,160 --> 00:48:35,120
Speaker 1: work on Stuff you Missed in History Class that great podcast, agreed.

791
00:48:35,360 --> 00:48:37,840
Speaker 1: And since I said stuff you missed in History class,

792
00:48:37,960 --> 00:48:41,840
Speaker 1: it's time for a listener mail. I'm gonna call this

793
00:48:42,080 --> 00:48:48,680
Speaker 1: the secondary follow up to the Satanas Satanist episode, and

794
00:48:48,800 --> 00:48:51,480
Speaker 1: this will probably the last one when we read. Just

795
00:48:51,600 --> 00:48:53,919
Speaker 1: listen to your show on Anton Laveay and Satanism. Guys.

796
00:48:54,239 --> 00:48:56,400
Speaker 1: It's a former leader of a secular interest group. I'm

797
00:48:56,400 --> 00:48:58,680
Speaker 1: embarrassed to say I've never heard of him until your show.

798
00:48:59,160 --> 00:49:02,600
Speaker 1: It's hard to believe. Yeah, it is. I've always believed

799
00:49:02,680 --> 00:49:05,760
Speaker 1: that the best way to show how absurd religious endorsement

800
00:49:05,880 --> 00:49:09,040
Speaker 1: is is taking it to its logical conclusion. Although the

801
00:49:09,120 --> 00:49:12,680
Speaker 1: Flying Spaghetti Monster demonstrates this through parity, I have no

802
00:49:12,840 --> 00:49:15,760
Speaker 1: idea there was a group who was demonstrating this through practice.

803
00:49:16,480 --> 00:49:18,760
Speaker 1: I believe secularism is a good thing for everyone, including

804
00:49:18,800 --> 00:49:21,480
Speaker 1: my Christian friends. Although I think Satan is a dubious

805
00:49:21,520 --> 00:49:25,400
Speaker 1: hero to champion secularism for the mere reason of the

806
00:49:25,440 --> 00:49:28,520
Speaker 1: knee jerk reaction to the name Satan. I am not

807
00:49:29,040 --> 00:49:31,640
Speaker 1: at all opposed to the Church of Satan's idea to

808
00:49:31,719 --> 00:49:34,520
Speaker 1: hold up a mirror to those working on religious establishment.

809
00:49:35,239 --> 00:49:37,040
Speaker 1: I want to say thank you for faithfully reporting on

810
00:49:37,120 --> 00:49:39,759
Speaker 1: people like Satanists. It's try to argue the position when

811
00:49:39,760 --> 00:49:42,399
Speaker 1: you stand to gain something from your position. You guys

812
00:49:42,440 --> 00:49:44,920
Speaker 1: have the advantage of reaching people while their guard is down,

813
00:49:45,520 --> 00:49:47,920
Speaker 1: and you used it to challenge their views on something

814
00:49:48,480 --> 00:49:52,319
Speaker 1: as unequivocally evil sounding and Satanist. I very well made

815
00:49:52,800 --> 00:49:56,800
Speaker 1: become a secret Satanist after your podcast Take the Plunge

816
00:49:56,880 --> 00:50:01,720
Speaker 1: with Me, chuck uh And that is from Travis Romero.

817
00:50:02,400 --> 00:50:04,480
Speaker 1: Well thanks a lot, Travis. If you want to get

818
00:50:04,520 --> 00:50:07,040
Speaker 1: in touch with us like Travis did, you can tweet

819
00:50:07,080 --> 00:50:09,200
Speaker 1: to us at s Y s K podcast or join

820
00:50:09,320 --> 00:50:11,480
Speaker 1: us on Facebook dot com, slash stuff you Should Know.

821
00:50:11,840 --> 00:50:13,880
Speaker 1: You can send us an email the Stuff podcast at

822
00:50:13,920 --> 00:50:16,360
Speaker 1: how stuff Works dot com and has always joined us

823
00:50:16,360 --> 00:50:18,120
Speaker 1: at our home on the web, Stuff you Should Know

824
00:50:18,200 --> 00:50:25,320
Speaker 1: dot com. For more on this and thousands of other topics,

825
00:50:25,600 --> 00:50:26,920
Speaker 1: is that how stuff Works dot com