1 00:00:10,560 --> 00:00:29,480 Speaker 1: Yeah, fair warning, friends and neighbors, strangers, fellow history buffs alike. 2 00:00:29,640 --> 00:00:35,280 Speaker 1: Today's episode is grizzly. Let's set the tone with a quotation. 3 00:00:36,240 --> 00:00:38,960 Speaker 1: With my own eyes, I saw Spaniards cut off the 4 00:00:39,000 --> 00:00:43,199 Speaker 1: nose and ears of Indians male and female without provocation, 5 00:00:43,600 --> 00:00:47,199 Speaker 1: merely because it pleased them to do it. Likewise, I 6 00:00:47,240 --> 00:00:50,839 Speaker 1: saw how they summoned the chief rulers to come, assuring 7 00:00:50,920 --> 00:00:53,840 Speaker 1: them safety, and when they peacefully came, they were taken 8 00:00:53,920 --> 00:00:57,800 Speaker 1: captive and burned. That is a quote from Bartolome de 9 00:00:57,920 --> 00:01:03,280 Speaker 1: las Casas, who was actually appointed protector of the Indians 10 00:01:03,480 --> 00:01:09,679 Speaker 1: during the sixteenth century. High I'm ben shocking. Well it is, uh, 11 00:01:09,720 --> 00:01:13,039 Speaker 1: it is definitely graphic, and we are talking about something 12 00:01:13,080 --> 00:01:15,640 Speaker 1: graphic today, right, But first, who are you? I don't 13 00:01:15,680 --> 00:01:18,760 Speaker 1: want to say, you don't want to say, alright, well, 14 00:01:18,840 --> 00:01:21,240 Speaker 1: I can't participate in this. Alright, alright, I'm Noel, and 15 00:01:21,280 --> 00:01:23,600 Speaker 1: we are talking about grizzly things today. We are talking 16 00:01:23,640 --> 00:01:28,360 Speaker 1: about come up and I guess yeah, poetically right, and uh, 17 00:01:28,440 --> 00:01:34,000 Speaker 1: we're talking about death by molten gold. Yes, yes, And 18 00:01:34,240 --> 00:01:40,600 Speaker 1: the reason that Noel, super producer Casey Pegram and I 19 00:01:40,680 --> 00:01:45,240 Speaker 1: are bringing up this quotation by de Las Casas is 20 00:01:45,280 --> 00:01:49,440 Speaker 1: because this is one of the few Spanish colonists of 21 00:01:49,520 --> 00:01:54,520 Speaker 1: the time who stood up against the rank abuse, the 22 00:01:54,680 --> 00:02:01,040 Speaker 1: systemic plundering of the native lands in Central and South 23 00:02:01,120 --> 00:02:05,880 Speaker 1: America and and and in the Caribbean. And my co 24 00:02:06,040 --> 00:02:13,640 Speaker 1: host here is absolutely correct. We are talking about molten Gold, 25 00:02:13,800 --> 00:02:19,560 Speaker 1: specifically Molten Golden fifteen nine. Now, for fans of a 26 00:02:19,639 --> 00:02:23,720 Speaker 1: lot of you know, very graphic works of fiction, Uh, 27 00:02:23,960 --> 00:02:27,600 Speaker 1: this this seems like something an author would make up 28 00:02:27,639 --> 00:02:30,600 Speaker 1: out of whole cloth just to be spooky. Yeah, it's true, 29 00:02:30,760 --> 00:02:33,040 Speaker 1: you know. And you're talking about Game of Thrones and 30 00:02:33,080 --> 00:02:36,120 Speaker 1: George R. R. Martin and um, you may may not 31 00:02:36,200 --> 00:02:39,440 Speaker 1: know if you're a fan, that he did tend to 32 00:02:39,560 --> 00:02:43,160 Speaker 1: pull some of the more graphic depictions of death and 33 00:02:43,240 --> 00:02:45,880 Speaker 1: execution in the Game of Thrones books or the Song 34 00:02:45,960 --> 00:02:48,639 Speaker 1: of Fire and Ice books from history. Um that includes 35 00:02:48,720 --> 00:02:52,160 Speaker 1: things like the Red Wedding. Don't don't google that if 36 00:02:52,160 --> 00:02:54,680 Speaker 1: you don't know. What I'm talking about is a massive spoiler. 37 00:02:54,800 --> 00:02:56,960 Speaker 1: Just let it go. Just let it go. Um, it'll 38 00:02:56,960 --> 00:03:00,480 Speaker 1: come around then it will upset you. Um. And death 39 00:03:00,520 --> 00:03:04,800 Speaker 1: by Molten Gold, which was the poetic end to a character. 40 00:03:04,919 --> 00:03:07,200 Speaker 1: Can I do this quick spoiler. Can I do a countdown? 41 00:03:07,440 --> 00:03:09,560 Speaker 1: Uh yeah, I'll count you down then you go alright, 42 00:03:10,280 --> 00:03:14,840 Speaker 1: three two one spoilers. So denaries tar Garyan, who is 43 00:03:14,960 --> 00:03:17,119 Speaker 1: you know, the mother of Dragons and all that um. 44 00:03:17,160 --> 00:03:20,200 Speaker 1: In the first season of Game of Thrones, her brother 45 00:03:20,440 --> 00:03:24,040 Speaker 1: the series um is a is a real brat, He's 46 00:03:24,040 --> 00:03:27,760 Speaker 1: a real pill and he feels very entitled to a 47 00:03:28,000 --> 00:03:30,920 Speaker 1: crown Um. He wants to rule the Seven kingdoms with 48 00:03:30,960 --> 00:03:33,560 Speaker 1: a golden crown Um, and in order to do that, 49 00:03:33,639 --> 00:03:37,080 Speaker 1: they employ, you know, the the help of this barbarian 50 00:03:37,160 --> 00:03:41,400 Speaker 1: horde um, the doth Racki, and he basically pours his 51 00:03:41,480 --> 00:03:45,600 Speaker 1: sister out um to this cal Drogo is the head 52 00:03:45,840 --> 00:03:48,720 Speaker 1: of the doth raki Um and as it turns out, 53 00:03:48,920 --> 00:03:52,040 Speaker 1: they actually hit it off quite well, despite his evil 54 00:03:52,080 --> 00:03:55,720 Speaker 1: intentions and you know, treating his sister like chattel um 55 00:03:55,880 --> 00:03:59,640 Speaker 1: and he kind of really gets cut down to size 56 00:03:59,720 --> 00:04:02,360 Speaker 1: and and has no power, and she kind of really 57 00:04:02,400 --> 00:04:05,600 Speaker 1: starts to rise above him in terms of her influence 58 00:04:05,680 --> 00:04:09,640 Speaker 1: over Um cal Drogo and the doth Racy, and ultimately, 59 00:04:09,960 --> 00:04:14,160 Speaker 1: when he brings a sword and threatens her unborn child 60 00:04:14,320 --> 00:04:17,400 Speaker 1: by cal Drogo Um in the presence of all of 61 00:04:17,480 --> 00:04:20,880 Speaker 1: his uh, what do you call them? His blood riders, right, 62 00:04:21,160 --> 00:04:26,120 Speaker 1: blood writers crew, his crew. Um. He demands this, this 63 00:04:26,240 --> 00:04:28,640 Speaker 1: golden crown. He says he's been waiting too long and 64 00:04:28,680 --> 00:04:31,479 Speaker 1: he needs it now. Um. And he's got this sword. 65 00:04:31,520 --> 00:04:35,360 Speaker 1: He's holding it to Denari's belly and cal Drogo kind 66 00:04:35,360 --> 00:04:37,159 Speaker 1: of chills for a second. He's like, all right, I 67 00:04:37,240 --> 00:04:40,000 Speaker 1: got you. We'll do this. We'll get you your golden crown. 68 00:04:40,440 --> 00:04:42,800 Speaker 1: And then they break his arm, hold him down, and 69 00:04:42,839 --> 00:04:47,400 Speaker 1: he pours a cauldron of molten gold over his head 70 00:04:48,120 --> 00:04:51,640 Speaker 1: and he dies. INSTO me right, um, And it's a 71 00:04:51,680 --> 00:04:54,239 Speaker 1: gets a gets a great scene. It's it's very well done. 72 00:04:54,880 --> 00:04:57,040 Speaker 1: When he kind of falls, he makes this amazing kind 73 00:04:57,080 --> 00:05:00,680 Speaker 1: of clunk sound. Um, and then their steam rising from 74 00:05:00,680 --> 00:05:03,400 Speaker 1: the head, which will be important later, very important. So uh, 75 00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:06,920 Speaker 1: maybe maybe we should do a time code for spoiler. 76 00:05:06,960 --> 00:05:09,279 Speaker 1: I don't know, is it okay? No? I think that's 77 00:05:09,320 --> 00:05:12,040 Speaker 1: I think that's completely fine as a spoiler. We did 78 00:05:12,080 --> 00:05:16,080 Speaker 1: count down And I like your blow by blow description 79 00:05:16,240 --> 00:05:19,160 Speaker 1: because it is going to come and play later in 80 00:05:19,360 --> 00:05:23,599 Speaker 1: a big way. Also, boy is George R. R. Martin 81 00:05:23,760 --> 00:05:26,599 Speaker 1: and also the producers of Game of Thrones. That whole 82 00:05:26,600 --> 00:05:30,200 Speaker 1: team is just great at making people severely unlikable time 83 00:05:30,240 --> 00:05:32,839 Speaker 1: because by the time that guy finally gets his come 84 00:05:32,920 --> 00:05:36,320 Speaker 1: up and everybody is just praying that he will stole 85 00:05:36,640 --> 00:05:39,920 Speaker 1: he he had the worst catchphrase, which was wake the Dragon, 86 00:05:39,960 --> 00:05:42,680 Speaker 1: to wake the dragon, Wake the dragon. And it was 87 00:05:42,880 --> 00:05:47,200 Speaker 1: very very weird about it. Yes, and also super rape 88 00:05:47,680 --> 00:05:52,240 Speaker 1: to his sister and just anyway arrogant. Yes. But the 89 00:05:52,560 --> 00:05:57,279 Speaker 1: but the point here is that this kind of thing, 90 00:05:57,560 --> 00:06:01,839 Speaker 1: as we said, actually happened I r L. Not on 91 00:06:01,880 --> 00:06:05,560 Speaker 1: the MTV show I r L in actual real life. Yeah, 92 00:06:05,560 --> 00:06:07,200 Speaker 1: and neither quote you read at the top of the show, 93 00:06:07,600 --> 00:06:14,200 Speaker 1: um is more about the atrocities perpetrated by the Spanish conquerors. Yes, 94 00:06:14,680 --> 00:06:17,120 Speaker 1: but what we're seeing here is sort of that turnabouts 95 00:06:17,120 --> 00:06:20,280 Speaker 1: fair play kind of situation, because the Spanish were so 96 00:06:20,839 --> 00:06:24,800 Speaker 1: um brutal and ruthless with conquering these native peoples, for example, 97 00:06:25,200 --> 00:06:31,240 Speaker 1: the Javarro tribe of Lagrango um and In they had 98 00:06:31,240 --> 00:06:35,400 Speaker 1: had enough. Yes, let's I'm glad you bring up the quote, 99 00:06:35,480 --> 00:06:38,400 Speaker 1: because let's let's paint the context here. Let's paint the 100 00:06:38,440 --> 00:06:44,560 Speaker 1: background in which this event occurs. The Spanish were I 101 00:06:44,600 --> 00:06:49,800 Speaker 1: believe the technical term is utter bastards. During the colonization period, 102 00:06:50,760 --> 00:06:56,440 Speaker 1: they implemented something called the encomienda system, which was the 103 00:06:56,520 --> 00:07:00,320 Speaker 1: idea was that groups of indigenous people would be placed 104 00:07:00,360 --> 00:07:05,720 Speaker 1: under Spanish oversight to foster quote cultural assimilation and ultimately 105 00:07:05,760 --> 00:07:09,200 Speaker 1: to convert them to Christianity. But what this actually led 106 00:07:09,240 --> 00:07:15,280 Speaker 1: to was legally sanctioned atrocities by the Spanish government, exploiting 107 00:07:15,400 --> 00:07:18,520 Speaker 1: natural resources, forcing people to work in minds for gold, 108 00:07:18,840 --> 00:07:23,520 Speaker 1: forcing people to labor until they die, I mean, forget 109 00:07:23,520 --> 00:07:29,960 Speaker 1: a coffee break, and very few people, relatively from the 110 00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:33,360 Speaker 1: Spanish side of this event, very few people spoke out 111 00:07:33,640 --> 00:07:36,640 Speaker 1: against the injustice. De las Casas was one of the 112 00:07:36,720 --> 00:07:39,160 Speaker 1: only people who did. What's the political climate here, Ben 113 00:07:39,240 --> 00:07:43,200 Speaker 1: has this sort of the conquistador era. Yeah, yeah, the 114 00:07:43,240 --> 00:07:46,200 Speaker 1: Spanish conquest of the Americans. And you know, just from 115 00:07:46,360 --> 00:07:51,800 Speaker 1: disease alone, up to eight million people died, Indigenous people, 116 00:07:51,880 --> 00:07:54,640 Speaker 1: just from contacting these diseases. And one of the brutal 117 00:07:54,760 --> 00:07:58,960 Speaker 1: things that would happen here that's very important for our story, 118 00:07:59,040 --> 00:08:04,440 Speaker 1: is that the Spanish governing systems would also just tax 119 00:08:04,640 --> 00:08:09,720 Speaker 1: the pants off people and this Mr Show and then 120 00:08:09,760 --> 00:08:12,440 Speaker 1: they'd sell them pants, and then they'd sell them pants. Yes, 121 00:08:12,480 --> 00:08:16,760 Speaker 1: there was a system in play. So the Javarro tribe 122 00:08:17,360 --> 00:08:20,800 Speaker 1: they eventually, as as you said, nol, they have had enough. 123 00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:26,720 Speaker 1: And the straw on the camel of colonialism's back, golden straw, 124 00:08:26,880 --> 00:08:31,160 Speaker 1: the golden straw on the camel of colonialisms back. Here 125 00:08:31,760 --> 00:08:35,240 Speaker 1: is the moment when the tribe finds out that not 126 00:08:35,320 --> 00:08:39,720 Speaker 1: only are they submitting to this ridiculous, egregious tax, but 127 00:08:39,920 --> 00:08:44,520 Speaker 1: that the governor of the town has been cheating them, 128 00:08:44,920 --> 00:08:48,720 Speaker 1: so adding insult to injury. It was already a rapacious tax, 129 00:08:48,880 --> 00:08:53,280 Speaker 1: it was already terrible. Yes, And they attacked the lom 130 00:08:53,360 --> 00:08:58,280 Speaker 1: Grono settlement. They did. Uh. They massacred up to twenty 131 00:08:58,440 --> 00:09:03,679 Speaker 1: five thousands Spaniards, just regular killing them, regular killing. Um. 132 00:09:03,760 --> 00:09:07,320 Speaker 1: But but that wasn't enough for the governor, who was 133 00:09:07,400 --> 00:09:12,640 Speaker 1: responsible for this egregious behavior. Um. They held him down 134 00:09:13,400 --> 00:09:16,480 Speaker 1: and giving him a taste of his own medicine. Uh, 135 00:09:17,160 --> 00:09:20,240 Speaker 1: a lot more than it tastes a heroic dose, shall 136 00:09:20,280 --> 00:09:25,640 Speaker 1: he say of his own medicine? Uh, that medicine being greed. God, 137 00:09:25,679 --> 00:09:29,439 Speaker 1: I love this poetic justice. Here they poured molten gold 138 00:09:29,480 --> 00:09:32,720 Speaker 1: down his throat, and then they burned the town to 139 00:09:32,840 --> 00:09:37,320 Speaker 1: the ground, to the to ash. Yes, and this this 140 00:09:37,360 --> 00:09:40,680 Speaker 1: sounds crazy, right, We do know that according to the 141 00:09:40,800 --> 00:09:45,000 Speaker 1: article and Journal of Clinical Pathology, molten gold was poured 142 00:09:45,040 --> 00:09:47,120 Speaker 1: down his throat until his bowels burst. That is the 143 00:09:47,120 --> 00:09:51,000 Speaker 1: title of this paper, really leaving nothing to the imagination there. Yeah, 144 00:09:51,040 --> 00:09:54,360 Speaker 1: by F. R. W. Van der Goot and team. We 145 00:09:54,440 --> 00:09:57,360 Speaker 1: do know that the pouring of hot liquids or metals 146 00:09:57,400 --> 00:10:01,800 Speaker 1: like letter gold had been practiced before. This was not 147 00:10:01,880 --> 00:10:04,840 Speaker 1: the first time someone came up with it, but the 148 00:10:05,040 --> 00:10:09,720 Speaker 1: given the value of gold, typically if you saw Roman 149 00:10:10,200 --> 00:10:12,720 Speaker 1: torture and executions this way, it would be a metal 150 00:10:12,800 --> 00:10:15,160 Speaker 1: like leg It's true, and you can even see today 151 00:10:15,520 --> 00:10:17,360 Speaker 1: this is a much less grizzly version of this, but 152 00:10:17,400 --> 00:10:20,439 Speaker 1: it will show you how um how much damage a 153 00:10:20,520 --> 00:10:23,480 Speaker 1: hot liquid like this can do. Hot molten metal like 154 00:10:23,520 --> 00:10:25,679 Speaker 1: this can do. There's all these YouTube videos or people 155 00:10:25,760 --> 00:10:30,240 Speaker 1: pour molten metal on like watermelons or that even when 156 00:10:30,240 --> 00:10:32,600 Speaker 1: where they poured on an ant hill and you just 157 00:10:32,679 --> 00:10:36,479 Speaker 1: see insane amounts of steam coming up and it hardens 158 00:10:36,520 --> 00:10:39,440 Speaker 1: like instantly. Then you can like open the watermelon and 159 00:10:39,480 --> 00:10:42,520 Speaker 1: look inside and it's filled all the crevices and it's 160 00:10:42,559 --> 00:10:45,360 Speaker 1: created the shape of all of the open space and 161 00:10:45,600 --> 00:10:48,240 Speaker 1: hills look really cool, and hills look super cool. It's 162 00:10:48,240 --> 00:10:50,319 Speaker 1: like some sort of thing you'd see in the Guggenheim, 163 00:10:50,400 --> 00:10:54,439 Speaker 1: Like it's a really fascinating sculptural kind of vibe m R. 164 00:10:54,480 --> 00:10:57,400 Speaker 1: I of a brain or some kind of nervous system. Yeah, yeah, 165 00:10:57,440 --> 00:10:59,520 Speaker 1: that's a This is a great point. You you can 166 00:10:59,600 --> 00:11:04,959 Speaker 1: see it. And the metal does cool very quickly. In fact, 167 00:11:05,600 --> 00:11:08,840 Speaker 1: scientist who used lead for a test found that the 168 00:11:08,920 --> 00:11:14,480 Speaker 1: lead solidified within ten seconds. So this means, you know, 169 00:11:14,600 --> 00:11:17,320 Speaker 1: think about think about the span of time we're talking 170 00:11:17,640 --> 00:11:21,440 Speaker 1: and this this stuff pouring down solidifying in ten seconds. 171 00:11:22,640 --> 00:11:26,640 Speaker 1: It's not going to go through the entirety of the body. 172 00:11:27,160 --> 00:11:30,360 Speaker 1: Let's set up the the situation here though. You mentioned 173 00:11:30,360 --> 00:11:32,959 Speaker 1: this paper, molten gold was poured down his throat until 174 00:11:33,000 --> 00:11:37,120 Speaker 1: his bowels burst. Again the title FR. W. Vandergroot and R. L. 175 00:11:37,200 --> 00:11:42,480 Speaker 1: Tin Berg Um, this is what they did. They procured 176 00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:46,400 Speaker 1: a cow's larrn x from a slaughterhouse, and they make 177 00:11:46,440 --> 00:11:48,600 Speaker 1: it very clear here in the paper that no animal 178 00:11:48,679 --> 00:11:51,520 Speaker 1: was harmed or killed specifically for this purpose. You could 179 00:11:51,559 --> 00:11:55,240 Speaker 1: probably get a cow's larne x from your local butcher. Yeah, 180 00:11:55,240 --> 00:11:56,839 Speaker 1: you gotta have them laying around somewhere. It's not something 181 00:11:56,880 --> 00:11:58,800 Speaker 1: you see in the case. Necessarily, you can at least 182 00:11:58,800 --> 00:12:00,280 Speaker 1: get them to order. If you can make yeah, you 183 00:12:00,280 --> 00:12:02,000 Speaker 1: can make a special request if you'd like to do 184 00:12:02,080 --> 00:12:05,560 Speaker 1: this at home exactly. Yeah, maybe, you know, make sure 185 00:12:05,600 --> 00:12:08,480 Speaker 1: make sure there's an adult present kids when you do this. 186 00:12:13,559 --> 00:12:16,840 Speaker 1: So they fixed the laryn x um in a horizontal 187 00:12:16,840 --> 00:12:20,000 Speaker 1: position to a piece of wood, and then they closed 188 00:12:20,120 --> 00:12:23,320 Speaker 1: the bottom end using tissue paper, which I guess is 189 00:12:23,320 --> 00:12:26,240 Speaker 1: a pretty good stand in for the type of membrane 190 00:12:26,360 --> 00:12:28,960 Speaker 1: that would be you know, present if this were connected 191 00:12:29,000 --> 00:12:31,920 Speaker 1: to a you know, the rest of a body. And 192 00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:35,400 Speaker 1: then they poured seven hundred and fifty grams of pure lead, 193 00:12:36,360 --> 00:12:39,280 Speaker 1: which was at around four hundred and fifty degrees celsius. 194 00:12:39,480 --> 00:12:43,040 Speaker 1: Four and fifty degrees celsius is eight hundred and forty 195 00:12:43,080 --> 00:12:46,240 Speaker 1: two degrees fahrenheits. So nothing just sneeze at no, definitely 196 00:12:46,280 --> 00:12:50,080 Speaker 1: not um. And what happened was immediately huge amounts of 197 00:12:50,120 --> 00:12:53,720 Speaker 1: steam began to burst out of both ends of this 198 00:12:53,880 --> 00:12:56,439 Speaker 1: larrn x. And of course that piece of tissue paper 199 00:12:56,559 --> 00:12:59,320 Speaker 1: was no match for this kind of pressure and steam, 200 00:12:59,360 --> 00:13:02,199 Speaker 1: and it's shot out with force, they said. And then 201 00:13:02,240 --> 00:13:05,680 Speaker 1: within ten seconds, Ben, As you mentioned, um, everything had 202 00:13:05,679 --> 00:13:10,600 Speaker 1: congealed and the lead completely filled the latin x and hardened, 203 00:13:10,960 --> 00:13:14,680 Speaker 1: creating a shape, a perfect cross section of the latin 204 00:13:14,880 --> 00:13:18,480 Speaker 1: x once it had cooled. But there's something fascinating here 205 00:13:18,559 --> 00:13:23,080 Speaker 1: because after everything had cooled, they examine the larynx. They 206 00:13:23,120 --> 00:13:26,559 Speaker 1: take cross sections and look at them under a light microscope. 207 00:13:26,960 --> 00:13:30,000 Speaker 1: They find that the throat mucus layer been completely burned 208 00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:33,040 Speaker 1: off and the muscle was cooked or damaged to the 209 00:13:33,120 --> 00:13:37,240 Speaker 1: depth of only about one centimeter, which is fascinating because 210 00:13:37,280 --> 00:13:41,640 Speaker 1: you know, initially some of us are probably thinking, well, 211 00:13:42,120 --> 00:13:45,440 Speaker 1: a hot molten metal is going to shoot straight down 212 00:13:45,440 --> 00:13:48,640 Speaker 1: your throat, burning everything in its path, and uh, you know, 213 00:13:48,880 --> 00:13:52,199 Speaker 1: fall out of your Australia for lack of a better phrase. 214 00:13:52,840 --> 00:13:57,560 Speaker 1: But as Rachel Newer rights, an article for Smithsonian called 215 00:13:57,679 --> 00:14:01,600 Speaker 1: Here's what actually happens during execution by molten gold. It's 216 00:14:01,679 --> 00:14:06,840 Speaker 1: not the metal that kills, you know, It's it's the 217 00:14:06,880 --> 00:14:12,640 Speaker 1: pressure and the steam, the absolute ferocity of you know, 218 00:14:12,760 --> 00:14:14,800 Speaker 1: think about like when you even if you have a pan, 219 00:14:15,080 --> 00:14:17,880 Speaker 1: write a hot pan and you put it under cold 220 00:14:17,880 --> 00:14:20,920 Speaker 1: water in the sink. If it's hot enough, that thing 221 00:14:21,160 --> 00:14:24,040 Speaker 1: produces all kinds of steam that's very, very hot. Can 222 00:14:24,080 --> 00:14:30,440 Speaker 1: you imagine molten liquid being poured on your flesh? Absolutely, 223 00:14:30,520 --> 00:14:33,560 Speaker 1: and the difference of temperature would cause that insane amount 224 00:14:33,600 --> 00:14:36,760 Speaker 1: of pressure and steam and rupture your your gutty parts. 225 00:14:36,920 --> 00:14:39,400 Speaker 1: I mean on the outside of your body alone, that's 226 00:14:39,480 --> 00:14:43,080 Speaker 1: unimaginably painful. But then on your inerts, on your insides. 227 00:14:44,120 --> 00:14:47,640 Speaker 1: This gets to a point where the victim is probably thinking, 228 00:14:48,160 --> 00:14:51,320 Speaker 1: just let me die. And we know, you know, we 229 00:14:51,360 --> 00:14:54,360 Speaker 1: mentioned Rome, right, and we mentioned the use of molten lead. 230 00:14:55,160 --> 00:14:58,840 Speaker 1: The practice of pouring some sort of molten metal down 231 00:14:58,920 --> 00:15:04,800 Speaker 1: a person's throat was also used by the Spanish during 232 00:15:04,840 --> 00:15:08,840 Speaker 1: the Inquisition. Again taste of their own medicine in more 233 00:15:08,880 --> 00:15:12,080 Speaker 1: ways than one. And I have to ask, this is 234 00:15:12,480 --> 00:15:15,120 Speaker 1: something where we insert our own opinions. Are you cool 235 00:15:15,160 --> 00:15:18,360 Speaker 1: with that? Sure? Man? I want to hear some I 236 00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:21,960 Speaker 1: want to hear your take on this. Do you think 237 00:15:22,160 --> 00:15:28,840 Speaker 1: the tribe was justified in this massacre or this sort 238 00:15:28,880 --> 00:15:31,280 Speaker 1: of that's a big question. Do you think the tribe 239 00:15:31,440 --> 00:15:36,400 Speaker 1: is justified in murdering this governor this way? I don't know, man, 240 00:15:36,560 --> 00:15:41,480 Speaker 1: I mean, they had been just dicked around so much 241 00:15:41,560 --> 00:15:44,360 Speaker 1: that I think they probably had had enough and they 242 00:15:44,400 --> 00:15:47,440 Speaker 1: wanted to make an example out of him. You know, 243 00:15:49,360 --> 00:15:52,280 Speaker 1: it was brutal times, and they had been treated with brutality, 244 00:15:52,680 --> 00:15:56,120 Speaker 1: and you know, I mean, these tribal people had a 245 00:15:56,240 --> 00:15:59,520 Speaker 1: history of brutality in and of themselves. So it's it's 246 00:15:59,520 --> 00:16:01,960 Speaker 1: certainly not something they just invented out of whole cloth 247 00:16:02,080 --> 00:16:05,320 Speaker 1: because they were pushed too far. Right. Yeah, these violent 248 00:16:05,360 --> 00:16:09,840 Speaker 1: delights have violent ends, right, and delight obviously is not 249 00:16:09,920 --> 00:16:12,240 Speaker 1: the right word for this. But we're We're by no 250 00:16:12,360 --> 00:16:16,440 Speaker 1: means saying that anyone involved in this had some sort 251 00:16:16,480 --> 00:16:22,440 Speaker 1: of inborn predisposition towards these acts of violence. What we 252 00:16:22,600 --> 00:16:28,800 Speaker 1: are saying is that when people are forced into a 253 00:16:28,880 --> 00:16:34,480 Speaker 1: situation wherein brutality becomes a vocabulary, right, where wherein we 254 00:16:34,600 --> 00:16:40,400 Speaker 1: communicate through these acts of violence, then this escalation occurs. 255 00:16:41,400 --> 00:16:44,840 Speaker 1: You know, you can check out various podcast we and 256 00:16:44,920 --> 00:16:49,560 Speaker 1: our cohort have done on torture devices, right, and one 257 00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:55,520 Speaker 1: thing you'll find is that torture goes across all civilizations 258 00:16:55,560 --> 00:16:59,560 Speaker 1: and all cultures. But in this case, they go out 259 00:16:59,560 --> 00:17:02,520 Speaker 1: on a limb miurnal and say, I think he had 260 00:17:02,560 --> 00:17:04,399 Speaker 1: it come into him. Yeah, I think so too. I 261 00:17:04,440 --> 00:17:07,560 Speaker 1: think he I think he earned this, I think he 262 00:17:07,640 --> 00:17:12,280 Speaker 1: earned this torture. Of course, we can't condone the master 263 00:17:12,440 --> 00:17:16,320 Speaker 1: of twenty five thousand people, not all of whom would 264 00:17:16,359 --> 00:17:20,320 Speaker 1: be fundamentally involved in these gross acts of injustice. The 265 00:17:20,320 --> 00:17:22,640 Speaker 1: way it's written in everything that I saw was that 266 00:17:22,720 --> 00:17:27,040 Speaker 1: they were fighting back against being overtaxed. But they had 267 00:17:27,080 --> 00:17:30,760 Speaker 1: been colonized in the first place, and you know, essentially 268 00:17:30,800 --> 00:17:33,399 Speaker 1: forced to work for for nothing and had their natural 269 00:17:33,400 --> 00:17:39,080 Speaker 1: resources totally commodified by an invading people. Right, so you 270 00:17:39,119 --> 00:17:41,879 Speaker 1: know it wasn't the best arrangement in the first place. 271 00:17:41,920 --> 00:17:44,520 Speaker 1: This isn't even like a rebellion, This is a revolt. 272 00:17:44,600 --> 00:17:48,040 Speaker 1: This is like a slave revolt. Yeah. Absolutely, because these 273 00:17:48,080 --> 00:17:53,240 Speaker 1: people were considered inhuman and the Spanish government was saying, well, 274 00:17:53,440 --> 00:17:56,760 Speaker 1: we can do whatever we want because ultimately we're bringing 275 00:17:56,800 --> 00:18:00,879 Speaker 1: them two out, we're converting them to our religion. Therefore 276 00:18:01,480 --> 00:18:06,720 Speaker 1: our means are justified. And you know, this is a fascinating, 277 00:18:08,040 --> 00:18:13,000 Speaker 1: terrible thing that we see so often in colonial history. Also, 278 00:18:13,840 --> 00:18:20,400 Speaker 1: the Spanish were singularly obsessed with gold myopically, so sure, yeah, 279 00:18:20,440 --> 00:18:24,480 Speaker 1: and uh, you know, speaking of being myopically obsessed with wealth, 280 00:18:24,720 --> 00:18:31,680 Speaker 1: have you heard of Crassus, the Roman figure of great opulence. Yes, yes, 281 00:18:31,720 --> 00:18:34,840 Speaker 1: I have. And this is a great time to bring 282 00:18:34,960 --> 00:18:41,000 Speaker 1: up Marcus Licinius Crassis born one fifteen b C. He 283 00:18:41,080 --> 00:18:45,160 Speaker 1: was a Roman politician, right even taught taught some other 284 00:18:45,640 --> 00:18:47,920 Speaker 1: Romans a few things. Oh big time. He was only 285 00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:51,960 Speaker 1: a politician. He was considered one of the wealthiest men 286 00:18:52,520 --> 00:18:56,359 Speaker 1: in Republican Rome. And he got there by corrupt means. 287 00:18:56,680 --> 00:19:00,520 Speaker 1: Corrupt means there was a lot of invasion of other 288 00:19:01,000 --> 00:19:04,640 Speaker 1: cultures as well, as we know all roads lead to Rome, 289 00:19:04,720 --> 00:19:06,840 Speaker 1: because they just kind of took everything at the end 290 00:19:06,880 --> 00:19:11,080 Speaker 1: of those roads, right, So um, he was hugely responsible. 291 00:19:11,400 --> 00:19:14,399 Speaker 1: Um had a very successful military career where he would 292 00:19:14,560 --> 00:19:19,560 Speaker 1: um you know, he essentially gained control over most of Italy. 293 00:19:19,680 --> 00:19:25,560 Speaker 1: Um in his struggle against the forces of Gaius Marius 294 00:19:25,560 --> 00:19:29,159 Speaker 1: and Cornelius sinna Um and his father was part of that, 295 00:19:29,200 --> 00:19:32,800 Speaker 1: and he actually committed suicide. And then Crassus took off 296 00:19:33,080 --> 00:19:36,280 Speaker 1: and fled to Spain, and he ended up siding with 297 00:19:36,600 --> 00:19:41,240 Speaker 1: the opposing force in that conflict, a leader named Sola 298 00:19:41,320 --> 00:19:45,960 Speaker 1: against Marius, and he was able to reap the benefits 299 00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:50,200 Speaker 1: of that through a practice called prescription, which is where 300 00:19:50,240 --> 00:19:55,479 Speaker 1: you take the spoils of war from your defeated foes. 301 00:19:55,920 --> 00:20:01,280 Speaker 1: You essentially commodify their property, their slave, their lands, and 302 00:20:01,359 --> 00:20:06,280 Speaker 1: they become your personal wealth. It's important to mention the 303 00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:11,800 Speaker 1: slavery aspect there, because again slaves at the time were 304 00:20:11,960 --> 00:20:16,679 Speaker 1: considered property, not people. This is like, uh for a 305 00:20:16,800 --> 00:20:22,520 Speaker 1: modern analog. This is similar to civil forfeiture. Civil forfeiture 306 00:20:22,600 --> 00:20:26,200 Speaker 1: is the practice in the US whereby law enforcement can 307 00:20:26,240 --> 00:20:29,960 Speaker 1: confiscate property if a crime is suspected, and it changes 308 00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:32,639 Speaker 1: a little bit state to state. But this is on 309 00:20:32,840 --> 00:20:37,399 Speaker 1: a much higher level. This this is, as Noel said, 310 00:20:37,920 --> 00:20:41,359 Speaker 1: spoils of war, and all you have to do is 311 00:20:41,440 --> 00:20:45,239 Speaker 1: declare someone an enemy of the state. But why are 312 00:20:45,240 --> 00:20:47,679 Speaker 1: we bringing up crosses here? He is rumored to have 313 00:20:47,800 --> 00:20:52,879 Speaker 1: met a delightfully violent and as well um at the 314 00:20:52,960 --> 00:20:57,280 Speaker 1: hands of another group that he was attempting to conquer, 315 00:20:57,680 --> 00:21:01,399 Speaker 1: and that group was no And as the Parthians, what 316 00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:05,879 Speaker 1: were they about then? Yeah, the Parthian Empire was a 317 00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:12,680 Speaker 1: major socio political power located in modern day Iran and Iraq. 318 00:21:12,840 --> 00:21:18,439 Speaker 1: So it's just across the Euphrates. And Crassis says, you know, 319 00:21:18,640 --> 00:21:23,560 Speaker 1: he has Syria as his province, and he said that's 320 00:21:23,600 --> 00:21:28,040 Speaker 1: not enough. I want more I want the riches of Parthia. 321 00:21:28,200 --> 00:21:32,880 Speaker 1: So he crosses the river and he wants to prove 322 00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:38,520 Speaker 1: that he also is a military force to be reckoned with. 323 00:21:38,560 --> 00:21:42,120 Speaker 1: There's some internal competition in the empire, big time UM, 324 00:21:42,119 --> 00:21:44,679 Speaker 1: and that specifically was he. He he was one of 325 00:21:44,720 --> 00:21:51,160 Speaker 1: the responsible parties for starting the triumvirate between himself, Julius Caesar, 326 00:21:51,520 --> 00:21:56,680 Speaker 1: and ultimately his greatest nemesis, Pompey, Pompeii the Great, Pompeii 327 00:21:56,720 --> 00:21:59,560 Speaker 1: the Great exactly, And in fact, he had such a 328 00:21:59,600 --> 00:22:04,000 Speaker 1: beef with Pompeii that when people would use this nickname 329 00:22:04,080 --> 00:22:09,359 Speaker 1: Pompey the Great, Um, he would respond, how big is he? 330 00:22:09,359 --> 00:22:12,560 Speaker 1: He's just he's just such a pill man. And his 331 00:22:12,840 --> 00:22:19,960 Speaker 1: uh plan to his plan to attack Parthia just doesn't 332 00:22:20,200 --> 00:22:23,879 Speaker 1: doesn't work out because they have a different type of 333 00:22:24,040 --> 00:22:27,119 Speaker 1: attack strategy. Oh for sure, it's a it's a different 334 00:22:27,200 --> 00:22:30,080 Speaker 1: terrain than he's used to operating on. That's a very 335 00:22:30,119 --> 00:22:33,159 Speaker 1: sandy terrain, and it's a pretty poorly formed plan. But 336 00:22:33,400 --> 00:22:35,439 Speaker 1: before we we we get into that and finish that, 337 00:22:35,480 --> 00:22:37,359 Speaker 1: I just wanted to mention some of his bona fides 338 00:22:37,480 --> 00:22:40,760 Speaker 1: and some of what led to his beef with Pompeii, Um. 339 00:22:40,840 --> 00:22:46,159 Speaker 1: He was responsible for quashing the Spartacus slave rebellion, right um, 340 00:22:46,160 --> 00:22:47,639 Speaker 1: and you've got you've all seen the movie I Am, 341 00:22:47,640 --> 00:22:50,160 Speaker 1: I Am Spartacus and all of that between seventy thousand 342 00:22:50,320 --> 00:22:55,320 Speaker 1: to a hundred and twenty thousand um slaves who basically 343 00:22:55,359 --> 00:22:58,960 Speaker 1: formed an army who had created a huge kerfuffle in 344 00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:01,919 Speaker 1: the Roman Empire. And it was his job, Crosses, his 345 00:23:02,040 --> 00:23:05,600 Speaker 1: job to deal with this, right um, and he ultimately 346 00:23:05,640 --> 00:23:10,440 Speaker 1: did after his legion, under the leadership of a lieutenant 347 00:23:10,440 --> 00:23:13,440 Speaker 1: by the name of Mummy, has failed miserably when Mummy 348 00:23:13,440 --> 00:23:17,360 Speaker 1: has disregarded crosses his orders. Um Crassis was also ruthless 349 00:23:17,440 --> 00:23:22,320 Speaker 1: because he instituted this punishment for this disobedience called decimation, 350 00:23:22,680 --> 00:23:26,680 Speaker 1: wherein one in ten soldiers in this five man part 351 00:23:26,680 --> 00:23:30,680 Speaker 1: of the army were killed by their cohorts in full 352 00:23:30,760 --> 00:23:33,800 Speaker 1: view of their colleagues. We have to interject now, or 353 00:23:33,840 --> 00:23:36,560 Speaker 1: I have to interject at least now in this story 354 00:23:36,720 --> 00:23:42,040 Speaker 1: to say Rome is the origin of the word decimate. 355 00:23:42,440 --> 00:23:48,399 Speaker 1: When you hear someone described something as decimated, they should 356 00:23:48,440 --> 00:23:52,760 Speaker 1: not be saying that if they mean destroyed, annihilated, And 357 00:23:53,200 --> 00:23:55,080 Speaker 1: doesn't it seem like shooting yourself in the foot too, 358 00:23:55,160 --> 00:24:00,000 Speaker 1: you're literally like getting rid of your precious troops here. 359 00:24:00,320 --> 00:24:03,440 Speaker 1: It was also born wealthy to It's not as if 360 00:24:03,480 --> 00:24:06,119 Speaker 1: he earned his way up by his bootstrapped now and 361 00:24:06,119 --> 00:24:07,760 Speaker 1: this was the time to we're just being wealthy. You 362 00:24:07,800 --> 00:24:09,960 Speaker 1: could like buy your own army that you know, it 363 00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:13,320 Speaker 1: wasn't necessarily like a standing government army. A rich man 364 00:24:13,359 --> 00:24:16,600 Speaker 1: could come forth and pay enough money to have his 365 00:24:16,640 --> 00:24:24,280 Speaker 1: own army. So what happened next, Well, he you know, 366 00:24:24,320 --> 00:24:28,399 Speaker 1: he ultimately after the severe punishment, um, he did come 367 00:24:28,440 --> 00:24:32,600 Speaker 1: through and defeat that slave uprising at Lucania, where he 368 00:24:32,760 --> 00:24:36,560 Speaker 1: cornered Spartacus and his forces. Um. That ultimately resulted in 369 00:24:36,640 --> 00:24:40,520 Speaker 1: him crucifying six thousand of the survivors on the Api 370 00:24:40,640 --> 00:24:43,040 Speaker 1: n Way, which was a road where it would be 371 00:24:43,119 --> 00:24:48,040 Speaker 1: lined with crucified um corps corpses. Yeah, exactly. Um. But 372 00:24:48,480 --> 00:24:51,280 Speaker 1: the beef with Pompey came from the fact that after 373 00:24:51,359 --> 00:24:55,080 Speaker 1: crash this had done the bulk of the work, pomp 374 00:24:55,080 --> 00:24:57,960 Speaker 1: Pays force kind of swept in and like just sort 375 00:24:58,000 --> 00:25:01,960 Speaker 1: of picked off the last remaining stragglers of spartacus army 376 00:25:02,320 --> 00:25:06,080 Speaker 1: and then got back home before Crassus and was able 377 00:25:06,119 --> 00:25:08,800 Speaker 1: to kind of reap the glory, the credit, of the 378 00:25:08,800 --> 00:25:10,560 Speaker 1: credit of of that, and that was the thing that 379 00:25:10,560 --> 00:25:12,479 Speaker 1: sort of haunted him and happened a couple more times. 380 00:25:12,760 --> 00:25:16,119 Speaker 1: But let's get back to the undoing of Crossis and 381 00:25:16,119 --> 00:25:19,920 Speaker 1: how he ultimately met his poetic end, his alleged end 382 00:25:20,040 --> 00:25:23,920 Speaker 1: as well. So he's got a real chip on his shoulder, 383 00:25:24,320 --> 00:25:27,840 Speaker 1: a real badger in his bag about this. Uh, let's 384 00:25:27,840 --> 00:25:31,639 Speaker 1: call it an inferiority complex. Even he is in intense 385 00:25:31,840 --> 00:25:37,040 Speaker 1: internal competition with the other members of the triumvirate, and 386 00:25:38,040 --> 00:25:41,239 Speaker 1: this victory over Parthia, if he can swing it, is 387 00:25:41,320 --> 00:25:45,679 Speaker 1: going to make him just as respected in his mind. 388 00:25:45,960 --> 00:25:50,440 Speaker 1: Maybe he can be called Crosses the competent or something 389 00:25:50,520 --> 00:25:52,119 Speaker 1: like that. Oh come on, he wanted more than that. 390 00:25:52,640 --> 00:25:55,800 Speaker 1: Crass Is the badasses, there we go, there we go, 391 00:25:56,480 --> 00:26:02,240 Speaker 1: or Crassis the cosmic cool, or's something like that. Oh wait, no, 392 00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:05,320 Speaker 1: I got it, Crosses the celebrated, something like that. He 393 00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:09,720 Speaker 1: wanted credit and he had as we as I think 394 00:26:09,760 --> 00:26:14,560 Speaker 1: it established before, he had greater numbers in terms of 395 00:26:14,600 --> 00:26:20,000 Speaker 1: just individuals fighting for him. However, the Parthians had superior strategy. 396 00:26:20,160 --> 00:26:25,880 Speaker 1: They had a shoot and run, cavalry and arrow attack. 397 00:26:26,800 --> 00:26:29,080 Speaker 1: This was their combo move. They were very good at it. 398 00:26:29,119 --> 00:26:32,680 Speaker 1: They would get in within shooting range, they would rain 399 00:26:33,040 --> 00:26:36,200 Speaker 1: arrows down on the troops, then they would fall back, 400 00:26:36,520 --> 00:26:38,919 Speaker 1: and then they would charge forth and do it again. 401 00:26:39,119 --> 00:26:41,640 Speaker 1: But here's the problem. They were able to shoot as 402 00:26:41,680 --> 00:26:45,479 Speaker 1: well backwards as they could forwards. So if you just 403 00:26:45,520 --> 00:26:48,440 Speaker 1: have waves of this going back and forth, what's the 404 00:26:48,520 --> 00:26:51,560 Speaker 1: Crosses to do. This actually reminds me of going back 405 00:26:51,560 --> 00:26:53,800 Speaker 1: to Game of Thrones um. That is sort of like 406 00:26:53,840 --> 00:26:57,159 Speaker 1: a situation where the death Racky were mounted, and they 407 00:26:57,160 --> 00:27:00,920 Speaker 1: were archers, and they were masters of their terrain, which 408 00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:03,160 Speaker 1: was sort of they called it the the Grass Sea. 409 00:27:03,320 --> 00:27:07,480 Speaker 1: See it's this big, very flat area, and the folks 410 00:27:07,520 --> 00:27:09,640 Speaker 1: that they were fighting against would often not be prepared 411 00:27:09,680 --> 00:27:13,160 Speaker 1: to meet them in open combat. Again, taking historical context, 412 00:27:13,200 --> 00:27:15,800 Speaker 1: I think Mr Martin is pretty pretty good at weaving 413 00:27:15,840 --> 00:27:19,160 Speaker 1: that stuff into his work. So the forces that Crosses controls, 414 00:27:20,080 --> 00:27:23,680 Speaker 1: uh don't like them. They're near mutiny, and so they 415 00:27:23,800 --> 00:27:28,560 Speaker 1: demand that he hold parley with the Parthians, in other words, 416 00:27:28,640 --> 00:27:32,560 Speaker 1: that he negotiate a peaceful end to this, because obviously 417 00:27:32,920 --> 00:27:35,240 Speaker 1: he's kind of a jerk for a boss and they're 418 00:27:35,240 --> 00:27:39,640 Speaker 1: getting shredded, right, and his son dies in the same battle. 419 00:27:39,760 --> 00:27:43,560 Speaker 1: So he agrees. He finally says, all right, I'll meet them, 420 00:27:44,040 --> 00:27:47,600 Speaker 1: and everything goes pear shape. He is riding a horse 421 00:27:47,960 --> 00:27:51,240 Speaker 1: to negotiate for peace, and he's got, you know, his entourage, 422 00:27:51,280 --> 00:27:55,439 Speaker 1: he's got his sidekick, Octavius. Octavius suspects that there's a trap. 423 00:27:55,720 --> 00:27:59,440 Speaker 1: He grabs crosses his horse. This instigates again as a 424 00:27:59,520 --> 00:28:03,600 Speaker 1: very tense climate, a sudden fight with the Parthians, and 425 00:28:03,760 --> 00:28:07,560 Speaker 1: later you will hear from a historian named Cassius Dio 426 00:28:07,720 --> 00:28:13,240 Speaker 1: that he was killed made a mockery of by pouring 427 00:28:13,920 --> 00:28:19,160 Speaker 1: metal molten gold again down his throat, and that this 428 00:28:19,480 --> 00:28:23,840 Speaker 1: was poetic come up and due to his lifelong greed 429 00:28:24,119 --> 00:28:27,199 Speaker 1: thirst for riches and powers. Seem like editorializing to me. 430 00:28:28,000 --> 00:28:31,159 Speaker 1: It is because it can be traced to that one historian, 431 00:28:31,680 --> 00:28:37,640 Speaker 1: but now currently that's the source. There's no nobody found 432 00:28:37,720 --> 00:28:41,520 Speaker 1: a body filled with molten gold. It was also thought 433 00:28:41,560 --> 00:28:44,280 Speaker 1: that perhaps he was killed and then had the molten 434 00:28:44,320 --> 00:28:46,240 Speaker 1: gold pour down his throat, sort of adding insult to 435 00:28:46,240 --> 00:28:50,719 Speaker 1: injury as some sort of symbolic gesture, right like like 436 00:28:50,800 --> 00:28:53,560 Speaker 1: that pope who dug the other pope up and held 437 00:28:53,560 --> 00:28:55,200 Speaker 1: a trial for him, which we should totally do an 438 00:28:55,240 --> 00:28:57,800 Speaker 1: episode on but you know, at the end of the day, 439 00:28:57,960 --> 00:29:00,880 Speaker 1: it's a good story. Not sure it happened that way, 440 00:29:00,880 --> 00:29:04,360 Speaker 1: but it is an example of somebody uh meeting their 441 00:29:04,360 --> 00:29:07,680 Speaker 1: own demise because they just couldn't have enough and they 442 00:29:07,720 --> 00:29:11,400 Speaker 1: felt overshadowed by somebody and they needed to you know, 443 00:29:11,880 --> 00:29:18,120 Speaker 1: ambigen themselves. Yes to literally a fatal degree. However, we 444 00:29:18,160 --> 00:29:21,480 Speaker 1: can say thankfully that death by ingestion and molten metal 445 00:29:21,720 --> 00:29:26,840 Speaker 1: is not a leading cause of fatalities nowadays in as 446 00:29:26,880 --> 00:29:30,560 Speaker 1: we recorded at least the years so far. However, I'd 447 00:29:30,600 --> 00:29:33,040 Speaker 1: like to hear from you, friends and neighbors, what are 448 00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:37,320 Speaker 1: some of the strangest or maybe most aproposed deaths that 449 00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:41,320 Speaker 1: you've read about, whether in fiction, whether in literature, um 450 00:29:41,400 --> 00:29:44,160 Speaker 1: whatever you've got. Send it to us at ridiculous at 451 00:29:44,160 --> 00:29:46,440 Speaker 1: how stuff works dot com, or you can shoot it 452 00:29:46,480 --> 00:29:49,880 Speaker 1: to us on Facebook or Twitter, where we are Ridiculous History. 453 00:29:50,000 --> 00:29:52,600 Speaker 1: We also have a pretty cool Facebook group where we're 454 00:29:52,760 --> 00:29:55,720 Speaker 1: kind of mining it for topic ideas, and pretty active 455 00:29:55,720 --> 00:29:58,240 Speaker 1: and fun group over at the Ridiculous Historians. You can 456 00:29:58,360 --> 00:30:00,800 Speaker 1: join up there and if you like, send us a 457 00:30:00,800 --> 00:30:03,480 Speaker 1: note if you want to be a moderator. Yes, and 458 00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:07,040 Speaker 1: while you're there, go ahead and find some of the 459 00:30:07,120 --> 00:30:09,840 Speaker 1: threads that are still active. One that we both enjoyed 460 00:30:10,120 --> 00:30:14,560 Speaker 1: was the one about hot people from history, and I 461 00:30:14,760 --> 00:30:17,240 Speaker 1: chose the original. Michelin, man I think you went with 462 00:30:17,280 --> 00:30:19,600 Speaker 1: Abraham Lincoln. I did, but Man I had no idea. 463 00:30:19,600 --> 00:30:20,920 Speaker 1: That's for yours, where I thought there were some sort 464 00:30:20,920 --> 00:30:24,440 Speaker 1: of weird sausage monsters from like like a Twilight Zone episode. 465 00:30:24,840 --> 00:30:26,960 Speaker 1: Very crazy. Look, you guys check it out. Michelin has 466 00:30:26,960 --> 00:30:29,840 Speaker 1: a crazy history too. We should probably cover the story 467 00:30:29,920 --> 00:30:33,360 Speaker 1: of how a tire company fostered one of the most 468 00:30:33,360 --> 00:30:37,080 Speaker 1: prestigious rating systems in the world of restaurants, but that 469 00:30:37,280 --> 00:30:41,440 Speaker 1: is a tale for another day. Do check us out 470 00:30:41,520 --> 00:30:45,000 Speaker 1: online and stay tuned for our next episode, when we 471 00:30:45,080 --> 00:30:48,600 Speaker 1: examine the disappearance of a waterfall. And in the meantime, 472 00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:51,960 Speaker 1: we'd like to thank our composer Alex Williams, super producer 473 00:30:52,160 --> 00:30:55,880 Speaker 1: Casey Pegram, and you for joining us for another episode 474 00:30:55,880 --> 00:30:58,720 Speaker 1: of Ridiculous History. We will see you next time, assuming 475 00:30:58,800 --> 00:31:01,640 Speaker 1: we don't by multi to don't I'm not want to 476 00:31:01,640 --> 00:31:02,200 Speaker 1: talk about him